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Background: Various forms and types of knowledge have enjoyed legitimacy in physical education (PE) since sports techniques became the orienting idea for PE in economically advanced countries in the mid-twentieth century. The forms and types of knowledge granted legitimacy at any one moment are dependent on a range of socio-discursive factors. In this paper, we consider ball games knowledge within the Swedish PE teacher education context in the 2020s. Purpose: The specific aim of the paper is to generate insights into how ball games experts within PE teacher education define legitimate ball games knowledge. Our proposition is that by examining the ways these experts define ball games knowledge, physical education teacher educators may develop more nuanced understandings of how and why knowledge comes to be seen as legitimate. Methods: In order to conceptualize experts' knowledge of ball games, Shulman's concepts of content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) were employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two teacher educators who specialized in ball games education from three different PETE institutions in Sweden (n = 6). The interviews focused on the PETE educators' understandings of ball games and how they prepared preservice teachers to teach ball games. Findings: The PETE educators defined ball games CK as: (1) understanding of games as a cultural phenomenon, (2) tactical understanding of games, and (3) embodied understanding of how to play ball games. The PETE educators defined ball games PCK as: (1) using ball games to meet different curricular goals, (2) focusing on tactical understanding with a small number of concepts, (3) adapting teaching so that all pupils are included, and (4) managing competition. Conclusions: Four issues related to the legitimacy of this knowledge are raised. The issues concern the ways in which: (1) a complementary sport discourse is permeated by educational discourse to achieve legitimacy; (2) CK and PCK are designed to achieve legitimacy with different stakeholders; (3) public health discourse is not used to develop legitimacy for ball games knowledge, and (4) historical factors continue to affect experts' understandings of ball games. The central conclusion drawn from the investigation is that ball games experts engage in a complex process of discursive negotiation when defining the knowledge with which they work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tennis, the second-largest ball game in the world, has a particularly wide audience. To date, little research has been conducted on the biomechanics of female serves. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to capture the key moments by using 1,000 frames/s high-speed video analysis, to analyze the kinematics of the serving techniques of national athletes and provincial athletes, to determine the differences between the two levels of athletes, and to provide theoretical references for the improvement of scientific training level. Methods: Ten female athletes were selected as participants for this study, five of whom are national athletes, and the other are provincial athletes. Three-dimensional filming techniques were employed to capture videos of the first and second serve techniques. Simi Motion was applied to obtain the 3D kinematic data. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0, and Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted to determine differences between groups. Results: Significant differences in kinematics were found between national and provincial athletes. At the moment of the left knee's minimum flexion (T2), in the first serve, national athletes had a smaller shoulder-hip vertical plane angle (−18.281 ± 6.142° vs. −25.631 ± 3.497°; p = 0.047) and a larger hip vertical plane rotation angle (−9.378 ± 4.263° vs. −0.470 ± 4.724°; p = 0.047). In the second serve, national athletes had a smaller hip horizontal plane rotation angle (−1.720 ± 4.683° vs. 24.146 ± 24.014°; p = 0.047) but a larger hip vertical plane rotation angle (−11.553 ± 1.949° vs. −0.422 ± 4.958°; p = 0.009). At the moment of impact (T4), in the second serve, national athletes' batting position (0.296 ± 0.088 m vs. 0.446 ± 0.094 m; p = 0.047) was further back. Additionally, in the second serve, national athletes consistently had their body center of gravity further back at T2 (−0.106 ± 0.052 m vs. −0.018 ± 0.048 m; p = 0.028), T3 (0.002 ± 0.038 m vs. 0.132 ± 0.039 m; p = 0.009), and T4 (0.073 ± 0.050 m vs. 0.217 ± 0.034 m; p = 0.009). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated several significant kinematic differences between national and provincial athletes, these variations were noted in the shoulder, hip, and body center of gravity. In summary, for the overall first and second serves, it is recommended that national athletes increase the horizontal plane angle of the shoulders and hips at T2, whereas provincial athletes decrease the horizontal plane angle of the shoulder–hip. In addition, provincial athletes need to increase the vertical plane angle of the hip joint, so that the top of the hip can be increased more, and provincial athletes need to be careful not to have the center of gravity too far in front of the body at T2, T3, and T4, so that it can hit the ball at a higher position to increase the swing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, no longitudinal studies of quarterly changes have been conducted on the differences in the development of motor coordination between boys and girls in relation to changes in their tennis skills level. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the development of motor coordination of 10–12-year-old tennis players over the course of 1 year, in the light of changes in tennis skills preparation. Methods: One-hundred eighty male and female tennis players aged 10, 11, or 12 years old participated in the study. Each age group comprised 30 boys and 30 girls. To investigate their motor coordination development, a battery of general tests (simple reaction, complex reaction, Spalding test, spider test, hexagon jumping, Starosta's test, hand–eye test, balance, plate tapping, jump rope) and specific tennis skills tests (wall game and 100-tennis ball tests) were performed 4 times quarterly over 1 year. Differences between sexes and the time points were assessed. The rate of development evaluation was based on beta coefficient of linear regression. Results: Boys generally performed better in tennis skills tests than girls. The boys performed better also in one motor coordination test (Spalding test) among 10-year-olds, in two additional tests (spider and plate tapping tests) among 11-year-olds, and another three more tests (simple reaction, complex reaction and Starosta's tests) among 12-year-olds. Jump rope test among 10-year-olds and hexagon jump test among 12-year-olds were the only tests where girls performed better than boys. On the other hand, girls showed higher rate of development in balance and complex reaction tests than boys. Conclusions: We conclude that motor coordination and tennis skills development over 1 year is age-, sex-, and task-dependent, with the 10–12-year-old male tennis players performing better in tennis skills and overall motor coordination than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Leave It: Baseball: A Film by Ken Burns" is a nine-part documentary that delves into the history and cultural significance of baseball in America, with a focus on New York City and Boston. While the film acknowledges some iconic moments and players from other regions, it has been criticized for its bias towards these cities and for neglecting the achievements of teams from elsewhere. The documentary also explores topics such as racial and gender barriers, players vs. owners, and rural vs. urban dynamics within the sport. Seamus Kearney, the author of this text, offers a critical review of the series, questioning its portrayal of certain players, its depiction of gender segregation, and its treatment of players and owners. Kearney concludes by stating that while the series is praiseworthy in terms of storytelling and research, it may be too lengthy for some viewers. [Extracted from the article]

'Tomorrow, Thursday, at 3pm, a football match will take place on the Plaine de Plainpalais, between 11 English from Lausanne and Geneva'. This brief notice, published in January 1869 in Le Journal de Genève, may be one of the earliest mentions in the area's press of a new ball game – football. Although the chronology of association football's 'cultural transfer' to Switzerland and the conditions that facilitated the game's introduction to the country are well-documented, the game's adoption by the local population remains under-researched. Based on extensive empirical research combining original archive materials and articles from contemporary generalist and sports newspapers, the present study explored the factors that led young men in Geneva and Lausanne to embrace a foreign game. It also examined two less-well studied aspects of the game's early history in Europe: the difficulty of finding places to play football in urban areas and the profiles of football's first leaders. The results extend previous research on the creation of the first football clubs (association or rugby) outside Great Britain and on the history of associations in Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of the constraints led approach (CLA) systems, such as the playing space, the number of players and the numerical game situations (superiority, equality and numerical inferiority) on the technical-tactical actions of U-11 players in small-sided games (SSGs). A case study was developed where two of the CLA constraint systems were applied on three SSG where the dimensions of the game space were modified (SSG1: 160 m2 ; SSG2 and SSG3: 155 m2) and the numerical game situation against the opposing team (SSG1: equality; SSG2 and SSG3: superiority/inferiority). The study sample consisted of U-11 players (n = 8) competing at federated level in Spain (10.25 ± 0.45 years; 2.21 ± 0.61 years of experience). The results of this study show an very strong degree of association between the game modalities and the way of obtaining the ball (2Ln(BFp10) = 10.06) and a strong association between the game modalities and the zone of origin of the ball (2 Ln(BFp10) = 6.02). It should be noted that a positive association was found between games modes and ball height in obtaining the ball (2Ln(BFp10) = 4.06); type of conduction (2Ln(BFp10) = 5.88); technical action (2Ln(BFp10)= 2.32) and efficiency (2Ln(BFp10) = 4.04). These data can help coaches to optimize the training process of young players by modifying the training tasks based on the constraint systems proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of two 12-week training intervention experimental ball games combined with standard behavioral rehabilitation against a control group solely utilizing standard behavioral rehabilitation on social communication impairments (SCI) in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods: A multi-arm controlled study design was implemented, involving 41 children diagnosed with ASD (mean age: 4.99 ± 0.76 years). 