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Black and Scholes (1973) proved that under certain assumptions about the market place, the value of a European option, as a function of the current value of the underlying asset and time, verifies a Cauchy problem. We give new conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the value of a European option by using semigroup theory. For this, we choose a suitable space that verifies some conditions, what allows us that the operator that appears in the Cauchy problem is the infinitesimal generator of a C0-semigroup T(t). Then we are able to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of the value of a European option and we also achieve an explicit expression of that value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia boldinghii Br. et R. fruits were processed to determine its betalains composition. Isolation and purification were carried out by means of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). They were eluted independently into two solvent systems in one dimension. Results showed a major red fraction with a maximum absorbance at 537 nm (betacyanin). The results of this investigation demonstrated an excellent resolution and reproductiveness of the technique. © 2001 Altaga. all rights reserved. Resumen Frutos de Opuntia boldinghii Br. et R., fueron procesados para determinar su composición en betalainas. La separación y purificación se llevó a cabo mediante cromatografía de capa fina de alta resolución (HPTLC). Fueron eluidos en dos sistemas de solventes en una sola dimensión independientemente. El estudio químico revela una fracción roja mayoritaria, determinándose una absorbancia máxima a 537 nm (betacianina). La técnica cromatográfica empleada fue de excelente resolución y reproducibilidad. © 2001 Altaga. Todos los derechos reservados. Palabras clave: Opuntia, betacianina, betalainas, Cactaceae, HPTLC Resumo Froitos de Opuntia boldinghii Br. et R., foron procesados para determinar a súa composición en betalainas. A separación e purificación levouse a cabo mediante cromatografía de capa fina de alta resolución (HPTLC). Foron eluidos en dous sistemas de solventes cunha soia dimensión independentemente. O estudio químico revelou unha fracción vermella maioritaria, determinándose unha absorbancia máxima a 537 nm (betacianina). A técnica cromatográfica empregada foi de excelente resolución e reproducibilidade. © 2001 Altaga. Tódolos dereitos reservados. Palavras chave: Opuntia, betacianina, betalainas, Cactaceae, HPTLC [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: This study compares the incidence of bacteraemia and proinflammatory cytokines in short and long periods after non-surgical periodontal therapy involving premedication with amoxicillin (AMX) followed by AMX and metronidazole (MTZ) in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)., Methods: This pilot study included twelve individuals with periodontitis and recent ACS. Six patients were treated with subgingival instrumentation (SI), and six with supragingival ultrasonic scaling (US). Amoxicillin 2 g was administered as premedication in the first visit, followed by AMX-MTZ for one week. The incidence of bacteraemia was evaluated using hemoculture, qPCR, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) before the treatment (t0) and 30 min later (t1) (quadrants 1 and 2), and after one-week, pre-post-treatment samples were taken from the re-maining quadrants (t3 and t4). Proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated in serum at baseline (t0), one week (t1), and six months (t5)., Results: Bacteraemia was low in 16.6 %, similar in both treatment groups. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Desulfobulbus oralis (16.6 %), Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy (8.3 %) were identified with qPCR. NGS was only detected in a single patient; at time t0, bacteria were more diverse than at t3 and were associated with the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Interestingly, many clones observed in blood were non-oral. After treatment, all cytokines were reduced significantly in the SI group in the long term (p< 0.05)., Conclusions: Periodontal therapy reduced bacteremia: despite the antibiotic regimen, bacteria remained in peripheral blood, which could be associated with antimicrobial resistance. SI produced a more efficient reduction of proinflammatory cytokines after periodontal treatment in individuals with ACS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between arthroscopic discopexy with resorbable pins or disc mobilisation and its effect on the bone marrow of the mandibular condyle. An observational analytical retrospective cohort study was conducted. The inclusion criteria comprised adult patients with Wilkes IV and V with MRI in T2 sequence undergoing TMJ arthroscopy. The first group included subjects who received discopexy with pins (Level III Arthroscopy), and the second included subjects who underwent disc mobilisation without any fixation (Level IIb Arthroscopy). Variables studied were maximum interincisal opening (MIO), pain, and Signal Intensity Ratio (SIR) index. Data were analysed using the chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, the Mann Whitney U test, and the Shapiro-Wilk test. To establish the relationship between the variables and SIR ≥ 2, a multivariate analysis was performed using unconditional logistic regression. A total of 50 joints were divided in two groups. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, discopexy surgery with pins (Odds Ratio OR = 0.03, 95% [CI] 0.02 to 0.69, p = 0.027) was identified as an independent predictor for the non-development of a high SIR score (≥2.0) after adjusting preoperative covariates. This study shows changes in the medullary signal in patients undergoing discopexy with resorbable pins. However, more studies are required that correlate quantitative measures., (Copyright © 2024 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aimed to compare the incidence of bleeding using two periodontal treatment protocols in patients with recent Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)., Material and Methods: This is an interim analysis of a double-blind controlled clinical trial evaluating two periodontal treatment schemes in patients with recent ACS treated with different dual antiplatelet regimens: Clopidogrel+ASA, Prasugrel+ASA and Ticagrelor+ASA. After randomisation six patients (22 quadrants) were treated with Scheme A (scaling and root planning-SRP) and six patients (21 quadrants) with Scheme B (ultrasonic scaling-US). Periodontal therapy was performed in two appointments using a preventive local protocol to avoid bleeding. The incidence of bleeding was evaluated at 30 minutes and 12 and 24 h later. The clot formation time and perioperative bleeding were also assessed and associated with the regimen using Chi-square/Fisher tests., Results: Profuse bleeding during treatment was significantly higher in patients with SRP 9/22 (40.91%) than in those with US 2/21 (9.52%) ( p = 0.018). Intra-operatory bleeding in quadrants was major in SRP treated with Clopidogrel +ASA ( p = 0.009). Only 2/12 patients presented with late bleeding after periodontal treatments, representing 16.6% per individual and 11.6% (5/43) per quadrant. However, the incidence of bleeding did not differ significantly between the two protocols., Conclusions: Post-treatment bleeding was moderate and similar in non-invasive and invasive periodontal treatment with different dual antiplatelet therapies. The periodontal treatment in patients with recent ACS treated with dual antiplatelet therapy is safe. The incidence of bleeding is low, and it can be controlled using local methods. Key words: Bleeding, dual platelet anti-aggregation, periodontitis, acute coronary syndrome., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 Medicina Oral S.L.)

Introduction: Prevalence of oral, metabolic, circulatory, and nutritional diseases has tended to increase globally. As these diseases have common contributing factors, such as unhealthy diets, evaluating their epidemiological trends and the relation between them is relevant. In Colombia, the Ministry of Health records the frequency of consultation for these diseases through the Integrated Social Protection Information System. It facilitates the evaluation of their epidemiological behavior at the population level., Aim: To analyze and correlate the burden of oral diseases (caries and periodontitis) with respect to nutritional, circulatory and metabolic pathologies, as well as their relationships with socioeconomic indices in Colombian regions from 2016 to 2023., Methods: This study analyzes retrospective data collected between 2016 and 2023 by the National Health Registry in Colombia (SISPRO) according to the ICD-10. Sociodemographic data and the number of disease consultations were extracted. The number of consultations for oral diseases was correlated with systemic pathologies, socioeconomic indices through the Spearman test. Associations were explored via multiple linear regressions. A Principal Component Analyses (PCA) was conducted to identify patterns between socioeconomic, oral and systemic disease variables, as well as to reduce the complexity of the analysis by creating clusters that capture the greatest possible variability in the data., Results: The average number of consultations per biennium was 24.550.435 being the highest number for 2018-2019. The highest percentage of consultations was related to extensive caries, followed by chronic gingivitis. Moreover, consultations for oral diseases were found to correlate with systemic pathologies. All socioeconomic indices were associated with caries and/or periodontal diseases. This study is the first in Colombia that uses national data on diagnoses assigned to medical and dental consultations. PCA revealed a clustering pattern of pathologies suggesting that they are highly associated one to each other., Conclusion: Correlations between consultations for oral and systemic diseases stratified by life cycle and socioeconomic indices highlight the importance of conducting epidemiological and public health characterizations and their associations. Identifying these factors is imperative in the prevention and management of both diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Usuga-Vacca, Díaz-Báez, Beltrán, Cortes, Vargas-Sanchez and Avila.)

