59 results on '"Avila Rios S"'
Search Results
2. Tenofovir resistance in early and long-term treated patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in eight low-income and middle-income countries
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Inzaule, S. C., Jordan, M. R., Cournil, Amandine, Giron-Callejas, A., Avila-Rios, S., Mulenga, L., Ssemwanga, D., Asio, J., Diop-Ndiaye, H., Niasse-Traore, F., Nhan, D. T., Dat, V. Q., Aghokeng Fobang, Avelin, Billong, S., Cham, F., Doherty, M., Bertagnolio, S., and Acquired HIV Drug Resistance Survey Team
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middle-income countries ,HIV drug resistance ,early vs. late virological failure ,tenofovir-based first-line HIV treatment ,low-income and - Abstract
Objective: We aimed to assess the frequency of tenofovir (TDF) resistance in people failing tenofovir/lamivudine or emtricitabine (XTC)/nonnucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) using data from 15 nationally representative surveys of HIV drug resistance conducted between 2014 and 2018 in Cameroon, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Senegal, Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia. Methods: Prevalence of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor resistance among participants with virological nonsuppression (viral load >= 1000 copies/ml) who had received TDF-based ART for 12-24 months (early ART group) and at least 40 months (long-term ART group) was assessed using Sanger sequencing and resistance was interpreted using the Stanford HIVdb algorithm. For each group, we estimated a pooled prevalence using random effect meta-analysis. Results: Of 4677 participants enrolled in the surveys, 640 (13.7%) had virological nonsuppression, 431 (67.3%) were successfully genotyped and were included in the analysis; of those, 60.3% (260) were participants in the early ART group. Overall, 39.1, 57.9, 38.5 and 3.6% patients in the early ART group and 42.9, 69.3, 42.9 and 10.0% patients on long-term ART had resistance to TDF, XTC, TDF + XTC and TDF + XTC + zizidovudine, respectively. Overall, tenofovir resistance was mainly due to K65R or K70E/G/N/A/S/T/Y115F mutations (79%) but also due to thymidine analogue mutations (21%) which arise from exposure to thymidine analogues but causing cross-resistance to TDF. Conclusion: Dual resistance to TDF + XTC occurred in more than 40% of the people with viral nonsuppression receiving tenofovir-based first-line ART, supporting WHO recommendation to optimize the nucleoside backbone in second-line treatment and cautioning against single drug substitutions in people with unsuppressed viral load.
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- 2020
3. Cornering HIV: Taking advantage of interactions between selective pressures
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Ávila-Ríos, S., Reyes-Terán, G., and Espinosa, E.
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- 2007
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4. Clinical And Immunological Effect Of Zinc And Selenium Supplementation On Hiv-Infected Treated Individuals- A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.
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Briceño, O., Rodriguez-Moguel, N.C., Osuna-Padilla, I.A., Aguilar-Vargas, A., and Ávila-Rios, S.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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5. Clinical and evolutionary consequences of HIV adaptation to HLA: implications for vaccine and cure
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Avila-Rios, S., Carlson, J.M., John, M., Mallal, S., Brumme, Z.L., Avila-Rios, S., Carlson, J.M., John, M., Mallal, S., and Brumme, Z.L.
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Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of HIV adaptation to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated immune pressures and its relevance to HIV prevention and cure research. Recent findings Recent research has confirmed that HLA is a major driver of individual and population-level HIV evolution, that HIV strains are adapting to the immunogenetic profiles of the different human ethnic groups in which they circulate, and that HIV adaptation has substantial clinical and immunologic consequences. As such, adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure. At the same time, there are opportunities: Studies of HIV adaptation are revealing why certain HLA alleles are protective in some populations and not others; they are identifying immunogenic viral epitopes that harbor high mutational barriers to escape, and they may help illuminate novel, vaccine-relevant HIV epitopes in regions where circulating adaptation is extensive. Elucidation of HLA-driven adapted and nonadapted viral forms in different human populations and HIV subtypes also renders ‘personalized’ immunogen selection, as a component of HIV cure strategies, conceptually feasible. Summary Though adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure, achieving an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon can help move the design of such strategies forward.
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- 2019
6. Bioinformatic data processing pipelines in support of next-generation sequencing-based HIV drug resistance testing: the Winnipeg Consensus
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Ji, HZ, Enns, E, Brumme, CJ, Parkin, N, Howison, M, Lee, ER, Capina, R, Marinier, E, Avila-Rios, S, Sandstrom, P, Van Domselaar, G, Harrigan, R, Paredes, R, Kantor, R, and Noguera-Julian, M
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Winnipeg Consensus ,HIV drug resistance test ,pipeline ,next-generation sequencing ,bioinformatics ,guideline - Abstract
Introduction Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has several advantages over conventional Sanger sequencing for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping, including detection and quantitation of low-abundance variants bearing drug resistance mutations (DRMs). However, the high HIV genomic diversity, unprecedented large volume of data, complexity of analysis and potential for error pose significant challenges for data processing. Several NGS analysis pipelines have been developed and used in HIVDR research; however, the absence of uniformity in data processing strategies results in lack of consistency and comparability of outputs from different pipelines. To fill this gap, an international symposium on bioinformatic strategies for NGS-based HIVDR testing was held in February 2018 in Winnipeg, Canada, convening laboratory scientists, bioinformaticians and clinicians involved in four recently developed, publicly available NGS HIVDR pipelines. The goal of this symposium was to establish a consensus on effective bioinformatic strategies for NGS data management and its use for HIVDR reporting. DiscussionConclusionsEssential functionalities of an NGS HIVDR pipeline were divided into five analytic blocks: (1) NGS read quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA); (2) NGS read alignment and reference mapping; (3) HIV variant calling and variant QC; (4) NGS HIVDR reporting; and (5) extended data applications and additional considerations for data management. The consensuses reached among the participants on all major aspects of these blocks are summarized here. They encompass not only recommended data management and analysis strategies, but also detailed bioinformatic approaches that help ensure accuracy of the derived HIVDR analysis outputs for both research and potential clinical use. While NGS is being adopted more broadly in HIVDR testing laboratories, data processing is often a bottleneck hindering its generalized application. The proposed standardization of NGS read QC/QA, read alignment and reference mapping, variant calling and QC, HIVDR reporting and relevant data management strategies in this Winnipeg Consensus may serve as a starting guideline for NGS HIVDR data processing that informs the refinement of existing pipelines and those yet to be developed. Moreover, the bioinformatic strategies presented here may apply more broadly to NGS data analysis of microbes harbouring significant genomic diversity.
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- 2018
7. Plasma selenium concentration is associated with inflammation and Rankl expression on monocytes during HIV infection
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Rodriguez Moguel, N.C., Briceño, O., Osuna Padilla, I.A., Aguilar Vargas, A., and Avila Ríos, S.
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- 2020
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8. Differential immunodominance hierarchy OF CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-B*27:05 AND B*27:02-mediated control of HIV-1 infection
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Adland, E., Hill, M., Lavandier, N., Csala, A., Edwards, A., Chen, F., Radkowski, M., Kowalska, J.D., Paraskevis, D., Hatzakis, A., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Pfafferott, K., Williams, I., Pellegrino, P., Borrow, P., Mori, M., Rockstroh, J., Prado, J.G., Mothe, B., Dalmau, J., Martinez-Picado, J., Tudor-Williams, G., Frater, J., Stryhn, A., Buus, S., Reyes Teran, G., Mallal, S., John, M., Buchbinder, S., Kirk, G., Martin, J., Michael, N., Fellay, J., Deeks, S., Walker, B., Avila-Rios, S., Cole, D., Brander, C., Carrington, M., Goulder, P., Adland, E., Hill, M., Lavandier, N., Csala, A., Edwards, A., Chen, F., Radkowski, M., Kowalska, J.D., Paraskevis, D., Hatzakis, A., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Pfafferott, K., Williams, I., Pellegrino, P., Borrow, P., Mori, M., Rockstroh, J., Prado, J.G., Mothe, B., Dalmau, J., Martinez-Picado, J., Tudor-Williams, G., Frater, J., Stryhn, A., Buus, S., Reyes Teran, G., Mallal, S., John, M., Buchbinder, S., Kirk, G., Martin, J., Michael, N., Fellay, J., Deeks, S., Walker, B., Avila-Rios, S., Cole, D., Brander, C., Carrington, M., and Goulder, P.
- Abstract
The well-characterized association between HLA-B*27:05 and protection against HIV disease progression has been linked to immunodominant HLA-B*27:05-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses toward the conserved Gag KK10 (residues 263 to 272) and polymerase (Pol) KY9 (residues 901 to 909) epitopes. We studied the impact of the 3 amino acid differences between HLA-B*27:05 and the closely related HLA-B*27:02 on the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response hierarchy and on immune control of HIV. Genetic epidemiological data indicate that both HLA-B*27:02 and HLA-B*27:05 are associated with slower disease progression and lower viral loads. The effect of HLA-B*27:02 appeared to be consistently stronger than that of HLA-B*27:05. In contrast to HLA-B*27:05, the immunodominant HIV-specific HLA-B*27:02-restricted CD8+ T-cell response is to a Nef epitope (residues 142 to 150 [VW9]), with Pol KY9 subdominant and Gag KK10 further subdominant. This selection was driven by structural differences in the F pocket, mediated by a polymorphism between these two HLA alleles at position 81. Analysis of autologous virus sequences showed that in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, all three of these CD8+ T-cell responses impose selection pressure on the virus, whereas in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, there is no Nef VW9-mediated selection pressure. These studies demonstrate that HLA-B*27:02 mediates protection against HIV disease progression that is at least as strong as or stronger than that mediated by HLA-B*27:05. In combination with the protective Gag KK10 and Pol KY9 CD8+ T-cell responses that dominate HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, a Nef VW9-specific response is additionally present and immunodominant in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, mediated through a polymorphism at residue 81 in the F pocket, that contributes to selection pressure against HIV.
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- 2017
9. Potential for immune-driven viral polymorphisms to compromise antiretroviral-based preexposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV-1 infection
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Gatanaga, H., Brumme, Z.L., Adland, E., Reyes-Teran, G., Avila-Rios, S., Mejía-Villatoro, C.R., Hayashida, T., Chikata, T., Van Tran, G., Van Nguyen, K., Meza, R.I., Palou, E.Y., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Pascale, J.M., Porras-Cortés, G., Manzanero, M., Lee, G.Q., Martin, J.N., Carrington, M.N., John, M., Mallal, S., Poon, A.F.Y., Goulder, P., Takiguchi, M., Oka, S., Gatanaga, H., Brumme, Z.L., Adland, E., Reyes-Teran, G., Avila-Rios, S., Mejía-Villatoro, C.R., Hayashida, T., Chikata, T., Van Tran, G., Van Nguyen, K., Meza, R.I., Palou, E.Y., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Pascale, J.M., Porras-Cortés, G., Manzanero, M., Lee, G.Q., Martin, J.N., Carrington, M.N., John, M., Mallal, S., Poon, A.F.Y., Goulder, P., Takiguchi, M., and Oka, S.
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Objective: Long-acting rilpivirine is a candidate for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of HIV-1 infection. However, rilpivirine resistance mutations at reverse transcriptase codon 138 (E138X) occur naturally in a minority of HIV-1-infected persons; in particular those expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*18 where reverse transcriptase-E138X arises as an immune escape mutation. We investigate the global prevalence, B*18-linkage and replicative cost of reverse transcriptase-E138X and its regional implications for rilpivirine PrEP. Methods: We analyzed linked reverse transcriptase-E138X/HLA data from 7772 antiretroviral-naive patients from 16 cohorts spanning five continents and five HIV-1 subtypes, alongside unlinked global reverse transcriptase-E138X and HLA frequencies from public databases. E138X-containing HIV-1 variants were assessed for in-vitro replication as a surrogate of mutation stability following transmission. Results: Reverse transcriptase-E138X variants, where the most common were rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations E138A/G/K, were significantly enriched in HLA-B*18-positive individuals globally (P = 3.5 × 10−20) and in all HIV-1 subtypes except A. Reverse transcriptase-E138X and B*18 frequencies correlated positively in 16 cohorts with linked HIV/HLA genotypes (Spearman's R = 0.75; P = 7.6 × 10−4) and in unlinked HIV/HLA data from 43 countries (Spearman's R = 0.34, P = 0.02). Notably, reverse transcriptase-E138X frequencies approached (or exceeded) 10% in key epidemic regions (e.g. sub-Saharan Africa, Southeastern Europe) where B*18 is more common. This, along with the observation that reverse transcriptase-E138X variants do not confer in-vitro replicative costs, supports their persistence, and ongoing accumulation in circulation over time. Conclusions: Results illustrate the potential for a natural immune-driven HIV-1 polymorphism to compromise antiretroviral-based prevention, particularly in key epidemic regions. Regional r
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- 2017
10. Weaker HLA footprints on HIV in the unique and highly genetically admixed host population of Mexico
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Soto-Nava, M., Avila-Rios, S., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Garcia-Morales, C., Carlson, J.M., Tapia-Trejo, D., Garrido-Rodriguez, D., Alva-Hernández, S.N., García-Tellez, T.A., Murakami-Ogasawara, A., Mallal, S.A., John, M., Brockman, M.A., Brumme, C.J., Brumme, Z.L., Reyes-Teran, G., Silvestri, G., Soto-Nava, M., Avila-Rios, S., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Garcia-Morales, C., Carlson, J.M., Tapia-Trejo, D., Garrido-Rodriguez, D., Alva-Hernández, S.N., García-Tellez, T.A., Murakami-Ogasawara, A., Mallal, S.A., John, M., Brockman, M.A., Brumme, C.J., Brumme, Z.L., Reyes-Teran, G., and Silvestri, G.
