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This study investigated the short-term storage of Honamli and Hair buck semen based on the relationships among the biochemical constituents of the seminal plasma. In total, 12 Honamli and Hair goat bucks (six of each breed) were used. Collected individual semen samples were divided into two parts, one placed in short-term storage and the other centrifuged to determine the biochemical constituents of the seminal plasma. Diluted semen samples were cooled to +4°C; the samples were stored at this temperature; the spermatological parameters (i.e., motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity [PMAI], viability and high mitochondrial membrane potential) were assessed at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h. A significant positive correlation was determined between the PMAI, motility and viability with globulin, chlorine, alanine aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT). A positive correlation was detected between the PMAI and viability with total protein. In contrast, a negative correlation was determined between the motility and viability with sodium values in buck semen (p ˂ .05). Also, it was evaluated the Hair buck samples became inviable across all parameters at 72 h, while the Honamli buck samples continued to be viable at 144 h. In conclusion, the seminal plasma biochemical parameters of total protein chlorine, globulin, albumin, sodium, AST and ALT correlated with spermatological parameters in buck semen. The factors of animal (p ˂ .05) and time (p ˂ .001) affected the spermatological parameters, but there was no interaction between the two factors (p .05) during the short-term storage period. Also, it was determined that Honamli buck semen was more resistant to cold injury than Hair buck semen against cold injury during storage.

The aim of this study was the effect of pre-synchronization blood BHBA level on pregnancy rates of sheep in the non-breeding season. For this purpose, 100 Merino/Merino crossbred ewe, aged 2-4 years, who have given one birth before, were used in the study. For synchronization purposes, progesterone containing sponges 60 mg Medroxyprogesteron acetate (MPA) analogue, were administered intravaginally for 14 days. BHBA (betahydroxybutyric acid) measurement was made by drawing blood in each animal on the day of administration. 500-700 IU PMSG was injected at the time of sponge withdrawal. Oestrus was observed 24 hours after sponge withdrawal with the help of teaser ram. Animals which was in estrus were hand mated. Pregnancy status was recorded with the help of ultrasound using the transrectal probe in the interval 35-45 days after mating. All of the synchronized animals were determined to be in estrus and their mating were performed. As a result of the pregnancy examination, 57 (57%) of the animals became pregnant and 43 (43%) did not become pregnant. Blood BHBA values were measured in the range of 0.12 mmol/L -0.66 mmol/L (n:100) in present study and the average of BHBA as 0.35±0.083 mmol/L was determined. While blood BHBA level of pregnant animals was found as 0.29±0.005 mmol/L, blood BHBA level of non-pregnant sheep was found to be 0.41±0.073 mmol/L, which was statistically significant (p

BACKGROUND: Carmustine is a chemotherapeutic agent that is mainly used in the treatment of glioblastoma and can cause toxic effects on various organs, including the liver. The white mulberry extract has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at investigating the effects of the dried white mulberry extract on the pathology, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the liver, as well as the levels of serum adenosine deaminase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, paraoxonase, and malondialdehyde in carmustine-administrated rats. METHODS: Forty-two rats divided into six groups were used in this study. BCNU was administrated intraperitoneally (IP) (5 mg/kg body weight (BW)/week) for 10 weeks to the BCNU and BCNU-DWME groups. DWME was administered (600 mg/kg-BW by oral gavage) daily for 10 weeks to the DWME and BCNU-DWME groups. After the experimental procedure, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Carmustine caused biliary hyperplasia at a dose of 5 mg/kg. However, the mulberry extract was not effective in alleviating this pathology. Furthermore, the administration of carmustine induced apoptosis in hepatocytes, and the mulberry extract had an anti-apoptotic effect. Carmustine increased the 8-OHdG activity in the liver, and dried mulberry extract ameliorated this activity. Although there was no significant difference in the serum oxidative stress parameters between the groups, carmustine significantly increased the adenosine deaminase activity during the recovery period, while mulberry extracts partially ameliorated these effects in the recovery period. CONCLUSIONS: Dried white mulberry extract has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects against carmustine-induced toxicity.