41 participants were randomized assigned to two experimental groups and a control group, The experimental group carried out ball combination training program group (BCTP) and mini-basketball training program group (MBTP) on the basis of routine behavioral rehabilitation, which underwent 12-week training interventions 5 times a week. The control group (n = 14) received only standard behavioral rehabilitation. Evaluations were conducted before and after interventions using the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). Results: The results suggest that both 12-week interventions, BCTP, and MBTP, led to significant improvements in social communication impairment among children with ASD (p < 0.05). Despite enhancing the overall scores on the SRS-2, these interventions displayed varying impacts across different sub-dimensions. BCTP primarily exhibited significant enhancements in social awareness and behavior pattern (p < 0.05), whereas MBTP significantly improved social cognition and social communication (p < 0.05). Both interventions showed slight improvements in social motivation. Conclusions: The utilization of recreational ball games has showed to be effective in decreasing the impairment levels of children with ASD, while the control group experienced a worsening of outcomes. This suggests that irrespective of the specific ball game strategy employed, both can be employed on a weekly basis to complement standard behavioral rehabilitation and enhance the ability to improve the quality of life for children diagnosed with ASD. Trial registration: The trial is retrospectively registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900024973;August 5, 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we all know, momentum plays a crucial role in ball game. Based on the 2023 Wimbledon final data, this paper investigated momentum in tennis. Firstly, we initially trained a decision tree regression model on reprocessed data for prediction, and established the CBRF model based on CatBoost regression and random forest regression models to obtain prediction data. Secondly, significant non-zero autocorrelation coefficients were found, confirming the correlation between momentum and success. Thirdly, Based on these key factors, we proposed winning strategies for the players, conducted predictive analyses for six specific time intervals of the game. At last, by implementing these models to women's matches, championships, matches on different surfaces, the results demonstrated that the models have effective generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous research has linked disordered eating to physical activity involvement, more recent studies suggest that sports participation may be protective against disordered eating; however, due to inconsistent findings on how physical activity affects disordered eating and limited research comparing types of physical activity across weight control behaviours, our aim was to validate physical activity categorization across disordered eating components in both men and women. In this online study, 209 men and 539 women completed questionnaires assessing various components of disordered eating and overall physical activity participation. Pearson correlation coefficients, independent samples t-tests, multiple response crosstabulations, and linear regressions were calculated to achieve the aims of this study. Participation in various types of physical activity significantly predicted various components of disordered eating attitudes, behaviours, and cognitions. Specifically, for women, purging and restricting eating were associated with participation in ball games, while a focus on muscle building was associated with both ball games and weight-class physical activity. For men, body dissatisfaction and excessive exercise were associated with weight-class physical activity participation, while cognitive restraint and muscle building were related to aesthetic sports participation. Purging was associated with both aesthetic and weight-class physical activity, whereas restricting eating was related to weight-class physical activity and ball games. These inconsistencies underscore the need for further research to fully elucidate the relationship between participation in different types of physical activity and the various components of disordered eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have long questioned the impact of teacher education programmes. Persistent claims are that pre-service teachers have fixed ideas about pedagogy when they enter training and that they become enculturated once in the profession. Within physical education (PE), similar concerns have been raised with respect to ball games. Research suggests that pre-service PE teachers typically have substantial experience of ball sports and find it difficult to implement non-traditional ball games pedagogies when they enter schools. Against this background, the aim of the study is to explore how pre-service teachers recontextualise ball games as pedagogic discourse in their transitions from university to school placement. Bernstein's pedagogic device and pedagogic discourse are employed as the theoretical framework. The investigation focuses on a Swedish PETE programme and the participants are six pre-service teachers. The empirical material consists of written assessments, observations of the pre-service teachers' lessons during school placements, and individual interviews. Findings suggest that the pedagogic discourse of ball games at the university was aligned with course learning outcomes and included the need to communicate goals, adapt and modify teaching, and combine different approaches. The pedagogic discourse at school placement involved traditional ball games, minimal curriculum references, progression in two or three lessons, and inclusive, enjoyable lessons. Factors that regulated the discourse were: familiarity with the pupils; the conceptualizing of inclusive