- Abstract
HIV circumvents HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses through selection of escape mutations that leave characteristic mutational “footprints,” also known as HLA-associated polymorphisms (HAPs), on HIV sequences at the population level. While many HLA footprints are universal across HIV subtypes and human populations, others can be region specific as a result of the unique immunogenetic background of each host population. Using a published probabilistic phylogenetically informed model, we compared HAPs in HIV Gag and Pol (PR-RT) in 1,612 subtype B-infected, antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals from Mexico and 1,641 individuals from Canada/United States. A total of 252 HLA class I allele subtypes were represented, including 140 observed in both cohorts, 67 unique to Mexico, and 45 unique to Canada/United States. At the predefined statistical threshold of a q value of <0.2, 358 HAPs (201 in Gag, 157 in PR-RT) were identified in Mexico, while 905 (534 in Gag and 371 in PR-RT) were identified in Canada/United States. HAPs identified in Mexico included both canonical HLA-associated escape pathways and novel associations, in particular with HLA alleles enriched in Amerindian and mestizo populations. Remarkably, HLA footprints on HIV in Mexico were not only fewer but also, on average, significantly weaker than those in Canada/United States, although some exceptions were noted. Moreover, exploratory analyses suggested that the weaker HLA footprint on HIV in Mexico may be due, at least in part, to weaker and/or less reproducible HLA-mediated immune pressures on HIV in this population. The implications of these differences for natural and vaccine-induced anti-HIV immunity merit further investigation.
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- 2017
11. Global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of WHO recommended first-line regimens for adult HIV-1 infection: a multicentre retrospective cohort study
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Gregson, J, Tang, M, Ndembi, N, Hamers, Rl, Marconi, Vc, Brooks, K, Theys, K, Arruda, M, Garcia, F, Monge, S, Kanki, Pj, Kumarasamy, N, Kerschberger, B, Mor, O, Charpentier, C, Todesco, E, Rokx, C, Gras, L, Halvas, Ek, Sunpath, H, Carlo, Dd, Antinori, A, Andreoni, M, Latini, A, Mussini, C, Aghokeng, A, Sonnerborg, A, Neogi, U, Fessel, Wj, Agolory, S, Yang, C, Blanco, Jl, Juma, Jm, Smit, E, Schmidt, D, Watera, C, Asio, J, Kirungi, W, Tostevin, A, Clumeck, N, Goedhals, D, Bester, Pa, Sabin, C, Mukui, I, Santoro, M, Perno, Cf, Hunt, G, Morris, L, Pillay, D, Schulter, E, Reyes-Teran, G, Romero, K, Avila-Rios, S, Sirivichayakul, S, Ruxrungtham, K, Mekprasan, S, Dunn, D, Kaleebu, P, Raizes, E, Kantor, R, Gupta, Rk, Rhee, S, Shafer, Rw, de Wit, Tfr, Diero, L, Camacho, R, Gunthard, Hf, Hoffmann, Cj, Di Carlo, D, El-Hay, T, van Vuuren, C, de Oliveira, T, Murakami-Ogasawara, A, [Pillay, Deenan] UCL, Dept Infect, London WC1E 6BT, England, [Gupta, Ravindra K.] UCL, Dept Infect, London WC1E 6BT, England, [Tang, Michele] Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA, [Rhee, Soo-Yon] Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA, [Shafer, Robert W.] Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA, [Gregson, John] London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Stat, London, England, [Ndembi, Nicaise] Inst Human Virol Nigeria, Abuja, Federal Capital, Nigeria, [Hamers, Raph L.] Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Amsterdam Inst Global Hlth & Dev, Dept Global Hlth, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands, [de Wit, Tobias F. Rinke] Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Amsterdam Inst Global Hlth & Dev, Dept Global Hlth, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands, [Hamers, Raph L.] Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands, [de Wit, Tobias F. Rinke] Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands, [Marconi, Vincent C.] Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA, [Marconi, Vincent C.] Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA, [Diero, Lameck] Moi Univ, Eldoret, Kenya, [Diero, Lameck] Acad Model Providing Access Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya, [Brooks, Katherine] Brown Univ, Alpert Med Sch, Div Infect Dis, Providence, RI 02912 USA, [Theys, Kristof] KU Leuven Univ Leuven, Rega Inst Med Res, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, [Camacho, Ricardo] KU Leuven Univ Leuven, Rega Inst Med Res, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, [Kantor, Rami] KU Leuven Univ Leuven, Rega Inst Med Res, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, [Arruda, Monica] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biol, LVM, BR-21941 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, [Garcia, Frederico] Complejo Hosp Univ Granada, Granada, Spain, Univ Alcala de Henares, E-28871 Alcala De Henares, Spain, [Monge, Susana] CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain, [Gunthard, Huldrych F.] Univ Zurich, Div Infect Dis & Hosp Epidemiol, Zurich, Switzerland, [Gunthard, Huldrych F.] Univ Zurich, Inst Med Virol, Zurich, Switzerland, [Hoffmann, Christopher J.] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA, [Hoffmann, Christopher J.] Aurum Inst, Johannesburg, South Africa, [Kanki, Phyllis J.] Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA, [Kumarasamy, Nagalingeshwaran] VHS, YRGCARE Med Ctr, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, [Kerschberger, Bernard] Med Sans Frontieres Operat Ctr Geneva, Mbabane, Eswatini, [Mor, Orna] Israel Minist Hlth, Publ Hlth Serv, Cent Virol Lab, Jerusalem, Israel, [Charpentier, Charlotte] Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France, [Charpentier, Charlotte] INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France, [Charpentier, Charlotte] Hop Bichat Claude Bernard, AP HP, Virol Lab, F-75018 Paris, France, [Todesco, Eva] Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, Lab Virol, Paris, France, [Rokx, Casper] Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med Infect Dis, Rotterdam, Netherlands, [Gras, Luuk] Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, Netherlands, [Halvas, Elias K.] Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA, [Sunpath, Henry] Ethekwini Dist Hlth Off, Kwa Zulu, South Africa, [Di Carlo, Domenico] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Expt Med & Surg, Rome, Italy, [Santoro, Maria M.] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Expt Med & Surg, Rome, Italy, [Antinori, Antonio] INMI L Spallanzani, Infect Dis Unit, Rome, Italy, [Andreoni, Massimo] Univ Hosp Tor Vergata, Clin Infect Dis, Rome, Italy, [Latini, Alessandra] San Gallicano Dermatol Inst, HIV AIDS Unit, Rome, Italy, [Mussini, Cristina] Azienda Osped Univ Policlin, Clin Infect Dis, Modena, Italy, [Aghokeng, Avelin] Virol Lab CREMER IMPM, Yaounde, Cameroon, [Sonnerborg, Anders] Karolinska Inst, Div Clin Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden, [Neogi, Ujjwal] Karolinska Inst, Div Clin Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden, [Sonnerborg, Anders] Karolinska Inst, Infect Dis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden, [Neogi, Ujjwal] Karolinska Inst, Infect Dis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden, [Sonnerborg, Anders] Karolinska Univ Hosp, Stockholm, Sweden, [Neogi, Ujjwal] Karolinska Univ Hosp, Stockholm, Sweden, [Fessel, William J.] Kaiser Permanente Med Care Program Northern Calif, San Francisco, CA USA, [Agolory, Simon] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Global HIV AIDS, Ctr Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA, [Raizes, Elliot] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Global HIV AIDS, Ctr Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA, [Yang, Chunfu] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Lab Branch, Div Global HIV AIDS, Ctr Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA, [Blanco, Jose L.] Univ Barcelona, Inst Invest Biomed August Pi i Sunyer, Clin Univ, Barcelona, Spain, [Juma, James M.] Minist Hlth & Social Welf, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, [Smit, Erasmus] Publ Hlth England, Publ Hlth Lab, Birmingham, W Midlands, England, [Schmidt, Daniel] Robert Koch Inst, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol HIV AIDS STI & Blood Bo, Berlin, Germany, [Watera, Christine] Uganda Res Unit AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, [Asio, Juliet] Uganda Res Unit AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, [Kaleebu, Pontiano] Uganda Res Unit AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, [Tostevin, Anna] Minist Hlth, Kampala, Uganda, [Tostevin, Anna] UCL, MRC Clin Trials Unit, London, England, [Dunn, David] UCL, MRC Clin Trials Unit, London, England, [El-Hay, Tal] IBM Haifa Res Lab, Haifa, Israel, [Clumeck, Nathan] Univ Libre Bruxelles, St Pierre Univ Hosp, Brussels, Belgium, [Goedhals, Dominique] Univ Orange Free State, Dept Med Microbiol & Virol, Natl Hlth Lab Serv, Bloemfontein, South Africa, [van Vuuren, Cloete] Univ Orange Free State, Dept Med Microbiol & Virol, Natl Hlth Lab Serv, Bloemfontein, South Africa, [Sabin, Caroline] UCL, Infect & Populat Hlth, London, England, [Mukui, Irene] Minist Hlth, Natl AIDS & STI Control Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, [Perno, Carlo F.] INMI L Spallanzani, Antiretroviral Drugs Monitoring Unit, Rome, Italy, [Hunt, Gillian] Natl Inst Communicable Dis, Johannesburg, South Africa, [Morris, Lynn] Natl Inst Communicable Dis, Johannesburg, South Africa, [de Oliveira, Tulio] Wellcome Trust Africa Ctr Hlth & Populat Studies, Durban, South Africa, [Pillay, Deenan] Wellcome Trust Africa Ctr Hlth & Populat Studies, Durban, South Africa, [de Oliveira, Tulio] Univ KwaZulu Natal, Coll Hlth Sci, Durban, South Africa, [Schulter, Eugene] Univ Cologne, Inst Virol, D-50931 Cologne, Germany, [Murakami-Ogasawara, Akio] Natl Inst Resp Dis, Ctr Res Infect Dis, Mexico City, DF, Mexico, [Sirivichayakul, Sunee] Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Med, Bangkok, Thailand, [Ruxrungtham, Kiat] Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Med, Bangkok, Thailand, [Mekprasan, Suwanna] Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Med, Bangkok, Thailand, [Kaleebu, Pontiano] MRC UVRI Uganda Res Unit AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, Wellcome Trust, MRC, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, and Medical Research Council
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Cyclopropanes ,Anti-HIV Agents ,K65r ,Drug Resistance ,Antiretroviral Therapy ,HIV Infections ,Global Health ,Settore MED/07 ,Virological failure ,Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ,Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Humans ,Emtricitabine ,Transmission ,Highly Active ,Viral ,Tenofovir ,Africa South of the Sahara ,Benzoxazines ,HIV-1 ,Lamivudine ,Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ,Retrospective Studies ,Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ,Viral Load ,Hiv-1-infected patients ,virus diseases ,Articles ,Antiretroviral therapy ,Naive patients ,Alkynes ,Efavirenz - Abstract
Summary Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for controlling HIV-1 infection through wide-scale treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Potent tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing regimens are increasingly used to treat and prevent HIV, although few data exist for frequency and risk factors of acquired drug resistance in regions hardest hit by the HIV pandemic. We aimed to do a global assessment of drug resistance after virological failure with first-line tenofovir-containing ART. Methods The TenoRes collaboration comprises adult HIV treatment cohorts and clinical trials of HIV drug resistance testing in Europe, Latin and North America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. We extracted and harmonised data for patients undergoing genotypic resistance testing after virological failure with a first-line regimen containing tenofovir plus a cytosine analogue (lamivudine or emtricitabine) plus a non-nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI; efavirenz or nevirapine). We used an individual participant-level meta-analysis and multiple logistic regression to identify covariates associated with drug resistance. Our primary outcome was tenofovir resistance, defined as presence of K65R/N or K70E/G/Q mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene. Findings We included 1926 patients from 36 countries with treatment failure between 1998 and 2015. Prevalence of tenofovir resistance was highest in sub-Saharan Africa (370/654 [57%]). Pre-ART CD4 cell count was the covariate most strongly associated with the development of tenofovir resistance (odds ratio [OR] 1·50, 95% CI 1·27–1·77 for CD4 cell count