Suni tohumlama, tarihteki ilk reprodüktif biyoteknolojik uygulamadır. Günümüzde süt sığırcılığının gelişiminde üstlendiği rol ve insanlarda tüp bebek çalışmalarına öncülük etmesinden dolayı oldukça önemlidir. Yardımcı üreme teknikleri, cinsiyeti belirlenmiş sperma üretimi, çiftleşme ile bulaşan hastalıkların önüne geçilmesi, verim özellikleri yönünden üstün hayvanlar elde edilmesi ve dünyada büyük bir endüstriye dönüşmüş olan spermanın dondurularak saklanması ve satışı gibi birçok pratiğin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’un spermatozoonu ilk kez mikroskop altında görüntülemesinden yaklaşık yüz yıl sonra, Lazzaro Spallanzani tarafından ilk kez bir köpekte gerçekleştirilen suni tohumlama uygulaması günümüze dek gelişimini sürdürmüştür. Canlıların kendine benzer özellikte bireyler meydana getirmesinde (Reprodüksiyon) önemli bir araç olan suni tohumlamanın, tarihsel süreci de merak uyandırıcı ve ilham vericidir. Bu derlemede, suni tohumlama ve ışığında gelişen biyoteknolojik uygulamaların tarihsel sürecine dair Türkçe ve yabancı kaynaklar incelenerek önemli dönüm noktalarına değinilmiştir., Artificial insemination is the first reproductive biotechnological application in history. Today, it is essential because of its role in developing the dairy cattle industry and pioneering human in vitro fertilization studies. Assisted reproductive techniques have led to the emergence of many practices, such as the production of sexed semen, the prevention of diseases transmitted by mating, the production of superior animals in terms of yield characteristics, and the freezing and sale of semen, which has become a significant industry in the world. Almost a hundred years after Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first viewed the spermatozoon under the microscope, the practice of artificial insemination, which Lazzaro Spallanzani performed for the first time in a dog, has continued to evolve to this day. The historical process of artificial insemination, which is a vital tool for living things to produce individuals with similar characteristics (Reproduction), is also intriguing and inspiring. In this review, Turkish and foreign sources on the historical process of artificial insemination and biotechnological applications developed in its light are examined, and crucial turning points are mentioned.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gallic acid (GA) on frozen-thawed goat spermatozoa. Four Honamli goat bucks were used at their breeding season, and ejaculates were collected by an electroejaculator. Mixed semen was divided into the following four groups: control (0 mM), low (L; 1 mM), medium (M; 2 mM), and high (H; 4 mM) concentration of GA. All the groups were frozen and thawed in a water bath for spermatological evaluation. The lowest motility was observed in the control group (47.60 ± 5.70%) (P< 0.05), while the highest viability (62.45 ± 1.68%), plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (44.81 ± 4.57%), and high mitochondrial membrane potential (35.96 ± 2.50%) were observed in the low GA group (P< 0.05). Also, the lowest hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS +) value was found in the high GA group (47.60 ± 4.82%) (P< 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing a low concentration (1 mM) of GA to the Tris-based semen extender had a positive effect on spermatological parameters after freeze-thawing of Honamli goat semen. Further studies should be continued in other species with different doses and combinations using commercial and/or homemade semen extenders.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada sezon dışı dönemde, koç spermasının kısa süreli saklanmasında sulandırıcıya farklı oranlarda ilave edilen Galik asitin etkilerinin ortaya konması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Burdur Çallıca kasabasında bulunan özel bir koyun işletmedeki 4 baş Merinos koç (2-3 yaş) kullanıldı. Çalışma süresince koçlardan sperma elektro-ejekülatör yardımıyla haftada iki kez olmak üzere elde edildi. Toplanan ejkülatlardan spermatozoa motilitesi %80>, yoğunluğu 0 mM (kontrol) ile 1.5x10⁹ spermatozoa/ml üzerinde olanlar pooling yapıldı ve deney grupları oluşturuldu. Deney grupları sırasıyla antioksidan içermeyen (kontrol), 2 mM, 5 mM ve 10 mM dozlarında gallik asit içeren sulandırıcı grupları olacak şekilde belirlendi ve +4 C⁰’de saklandı. Grupların oluşturulmasında sonra 24 saat aralıklar ile 96 saat süresince subjektif motilite (%), morfolojik (%) ve membran bütünlüğü (HOS test, %) bakımından değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmada 48. saatin sonunda kontrol grubuna (%51.0±2.7) göre en yüksek motilite Gallik asit 2 mM (%72.7±5.3) ve 5 mM (%69.4±4.8) içeren sulandırıcı gruplarından elde edildi (P0.05). Ancak, saklama zamanına bağlı olarak anormal spermatozoa oranında artış istatistiksel olarak önemli bulundu (P, Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different rate of gallic acid on ram semen liquid storage in non-breeding season. Materials and Methods: In this study, four Merino rams (2-3 ages) were used and belonging to the special sheep farm in Callica, Burdur/ Turkey. Ejaculates were collected from the rams using a electroejaculator, the ejaculates containing spermatozoa with >80% motility and concentrations higher than 1.5x10⁹ spermatozoa/ml were mixed and used in the study. The mixed ejaculates were divided into four equal aliquots and samples were extended with tris containing 0 mM (control), 2 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM gallic acid and they were stored at 4°C. After the groups were created, sperm motility (%), morphologic integrity (%), membrane integrity subjective (Hipo Osmotic Swelling Test, HOS test, %) were examined 24 hour intervals until 96 hour. Results: The highest motility at 48. hour was seen gallic acid 2 mM (72.7±5.3%) and 5 mM (69.4±4.8%) groups compared the control (51.0±2.7%) group (P 0.05) but, there was a statistically significant increase in abnormal spermatozoa rate at the depending on storage time (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, gallic acid 2 mM and gallic acid 5 mM should be supplement to ram semen extender at short term storage period on non-breeding season for improvement of sperm motility.