teaching; norms regarding ball games in PE; expectations of the pre-service teachers; and the framing of ball games education in PETE. Recontextualising rules highlight challenges in transitions related to ball games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes how the magnitude and angle of the speed of soccer players change according to the distance to the ball and the phases of the game, namely the defensive and attacking phases. We observed how the role played in the team (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, or forward) strongly determines the speed pattern of players. As a general trend, the speed's modulus is incremented as their position is closer to the ball, however, it is slightly decreased when arriving at it. Next, we studied how the angle of the speed with the direction to the ball is related to the distance to the ball and the game phases. We observed that, during the defensive phase, goalkeepers are the players that run more parallel to the ball, while forwards are the ones running more directly to the ball position. Importantly, this behavior changes dramatically during the attacking phase. Finally, we show how the proposed methodology can be used to analyze the speed-angle patterns of specific players to understand better how they move on the pitch according to the distance to the ball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we review one iconic match in Fiji soccer history, the 1982 Inter-District Championship Final, when bad light stopped play after ten kicks each in the penalty shootout with penalty goals tied at 6–6. In interviews with ex-administrators and players from the match, we learn that Ba reneged upon a "gentlemen's agreement," between the two team presidents, not to turn up for any replay match scheduled for outside of Nadi, the original venue. Ba turned up at the replay venue and claimed the trophy much to the disgust of Nadi supporters and officials. Because the Indo-Fijian community "controls" coaching and administrative positions in soccer, it is able to fashion and refashion how Indigenous Fijian men's bodies are presented and administered within the sport. Significantly, race and class combine to make it difficult for Indigenous ex-players to move into coaching and administrative positions in soccer postretirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Goalball is a popular sport among visually impaired individuals, offering many physical and social benefits. Evaluating performance in Goalball, particularly understanding factors influencing ball velocity during throwing techniques, is essential for optimizing training programs and enhancing player performance. However, there is limited research on muscle activation patterns during Goalball throwing movements, needing further investigation to address this gap. Therefore, this study aims to examine muscle activity in sub-elite visually impaired Goalball players during different throwing techniques and visual conditions, focusing on its relationship with ball velocity. Methods: 15 sub-elite Goalball players (2 female, 13 males; mean age of 20.46 ± 2.23 years) participated in the study. Muscle activity was evaluated with the Myo armband, while ball velocity was measured using two cameras and analyzed with MATLAB software. Different visual conditions were simulated using an eye band, and the effects of these conditions on muscle activation and ball velocity were examined. Results: The flexor muscles were found to be more active during the spin throw techniques with the eyes open (p = 0.011). The extensor muscles were found to be more active in the eyes-closed spin throw techniques compared to the eyes-open position (p = 0.031). Ball velocity was found related to the flexor muscles. Interestingly, no significant differences in ball velocity were observed between different throwing techniques or visual conditions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Ball velocity, one of the performance indicators of the athlete, is primarily related to upper extremity flexor muscle strength rather than visual acuity. It has less visual acuity, but an athlete with more upper-extremity flexor muscle strength will have an advantage in Goalball game. The spin throw technique, which is reported to provide a biomechanical advantage for professional players in the literature, did not provide an advantage in terms of ball velocity for the sub elite players evaluated in our study. This knowledge can inform the development of targeted training programs aimed at improving technique and enhancing ball velocity in Goalball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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World Lacrosse Sixes has only been developed recently, with very little known about the demands, therefore the purpose of this study is to identify competitive international match demands. 17 international male players (26.00 ± 3.08 years, 181.47 ± 6.75 cm, 89.84 ± 8.93 kg) participated across 13 international matches (n = 111). GPS technology sampling at 10 Hz was used to calculate: total distance, average velocity, max velocity, high-speed running distance (5.5-7 m/s-1), very high-speed running distance (>7.00 m/s-1), acceleration efforts (>2 m/s-2), deceleration efforts (>2 m/s-2). Peak 1, 2 and 3-minute distances were determined using a 1-minute rolling average. Mean and SD for each match characteristics were calculated. High absolute (2582.56 ± 438.20 m) and relative distance (117.29 ± 10.61 m/min) were covered during international sixes lacrosse matches, with a high frequency of acceleration (33.21 ± 12.01) and deceleration efforts (27.63 ± 10.75) greater 2 m/s-2. The maximum distance covered in 1, 2 and 3 minutes was identified as 161.32 ± 43.73 m, 