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- 2016
12. Global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of WHO recommended first-line regimens for adult HIV-1 infection: a multicentre retrospective cohort study
- Author
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Gregson, J, Tang, M, Ndembi, N, Hamers, R, Marconi, V, Brooks, K, Theys, K, Arruda, M, Garcia, F, Monge, S, Kanki, P, Kumarasamy, N, Kerschberger, B, Mor, O, Charpentier, C, Todesco, E, Rokx, C, Gras, L, Halvas, E, Sunpath, H, Carlo, D, Antinori, A, Andreoni, M, Latini, A, Mussini, C, Aghokeng, A, Sonnerborg, A, Neogi, U, Fessel, W, Agolory, S, Yang, C, Blanco, J, Juma, J, Smit, E, Schmidt, D, Watera, C, Asio, J, Kirungi, W, Tostevin, A, Clumeck, N, Goedhals, D, Bester, P, Sabin, C, Mukui, I, Santoro, M, Perno, C, Hunt, G, Morris, L, Camacho, R, Pillay, D, Schulter, E, Reyes-Terán, G, Romero, K, Avila-Rios, S, Sirivichayakul, S, Ruxrungtham, K, Mekprasan, S, Dunn, D, Kaleebu, P, Raizes, E, Kantor, R, Shafer, R, Gupta, R, Rhee, S, De Wit, T, Diero, L, Günthard, H, Hoffmann, C, and Di Carlo, D
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virus diseases - Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for controlling HIV-1 infection through wide-scale treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Potent tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing regimens are increasingly used to treat and prevent HIV, although few data exist for frequency and risk factors of acquired drug resistance in regions hardest hit by the HIV pandemic. We aimed to do a global assessment of drug resistance after virological failure with first-line tenofovir-containing ART. Methods The TenoRes collaboration comprises adult HIV treatment cohorts and clinical trials of HIV drug resistance testing in Europe, Latin and North America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. We extracted and harmonised data for patients undergoing genotypic resistance testing after virological failure with a first-line regimen containing tenofovir plus a cytosine analogue (lamivudine or emtricitabine) plus a non-nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI; efavirenz or nevirapine). We used an individual participant-level meta-analysis and multiple logistic regression to identify covariates associated with drug resistance. Our primary outcome was tenofovir resistance, defined as presence of K65R/N or K70E/G/Q mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene. Findings We included 1926 patients from 36 countries with treatment failure between 1998 and 2015. Prevalence of tenofovir resistance was highest in sub-Saharan Africa (370/654 [57%]). Pre-ART CD4 cell count was the covariate most strongly associated with the development of tenofovir resistance (odds ratio [OR] 1·50, 95% CI 1·27–1·77 for CD4 cell count
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- 2015
13. Mexico struggles to keep foreign grants
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Ormsby, C. E., primary, Avila-Rios, S., additional, and Reyes-Teran, G., additional
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- 2016
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14. Geographic and Temporal Trends in the Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Mechanisms of Transmitted HIV-1 Drug Resistance: An Individual-Patient- and Sequence-Level Meta-Analysis
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Rhee, S.Y. (Soo Yoon), Blanco, J.L. (Jose Luis), Jordan, M.R. (Michael), Taylor, J. (Jonathan), Lemey, P. (Philippe), Varghese, V. (Vici), Hamers, R.L. (Raph), Bertagnolio, S. (Silvia), Rinke de Wit, T.F. (Tobias), Aghokeng, A.F. (Avelin), Albert, J. (Jan), Avi, R. (Radko), Avila-Rios, S. (Santiago), Bessong, P.O. (Pascal O.), Brooks, J.I. (James I.), Boucher, C.A.B. (Charles), Brumme, Z.L. (Zabrina L.), Busch, M.P. (Michael P.), Bussmann, H. (Hermann), Chaix, M.L. (Marie Laure), Chin, B.S. (Bum Sik), D’Aquin, T.T. (Toni T.), Gascun, C. (Cillian) de, Derache, A. (Anne), Descamps, D. (Diane), Deshpande, A.K. (Alaka K.), Djoko, C.F. (Cyrille F.), Eshleman, S.H. (Susan H.), Fleury, H. (Hervé), Frange, P. (Pierre), Fujisaki, S. (Seiichiro), Harrigan, P. (Pr), Hattori, J. (Junko), Holguin, A. (Africa), Hunt, G.M. (Gillian M.), Ichimura, H. (Hiroshi), Kaleebu, P. (Pontiano), Katzenstein, D. (David), Kiertiburanakul, S. (Sasisopin), Kim, J.H. (Jerome H.), Kim, S.S. (Sung Soon), Li, Y. (Yanpeng), Lutsar, I. (Irja), Morris, L. (L.), Ndembi, N. (Nicaise), NG, K.P. (Kee Peng), Paranjape, R.S. (Ramesh S.), Peeters, M.C. (Marian), Poljak, M. (Mario), Price, M.A. (Matt A.), Ragonnet-Cronin, M.L. (Manon L.), Reyes-Terán, G. (Gustavo), Rolland, M. (Morgane), Sirivichayakul, S. (Sunee), Smith, D.M. (Davey M.), Soares, M.A. (Marcelo A.), Soriano, V. (Virtudes), Ssemwanga, D. (Deogratius), Stanojevic, M. (Maja), Stefani, M.A. (Mariane A.), Sugiura, W. (Wataru), Sungkanuparph, S. (Somnuek), Tanuri, A. (Amilcar), Tee, K.K. (Kok Keng), Truong, H.-H.M. (Hong-Ha M.), Vijver, D.A.M.C. (David) van de, Vidal, N. (Nicole), Yang, C. (Chunfu), Yang, R. (Rongge), Yebra, G. (Gonzalo), Ioannidis, J.P.A. (John), Vandamme, A.M. (Anne Mieke), Shafer, R.W. (Robert), Rhee, S.Y. (Soo Yoon), Blanco, J.L. (Jose Luis), Jordan, M.R. (Michael), Taylor, J. (Jonathan), Lemey, P. (Philippe), Varghese, V. (Vici), Hamers, R.L. (Raph), Bertagnolio, S. (Silvia), Rinke de Wit, T.F. (Tobias), Aghokeng, A.F. (Avelin), Albert, J. (Jan), Avi, R. (Radko), Avila-Rios, S. (Santiago), Bessong, P.O. (Pascal O.), Brooks, J.I. (James I.), Boucher, C.A.B. (Charles), Brumme, Z.L. (Zabrina L.), Busch, M.P. (Michael P.), Bussmann, H. (Hermann), Chaix, M.L. (Marie Laure), Chin, B.S. (Bum Sik), D’Aquin, T.T. (Toni T.), Gascun, C. (Cillian) de, Derache, A. (Anne), Descamps, D. (Diane), Deshpande, A.K. (Alaka K.), Djoko, C.F. (Cyrille F.), Eshleman, S.H. (Susan H.), Fleury, H. (Hervé), Frange, P. (Pierre), Fujisaki, S. (Seiichiro), Harrigan, P. (Pr), Hattori, J. (Junko), Holguin, A. (Africa), Hunt, G.M. (Gillian M.), Ichimura, H. (Hiroshi), Kaleebu, P. (Pontiano), Katzenstein, D. (David), Kiertiburanakul, S. (Sasisopin), Kim, J.H. (Jerome H.), Kim, S.S. (Sung Soon), Li, Y. (Yanpeng), Lutsar, I. (Irja), Morris, L. (L.), Ndembi, N. (Nicaise), NG, K.P. (Kee Peng), Paranjape, R.S. (Ramesh S.), Peeters, M.C. (Marian), Poljak, M. (Mario), Price, M.A. (Matt A.), Ragonnet-Cronin, M.L. (Manon L.), Reyes-Terán, G. (Gustavo), Rolland, M. (Morgane), Sirivichayakul, S. (Sunee), Smith, D.M. (Davey M.), Soares, M.A. (Marcelo A.), Soriano, V. (Virtudes), Ssemwanga, D. (Deogratius), Stanojevic, M. (Maja), Stefani, M.A. (Mariane A.), Sugiura, W. (Wataru), Sungkanuparph, S. (Somnuek), Tanuri, A. (Amilcar), Tee, K.K. (Kok Keng), Truong, H.-H.M. (Hong-Ha M.), Vijver, D.A.M.C. (David) van de, Vidal, N. (Nicole), Yang, C. (Chunfu), Yang, R. (Rongge), Yebra, G. (Gonzalo), Ioannidis, J.P.A. (John), Vandamme, A.M. (Anne Mieke), and Shafer, R.W. (Robert)
- Abstract
Regional and subtype-specific mutational patterns of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) are essential for informing first-line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy guidelines and designing diagnostic assays for use in regions where standard genotypic resistance testing is not affordable. We sought to understand the molecular epidemiology of TDR and to identify the HIV-1 drug-resistance mutations responsible for TDR in different regions and virus subtypes.We reviewed all GenBank submissions of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase sequences with or without protease and identified 287 studies published between March 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013, with more than 25 recently or chronically infected ARV-naïve individuals. These studies comprised 50,870 individuals from 111 countries. Each set of study sequences was analyzed for phylogenetic clustering and the presence of 93 surveillance drug-resistance mutations (SDRMs). The median overall TDR prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), south/southeast Asia (SSEA), upper-income Asian countries, Latin America/Caribbean, Europe, and North America was 2.8%, 2.9%, 5.6%, 7.6%, 9.4%, and 11.5%, respectively. In SSA, there was a yearly 1.09-fold (95% CI: 1.05–1.14) increase in odds of TDR since national ARV scale-up attributable to an increase in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance. The odds of NNRTI-associated TDR also increased in Latin America/Caribbean (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06–1.25), North America (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.12–1.26), Europe (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01–1.13), and upper-income Asian countries (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.12–1.55). In SSEA, there was no significant change in the odds of TDR since national ARV scale-up (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.92–1.02). An analysis limited to sequences with mixtures at less than 0.5% of their nucleotide positions—a proxy for recent infection—yielded trends comparable to those obtained using the complete dataset. Four NNRTI SDRMs—K101E, K103N, Y181C, and G190A—accounted
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- 2015
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15. Unique features of HLA-mediated HIV evolution in a Mexican cohort: a comparative study
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Avila-Rios, S., Ormsby, C.E., Carlson, J.M., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Blanco-Heredia, J., Garrido-Rodriguez, D., Garcia-Morales, C., Heckerman, D., Brumme, Z.L., Mallal, S., John, M., Espinosa, E., Reyes-Teran, G., Avila-Rios, S., Ormsby, C.E., Carlson, J.M., Valenzuela-Ponce, H., Blanco-Heredia, J., Garrido-Rodriguez, D., Garcia-Morales, C., Heckerman, D., Brumme, Z.L., Mallal, S., John, M., Espinosa, E., and Reyes-Teran, G.
- Abstract
Background: Mounting evidence indicates that HLA-mediated HIV evolution follows highly stereotypic pathways that result in HLA-associated footprints in HIV at the population level. However, it is not known whether characteristic HLA frequency distributions in different populations have resulted in additional unique footprints. Methods: Thephylogenetic dependency network model was applied to assess HLA-mediated evolution in datasets of HIV pol sequences from free plasma viruses and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-integrated proviruses in an immunogenetically unique cohort of Mexican individuals. Our data were compared with data from the IHAC cohort, a large multi-center cohort of individuals from Canada, Australia and the USA. Results: Forty three different HLA-HIV codon associations representing 30 HLA-HIV codon pairs were observed in the Mexican cohort (q < 0.2). Strikingly, 23 (53%) of these associations differed from those observed in the well-powered IHAC cohort, strongly suggesting the existence of unique characteristics in HLA-mediated HIV evolution in the Mexican cohort. Furthermore, 17 of the 23 novel associations involved HLA alleles whose frequencies were not significantly different from those in IHAC, suggesting that their detection was not due to increased statistical power but to differences in patterns of epitope targeting. Interestingly, the consensus differed in four positions between the two cohorts and three of these positions could be explained by HLA-associated selection. Additionally, different HLA-HIV codon associations were seen when comparing HLA-mediated selection in plasma viruses and PBMC archived proviruses at the population level, with a significantly lower number of associations in the proviral dataset. Conclusion: Our data support universal HLA-mediated HIV evolution at the population level, resulting in detectable HLA-associated footprints in the circulating virus. However, it also strongly suggests that unique genetic backgr
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- 2009
16. Differential immunodominance hierarchy of CD8+ T-cell responses in HLA-B*27:05- and -B*27:02-mediated control of HIV-1 infection
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Adland, E. Hill, M. Lavandier, N. Csala, A. Edwards, A. Chen, F. Radkowski, M. Kowalska, J.D. Paraskevis, D. Hatzakis, A. Valenzuela-Ponce, H. Pfafferott, K. Williams, I. Pellegrino, P. Borrow, P. Mori, M. Rockstroh, J. Prado, J.G. Mothe, B. Dalmau, J. Martinez-Picado, J. Tudor-Williams, G. Frater, J. Stryhn, A. Buus, S. Teran, G.R. Mallal, S. John, M. Buchbinder, S. Kirk, G. Martin, J. Michael, N. Fellay, J. Deeks, S. Walker, B. Avila-Rios, S. Cole, D. Brander, C. Carrington, M. Goulder, P.