Aim: Honey has been produced by honey bee comprises high level of sugars which could be beneficial effects on spermatozoa. The main goal of this study was to determine the natural honey addition on the spermatological parameters of Honamlı buck spermatozoa during liquid storage at 4 °C up to 96 hours. Materials and Methods: At the breeding season a total of three Honamlı bucks were used in this study. Four extenders were prepared with tris-egg yolk first was as a control (no honey added) and others had concentrate as 1, 3 and 6% honey into the base extender. Sperm parameters were assessed including subjective motility, membrane integrity and abnormality at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 th hours. Results: The motility of Honamlı buck spermatozoa was higher control and 1% honey added group compared the 3% and 6% up to 96 hour (p, Amaç: Bal, bal arıları tarafından üretilen bileşiminde yüksek oranda şeker ihtiva etmesi sayesinde spermatozoa üzerinde yaralı etkisi olabilceği düşünülen bir besin maddesidir. Bu çalışmadaki temel amaç doğal bal ilavesinin Honamlı teke spermasının kısa süreli saklanmasında 4 °C 96 saat süresince spermatolojik parametreler üzerine etkinliğinin belirlenmesidir Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada üreme sezonunda 3 baş Honamlı tekesi kullanıldı. Tris-yumurta sarılı sulandırıcı ile sulandırılan spermalar ile kontrol (bal eklenmeyen), %1, 3 ve 6 oranlarında bal eklenen gruplar olacak şekilde 4 grup oluşturuldu. Spermatolojik parametrelerden sübjektif motilite, membran bütünlüğü ve anormal spermatozoa oranı 0, 24, 48, 72 ve 96. saatlerde değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Honamlı tekesi sperma motilitesi kontrol ve %1 bal ilave edilen gruplarda %3 ve %6 bal içeren gruplara göre daha yüksek bulundu (p

The present study investigated the protective effect of dried white Mulberry extract (DWME) against carmustine (Crm) induced biochemical alterations and spermatological, histopathological, and fertility damage in Wistar albino rats. Male rats were divided into four groups (control, Crm, Crm + DWME, and DWME group). It was found that Crm decreased the motility. Crm decreased the concentration (not different from control group) compared to DWME groups. Total blood MDA levels were reduced during the recovery period. Also, the recovery period reduced the MDA levels in the Crm group/testicular tissue. The GSH levels in the Crm + DWME group were the highest among all groups in the testicular tissue/experiment period. In the immunohistochemical evaluation of the testicular tissue, a high level of caspase-3 was observed in the cells that underwent meiosis in the Crm group. The most pronounced DNA damage was also detected in the Crm group. The Crm + DWME group showed the highest number of offspring born during recovery period. In conclusion, dried white mulberry extract protects against the spermatological damages caused by carmustine. Moreover, recovery period played a positive effect on spermatological parameters and fertility.

Bu çalışmada, koç sperma sulandırıcısına farklı dozlardaki Alfa Lipoik asit (ALA) ve Trehalozun eklenerek dondurulup çözdürülmesinden sonra spermatozoon motilitesi, plazma membran ve akrozom bütünlüğü (PMAI), mitokondrial membran potansiyeli ve mitokondrial reaktif oksijen türleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 10 adet Pırlak koçtan suni vajen kullanılarak alınan spermalar. üç eşit parçaya bölünerek Alfa lipoik asit (1 mM), Trehaloz (100 mM) içeren ve hiçbir katkı maddesi içermeyen (kontrol) sulandırıcılar ile 5x108/ml spermatozoa olacak şekilde sulandırıldı. Spermalar + 4 ° C'de yaklaşık 2 saat ekibrasyona bırakıldı, sıvı azot buharında (-120 C⁰) donduruldu, 37 C⁰’de 30 saniyede çözdürüldü. Çözdürülen sperma örneklerinde motilite, 37 C⁰'de ısıtma tablalı faz kontrast mikroskop ile subjektif olarak, PMAI, mitokondrial membran potansiyeli ve mitokondrial reaktif oksijen türleri (MitoSOX+) flow sitometre ile değerlendirildi. En düşük motilite kontrol grubunda tespit edilirken en yüksek plazma membran akrozom bütünlüğü Trehaloz ve ALA gruplarında belirlendi (P, In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects on spermatozoon motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI), mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species after freezing and thawing by adding different doses of A Lipoic acid (ALA) and Trehalose to ram semen extender. Semen was collected from 10 Pirlak rams using artificial vagina, divided into three equal parts, extended with extender containing A lipoic acid (1 mM), Trehalose (100 mM) and no additives (control) to contain 5x108/ ml spermatozoa. Sperm was equilibrated about 2 hours at + 4 ° C, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor (-120 ° C), thawed in 30 seconds at 37 ° C. Thawed sperm sample were evaluated. Subjective motility evaluated by phase contrast microscope with heating table at 37 °C, PMAI, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were evaluated by flow cytometer. While the lowest motility was detected in the control group, the highest plasma membrane integrity was found in the Trehalose group (P