Abstract: Disk perforation can result in degenerative changes within the joint structures. While discectomy has demonstrated enduring benefits, it has traditionally been described using an open approach, with the disadvantages inherent to this method. This study aims to present a series of patients who underwent arthroscopic discectomy technique and to report the outcomes., Methods: Patients diagnosed with internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint underwent arthroscopic arthroscopic discectomy technique. Surgical outcomes were assessed by changes in pain using a visual analog scale and the maximum incisal opening., Results: One hundred seventy-eight joints from 106 patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery were included. Discectomy was performed on 22 joints. Prior to surgery, patients reported an average visual analog scale pain score of 6.5, which decreased to an average of 0.5 at 6 months postsurgery (P<0.001). Before surgery, the average maximum incisal opening was 30 mm, which increased to 41 mm at 6 months postsurgery (P<0.001)., Conclusions: The described technique represents an excellent alternative for managing patients with disk perforations., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Objective: To provide an overview of the available scientific evidence from in vitro studies regarding the effect induced by the flavonoids contained in grape seed extracts (GSE) and cranberry on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)., Methods: This systematic review was performed following the parameters of the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Electronic and manual searches were conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane databases. Reference lists of selected articles were reviewed to identify relevant studies. The search was not limited by year and was conducted solely in English. Eligible studies comprised publications describing in vitro studies that evaluated the effect of flavonoids derived from GSE and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of S. mutans. Common variables were identified to consolidate the data. Authors of this review independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias., Results: Of the 420 studies identified from the different databases, 22 publications were finally selected for review. The risk of bias was low in 13 articles and moderate in 9. The studies analyzed in this review revealed that cranberry extract has an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. mutans in ranges from 0.5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL, and GSE exerts a similar effect from 0.5 mg/mL to 250 mg/mL. Additionally, the extracts or their fractions showed reduced biofilm formation capacity, decreased polymicrobial biofilm biomass, deregulation of glycosyltransferases (Gtf) B and C expression, and buffering of pH drop. In addition to adequate antioxidant activity related to polyphenol content., Conclusions: The overall results showed that the extracts of cranberry and grape seed were effective in reducing the virulence factors of the oral pathogen. According to the data, proanthocyanidins are the active components in cranberry and grape seed that effectively resist S. mutans. They can inhibit the formation of insoluble polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix and prevent glycan-mediated adhesion, cohesion, and aggregation of the proteins in S. mutans. This suggests that these natural extracts could play an important role in the prevention of cariogenic bacterial colonization, as well as induce a decrease in their microbiological activity., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and the immune modulatory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on oral bacteria and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF)., Methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry on fibroblasts derived from the periodontal ligament. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD and CBG for S. mutans and C. albicans and the metabolic activity of a subgingival 33-species biofilm under CBD and CBG treatments were determined. The Quantification of cytokines was performed using the LEGENDplex kit (BioLegend, Ref 740930, San Diego, CA, USA)., Results: CBD-treated cell viability was greater than 95%, and for CBG, it was higher than 88%. MIC for S. mutans with CBD was 20 µM, and 10 µM for CBG. For C. albicans , no inhibitory effect was observed. Multispecies biofilm metabolic activity was reduced by 50.38% with CBD at 125 µg/mL ( p = 0.03) and 39.9% with CBG at 62 µg/mL ( p = 0.023). CBD exposure at 500 µg/mL reduced the metabolic activity of the formed biofilm by 15.41%, but CBG did not have an effect. CBG at 10 µM caused considerable production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-β and IL-4 at 12 h. CBD at 10 µM to 20 µM produced the highest amount of IFN-γ., Conclusion: Both CBG and CBD inhibit S. mutans ; they also moderately lower the metabolic activity of multispecies biofilms that form; however, CBD had an effect on biofilms that had already developed. This, together with the production of anti-inflammatory mediators and the maintenance of the viability of mammalian cells from the oral cavity, make these substances promising for clinical use and should be taken into account for future studies.

Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an antimicrobial agent with high affinity to Gram-negative bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. It could have an equivalent or no inferiority effect to chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid recolonization of these microorganisms after the post-surgical period., Objective: The objective is to compare the reduction of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD), gain of clinical attachment level (CAL), and bacterial recolonization of periodontopathic microorganisms in subgingival biofilm at 7, 21, and 90 days after Open Flap Debridement (OFD) under two antimicrobial protocols: (A) HOCl 0.05% followed by HOCl 0.025% and (B) CHX 0.2%/CHX 0.12% used per 21 days without regular oral hygiene during the post-surgical period., Material and Methods: A no-inferiority randomized controlled trial was carried out. Thirty-two patients were randomly divided to receive each antiplaque protocol after OFD in patients with periodontitis. Clinical indexes and bacterial recolonization were assessed using qPCR for up to 90 days. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, mixed effects models adjusted for treatment, time, and the Chi-squared/Fisher test. A no-inferiority analysis was also performed using the Hodges-Lehmann hypothesis test for non-inferiority., Results: HOCl was not inferior to CHX in reducing PI. Both groups showed a comparable reduction of recolonization for Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , and Eubacterium nodatum . However, the HOCl protocol was non-inferior to the CHX protocol for Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomicetemcomitans ., Conclusions: HOCl improved periodontal healing. HOCl showed an impact in reducing the recolonization of periodontopathic bacteria in the postoperative period.

Object: To identify the perception of barriers to the comprehensive management of cleft lip and palate (CLP) by parents/caregivers of Colombian children with this condition., Setting and Sample Population: Fifty parents/caregivers of children with CLP under 12 years attending a center specialized in the management of craniofacial congenital conditions in Bogota, Colombia., Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 2 phases: a quantitative phase (descriptive cross-sectional) and a qualitative phase (focus group [FG]). Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the association variables. The barriers and alternative ways to overcome barriers were analyzed in the FG., Results: Comprehensive management was mostly defined as access to multiple treatments (54%), and this concept was expanded in the FG toward understanding CLP at all levels. Monoparental families spend their income on treatments (29%) than nuclear families (0%) ( P  = .001). All parents with high education levels were familiar with healthcare centers specialized in CLP as opposed to 66.7% of parents with basic primary education ( P  < .05). Regarding the timeliness of appointments, 12.2% of parents earning between 1 and 2 minimum wages reported some kind of difficulty, whereas those earning less than one minimum wage reported difficulties in 66.7% of cases ( P  = .046)., Conclusions: All participants reported barriers, which increased or decreased depending on their socioeconomic status. The FG allowed the discussion of alternatives to overcome barriers, such as structural, solidarity, and self-management actions.