- Abstract
The well-characterized association between HLA-B*27:05 and protection against HIV disease progression has been linked to immunodominant HLA-B*27:05- restricted CD8+ T-cell responses toward the conserved Gag KK10 (residues 263 to 272) and polymerase (Pol) KY9 (residues 901 to 909) epitopes. We studied the impact of the 3 amino acid differences between HLA-B*27:05 and the closely related HLA-B*27:02 on the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response hierarchy and on immune control of HIV. Genetic epidemiological data indicate that both HLA-B*27:02 and HLA-B*27:05 are associated with slower disease progression and lower viral loads. The effect of HLA-B*27:02 appeared to be consistently stronger than that of HLAB* 27:05. In contrast to HLA-B*27:05, the immunodominant HIV-specific HLA-B*27:02- restricted CD8+ T-cell response is to a Nef epitope (residues 142 to 150 [VW9]), with Pol KY9 subdominant and Gag KK10 further subdominant. This selection was driven by structural differences in the F pocket, mediated by a polymorphism between these two HLA alleles at position 81. Analysis of autologous virus sequences showed that in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, all three of these CD8+ T-cell responses impose selection pressure on the virus, whereas in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, there is no Nef VW9-mediated selection pressure. These studies demonstrate that HLAB* 27:02 mediates protection against HIV disease progression that is at least as strong as or stronger than that mediated by HLA-B*27:05. In combination with the protective Gag KK10 and Pol KY9 CD8+ T-cell responses that dominate HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, a Nef VW9-specific response is additionally present and immunodominant in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, mediated through a polymorphism at residue 81 in the F pocket, that contributes to selection pressure against HIV. © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.
17. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N3) virus infection in two poultry workers - Jalisco, Mexico, July 2012
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Barrera-Badillo, G., Ramirez-Gonzalez, E., Aparicio-Antonio, R., Nuñez-Garcia, T., Arellano-Suarez, D., Alcantara-Perez, P., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez-Reyes, B., Wong-Arambula, C., Gonzalez-Duran, E., Joanna María Ortiz-Alcantara, Diaz-Quiñonez, A., Lopez-Martinez, I., Reyes-Teran, G., Vazquez-Perez, J., Avila-Rios, S., Castañeda-Lopez, G., Robles-Cruz, A., Montoya-Fuentes, H., Borja-Aburto, V., Ruiz-Matus, C., Gonzalez-Roldan, J. F., Kuri-Morales, P., Davis, T., Villanueva, J., Veguilla, V., Widdowson, M. -A, Bresee, J., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Tokars, J., Uyeki, T., Klimov, A., Lindstrom, S., Shu, B., and Cox, N.
18. Follicular Immune Landscaping Reveals a Distinct Profile of FOXP3 hi CD4 hi T Cells in Treated Compared to Untreated HIV.
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Georgakis S, Orfanakis M, Brenna C, Burgermeister S, Del Rio Estrada PM, González-Navarro M, Torres-Ruiz F, Reyes-Terán G, Avila-Rios S, Luna-Villalobos YA, Chén OY, Pantaleo G, Koup RA, and Petrovas C
- Abstract
Follicular helper CD4
hi T cells (TFH ) are a major cellular pool for the maintenance of the HIV reservoir. Therefore, the delineation of the follicular (F)/germinal center (GC) immune landscape will significantly advance our understanding of HIV pathogenesis. We have applied multiplex confocal imaging, in combination with the relevant computational tools, to investigate F/GC in situ immune dynamics in viremic (vir-HIV), antiretroviral-treated (cART HIV) People Living With HIV (PLWH) and compare them to reactive, non-infected controls. Lymph nodes (LNs) from viremic and cART PLWH could be further grouped based on their TFH cell densities in high-TFH and low-TFH subgroups. These subgroups were also characterized by different in situ distributions of PD1hi TFH cells. Furthermore, a significant accumulation of follicular FOXP3hi CD4hi T cells, which were characterized by a low scattering in situ distribution profile and strongly correlated with the cell density of CD8hi T cells, was found in the cART-HIV low-TFH group. An inverse correlation between plasma viral load and LN GrzBhi CD8hi T and CD16hi CD15lo cells was found. Our data reveal the complex GC immune landscaping in HIV infection and suggest that follicular FOXP3hi CD4hi T cells could be negative regulators of TFH cell prevalence in cART-HIV.- Published
- 2024
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19. Distinct SIV-specific CD8 + T cells in the lymph node exhibit simultaneous effector and stem-like profiles and are associated with limited SIV persistence.
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Strongin Z, Raymond Marchand L, Deleage C, Pampena MB, Cardenas MA, Beusch CM, Hoang TN, Urban EA, Gourves M, Nguyen K, Tharp GK, Lapp S, Rahmberg AR, Harper J, Del Rio Estrada PM, Gonzalez-Navarro M, Torres-Ruiz F, Luna-Villalobos YA, Avila-Rios S, Reyes-Teran G, Sekaly R, Silvestri G, Kulpa DA, Saez-Cirion A, Brenchley JM, Bosinger SE, Gordon DE, Betts MR, Kissick HT, and Paiardini M
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- Animals, Humans, Macaca mulatta, HIV Infections immunology, HIV Infections virology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets metabolism, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus immunology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome virology, Lymph Nodes immunology
- Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure efforts are increasingly focused on harnessing CD8
+ T cell functions, which requires a deeper understanding of CD8+ T cells promoting HIV control. Here we identifiy an antigen-responsive TOXhi TCF1+ CD39+ CD8+ T cell population with high expression of inhibitory receptors and low expression of canonical cytolytic molecules. Transcriptional analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells and proteomic analysis of purified CD8+ T cell subsets identified TOXhi TCF1+ CD39+ CD8+ T cells as intermediate effectors that retained stem-like features with a lineage relationship with terminal effector T cells. TOXhi TCF1+ CD39+ CD8+ T cells were found at higher frequency than TCF1- CD39+ CD8+ T cells in follicular microenvironments and were preferentially located in proximity of SIV-RNA+ cells. Their frequency was associated with reduced plasma viremia and lower SIV reservoir size. Highly similar TOXhi TCF1+ CD39+ CD8+ T cells were detected in lymph nodes from antiretroviral therapy-naive and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed people living with HIV, suggesting this population of CD8+ T cells contributes to limiting SIV and HIV persistence., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)- Published
- 2024
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20. Human antibodies in Mexico and Brazil neutralizing tick-borne flaviviruses.
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Cervantes Rincón T, Kapoor T, Keeffe JR, Simonelli L, Hoffmann HH, Agudelo M, Jurado A, Peace A, Lee YE, Gazumyan A, Guidetti F, Cantergiani J, Cena B, Bianchini F, Tamagnini E, Moro SG, Svoboda P, Costa F, Reis MG, Ko AI, Fallon BA, Avila-Rios S, Reyes-Téran G, Rice CM, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ, Ruzek D, Varani L, MacDonald MR, and Robbiani DF
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- Humans, Brazil, Mexico, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Animals, Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne immunology, Flavivirus immunology, Epitopes immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Ticks virology, Ticks immunology, Female, Male, Antibodies, Neutralizing immunology
- Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) are spread by mosquitoes and cause human disease and mortality in tropical areas. In contrast, Powassan virus (POWV), which causes severe neurologic illness, is a flavivirus transmitted by ticks in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. We find serologic neutralizing activity against POWV in individuals living in Mexico and Brazil. Monoclonal antibodies P002 and P003, which were derived from a resident of Mexico (where POWV is not reported), neutralize POWV lineage I by recognizing an epitope on the virus envelope domain III (EDIII) that is shared with a broad range of tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Our findings raise the possibility that POWV, or a flavivirus closely related to it, infects humans in the tropics., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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21. Reversal of high-glucose-induced transcriptional and epigenetic memories through NRF2 pathway activation.
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Wilson-Verdugo M, Bustos-García B, Adame-Guerrero O, Hersch-González J, Cano-Domínguez N, Soto-Nava M, Acosta CA, Tusie-Luna T, Avila-Rios S, Noriega LG, and Valdes VJ
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- Humans, Hyperglycemia metabolism, Hyperglycemia genetics, Chromatin metabolism, Chromatin genetics, Endothelial Cells metabolism, Endothelial Cells drug effects, Transcription, Genetic drug effects, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Isothiocyanates pharmacology, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells metabolism, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells drug effects, Sulfoxides pharmacology, NF-E2-Related Factor 2 metabolism, NF-E2-Related Factor 2 genetics, Glucose metabolism, Epigenesis, Genetic drug effects, Signal Transduction drug effects, Signal Transduction genetics
- Abstract
Diabetes complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, or cardiovascular disease arise from vascular dysfunction. In this context, it has been observed that past hyperglycemic events can induce long-lasting alterations, a phenomenon termed "metabolic memory." In this study, we evaluated the genome-wide gene expression and chromatin accessibility alterations caused by transient high-glucose exposure in human endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. We found that cells exposed to high glucose exhibited substantial gene expression changes in pathways known to be impaired in diabetes, many of which persist after glucose normalization. Chromatin accessibility analysis also revealed that transient hyperglycemia induces persistent alterations, mainly in non-promoter regions identified as enhancers with neighboring genes showing lasting alterations. Notably, activation of the NRF2 pathway through NRF2 overexpression or supplementation with the plant-derived compound sulforaphane, effectively reverses the glucose-induced transcriptional and chromatin accessibility memories in ECs. These findings underscore the enduring impact of transient hyperglycemia on ECs' transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiles, emphasizing the potential utility of pharmacological NRF2 pathway activation in mitigating and reversing the high-glucose-induced transcriptional and epigenetic alterations., (© 2024 Wilson-Verdugo et al.)
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- 2024
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22. Transcriptional signature of early cisplatin drug-tolerant persister cells in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Chavez-Dominguez R, Aguilar-Cazares D, Perez-Medina M, Avila-Rios S, Soto-Nava M, Mendez-Tenorio A, Islas-Vazquez L, Benito-Lopez JJ, Galicia-Velasco M, and Lopez-Gonzalez JS
- Abstract
Resistance to cisplatin is the main cause of treatment failure in lung adenocarcinoma. Drug-tolerant-persister (DTP) cells are responsible for intrinsic resistance, since they survive the initial cycles of treatment, representing a reservoir for the emergence of clones that display acquired resistance. Although the molecular mechanisms of DTP cells have been described, few studies have investigated the earliest molecular alterations of DTP cells in intrinsic resistance to cisplatin. In this work, we report a gene expression signature associated with the emergence of cisplatin-DTP cells in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. After a single exposure to cisplatin, we sequenced the transcriptome of cisplatin-DTPs to identify differentially expressed genes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that early cisplatin-DTP cells deregulate metabolic and proliferative pathways to survive the drug insult. Interaction network analysis identified three highly connected submodules in which SOCS1 had a significant participation in controlling the proliferation of cisplatin-DTP cells. Expression of the candidate genes and their corresponding protein was validated in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Importantly, the expression level of SOCS1 was different between CDDP-susceptible and CDDP-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Moreover, knockdown of SOCS1 in the CDDP-resistant cell line partially promoted its susceptibility to CDDP. Finally, the clinical relevance of the candidate genes was analyzed in silico , according to the overall survival of cisplatin-treated patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Survival analysis showed that downregulation or upregulation of the selected genes was associated with overall survival. The results obtained indicate that these genes could be employed as predictive biomarkers or potential targets to improve the effectiveness of CDDP treatment in lung cancer patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Chavez-Dominguez, Aguilar-Cazares, Perez-Medina, Avila-Rios, Soto-Nava, Mendez-Tenorio, Islas-Vazquez, Benito-Lopez, Galicia-Velasco and Lopez-Gonzalez.)
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- 2023
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23. Recommendations on data sharing in HIV drug resistance research.