Bu çalışmanın amacı,Honamlı teke spermasının kısa süreli saklanmasında farklı büyüklükteki payet vedeney tüplerinin spermatolojik parametrelere etkisini araştırmaktır.Araştırmada beş baş Honamlı tekesi kullanıldı. Tekelerden haftada iki kez sunivagina yardımıyla üreme sezonu içinde sperma alındı. Her bir tekeden alınannativ ejakülatlar birleştirilerek tris yumurta sarısı sulandırıcısı ilesulandırıldı ve payet (0.25; 0.5 ml), Ependorf tüpü (0.5; 1.5 ml), Falkon tüpü(15; 50 ml) olarak 6 farklı grup oluşturuldu ve +4 ⁰C’de saklandı. Gruplaroluşturulduktan sonra 24 saat aralıklarla spermatolojik parametreler 96. saatekadar sperma motilitesi (%), morfolojik bütünlük (%), membran bütünlüğü (HOStest, %) yönünden incelendi. Morfolojik bütünlük yönünden gruplar arasındaistatistiki olarak farklılık bulunmazken (P>0.05); 96. saatin sonunda enyüksek motilite (%57.50±2.50) ve membran bütünlüğü (%56.00±3.73) 0.5 ml’likpayet grubunda tespit edildi (P, Thepurpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different sized strawsand test tubes on spermatological parameters during the short-term storage ofthe Honamli buck semen. In this study, five Honamli bucks were used. Semen wastaken twice a week with artificial vagina during the breeding season. Thenative ejaculates collected from each individual were mixed and diluted withtris egg yolk diluent. The diluted sperm samples were filled into straws (0.25;0.5 ml), Eppendorf tubes (0.5; 1.5 ml) and Falcon tubes (15; 50 ml) so as to form6 different groups. stored at +4 ⁰C. Sperm motility (%), morphologic integrity(%), membrane integrity (HOS test, %) were examined at 24 hour intervals until 96.hour. Although there were no statistically significant differences between thegroups on morphological integrity (P>0.05); the highest motility (57.50±2.50%)and membrane integrity (56.00±3.73%) were detected in 0.50 ml straw group(P

The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) grows naturally in the Mediterranean region. The empiric use of carob cures for their aphrodisiac properties is very common in Turkey. Thus, the experiment was conducted to determine the effects of carob bean extracts on some reproductive parameters in male New Zealand White rabbits. During the adaptation period (stage 1), 6-8 mo old rabbits were trained in semen collection for 30 d. At the beginning of the treatment period (stage 2), rabbits were assigned randomly to 2 groups of 8 animals each. For a period of 49 d (1 spermatogenesis duration), one group was treated with a daily oral dose (10 mL) of carob extract and the other group received the corresponding volume of tap water. Semen was collected weekly. Semen samples taken at week 1 and 7 were analysed separately. At the beginning of stage 2, no differences were observed in the volume and pH of the ejaculate, sperm concentration, percentage of motility, percentage of live spermatozoa, percentage of sperm plasma membrane integrity, plasma concentration of testosterone, and seminal plasma protein levels between the control and carob extract treated animals. Similarly, at the end of stage 2, there were no differences in the volume and pH of the ejaculate, motility percentage, the percentage of live spermatozoa, percentage of sperm plasma membrane integrity, and the seminal plasma protein levels between the control and the carob extract treated animals. However, sperm concentration (P