Objectives: Culturable and unculturable microorganisms have been associated with periodontitis. Their differential proportions and composition have not been evaluated by their severity and complexity defined by stages in the 2018 AAP-EEP classification., Methods: One hundred eighty subgingival biofilm samples were collected in Spain and Colombia from subjects categorized as health/gingivitis: periodontitis stages I/II periodontitis stages III/IV. Target culturable microorganisms (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Eubacterium nodatum) and target unculturable microorganisms (Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, Desulfobulbus oralis) were evaluated by quantitative PCR analysis. In addition, their differences and association with periodontal status were analyzed by ANCOVA and logistic regression models once adjusted to age, current smoking, and country., Results: P. gingivalis was significantly associated with periodontitis stages I/II, OR 2.44 (CI 95% 1.08-5.47) and stages III/V, OR 6.43 (CI 95% 2.43-16.9). T forsythia, OR 7.53 (CI 95% 2.07-27.4); D. oralis, OR 5.99 (CI 95% 2.71-13.23); F. alocis, OR 10.9 (CI 95% 4.56-23.2); E. brachy, 3.57 (CI 95% 1.40-9.11); and E. saphenum, 4.85 (CI 95% 1.99-11.7) were significantly associated only with stages III/IV periodontitis. P. gingivalis evidenced significant differences with the increase in the severity of the periodontal lesion: 2.97 colony forming unit (CFU)/μL (CI 95% 2.32-3.54) health/gingivitis, and 4.66 CFU/μL (CI 95% 4.03-5.30) and 5.90 CFU/μL (CI 95% 5.20-6.48) in stages I/II and III/IV respectively (p < 0.0001). Unculturable microorganisms only evidenced differences in concentration in stages III/IV compared with health-gingivitis (p ≤ 0.001)., Conclusion: Culturable and unculturable are strongly associated with stages III/IV periodontitis. Classic culturable microorganisms are more sensitive to differentiate between stages of periodontitis in the quantitative analysis., Clinical Relevance: Future interventional studies of periodontal disease should include Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, and Desulfobulbus oralis as possible markers of therapy response and as indicators of progressive disease., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Citrus paradisi species belong to the Rutaceae family, and it is commonly known as grapefruit. Grapefruit consumption involves a large amount of waste that goes to landfills and produces significant pollution affecting the human health. To examine this phenomenon, we designed an efficient chemical method that recovers naringin-rich flavonoid extracts from the fresh waste of grapefruits, by using the solvent impregnation resin method (SIR) with XAD-4 amberlite and either methanol or water as elution systems. Additionally, we focused on evaluating these extracts' anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral predictive paradigms in mice. According to direct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by NMR, and Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DIESI-MS), methanol extracts obtained after resin treatment were free of coumarin compounds and evinced had a high content of naringin. Poncirin, phenylalanine, chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether, 5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavanone, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, tetrahydrocurcumin, corchoionoside C, 6'-coumaroyl-1'- O -[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]- β -D-glucopyranoside were also detected. Naringin-rich methanol extract caused a clear anxiolytic-like effect in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Hole-Board (HBT) Tests, increasing oral doses of this extract did not produce a sedative effect. A single oral dose caused an antidepressant-like effect in the Tail Suspension Test (TST), while repeated administrations of the methanol extract elicited a robust antidepressant effect in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) in mice. Our evidence highlights the importance of bioprospecting studies of organic waste with therapeutic potentials, such as anxiety and depression disorders.

This study evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of a methanol extract of Leonotis nepetifolia in behavioural tests in mice. Our results showed that a single administration of the extract significantly reduced immobility behaviour in the tail suspension test, while three administrations were necessary to diminish immobility behaviour in the forced swimming test. A daily dose of the extract for 28 days improved body weight gain and significantly reduced corticosterone levels of mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Metabolic profiling of the extract revealed that nepetaefolin, methoxynepataefolin, and 7- O - β -glucoside luteolin were the main products. Acute and repeated administration of the extract produced antidepressant-like effects in animals subjected to chronic stress. Our results suggest the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis participates in the antidepressant actions of the extract. These results show that alterations in behaviour elicited by stress can be prevented with L. nepetifolia treatment.

Hard to cook phenomenon results from inadequate post-harvest storage of the bean associated with the microstructure and changes in seed color and texture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties, identify the phenolic compounds and their relationship with the black bean seed coat microstructure during 270 days at 30 °C and 70% r. h. The water absorption capacity decrease to 12.19% that induced changes in seed texture observed by increasing the hardness from 5.42 to 19.96 N. A total of 37 compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS and the changes in phenolic profile during storage period contribute to the seed coat color saturation. The identification of flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, as well as distribution of condensed tannins in the seed coat, the changes in physical properties evidenced by seed darkening and hardening contribute to the seed coat impermeability., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)