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Inzaule SC, Siedner MJ, Little SJ, Avila-Rios S, Ayitewala A, Bosch RJ, Calvez V, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Charpentier C, Descamps D, Eshleman SH, Fokam J, Frenkel LM, Gupta RK, Ioannidis JPA, Kaleebu P, Kantor R, Kassaye SG, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Kouamou V, Kouyos RD, Kuritzkes DR, Lessells R, Marcelin AG, Mbuagbaw L, Minalga B, Ndembi N, Neher RA, Paredes R, Pillay D, Raizes EG, Rhee SY, Richman DD, Ruxrungtham K, Sabeti PC, Schapiro JM, Sirivichayakul S, Steegen K, Sugiura W, van Zyl GU, Vandamme AM, Wensing AMJ, Wertheim JO, Gunthard HF, Jordan MR, and Shafer RW
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- Humans, Phylogeny, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, Anti-Retroviral Agents therapeutic use, Mutation, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV-1 genetics, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use
- Abstract
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance has implications for antiretroviral treatment strategies and for containing the HIV pandemic because the development of HIV drug resistance leads to the requirement for antiretroviral drugs that may be less effective, less well-tolerated, and more expensive than those used in first-line regimens. • HIV drug resistance studies are designed to determine which HIV mutations are selected by antiretroviral drugs and, in turn, how these mutations affect antiretroviral drug susceptibility and response to future antiretroviral treatment regimens. • Such studies collectively form a vital knowledge base essential for monitoring global HIV drug resistance trends, interpreting HIV genotypic tests, and updating HIV treatment guidelines. • Although HIV drug resistance data are collected in many studies, such data are often not publicly shared, prompting the need to recommend best practices to encourage and standardize HIV drug resistance data sharing. • In contrast to other viruses, sharing HIV sequences from phylogenetic studies of transmission dynamics requires additional precautions as HIV transmission is criminalized in many countries and regions. • Our recommendations are designed to ensure that the data that contribute to HIV drug resistance knowledge will be available without undue hardship to those publishing HIV drug resistance studies and without risk to people living with HIV., Competing Interests: SJL has received research funding paid to her institution from Gilead Sciences. VC has received travel grants, advisor honorarium and research grant from Merck Sharp & Dohme, ViiV Healthcare and Gilead Sciences. FCS has been a consultant to ViiV Healthcare, Gilead Sciences and Merck Sharp & Dohme, and received research grants paid to her institution from Gilead Sciences. CC has received honoraria and conference travels grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Gilead Sciences, and ViiV Healthcare. DD has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards and conference travel grants ViiV Healthcare, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. LF has received NIH research grants paid to her institution. RKG has received honoraria for participation on advisory boards from Gilead-Sciences and GlaxoSmithKline. RDK has received research grants from Gilead Sciences paid to his institution. DRK is a consultant to and has received honoraria from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Roche, and ViiV Healthcare. DRK has also received honoraria from Gilead for expert testimony and speaking fees from Gilead Sciences and Janssen Pharmaceuticals and has received research support paid to his institution from Gilead Sciences, Merck, and ViiV Healthcare. AGM received travel grants, honoraria and study grants from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp & Dohme, ViiV Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, and Astra Zeneca. RP has received research grants paid to his institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme and ViiV Healthcare and consulting fees from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp & Dohme, GlaxoSmithKline, Atea Pharmaceuticals, Roche, and Shinogi Pharmaceuticals. PCS is a co-founder of, shareholder in, and consultant to Sherlock Biosciences and Delve Bio, and a board member of and shareholder in Danaher Corporation. JMS has received research support, honorarium, or consulting fees from the following: Abbvie, Merck, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Tibotec-Janssen, Teva, Virology Education and ViiV Healthcare. He has received travel support and stipends for advisory work for the World Health Organization. WS has received speaking honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, ViiV Healthcare, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, and Abbott Pharmaceuticals. AMJW has received research support paid to her institution by Gilead Sciences and has consulted for Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare. JOW receives funding from grants and contracts to his institution from NIH and CDC pertaining to work on HIV molecular epidemiology. HFG has received grants paid to his institution from Gilead Sciences, and Roche, and has received consulting fees from Merck, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson and Johnson, and Novartis. RWS has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards from Gilead Sciences and GlaxoSmithKline and speaking honoraria from Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare., (Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.)
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- 2023
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24. SARS-CoV-2 awakens ancient retroviral genes and the expression of proinflammatory HERV-W envelope protein in COVID-19 patients.
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Charvet B, Brunel J, Pierquin J, Iampietro M, Decimo D, Queruel N, Lucas A, Encabo-Berzosa MDM, Arenaz I, Marmolejo TP, Gonzalez AI, Maldonado AC, Mathieu C, Küry P, Flores-Rivera J, Torres-Ruiz F, Avila-Rios S, Salgado Montes de Oca G, Schoorlemmer J, Perron H, and Horvat B
- Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 may develop abnormal inflammatory response, followed in some cases by severe disease and long-lasting syndromes. We show here that in vitro exposure to SARS-CoV-2 activates the expression of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) HERV-W proinflammatory envelope protein (ENV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a subset of healthy donors, in ACE2 receptor and infection-independent manner. Plasma and/or sera of 221 COVID-19 patients from different cohorts, infected with successive SARS-CoV-2 variants including the Omicron, had detectable HERV-W ENV, which correlated with ENV expression in T lymphocytes and peaked with the disease severity. HERV-W ENV was also found in postmortem tissues of lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, brain olfactory bulb, and nasal mucosa from COVID-19 patients. Altogether, these results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 could induce HERV-W envelope protein expression and suggest its involvement in the immunopathogenesis of certain COVID-19-associated syndromes and thereby its relevance in the development of personalized treatment of patients., Competing Interests: HP, BC, JB, JP, and NQ receive compensation from GeNeuro-Innovation for their work. PK received consulting fees from GeNeuro SA. Other co-authors do not declare conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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25. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 among adult female sex workers at the Guatemala-Mexico border.
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Springfield O, Brouwer KC, Avila-Rios S, Morales-Miranda S, and Mehta SR
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- Adult, Humans, Female, Guatemala epidemiology, Mexico epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Prevalence, HIV Infections epidemiology, Sex Workers, HIV-1 genetics, HIV Seropositivity
- Abstract
ABSTRACT Sex workers have been demonstrated to have increased vulnerabilities to HIV and a high population prevalence of the disease. Despite their increased risk, sex workers have been underrepresented in molecular epidemiology studies assessing HIV in Mesoamerica. This study aims to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and phylogenetic profile of HIV-1 within a cohort of HIV-positive female sex workers (FSW) situated at the Guatemala-Mexico border. HIV viral sequences were collected from a cohort of FSW ≥18 years of age from San Marcos, Guatemala (n = 6) and compared to viral sequences collected as part of the Mesoamerican Drug Resistance Monitoring Programme to assess HIV viral diversity in Mexico and Guatemala ( n = 3956). All of the FSW sampled were determined to have genetically unrelated HIV infections, suggesting multiple introductions of the virus and/or the potential existence of populations not captured by current surveillance efforts. Many reported numerous vulnerabilities that may have heightened their risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV through sex work activities. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that national surveillance programmes may not fully capture the viral diversity among FSW and their clients within this region. Additional research is needed to fully capture HIV diversity and transmission in Mesoamerica, especially in the Guatemala-Mexico border region.
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- 2023
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26. Antibody and Memory B-Cell Immunity in a Heterogeneously SARS-CoV-2-Infected and -Vaccinated Population.
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Bednarski E, Del Rio Estrada PM, DaSilva J, Boukadida C, Zhang F, Luna-Villalobos YA, Rodríguez-Rangel X, Pitén-Isidro E, Luna-García E, Díaz Rivera D, López-Sánchez DM, Tapia-Trejo D, Soto-Nava M, Astorga-Castañeda M, Martínez-Moreno JO, Urbina-Granados GS, Jiménez-Jacinto JA, Serna Alvarado FJ, Enriquez-López YE, López-Arellano O, Reyes-Teran G, Bieniasz PD, Avila-Rios S, and Hatziioannou T
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- Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Viral, COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus genetics, COVID-19 prevention & control, Viral Vaccines
- Abstract
Global population immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is accumulating through heterogeneous combinations of infection and vaccination. Vaccine distribution in low- and middle-income countries has been variable and reliant on diverse vaccine platforms. We studied B-cell immunity in Mexico, a middle-income country where five different vaccines have been deployed to populations with high SARS-CoV-2 incidences. Levels of antibodies that bound a stabilized prefusion spike trimer, neutralizing antibody titers, and memory B-cell expansion correlated with each other across vaccine platforms. Nevertheless, the vaccines elicited variable levels of B-cell immunity, and the majority of recipients had undetectable neutralizing activity against the recently emergent omicron variant. SARS-CoV-2 infection, experienced before or after vaccination, potentiated B-cell immune responses and enabled the generation of neutralizing activity against omicron and SARS-CoV for all vaccines in nearly all individuals. These findings suggest that broad population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will eventually be achieved but by heterogeneous paths. IMPORTANCE The majority of studies on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited immunity and immune evasion have focused on single vaccines corresponding to those distributed in high-income countries. However, in low- and middle-income countries, vaccine deployment has been far less uniform. It is therefore important to determine the levels of immunity elicited by vaccines that have been deployed globally. Such data should help inform policy. Thus, this paper is very much a "real-world" study that focuses on a middle-income country, Mexico, in which five different vaccines based on mRNA, adenovirus, and inactivated-virus platforms have been extensively deployed, while (as documented in our study) SARS-CoV-2 variants with increasing degrees of immune evasiveness have propagated in the Mexican population, culminating in the recent emergence of B.1.1.529 (omicron).
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- 2022
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27. Phylodynamics of HIV in the Mexico City Metropolitan Region.
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Avila-Rios S, García-Morales C, Reyes-Terán G, González-Rodríguez A, Matías-Florentino M, Mehta SR, and Chaillon A
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- Bayes Theorem, Cities, Female, Humans, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Phylogeny, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections transmission, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 classification, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
Evolutionary analyses of viral sequences can provide insights into transmission dynamics, which in turn can optimize prevention interventions. Here, we characterized the dynamics of HIV transmission within the Mexico City metropolitan area. HIV pol sequences from persons recently diagnosed at the largest HIV clinic in Mexico City (between 2016 and 2021) were annotated with demographic/geographic metadata. A multistep phylogenetic approach was applied to identify putative transmission clades. A data set of publicly available sequences was used to assess international introductions. Clades were analyzed with a discrete phylogeographic model to evaluate the timing and intensity of HIV introductions and transmission dynamics among municipalities in the region. A total of 6,802 sequences across 96 municipalities (5,192 from Mexico City and 1,610 from the neighboring State of Mexico) were included (93.6% cisgender men, 5.0% cisgender women, and 1.3% transgender women); 3,971 of these sequences formed 1,206 clusters, involving 78 municipalities, including 89 clusters of ≥10 sequences. Discrete phylogeographic analysis revealed (i) 1,032 viral introductions into the region, over one-half of which were from the United States, and (ii) 354 migration events between municipalities with high support (adjusted Bayes factor of ≥3). The most frequent viral migrations occurred between northern municipalities within Mexico City, i.e., Cuauhtémoc to Iztapalapa (5.2% of events), Iztapalapa to Gustavo A. Madero (5.4%), and Gustavo A. Madero to Cuauhtémoc (6.5%). Our analysis illustrates the complexity of HIV transmission within the Mexico City metropolitan area but also identifies a spatially active transmission area involving a few municipalities in the north of the city, where targeted interventions could have a more pronounced effect on the entire regional epidemic. IMPORTANCE Phylogeographic investigation of the Mexico City HIV epidemic illustrates the complexity of HIV transmission in the region. An active transmission area involving a few municipalities in the north of the city, with transmission links throughout the region, is identified and could be a location where targeted interventions could have a more pronounced effect on the entire regional epidemic, compared with those dispersed in other manners.
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- 2022
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28. Development and Testing of a Low-Cost Inactivation Buffer That Allows for Direct SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Saliva.
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Bustos-Garcia B, Garza-Manero S, Cano-Dominguez N, Lopez-Sanchez DM, Salgado-Montes de Oca G, Salgado-Aguayo A, Recillas-Targa F, Avila-Rios S, and Valdes VJ
- Abstract
Massive testing is a cornerstone in efforts to effectively track infections and stop COVID-19 transmission, including places with good vaccination coverage. However, SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-qPCR requires specialized personnel, protection equipment, commercial kits, and dedicated facilities, which represent significant challenges for massive testing in resource-limited settings. It is therefore important to develop testing protocols that are inexpensive, fast, and sufficiently sensitive. Here, we optimized the composition of a buffer (PKTP), containing a protease, a detergent, and an RNase inhibitor, which is compatible with the RT-qPCR chemistry, allowing for direct SARS-CoV-2 detection from saliva without extracting RNA. PKTP is compatible with heat inactivation, reducing the biohazard risk of handling samples. We assessed the PKTP buffer performance in comparison to the RNA-extraction-based protocol of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in saliva samples from 70 COVID-19 patients finding a good sensitivity (85.7% for the N1 and 87.1% for the N2 target) and correlations (R = 0.77, p < 0.001 for N1, and R = 0.78, p < 0.001 for N2). We also propose an auto-collection protocol for saliva samples and a multiplex reaction to minimize the PCR reaction number per patient and further reduce costs and processing time of several samples, while maintaining diagnostic standards in favor of massive testing.