The experiment was conducted to determine the in vitro results of 7-dehydrocholesterol loaded cyclodextrin compound (7-DCLC) addition to tris extenders for freezing ram semen. Three Akkaraman rams, local species in Turkey, were used. Semen samples were extended with tris containing 0 mg (control), 1.5 mg, 2.5 mg and 3.5 mg/120x106 7-DCLC and they were equilibrated to 4°C and frozen in mini straws then stored in liquid nitrogen. Straws were thawed at 37°C for 30 s in water bath for spermatological examination. Statistically significant differences were observed between 7-DCLC and control groups in terms of acrosome integrity, CASA motility, HOS test and viability after thawing (P 0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that adding 7-DCLC to Akkaraman ram semen improved cell membrane cryosurvival. Besides, 7-DCLC can be used in tris extender instead of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) compounds for sperm cryopreservation, Bu çalışma, tris sulandırıcısına 7-dehidrokolesterol ile doyurulmuş siklodekstrin bileşimi (7-DCLC) eklenerek dondurmaçözdürme sonrası in vitro sonuçlarını değerlendirmek üzere yapıldı. Çalışmada yerli bir ırk olarak üç adet Akkaraman koç kullanıldı. Sperma örnekleri 0 mg (kontrol), 1.5, 2.5 ve 3.5 mg/120x106 7-DCLC içeren tris sulandırıcısı ile sulandırıldı, 4 C⁰’de alışıma bırakıldı ve mini payetlerde dondurularak sıvı azotta saklandı. Daha sonra payetler spermatolojik analizler için 37 C⁰’de 30 saniyede su banyosunda çözdürüldü. Çözüm sonu, 7-DCLC grupları ve kontrol grubu arasında CASA motilitesi, canlılık, akrozomal bütünlük ve HOS test yönünden istatiksel olarak farklılık önemli bulundu (P0.05). Çalışma sonucunda, 7-DCLC’nin Akkaraman koç spermasına eklenmesinin hücre membranlarını soğuktan koruduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, spermanın dondurulması için tris sulandırıcılarında kolesterol ile doyurulmuş siklodekstrin (CLC) bileşimi yerine 7-DCLC’nin kullanılabileceği tespit edildi

The aim of this study was investigated to effect of 7-dehydrocholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (7-DCLC) on ram semen spermatological parameters on short term preservation at +4 ⁰C. Collected semen with electroejaculator at non-breeding season. Each animal native ejaculates were mixed and divided into 4 equal groups, diluated with tris/egg yolk extender with included different rates of 7-DCLC (1.5 mg, 3.0 mg and 5 mg/120x106) and control (C). After extended semen samples were preservation at +4 ⁰C and evaluated motility, membrane integrity and abnormal spermatozoa rate until 96. hour. There were no significant differences between the groups on abnormal spermatozoa rate (P>0.05); there were a significant differences between the groups on motility at all storage period (P0,05); motilite açısından gruplar arasında farklılıklar tespit edildi (P

The aim of the present study was to determine the possible relationship between bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus infection and the appearance of cervical mucous discharge (CMD) and the reproductive performance of cows in oestrus. For this purpose, CMD from 97 Holstein cows in oestrus was evaluated visually before artificial insemination (AI). Cows in oestrus were inseminated with frozen semen free from BVD virus (BVDV). Blood samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for antigen (Ag) and antibodies (Ab) of BVDV. The presence of the BVDV genome in cervical mucus samples was tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The presence of BVDV Ab, Ag or genome was not associated with abnormal cervical mucous discharge (A-CMD). However, the presence of BVDV Ag (but not of the BVDV Ab) in blood samples was associated with a lower first service conception rate (FSCR; 27.8 vs. 70.9%; P < 0.01), indicating that BVDV viraemia at the time of AI has a negative effect on the fertility of cows.

The main objective of the current study was to understand the effect of EMF on testes and semen characteristics in male New Zealand White rabbits under ecological conditions. Rabbits were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups of 8; EMF and control groups were housed 6 m under high voltage power lines (380 kV) and 500 m away from the power lines for 7 weeks, respectively. Following EMF exposure, blood was withdrawn from all rabbits and 4 rabbits per treatment were euthanized. Remaining rabbits were kept in normal laboratory condition for another 7 weeks for recovery. Decrease in the plasma testosterone concentrations, paired testes, epididimides and the accessory sex gland weights and seminiferous tubule diameters were noted in EMF group. Although ejaculate volume, pH, seminal plasma protein levels and libido were not affected by EMF, the percent sperm head/tail defects, percent progressive motility and sperm concentrations were lower in EMF group. The depression on semen quality was transient and returned to normal by week 7 of recovery period. Therefore, exposure of male animals to EMF may have reversible adverse effect on the reproductive performance

WOS: 000289387100008, PubMed: 21060245, In this study, blood scrum and leukocyte samples were collected from 400 Holstein heifers, all of which appeared to be healthy. Antibodies (Ab) against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were detected in 57 serum samples, and BVDV antigen (Ag) was detected in 38 leukocyte samples. There were statistically important differences between the average first insemination ages (FIT) of the BVDV (Ag-/Ab+) heifers (p, Scientific Research Projects Commission of Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityMehmet Akif Ersoy University [0005-NAP-07], This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (Project number: 0005-NAP-07).