232.29 ± 91.56 m and 344.71 ± 44.04 m, respectively. The maximum distance identifies the worst-case scenarios with regards to match demands players could be exposed too. Sixes lacrosse (SL) is a demanding variation of the sport, with high intensity efforts involving frequent accelerations and decelerations. The intensity of movement demands for SL exceeds previously identified demands for FL, although SL has a reduced volume of lower intensity work. The data presented could be used by practitioners to design training and training drills to meet the greater physical demands experienced within SL to optimally prepare players to cope with the increased movement demands of other versions of the lacrosse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-hispanic ballgames have an extensive temporal depth and geographical breadth across Mesoamerica, with over 1,500 ball courts recorded on 1,200 archaeological sites in Mexico alone. It is likely that ballgames played critical but variable roles in how communities related to each other. Most interpretations emphasize ballgames as cosmological rituals and legitimation practices exclusive to elites, perhaps often overlooking the more mundane sociopolitical processes and reasons why they carried such critical meaning for people of all classes and statuses. Ethnographic research on modern ballgames played by Indigenous and mestizo communities today can helpfully provide some insights or maybe deeper understandings into ancient ballgame practices and their relation to Mesoamerican communities. While modern games are not isomorphic with the ancient games, the duration of these traditions underscores their continuing importance and their relativity to current research. In this article I present the results of an ethnographic study of the modern ballgame pelota mixteca de hule (Mixtec rubber ballgame) in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. Considering the results from the ethnographic data, I then discuss an archaeological case study in the Nejapa Valley of southeastern Oaxaca where numerous ballcourts were recently documented over the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes, particularly ball game players, benefit from focusing on fast-moving visual targets. In this study, we hypothesized that athletes, specifically professional basketball players, exhibit more accurate saccadic eye movements compared to non-athletes. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the eye movements of eight female professional basketball players from the Niigata Albirex BB (basketball player group) and compared them to eight sex-matched healthy volunteers from a previous study. Eye movements were measured using the Eye Score device. The visual target moved continuously for 20 s at a speed of 100 degrees/s in regular triangular wave-like movements horizontally. The subjects tracked the visual targets with maximum accuracy. The total amplitudes of evoked eye movements during tracking were 37.96 ± 0.82 for the basketball player group and 27.74 ± 2.55 deg (mean ± SEM) for the non-athlete group, indicating a significant difference. These findings suggest that basketball players may achieve accurate saccades by employing predictive saccades. The saccades of the basketball players were concentrated at the fifth frame (0.17 s after the onset of target motion), exhibiting a more peaked distribution than the normal curve. The results imply that athletes may execute predictive saccades when tracking targets with predictable movements, even outside of actual competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Previous evidence indicates that it appears to be possible to identify a pattern of success (playing styles) in football using principal components analysis or k-means clustering approaches. However, until now, little is known about the topic in teams that participated in football world cups. Aim of Study. This study aimed to verify if a successful playing style exists in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 (2022-WC). The second aim is to intensify playing style behavior between Confederations. Material and Methods. Data was collected from the 32 teams that competed in the 2022-WC. The 2022-WC resulted in 64 games and produced a total of 128 data points and 68 variables. A machine learning approach (k-means cluster) was used to identify playing style behaviors in the 2022-WC competition. Results. The k-mean clustering identified three different playing style during ball possession and without ball possession game phases (all P < 0.001). Also, we identify significant associations (all P ≤ 0.016) between the team’s playing style and their strength in the 2022-WC (i.e., FIFA ranking and 2022-WC final classification). With ball possession playing style, successful teams adopt high ball possession, building games, and high player movement (offering to receive and to receive the ball). In contrast, unsuccessful teams tend to adopt direct play, set pieces, and lower player movement. Without ball possession playing style, successful teams adopt high-block and high-press, counter-press, and recovery, while unsuccessful teams adopt low-block or mid-block and lower-press (passive approach to recover the ball). Finally, a significative association between confederations (all P < 0.01) and playing style exists during 2022-WC. In conclusion, in the 2022-WC, playing style is significantly associated with team strength and confederations. Conclusions. A clear successful playing style existed in the 2022-WC, and this information should provide direction for the national team’s preparation for the next FIFA WC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problem that technical and tactical aspects of ball games have a large impact on match-winning, association rules are used to mine and analyse the data. Item constraint terms are added to the original Apriori algorithm to reduce the generation of redundant data, and the operational efficiency of the improved association rules is improved with the aid of the GSA-PSO algorithm to give full play to the fast convergence advantage of the hybrid algorithm. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in the study is more convergent than the Apriori algorithm, and the former has fewer iterations on average in the single-peaked function; the overall search accuracy is significantly improved. The algorithm is also less disturbed by the dataset than the Apriori algorithm, with an average running time of 19.23s, 21.54s and 25.61s for dataset sizes of 200, 500 and 1000 respectively. The deviation rate between the predicted and actual coaching strategies was less than 5% and the scoring tolerance rate was between 0.04 and 0.10. It indicates that the algorithm proposed in the study can improve the efficiency of data analysis, which is conducive to the development of a perfect ball sport technical and tactical scheme and promote the stability of ball sport technical and tactical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Object detection methods for team ball games players often struggle due to their reliance on dataset scale statistics, resulting in missed detections for players with smaller bounding boxes and reduced accuracy for larger bounding boxes. Methods: This study introduces a two-fold approach to address these challenges. Firstly, a novel multi-scale attention mechanism is proposed, aiming to reduce reliance on scale statistics by utilizing a specially created SIoU (Similar to Intersection over Union) label that explicitly represents multi-scale features. This label guides the training of multi-scale attention network modules at two granularity levels. Secondly, an integrated scale equalization algorithmwithin SIoU labels enhances the detection ability of multi-scale targets in imbalanced samples. Results and discussion: Comparative experiments conducted on basketball, volleyball, and ice hockey datasets validate the proposed method. The relative optimal approach demonstrated improvements in the detection accuracy of players with smaller and larger scale bounding boxes by 11%, 7%, 15%, 8%, 9%, and 4%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball playing entails the repetitive performance of short intense actions using lower limb explosive power. As such, it is important to measure this capability in basketball players, especially among young players, and to optimize training programs and game plans. After presenting an in-depth understanding of the specific physiological requirements when playing basketball, as well as the type of movements required, the aim of this review is to better understand the importance of the physiological energy systems in basketball, to examine the contribution of each energy system and, accordingly, to heighten awareness of the importance and dominance of the alactic anaerobic physiological system in basketball for actions requiring high-level explosive power. This review of the literature depicts the horizontal and vertical physical movements and physiological requirements entailed in playing basketball and presents eight standardized anaerobic alactic measurement tools relevant to the game. As some of these tests suit a number of ball games, the findings of this review article are important for making the order of the elements unique to basketball as well as additional parameters to consider when testing basketball players. By reliably and validly testing the anaerobic alactic capabilities of basketball players, test results can be used for training purposes and for improving game outcomes. Despite the fact that much of the information in this review is familiar to coaches, highlighting the specific needs of basketball will help them choose the most suitable tools and also shed light on new directions for developing basketball-specific assessment tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Playing with the ball and using hand-arm strength and power are very crucial for ball game players. It takes arm force and endurance, as well as isometric hand grip strength, to accomplish ball-game skills. Study purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate maximal isometric hand grip strength, arm and shoulder explosive strength, and endurance in basketball, handball, and volleyball athletes. Materials and methods. The study randomly selected 135 male athletes, including 45 basketball, 45 handball, and 45 volleyball players, aged 17 to 24, all competing at the inter-university level. Hand grip strength (HGS) for both dominant (DHGS) and non-dominant (NDHGS) hands was measured using a JAMAR hydraulic hand grip dynamometer. An over-the-head seated medicine ball throw (SMBT) test assessed explosive arm strength, while a push-up (PU) test evaluated muscular strength and endurance. Results. The F-values (F) (2, 132) of DHGS, NDHGS, SMBT, and PU tests among basketball, handball, and volleyball players were 0.499 (p = 0.608); 1.166 (p = 0.315); 5.595 (p = 0.005); and 10.339 (p = 0.000), respectively. The results indicated that no notable distinctions were observed in DHGS and NDHGS among athletes in the three sports. However, considerable differences were found in the SMBT and PU tests. Conclusions. The study concluded that basketball, handball, and volleyball players' maximum isometric hand grip strength was nearly the same, but in both cases, the handball player's mean value was superior to others. Upper-body explosive power, muscular strength, and endurance showed distinct differences from one group to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the method of resting EEG assessment of depressive symptoms in college students and to clarify the relationship between physical activity level and depressive symptoms in college students. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, 140 current full-time college students were recruited to complete the Self-Rating Depression Scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and 10-min resting EEGs were obtained. Results: 1) The power values of δ and α2 in the central (C3, C4) and parietal (P3, P4) regions of depressed college students were significantly higher than those of normal college students. And the degree of lateralization of δ, θ, α1, and α2 in the prefrontal regions (F3, F4) of depressed college students was significantly higher than that of normal college students (all P < 0. 008). 2) The recall rate of the depression recognition model for college students based on resting EEG was 66.67%, the precision was 65.05%, and the AUCs of the training group and validation group were 0.791 and 0.786, respectively, with better detection effects. 3) The two indicators, δ (C3 + C4) and α1 (F4-F3), are significantly correlated with IPAQ scores, and among college students who engage in ball games most commonly, those with a higher level of physical activity have lower δ (C3 + C4) and higher α1 (F4-F3), while among those who engage in resistance training most commonly, higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower δ (C3 + C4). Conclusion: The resting EEG of depressed college students has a certain specificity that can objectively assess the risk of developing depressive symptoms in college students. Physical activity is associated with abnormal EEG signals of depressive symptoms. Different types of physical activity may modulate the relationship between physical activity levels and EEG indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the notion of interspecies pragmatics and suggests that embodied CA studies can inform such pragmatics. The aim of the study was to investigate how dogs provide embodied responses to human utterances when a human is about to throw a ball for them to catch. Studying dogs' recipiency in interaction requires that multimodal approaches be taken into consideration. The data were collected with GoPro cameras attached to two dogs: each dog brought a first-person camera perspective to the analysis and, when they looked at each other, they also provided a third-person camera angle. The findings based on this multi-camera CA approach demonstrate that when dogs produce embodied responses to human utterances, they can distinguish Goffman's addressed recipient from the unaddressed recipient. Compared to human response production planning time (600–1200 ms), dog response planning time proved much faster (a maximum of 200 ms in this context). Another interesting methodological finding was that the distance between the speaker and recipient influenced the transcription of reaction times in turns-of-talk, as sound travels at only 0.3 m/ms. By contrast, embodied actions observed from video material contained no such transcription-related limitations due to the far higher speed at which light travels. • Interspecies pragmatics is introduced. • A model for organizing a dog-initiated ball game is presented. • Dogs can distinguish addressed recipients from unaddressed recipients. • Dogs' response planning time is faster than humans. • The distance between speakers influences transcribing talk-in-interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. to evaluate the moderating effect of the match starting status in the association of playing position and situational variables with the occurrence of punitive cards during Brazilian first-division soccer matches over three consecutive seasons. Methods. the present study evaluated 1,140 matches in three seasons of the Brazilian first-division soccer championship (2018, 2019 and 2020). this is a descriptive correlational study with a case-control design. Results. Over the three seasons, 5,490 cards were distributed. Match starting status moderated the association of the outcome with the playing position, current and final ranking position, season, match exposure time and minutes played. the starter's midfield players were more likely (OR: 1.244, 95% CI: 1.155 to 1.341) to receive a card and forward players were less likely (OR: 0.912, 95% CI: 0.830 to 1.003) to receive a card than the defenders. the starter's players were less likely to receive a card in the 2019 (OR: 0.889, 95% CI: 0.822 to 0.961) and 2020 (OR: 0.827, 95% CI: 0.764 to 0.896) seasons than in the 2018 season. their (OR: 0.776, 95% CI: 0.532 to 1.140) and the non-starter's (OR: 0.491, 95% CI: 0.210 to 1.272) players were less likely to receive a card when the match ended with goal difference (GD) > 2 goals between the two teams. the nonstarter's (OR: 1.136, 95% CI: 0.872 to 1.478) players received more cards when exposed to 25-50% of the total playing time. the match location was not associated with the occurrence of cards. Conclusions. the association of playing position and situational variables with the occurrence of cards is moderated by the players' starting status (starter and non-starter) in the Brazilian first-division soccer championship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on lawyers inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, tracing the legal careers of notable figures like Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Topics include their professional backgrounds, legal education, and contributions to the game of baseball, highlighting Landis's tenure as baseball's first commissioner and his significant rulings in the sport.