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- 2022
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29. Role of HMGB1 in Cisplatin-Persistent Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines.
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Chavez-Dominguez RL, Perez-Medina MA, Lopez-Gonzalez JS, Galicia-Velasco M, Matias-Florentino M, Avila-Rios S, Rumbo-Nava U, Salgado-Aguayo A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, and Aguilar-Cazares D
- Abstract
Significant advances have been made recently in the development of targeted therapy for lung adenocarcinoma. However, platinum-based chemotherapy remains as the cornerstone in the treatment of this neoplasm. This is the treatment option for adenocarcinomas without EGFR gain-of-function mutations or tumors that have developed resistance to targeted therapy. The High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional protein involved in intrinsic resistance to cisplatin. HMGB1 is released when cytotoxic agents, such as cisplatin, induce cell death. In the extracellular milieu, HMGB1 acts as adjuvant to induce an antitumor immune response. However, the opposite effect favoring tumor progression has also been reported. In this study, the effects of cisplatin in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines harboring clinically relevant mutations, such as EGFR mutations, were studied. Subcellular localization of HMGB1 was detected in the cell lines and in viable cells after a single exposure to cisplatin, which are designated as cisplatin-persistent cells. The mRNA expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), TLR-2, and TLR-4 receptors was measured in parental cell lines and their persistent variants. Finally, changes in plasma HMGB1 from a cohort of lung adenocarcinoma patients without EGFR mutation and treated with cisplatin-based therapy were analyzed. Cisplatin-susceptible lung adenocarcinoma cell lines died by apoptosis or necrosis and released HMGB1. In cisplatin-persistent cells, nuclear relocalization of HMGB1 and overexpression of HMGB1 and RAGE, but not TLR-2 or TLR-4, were observed. In tumor cells, this HMGB1-RAGE interaction may be associated with the development of cisplatin resistance. The results indicate a direct relationship between the plasma levels of HMGB1 and overall survival. In conclusion, HMGB1 may be an effective biomarker associated with increased overall survival of lung adenocarcinoma patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Chavez-Dominguez, Perez-Medina, Lopez-Gonzalez, Galicia-Velasco, Matias-Florentino, Avila-Rios, Rumbo-Nava, Salgado-Aguayo, Gonzalez-Gonzalez and Aguilar-Cazares.)
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- 2021
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30. Dysbiosis and structural disruption of the respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 patients with severe and fatal outcomes.
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Hernández-Terán A, Mejía-Nepomuceno F, Herrera MT, Barreto O, García E, Castillejos M, Boukadida C, Matias-Florentino M, Rincón-Rubio A, Avila-Rios S, Mújica-Sánchez M, Serna-Muñoz R, Becerril-Vargas E, Guadarrama-Pérez C, Ahumada-Topete VH, Rodríguez-Llamazares S, Martínez-Orozco JA, Salas-Hernández J, Pérez-Padilla R, and Vázquez-Pérez JA
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, COVID-19 pathology, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Middle Aged, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Young Adult, Bacteria genetics, COVID-19 microbiology, COVID-19 mortality, Dysbiosis microbiology, Microbiota genetics, Respiratory System microbiology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Severity of Illness Index
- Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has caused over three million deaths worldwide. Understanding the pathology of the disease and the factors that drive severe and fatal clinical outcomes is of special relevance. Studying the role of the respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 is especially important as the respiratory microbiota is known to interact with the host immune system, contributing to clinical outcomes in chronic and acute respiratory diseases. Here, we characterized the microbiota in the respiratory tract of patients with mild, severe, or fatal COVID-19, and compared it to healthy controls and patients with non-COVID-19-pneumonia. We comparatively studied the microbial composition, diversity, and microbiota structure between the study groups and correlated the results with clinical data. We found differences in the microbial composition for COVID-19 patients, healthy controls, and non-COVID-19 pneumonia controls. In particular, we detected a high number of potentially opportunistic pathogens associated with severe and fatal levels of the disease. Also, we found higher levels of dysbiosis in the respiratory microbiota of patients with COVID-19 compared to the healthy controls. In addition, we detected differences in diversity structure between the microbiota of patients with mild, severe, and fatal COVID-19, as well as the presence of specific bacteria that correlated with clinical variables associated with increased risk of mortality. In summary, our results demonstrate that increased dysbiosis of the respiratory tract microbiota in patients with COVID-19 along with a continuous loss of microbial complexity structure found in mild to fatal COVID-19 cases may potentially alter clinical outcomes in patients. Taken together, our findings identify the respiratory microbiota as a factor potentially associated with the severity of COVID-19., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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31. Clinical Impact of Pretreatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance in People Initiating Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
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Bertagnolio S, Hermans L, Jordan MR, Avila-Rios S, Iwuji C, Derache A, Delaporte E, Wensing A, Aves T, Borhan ASM, Leenus A, Parkin N, Doherty M, Inzaule S, and Mbuagbaw L
- Subjects
- Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Humans, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors therapeutic use, Viral Load drug effects, Drug Resistance, Viral drug effects, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1 drug effects, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
Background: Increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in rising levels of pretreatment human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance (PDR). This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of PDR on treatment outcomes among people initiating nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART, including the combination of efavirenz (EFV), tenofovir (TDF), and lamivudine or emtricitabine (XTC)., Methods: We systematically reviewed studies and conference proceedings comparing treatment outcomes in populations initiating NNRTI-based ART with and without PDR. We conducted subgroup analyses by regimen: (1) NNRTIs + 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), (2) EFV + 2 NRTIs, or (3) EFV/TDF/XTC; by population (children vs adults); and by definition of resistance (PDR vs NNRTI PDR)., Results: Among 6197 studies screened, 32 were analyzed (31 441 patients). We found that individuals with PDR initiating NNRTIs across all the subgroups had increased risk of virological failure compared to those without PDR. Risk of acquisition of new resistance mutations and ART switch was also higher in people with PDR., Conclusions: This review shows poorer treatment outcomes in the presence of PDR, supporting the World Health Organization's recommendation to avoid using NNRTIs in countries where levels of PDR are high., (© World Health Organization, 2020. All rights reserved. The World Health Organization has granted the Publisher permission for the reproduction of this article.)
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- 2021
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32. ZBTB gene expression in HIV patients: a possible new molecular mechanism of viral control.
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De Arcos-Jiménez JC, González-Hernández LA, Ratkovich-González S, Sánchez-Reyes K, Alvarez-Zavala M, Ruiz-Briseño MDR, Mosqueda-Gómez JL, Avila-Rios S, Ramos-Solano M, and Andrade-Villanueva JF
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- Adult, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes virology, Cell Line, Female, Gene Expression genetics, Gene Expression Regulation genetics, HIV-1 pathogenicity, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear virology, Male, Virus Latency genetics, Virus Replication genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, HIV Infections genetics, HIV Infections virology, Transcription Factors genetics
- Abstract
HIV infects its target cell and integrates into its genome as an essential step in its replication cycle. Proviral DNA is also subjected to the same transcriptional regulation as the host cell genome by its own transcriptional factors, with activating or repressive activity. There is a clear interaction between the presence of transcriptional repressors and a decrease in the rate of HIV replication, promoting gene silencing in infected cells, which serve as viral reservoirs. This represents a major obstacle for HIV eradication. The ZBTB gene family comprises 49 genes that encode transcription factors that have a repressor function in differentiation and development of cells of the lymphopoietic lineage, including the main target cells of HIV, CD4
+ T cells. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the expression profile of ZBTB genes in CD4+ T cells of HIV-positive individuals with different levels of infection control. We found upregulation of gene expression of ZBTB4 (p < 0.01), ZBTB7B (p < 0.001), and ZBTB38 (p < 0.05) and downregulation of ZBTB16 (p < 0.01) in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative individuals. Interestingly, in a deeper analysis, we observed that elite controllers had the highest levels of expression of the ZBTB38, ZBTB2, HIC1, ZBTB7A, ZBTB7B (ThPOK) and ZBTB4 genes, showing 2.56- to 7.60-fold upregulation compare to the ART-naïve group. These results suggest a possible contribution of these ZBTB transcriptional repressors in HIV-positive patients and a possible new molecular mechanism of viral control.- Published
- 2021
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33. Tenofovir resistance in early and long-term treated patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in eight low-income and middle-income countries.
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Inzaule SC, Jordan MR, Cournil A, Girón-Callejas A, Avila-Rios S, Mulenga L, Ssemwanga D, Asio J, Diop-Ndiaye H, Niasse-Traore F, Nhan DT, Dat VQ, Aghokeng AF, Billong S, Cham F, Doherty M, and Bertagnolio S
- Subjects
- Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Cameroon, Drug Resistance, Viral, HIV-1 genetics, Humans, Tenofovir therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Uganda, Viral Load drug effects, Zambia, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1 drug effects, Tenofovir pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: We aimed to assess the frequency of tenofovir (TDF) resistance in people failing tenofovir/lamivudine or emtricitabine (XTC)/nonnucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) using data from 15 nationally representative surveys of HIV drug resistance conducted between 2014 and 2018 in Cameroon, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Senegal, Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia., Methods: Prevalence of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor resistance among participants with virological nonsuppression (viral load ≥1000 copies/ml) who had received TDF-based ART for 12-24 months (early ART group) and at least 40 months (long-term ART group) was assessed using Sanger sequencing and resistance was interpreted using the Stanford HIVdb algorithm. For each group, we estimated a pooled prevalence using random effect meta-analysis., Results: Of 4677 participants enrolled in the surveys, 640 (13.7%) had virological nonsuppression, 431 (67.3%) were successfully genotyped and were included in the analysis; of those, 60.3% (260) were participants in the early ART group. Overall, 39.1, 57.9, 38.5 and 3.6% patients in the early ART group and 42.9, 69.3, 42.9 and 10.0% patients on long-term ART had resistance to TDF, XTC, TDF + XTC and TDF + XTC + zidovudine, respectively. Overall, tenofovir resistance was mainly due to K65R or K70E/G/N/A/S/T/Y115F mutations (79%) but also due to thymidine analogue mutations (21%) which arise from exposure to thymidine analogues but causing cross-resistance to TDF., Conclusion: Dual resistance to TDF + XTC occurred in more than 40% of the people with viral nonsuppression receiving tenofovir-based first-line ART, supporting WHO recommendation to optimize the nucleoside backbone in second-line treatment and cautioning against single drug substitutions in people with unsuppressed viral load.
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- 2020
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34. Multi-Laboratory Comparison of Next-Generation to Sanger-Based Sequencing for HIV-1 Drug Resistance Genotyping.
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Parkin NT, Avila-Rios S, Bibby DF, Brumme CJ, Eshleman SH, Harrigan PR, Howison M, Hunt G, Ji H, Kantor R, Ledwaba J, Lee ER, Matías-Florentino M, Mbisa JL, Noguera-Julian M, Paredes R, Rivera-Amill V, Swanstrom R, Zaccaro DJ, Zhang Y, Zhou S, and Jennings C
- Subjects
- Genetic Variation, Genotype, HIV Reverse Transcriptase genetics, HIV-1 drug effects, HIV-1 enzymology, Mutation, Peptide Hydrolases genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, Genotyping Techniques methods, HIV-1 genetics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Laboratories standards
- Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly used for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping. NGS methods have the potential for a more sensitive detection of low-abundance variants (LAV) compared to standard Sanger sequencing (SS) methods. A standardized threshold for reporting LAV that generates data comparable to those derived from SS is needed to allow for the comparability of data from laboratories using NGS and SS. Ten HIV-1 specimens were tested in ten laboratories using Illumina MiSeq-based methods. The consensus sequences for each specimen using LAV thresholds of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were compared to each other and to the consensus of the SS sequences (protease 4-99; reverse transcriptase 38-247). The concordance among laboratories' sequences at different thresholds was evaluated by pairwise sequence comparisons. NGS sequences generated using the 20% threshold were the most similar to the SS consensus (average 99.6% identity, range 96.1-100%), compared to 15% (99.4%, 88.5-100%), 10% (99.2%, 87.4-100%), or 5% (98.5%, 86.4-100%). The average sequence identity between laboratories using thresholds of 20%, 15%, 10%, and 5% was 99.1%, 98.7%, 98.3%, and 97.3%, respectively. Using the 20% threshold, we observed an excellent agreement between NGS and SS, but significant differences at lower thresholds. Understanding how variation in NGS methods influences sequence quality is essential for NGS-based HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping.