In this study, blood serum was collected from 162 repeat breeder (RB) dairy cows and tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of these samples, 87 were bovine herpesvirus type-4 (BHV-4) seropositive and 75 were BHV-4 seronegative. The prevalence of BHV-4 was determined as 53.70% amongst RB dairy cows. In the current study the seroprevalence was high. The average days open (DO) of pregnant BHV-4 seropositive RB cows was significantly longer (p

Background: Most part of ram spermatozoa membrane has unsaturated fatty acids (phospholipids). Membrane structure of cells is composed of double ordered phospholipid layers adorned with mosaic-like protein, glycoprotein and glycolipids. Sperm freezing protocols could be negatively affected on ram sperm motility, viability and acrosome integrity during cryopreservation. For these reasons, researchers were designed their topics has led to the search for effective antioxidant systems against peroxidative damage and spermatozoon dysfunction. There are three protective enzymatic systems against reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage in sperm. These include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase / reductase cycles Catalase (CAT) is a hemo-protein in the enzyme tetramer structure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trehalose, catalase and their combinations on ram sperm parameters after the cryopreservation/thawing process.Materials, Methods & Results: At the out of breeding season (March-May) seven rams (1-3 years of age) were used in this study. Ejaculates were collected by electro-ejaculator twice a week. Pooled ejaculates were at 37°C, divided into six aliquots, diluted with the Tris based extender containing Trehalose 25 mM (Group-1), Trehalose 50 mM (Group-2), Catalase 200 µg (Group-3), Catalase 400 µg (Group-4), Trehalose 50 mM + Catalase 400 µg (Group-5) and no anti-oxidant (control), respectively, were cooled to 5°C than frozen in 0.25 mL French straws on the nitrogen vapour and stored in liquid nitrogen. The extender supplemented with Group 1 (54.1 ± 1.53; 73.1 ± 4.37), 50 mM (58.3 ± 4.01; 63.1 ± 0.30) and Group 5 (56.6 ± 1.05; 58.3 ± 0.55) resulted in higher subjective motility in comparison to the control (40.0 ± 3.87; 40.5 ± 0.22) group respectively (P < 0.05). Besides, Group 1 (60.16 ± 4.39) and Group 5 (59.60 ± 2.21) led to higher CASA total motility when compared to control (44.40 ± 8.13) group (P < 0.05). Sperm progressive motility was better in Group 1 (20.57 ± 6.90) than the Group 3 (10.63 ± 3.59) [P < 0.05]. Casa kinetic parameters of catalase 200 (Group 3) was higher values than other groups in VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN parameters (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences on the membrane integrity parameter between the groups (P > 0.05).Discussion: Freezing ram sperm is extremely difficult process when compared bull and dog semen. Previous studies showed that antioxidants which were adding into the ram freezing extender gave positive effects solely or combination. In this study similar results were taken at trehalose 25, 50 mM and trehalose 50 mM + catalase 400 µg except 200 and 400 µg catalase groups. These findings supported some researches but lots of them opposite of catalase results. Catalase is found semen and ameliorates the sperm parameters when adding the liquid storage. Also after diluted and equilibrated catalase groups motilities were better than the control group. During the freezing stage catalase efficiency has been restricted. On the other hand when it combined with the trehalose 50 mM, catalase activity was triggered. Trehalose acts on sperm as non-permanent had a protective action related both osmotic effect and specific interactions with membrane phospholipids. Our data suggest that solely Trehalose 50 mM or combination with Catalase 400 µg can be added to Tris based extender for improving the post-thawed sperm quality in ram semen.

The aim of the present study was to describe whether abnormal cervical mucus discharge (A-CMD) or pathogens in cervical mucus discharge (CMD) have effects on reproductive performance of cows and heifers in estrus. Animals having clear discharges (68 cows, 38 heifers) with normal viscosity and without bad odor were grouped as normal cervical mucous discharge (N-CMD) group. The other animals (84 cows, 32 heifers) were grouped as A-CMD group. Microorganisms isolated from samples were divided into three groups as uterine pathogens (UP), potential uterine pathogens (PUP) or opportunistic uterine pathogens (OUP). Presence of PUP was associated with A-CMD for both cows (p