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- 2020
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35. Are We Ready for NGS HIV Drug Resistance Testing? The Second "Winnipeg Consensus" Symposium.
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Ji H, Sandstrom P, Paredes R, Harrigan PR, Brumme CJ, Avila Rios S, Noguera-Julian M, Parkin N, and Kantor R
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- Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Congresses as Topic, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, HIV drug effects, HIV Infections virology, Humans, HIV genetics, HIV Infections drug therapy, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Abstract
HIV drug resistance is a major global challenge to successful and sustainable antiretroviral therapy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) assays enable more sensitive and quantitative detection of drug-resistance-associated mutations (DRMs) and outperform Sanger sequencing approaches in detecting lower abundance resistance mutations. While NGS is likely to become the new standard for routine HIVDR testing, many technical and knowledge gaps remain to be resolved before its generalized adoption in regular clinical care, public health, and research. Recognizing this, we conceived and launched an international symposium series on NGS HIVDR, to bring together leading experts in the field to address these issues through in-depth discussions and brainstorming. Following the first symposium in 2018 (Winnipeg, MB Canada, 21-22 February, 2018), a second "Winnipeg Consensus" symposium was held in September 2019 in Winnipeg, Canada, and was focused on external quality assurance strategies for NGS HIVDR assays. In this paper, we summarize this second symposium's goals and highlights., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests for this research-only publication. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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- 2020
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36. Analysis of unusual and signature APOBEC-mutations in HIV-1 pol next-generation sequences.
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Tzou PL, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Avila-Rios S, Holmes SP, Kantor R, and Shafer RW
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- Amino Acids genetics, Codon genetics, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, Genotype, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 isolation & purification, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, RNA, Viral blood, RNA, Viral genetics, Viral Load genetics, APOBEC Deaminases genetics, HIV Infections genetics, HIV-1 genetics, Mutation, pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus genetics
- Abstract
Introduction: At low mutation-detection thresholds, next generation sequencing (NGS) for HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing is susceptible to artifactual detection of mutations arising from PCR error and APOBEC-mediated G-to-A hypermutation., Methods: We analyzed published HIV-1 pol Illumina NGS data to characterize the distribution of mutations at eight NGS mutation detection thresholds: 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.1%. At each threshold, we determined proportions of amino acid mutations that were unusual (defined as having a prevalence <0.01% in HIV-1 group M sequences) or signature APOBEC mutations., Results: Eight studies, containing 855 samples, in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive were analyzed. As detection thresholds were lowered, there was a progressive increase in the proportion of positions with usual and unusual mutations and in the proportion of all mutations that were unusual. The median proportion of positions with an unusual mutation increased gradually from 0% at the 20% threshold to 0.3% at the 1% threshold and then exponentially to 1.3% (0.5% threshold), 6.9% (0.2% threshold), and 23.2% (0.1% threshold). In two of three studies with available plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, the proportion of positions with unusual mutations was negatively associated with virus levels. Although the complete set of signature APOBEC mutations was much smaller than that of unusual mutations, the former outnumbered the latter in one-sixth of samples at the 0.5%, 1%, and 2% thresholds., Conclusions: The marked increase in the proportion of positions with unusual mutations at thresholds below 1% and in samples with lower virus loads suggests that, at low thresholds, many unusual mutations are artifactual, reflecting PCR error or G-to-A hypermutation. Profiling the numbers of unusual and signature APOBEC pol mutations at different NGS mutation detection thresholds may be useful to avoid selecting a threshold that is too low and poses an unacceptable risk of identifying artifactual mutations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2020
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37. Performance comparison of next generation sequencing analysis pipelines for HIV-1 drug resistance testing.
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Lee ER, Parkin N, Jennings C, Brumme CJ, Enns E, Casadellà M, Howison M, Coetzer M, Avila-Rios S, Capina R, Marinier E, Van Domselaar G, Noguera-Julian M, Kirkby D, Knaggs J, Harrigan R, Quiñones-Mateu M, Paredes R, Kantor R, Sandstrom P, and Ji H
- Subjects
- Amino Acids genetics, Genetic Variation genetics, Genotype, HIV Infections virology, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Sensitivity and Specificity, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, HIV-1 genetics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods
- Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a trending new standard for genotypic HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) testing. Many NGS HIVDR data analysis pipelines have been independently developed, each with variable outputs and data management protocols. Standardization of such analytical methods and comparison of available pipelines are lacking, yet may impact subsequent HIVDR interpretation and other downstream applications. Here we compared the performance of five NGS HIVDR pipelines using proficiency panel samples from NIAID Virology Quality Assurance (VQA) program. Ten VQA panel specimens were genotyped by each of six international laboratories using their own in-house NGS assays. Raw NGS data were then processed using each of the five different pipelines including HyDRA, MiCall, PASeq, Hivmmer and DEEPGEN. All pipelines detected amino acid variants (AAVs) at full range of frequencies (1~100%) and demonstrated good linearity as compared to the reference frequency values. While the sensitivity in detecting low abundance AAVs, with frequencies between 1~20%, is less a concern for all pipelines, their specificity dramatically decreased at AAV frequencies <2%, suggesting that 2% threshold may be a more reliable reporting threshold for ensured specificity in AAV calling and reporting. More variations were observed among the pipelines when low abundance AAVs are concerned, likely due to differences in their NGS read quality control strategies. Findings from this study highlight the need for standardized strategies for NGS HIVDR data analysis, especially for the detection of minority HIVDR variants.
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- 2020
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38. Clinical and evolutionary consequences of HIV adaptation to HLA: implications for vaccine and cure.
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Avila-Rios S, Carlson JM, John M, Mallal S, and Brumme ZL
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- AIDS Vaccines genetics, Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, HIV Infections genetics, HIV Infections therapy, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 genetics, HIV-1 immunology, HLA Antigens genetics, Humans, Immune Evasion, AIDS Vaccines immunology, HIV Infections immunology, HIV-1 physiology, HLA Antigens immunology
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of HIV adaptation to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated immune pressures and its relevance to HIV prevention and cure research., Recent Findings: Recent research has confirmed that HLA is a major driver of individual and population-level HIV evolution, that HIV strains are adapting to the immunogenetic profiles of the different human ethnic groups in which they circulate, and that HIV adaptation has substantial clinical and immunologic consequences. As such, adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure. At the same time, there are opportunities: Studies of HIV adaptation are revealing why certain HLA alleles are protective in some populations and not others; they are identifying immunogenic viral epitopes that harbor high mutational barriers to escape, and they may help illuminate novel, vaccine-relevant HIV epitopes in regions where circulating adaptation is extensive. Elucidation of HLA-driven adapted and nonadapted viral forms in different human populations and HIV subtypes also renders 'personalized' immunogen selection, as a component of HIV cure strategies, conceptually feasible., Summary: Though adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure, achieving an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon can help move the design of such strategies forward.
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- 2019
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39. Bioinformatic data processing pipelines in support of next-generation sequencing-based HIV drug resistance testing: the Winnipeg Consensus.
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Ji H, Enns E, Brumme CJ, Parkin N, Howison M, Lee ER, Capina R, Marinier E, Avila-Rios S, Sandstrom P, Van Domselaar G, Harrigan R, Paredes R, Kantor R, and Noguera-Julian M
- Subjects
- Consensus, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, HIV genetics, Humans, Computational Biology, HIV drug effects, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods
- Abstract
Introduction: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has several advantages over conventional Sanger sequencing for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping, including detection and quantitation of low-abundance variants bearing drug resistance mutations (DRMs). However, the high HIV genomic diversity, unprecedented large volume of data, complexity of analysis and potential for error pose significant challenges for data processing. Several NGS analysis pipelines have been developed and used in HIVDR research; however, the absence of uniformity in data processing strategies results in lack of consistency and comparability of outputs from different pipelines. To fill this gap, an international symposium on bioinformatic strategies for NGS-based HIVDR testing was held in February 2018 in Winnipeg, Canada, convening laboratory scientists, bioinformaticians and clinicians involved in four recently developed, publicly available NGS HIVDR pipelines. The goal of this symposium was to establish a consensus on effective bioinformatic strategies for NGS data management and its use for HIVDR reporting., Discussion: Essential functionalities of an NGS HIVDR pipeline were divided into five analytic blocks: (1) NGS read quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA); (2) NGS read alignment and reference mapping; (3) HIV variant calling and variant QC; (4) NGS HIVDR reporting; and (5) extended data applications and additional considerations for data management. The consensuses reached among the participants on all major aspects of these blocks are summarized here. They encompass not only recommended data management and analysis strategies, but also detailed bioinformatic approaches that help ensure accuracy of the derived HIVDR analysis outputs for both research and potential clinical use., Conclusions: While NGS is being adopted more broadly in HIVDR testing laboratories, data processing is often a bottleneck hindering its generalized application. The proposed standardization of NGS read QC/QA, read alignment and reference mapping, variant calling and QC, HIVDR reporting and relevant data management strategies in this "Winnipeg Consensus" may serve as a starting guideline for NGS HIVDR data processing that informs the refinement of existing pipelines and those yet to be developed. Moreover, the bioinformatic strategies presented here may apply more broadly to NGS data analysis of microbes harbouring significant genomic diversity., (© 2018 The Authors and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society.)
- Published
- 2018
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40. HIV-1 drug resistance before initiation or re-initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.
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Gupta RK, Gregson J, Parkin N, Haile-Selassie H, Tanuri A, Andrade Forero L, Kaleebu P, Watera C, Aghokeng A, Mutenda N, Dzangare J, Hone S, Hang ZZ, Garcia J, Garcia Z, Marchorro P, Beteta E, Giron A, Hamers R, Inzaule S, Frenkel LM, Chung MH, de Oliveira T, Pillay D, Naidoo K, Kharsany A, Kugathasan R, Cutino T, Hunt G, Avila Rios S, Doherty M, Jordan MR, and Bertagnolio S
- Subjects
- HIV Infections epidemiology, Humans, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Developing Countries, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 drug effects
- Abstract
Background: Pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating or re-initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) might compromise HIV control in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to assess the scale of this problem and whether it is associated with the intiation or re-initiation of ART in people who have had previous exposure to antiretroviral drugs., Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. We assessed regional prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance and risk of pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating ART who reported previous ART exposure. We systematically screened publications and unpublished datasets for pretreatment drug-resistance data in individuals in LMICs initiating or re-initiating first-line ART from LMICs. We searched for studies in PubMed and Embase and conference abstracts and presentations from the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, the International AIDS Society Conference, and the International Drug Resistance Workshop for the period Jan 1, 2001, to Dec 31, 2016. To assess the prevalence of drug resistance within a specified region at any specific timepoint, we extracted study level data and pooled prevalence estimates within the region using an empty logistic regression model with a random effect at the study level. We used random effects meta-regression to relate sampling year to prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance within geographical regions., Findings: We identified 358 datasets that contributed data to our analyses, representing 56 044 adults in 63 countries. Prevalence estimates of pretreatment NNRTI resistance in 2016 were 11·0% (7·5-15·9) in southern Africa, 10·1% (5·1-19·4) in eastern Africa, 7·2% (2·9-16·5) in western and central Africa, and 9·4% (6·6-13·2) in Latin America and the Caribbean. There were substantial increases in pretreatment NNRTI resistance per year in all regions. The yearly increases in the odds of pretreatment drug resistance were 23% (95% CI 16-29) in southern Africa, 17% (5-30) in eastern Africa, 17% (6-29) in western and central Africa, 11% (5-18) in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 11% (2-20) in Asia. Estimated increases in the absolute prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance between 2015 and 2016 ranged from 0·3% in Asia to 1·8% in southern Africa., Interpretation: Pretreatment drug resistance is increasing at substantial rate in LMICs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2016, the prevalence of pretreatment NNRTI resistance was near WHO's 10% threshold for changing first-line ART in southern and eastern Africa and Latin America, underscoring the need for routine national HIV drug-resistance surveillance and review of national policies for first-line ART regimen composition., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and World Health Organization., (Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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41. Differential Immunodominance Hierarchy of CD8 + T-Cell Responses in HLA-B*27:05- and -B*27:02-Mediated Control of HIV-1 Infection.