The presence of surface-active material in the lung alveolus has been known for several decades as being essential for normal lung function. Surfactant is essential for reducing the surface tension at the alveolar air-liquid interface. Pulmonary surfactant is composed of 90% lipids and 10% proteins. There are four non-serum proteins surfactant protein-A (SP-A), surfactant protein-B (SP-B), surfactant protein-C (SP-C) and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) named in chronologic order of discovery. Lung SP-A and SP-D belong to a family of collagen-containing C-type lectin family called collectins. The host defence and controlling inflammatory processes of the lung are the major functions of SP-A and SP-D. SP-A and SP-D were originally demonstrated in alveolar type II cells, but recent studies have shown extrapulmonary expression of SP-A and SP-D indicating systemic roles of these proteins. Present study describes the presence of SP-A and SP-D in the mare genital tract, vulva, vagina, ovarium, uterus and tuba uterina using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The aim of this study was to characterize surfactant proteins in terms of: (i) whether surfactant proteins were present in the various structures of the mare genital system, (ii) if so, identifying and locating the surfactant proteins and finally (iii) determining the differences from those previously characterized for the lung. Although beyond the scope of this report, it is recognized that there are also some potential implications for better defining the reproductive defence mechanisms in mare. Therefore, genital system organs and tissues from mares were examined. We were able to show that proteins reactive with surfactant-specific antibodies were present in the mare genital tract. Thus, surfactant proteins are present not in just lamellar bodies associated with lung, but also genital system of mare.

The presence of surface-active material in the lung alveolus has been known for several decades as being essential for normal lung function. The host defense and controlling inflammatory processes of the lung are the major functions of SP-A and SP-D. SP-A and SP-D were originally demonstrated in alveolar type II cells, but recent studies have shown extrapulmonary expression of SP-A and SP-D indicating systemic roles of these proteins. Present study describes the presence of SP-A and SP-D in the stallion genital tract, prepuce, prostate, testis, and seminal vesicle using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. This paper presents the first evidence for the existence of SP-A and SP-D glycoproteins in the stallion genital tract. We examined genital system organs and tissues from stallion and were able to show that surfactant protein A and D reactive with surfactant-specific antibodies were present in the stallion genital tract tissues and organs. On the basis of results, it can be postulated that surfactant proteins in the stallion reproductive tract contribute to the immune surveillance and to active barrier defense mechanism.

In the current study, blood samples from 319 cows and heifers were studied. Antibodies against BVDV infections in serum samples and BVDV antigens in leukocytes were present in 203 (148 cows and 55 heifers) and 56 (28 cows and 28 heifers) samples, respectively. Although no significant difference was detected between seropositive SBVDV (Ag-/Ab+)¹ and uninfected SBVDV (Ag-/Ab-)¹ cows and heifers at the time of the first insemination (FIT), first service age (FSA) or conception rate (CR) (p>0.05), the difference in age of seropositive and infection free cows differed significantly (p 0.05). Differences between persistently infected SBVDV (Ag +/Ab -)¹ and uninfected cows for FIT, CR and age were statistically different (p 0.05). Even though, FSA of pregnant persistently infected or uninfected heifers was not different (p>0.05), there was a difference between the age and FIT of persistently infected and uninfected cows (p

WOS: 000252373900003, PubMed: 18237034, Some production parameters of seropositive cows (age, first calving age, 305 day mature equivalent last milk yield production, lifetime mature equivalent milk yield production, lifetime total milk production, lifetime total milking period, lifetime monthly milk production, lifetime daily milk production, lifetime total days of milking, number of inseminations per pregnancy (for last pregnancy), number of calves and calving interval (for last pregnancy)) were analysed in the current study. The study population was clinically healthy Holstein cows from a commercial dairy herd in southern Turkey. Of 109 animals, 65 cows were seropositive by ELISA and the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection was 59.6%. The prevalence of seropositive cows in 2nd (62.8%), 3rd (64.7%), 4th (61.5%), and 5th (66.6%) lactations was slightly higher than that of cows in 1st (52.6%) lactations. No statistical differences were observed between BLV seronegative and seropositive cows for production and reproduction parameters analysed in this study (P > 0.05).

Bu derlemede süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin sürü devamlılığı ve ekonomik faaliyetlerini sürdürebilmeleri için uygun döl verimi değerlerinin yakalanması ve yılda bir yavru alınması için gerekli döl verimi ölçütleri güncel olarak değerlendirildi.Süt sığırcılığında karlılığı belirleyen ana unsur döl verimidir. İdeal ölçütlerde döl veriminin anlamı; daha yüksek süt verimi, yıllara göre daha fazla buzağı üretimi ve daha yüksek bir verim için daha fazla seleksiyon olasılığı demektir. Ancak süt sığırlarında süt veriminin arttırılmasına paralel olarak döl veriminde gerilemeler görülebilmektedir (Campos ve ark., 1994; Marti ve Funk, 1994; Oltenacu ve ark., 1991)., In this review, current assessments of herd persistency of dairy cattle, achieving appropriate fertility parameters, economic benefits and obtaining fertility parameters to accomplish one calf per year were evaluated.In this review, current assessments of herd persistency of dairy cattle, achieving appropriate fertility parameters, economic benefits and obtaining fertility parameters to accomplish one calf per year were evaluated.In this review, current assessments of herd persistency of dairy cattle, achieving appropriate fertility parameters, economic benefits and obtaining fertility parameters to accomplish one calf per year were evaluated.

This study has been carried out in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey on seven different Honamli goat flocks. The aim of this study was to determine the growth characters, survival rate (till weaning, 105th day), some reproductive characteristics and marketable milk yield. The data were collected from 516 does and 210 kids (125 buckling and 85 doelings). The results indicate that the numbers of multiple birth and litter size were 32.8 % and 1.35 respectively. Survival rates of kids at the 30th, 90th, and 105th days were 98.5, 97.2, and 97.2 %, respectively. The average birth weight for the buckling and doelings was 4.1 and 3.7 kg, respectively. The average weaning weights for buckling and doelings were 26.9 and 23.4 kg, respectively. The effects of dams' age, on sex and birth type on the growth of Honamli kids were statistically significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001). While the diameters of erythrocytes of Honamli goats are smaller, the density of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes is more than Asian, Indian, and American caprine breeds. The average lactation length and marketable milk yield was assessed to be at 210.3 days and was 89 L, respectively. The growth characteristics of Honamli kids at weaning age were assessed to be higher than most of the other goat breeds in Turkey. The results further indicated that there is a significant variation in the production traits among the different Honamli goat flocks. Production traits of Honamli goats at different breeding conditions should further be investigated to come to a definite conclusion.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Burdur ilindeki Repeat Breeding (RB) sütçü ineklerde Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) enfeksiyonunun seroprevalansını tespit etmek ve fertilite ile ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada 108 RB sütçü inekten kan serumu toplandı ve BHV-1’e karşı şekillenen antikorlar yönünden enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ile test yapıldı. BHV-1 in prevalansı RB sütçü ineklerde %9.25 (10/108) olarak tespit edildi. Ortalama servis periyodu (SP) BHV-1 seropositive RB ineklerde, BHV-1 seronegative RB ineklerden istatistiksel olarak daha uzun (P

Objective To investigate the presence of surfactant protein-A (SP-A); molecular weight 34 kDa and surfactant protein-D (SP-D); and molecular weight 43 kDa in human spermatozoa. Design Prospective, research study. Setting Two universities in Turkey. Patient(s) Semen specimens (n = 10) were obtained from normozoospermic donors. Intervention(s) Human sperm were exposed to an anti–human SP-A polyclonal antibody, and monoclonal antibody, to human SP-D protein. Main Outcome Measure(s) Presence of SP-A and SP-D proteins in human beings. Result(s) Indirect immunofluorescence assays of human sperm indicated the presence of SP-A in the mid piece, the tail, and sometimes at the equatorial region of spermatozoa. A brilliant green light detected SP-D in the tails and acrosome of some sperm. The anti–SP-A antibody detected a single band corresponding to the molecular weight values of 34 kDa in spermatozoa, whereas no band was observed in the negative control. The anti–SP-D antibody showed the expected band at 43 kDa in spermatozoa. Conclusion(s) This is the first report and a novel finding of the presence of surfactant glycoproteins on human spermatozoa.

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of adding 50 mM trehalose (TRE), 1 mM cysteine (CYS), or 400 µg catalase (CAT), individually or in combinations, to a Tris-based semen extender and determine the effects on fresh, chilled-equilibrated, and frozen-thawed bull sperm. Ejaculates from three Holstein bulls (1-3 years old) were pooled, divided into six equal portions, and put into a Tris-based extender supplemented with no additive (control), TRE, CYS, CAT, TRE + CYS, or TRE + CYS + CAT. In chilled-equilibrated semen, motility was highest in CAT but lowest in the control (P < 0.05). In thawed semen, motility was lower (P < 0.05) in CAT than in all other groups, which were not different. Based on a hypoosmotic swelling test (HOS test), TRE, CYS, and their combinations had higher (P < 0.05) percentages of sperm with an intact plasma membrane than the control or CAT groups. The TRE group had the least (P < 0.05) morphologically abnormal sperm. Plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity (PMAI) and high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP) values were highest in TRE and TRE + CYS and were lower (P < 0.05) in the control. Furthermore, HMMP was positively correlated with PMAI and HOS tests, but negatively correlated with major + minor abnormalities (r = 0.66, 0.242, and -0.349). In conclusion, the addition of TRE, with or without CYS, to a Tris-based semen extender improved several aspects of the frozen-thawed quality of bull semen. However, addition of CAT, by itself or in combination with other additives, did not protect bull sperm against cryopreservation-induced defects.