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Adland E, Hill M, Lavandier N, Csala A, Edwards A, Chen F, Radkowski M, Kowalska JD, Paraskevis D, Hatzakis A, Valenzuela-Ponce H, Pfafferott K, Williams I, Pellegrino P, Borrow P, Mori M, Rockstroh J, Prado JG, Mothe B, Dalmau J, Martinez-Picado J, Tudor-Williams G, Frater J, Stryhn A, Buus S, Teran GR, Mallal S, John M, Buchbinder S, Kirk G, Martin J, Michael N, Fellay J, Deeks S, Walker B, Avila-Rios S, Cole D, Brander C, Carrington M, and Goulder P
- Subjects
- Genes, MHC Class I, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1, Humans, Viral Load, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, HIV Infections immunology, HLA-B27 Antigen genetics, Immunodominant Epitopes immunology, gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus genetics, nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus genetics
- Abstract
The well-characterized association between HLA-B*27:05 and protection against HIV disease progression has been linked to immunodominant HLA-B*27:05-restricted CD8
+ T-cell responses toward the conserved Gag KK10 (residues 263 to 272) and polymerase (Pol) KY9 (residues 901 to 909) epitopes. We studied the impact of the 3 amino acid differences between HLA-B*27:05 and the closely related HLA-B*27:02 on the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response hierarchy and on immune control of HIV. Genetic epidemiological data indicate that both HLA-B*27:02 and HLA-B*27:05 are associated with slower disease progression and lower viral loads. The effect of HLA-B*27:02 appeared to be consistently stronger than that of HLA-B*27:05. In contrast to HLA-B*27:05, the immunodominant HIV-specific HLA-B*27:02-restricted CD8+ T-cell response is to a Nef epitope (residues 142 to 150 [VW9]), with Pol KY9 subdominant and Gag KK10 further subdominant. This selection was driven by structural differences in the F pocket, mediated by a polymorphism between these two HLA alleles at position 81. Analysis of autologous virus sequences showed that in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, all three of these CD8+ T-cell responses impose selection pressure on the virus, whereas in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, there is no Nef VW9-mediated selection pressure. These studies demonstrate that HLA-B*27:02 mediates protection against HIV disease progression that is at least as strong as or stronger than that mediated by HLA-B*27:05. In combination with the protective Gag KK10 and Pol KY9 CD8+ T-cell responses that dominate HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, a Nef VW9-specific response is additionally present and immunodominant in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, mediated through a polymorphism at residue 81 in the F pocket, that contributes to selection pressure against HIV. IMPORTANCE CD8+ T cells play a central role in successful control of HIV infection and have the potential also to mediate the eradication of viral reservoirs of infection. The principal means by which protective HLA class I molecules, such as HLA-B*27:05 and HLA-B*57:01, slow HIV disease progression is believed to be via the particular HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses restricted by those alleles. We focus here on HLA-B*27:05, one of the best-characterized protective HLA molecules, and the closely related HLA-B*27:02, which differs by only 3 amino acids and which has not been well studied in relation to control of HIV infection. We show that HLA-B*27:02 is also protective against HIV disease progression, but the CD8+ T-cell immunodominance hierarchy of HLA-B*27:02 differs strikingly from that of HLA-B*27:05. These findings indicate that the immunodominant HLA-B*27:02-restricted Nef response adds to protection mediated by the Gag and Pol specificities that dominate anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects., (Copyright © 2018 Adland et al.)- Published
- 2018
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42. Potential for immune-driven viral polymorphisms to compromise antiretroviral-based preexposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Gatanaga H, Brumme ZL, Adland E, Reyes-Terán G, Avila-Rios S, Mejía-Villatoro CR, Hayashida T, Chikata T, Van Tran G, Van Nguyen K, Meza RI, Palou EY, Valenzuela-Ponce H, Pascale JM, Porras-Cortés G, Manzanero M, Lee GQ, Martin JN, Carrington MN, John M, Mallal S, Poon AFY, Goulder P, Takiguchi M, and Oka S
- Subjects
- Global Health, HIV Infections virology, HIV Reverse Transcriptase genetics, HIV-1 enzymology, HIV-1 genetics, HLA-B18 Antigen genetics, Humans, Polymorphism, Genetic, Rilpivirine pharmacology, Anti-Retroviral Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Viral, HIV Infections prevention & control, HIV-1 immunology, Immune Evasion, Mutation, Missense, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
- Abstract
Objective: Long-acting rilpivirine is a candidate for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of HIV-1 infection. However, rilpivirine resistance mutations at reverse transcriptase codon 138 (E138X) occur naturally in a minority of HIV-1-infected persons; in particular those expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B18 where reverse transcriptase-E138X arises as an immune escape mutation. We investigate the global prevalence, B18-linkage and replicative cost of reverse transcriptase-E138X and its regional implications for rilpivirine PrEP., Methods: We analyzed linked reverse transcriptase-E138X/HLA data from 7772 antiretroviral-naive patients from 16 cohorts spanning five continents and five HIV-1 subtypes, alongside unlinked global reverse transcriptase-E138X and HLA frequencies from public databases. E138X-containing HIV-1 variants were assessed for in-vitro replication as a surrogate of mutation stability following transmission., Results: Reverse transcriptase-E138X variants, where the most common were rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations E138A/G/K, were significantly enriched in HLA-B18-positive individuals globally (P = 3.5 × 10) and in all HIV-1 subtypes except A. Reverse transcriptase-E138X and B18 frequencies correlated positively in 16 cohorts with linked HIV/HLA genotypes (Spearman's R = 0.75; P = 7.6 × 10) and in unlinked HIV/HLA data from 43 countries (Spearman's R = 0.34, P = 0.02). Notably, reverse transcriptase-E138X frequencies approached (or exceeded) 10% in key epidemic regions (e.g. sub-Saharan Africa, Southeastern Europe) where B18 is more common. This, along with the observation that reverse transcriptase-E138X variants do not confer in-vitro replicative costs, supports their persistence, and ongoing accumulation in circulation over time., Conclusions: Results illustrate the potential for a natural immune-driven HIV-1 polymorphism to compromise antiretroviral-based prevention, particularly in key epidemic regions. Regional reverse transcriptase-E138X surveillance should be undertaken before use of rilpivirine PrEP.
- Published
- 2017
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43. Recurrent Potent Human Neutralizing Antibodies to Zika Virus in Brazil and Mexico.
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Robbiani DF, Bozzacco L, Keeffe JR, Khouri R, Olsen PC, Gazumyan A, Schaefer-Babajew D, Avila-Rios S, Nogueira L, Patel R, Azzopardi SA, Uhl LFK, Saeed M, Sevilla-Reyes EE, Agudelo M, Yao KH, Golijanin J, Gristick HB, Lee YE, Hurley A, Caskey M, Pai J, Oliveira T, Wunder EA Jr, Sacramento G, Nery N Jr, Orge C, Costa F, Reis MG, Thomas NM, Eisenreich T, Weinberger DM, de Almeida ARP, West AP Jr, Rice CM, Bjorkman PJ, Reyes-Teran G, Ko AI, MacDonald MR, and Nussenzweig MC
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing blood, Antibodies, Neutralizing immunology, Antibodies, Viral blood, Antibodies, Viral immunology, B-Lymphocytes immunology, Brazil, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Leukocytes, Mononuclear immunology, Male, Mexico, Mice, Zika Virus Infection blood, Antibodies, Neutralizing chemistry, Antibodies, Viral chemistry, Zika Virus Infection immunology
- Abstract
Antibodies to Zika virus (ZIKV) can be protective. To examine the antibody response in individuals who develop high titers of anti-ZIKV antibodies, we screened cohorts in Brazil and Mexico for ZIKV envelope domain III (ZEDIII) binding and neutralization. We find that serologic reactivity to dengue 1 virus (DENV1) EDIII before ZIKV exposure is associated with increased ZIKV neutralizing titers after exposure. Antibody cloning shows that donors with high ZIKV neutralizing antibody titers have expanded clones of memory B cells that express the same immunoglobulin VH3-23/VK1-5 genes. These recurring antibodies cross-react with DENV1, but not other flaviviruses, neutralize both DENV1 and ZIKV, and protect mice against ZIKV challenge. Structural analyses reveal the mechanism of recognition of the ZEDIII lateral ridge by VH3-23/VK1-5 antibodies. Serologic testing shows that antibodies to this region correlate with serum neutralizing activity to ZIKV. Thus, high neutralizing responses to ZIKV are associated with pre-existing reactivity to DENV1 in humans., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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44. In vitro functional assessment of natural HIV-1 group M Vpu sequences using a universal priming approach.
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Rahimi A, Anmole G, Soto-Nava M, Escamilla-Gomez T, Markle T, Jin SW, Lee GQ, Harrigan PR, Bangsberg DR, Martin J, Avila-Rios S, Reyes-Teran G, Brockman MA, and Brumme ZL
- Subjects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Down-Regulation, HIV Infections virology, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins metabolism, Humans, Response Elements, Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins metabolism, DNA Primers, Genetic Variation, HIV-1 genetics, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins genetics, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques methods, Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins genetics
- Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu exhibits high inter- and intra- subtype genetic diversity that may influence Vpu function and possibly contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis. However, scalable methods to evaluate genotype/phenotype relationships in natural Vpu sequences are limited, particularly those expressing the protein in CD4+ T-cells, the natural target of HIV-1 infection. A major impediment to assay scalability is the extensive genetic diversity within, and immediately upstream of, Vpu's initial 5' coding region, which has necessitated the design of oligonucleotide primers specific for each individual HIV-1 isolate (or subtype). To address this, we developed two universal forward primers, located in relatively conserved regions 38 and 90 bases upstream of Vpu, and a single universal reverse primer downstream of Vpu, which are predicted to cover the vast majority of global HIV-1 group M sequence diversity. We show that inclusion of up to 90 upstream bases of HIV-1 genomic sequence does not significantly influence in vitro Vpu expression or function when a Rev/Rev Response Element (RRE)-dependent expression system is used. We further assess the function of four diverse HIV-1 Vpu sequences, revealing reproducible and significant differences between them. Our approach represents a scalable option to measure the in vitro function of genetically diverse natural Vpu isolates in a CD4+ T-cell line., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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45. Surveillance of HIV Transmitted Drug Resistance in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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Avila-Rios S, Sued O, Rhee SY, Shafer RW, Reyes-Teran G, and Ravasi G
- Subjects
- Adult, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Brazil, Caribbean Region, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Humans, Latin America, Male, Mutation, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Prevalence, Drug Resistance, Viral, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
Background: HIV transmitted drug resistance (TDR) remains at moderate level in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). However, different epidemiologic scenarios could influence national and sub-regional TDR levels and trends., Methods and Findings: We performed a systematic review of currently available publications on TDR in antiretroviral treatment-naïve adults in LAC. Ninety-eight studies published between January 2000 and June 2015 were included according to critical appraisal criteria and classified by sub-region: Brazil (50), Mesoamerica (17), Southern Cone (16), Andean (8) and Caribbean (7). From these, 81 studies encompassing 11,441 individuals with data on DR mutation frequency were included in a meta-analysis. Overall TDR prevalence in LAC was 7.7% (95% CI: 7.2%-8.2%). An increasing trend was observed for overall TDR when comparing 2000-2005 (6.0%) and 2006-2015 (8.2%) (p<0.0001), which was associated with significant NNRTI TDR increase (p<0.0001). NRTI TDR decreased (4.5% vs. 2.3%, p<0.0001). NNRTI TDR increase was associated mainly with K101E, K103N and G190A. NRTI TDR decrease was associated mainly with M184V, K70R and T215Y. All sub-regions reached moderate overall TDR levels. The rapid increase in TDR to all antiretroviral classes in the Caribbean is notable, as well as the significant increase in NNRTI TDR reaching moderate levels in the Southern Cone. NRTI TDR was dominant in 2000-2005, mainly in the Caribbean, Mesoamerica and Brazil. This dominance was lost in 2006-2015 in all sub-regions, with the Southern Cone and the Caribbean switching to NNRTI dominance. PI TDR remained mostly constant with a significant increase only observed in the Caribbean., Conclusions: Given the high conceptual and methodological heterogeneity of HIV TDR studies, implementation of surveys with standardized methodology and national representativeness is warranted to generate reliable to inform public health policies. The observed increasing trend in NNRTI TDR supports the need to strengthen TDR surveillance and programme monitoring and evaluation in LAC.
- Published
- 2016
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46. Correction: Geographic and Temporal Trends in the Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Mechanisms of Transmitted HIV-1 Drug Resistance: An Individual-Patient- and Sequence-Level Meta-Analysis.
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Rhee SY, Blanco JL, Jordan MR, Taylor J, Lemey P, Varghese V, Hamers RL, Bertagnolio S, de Wit TF, Aghokeng AF, Albert J, Avi R, Avila-Rios S, Bessong PO, Brooks JI, Boucher CA, Brumme ZL, Busch MP, Bussmann H, Chaix ML, Chin BS, D'Aquin TT, De Gascun CF, Derache A, Descamps D, Deshpande AK, Djoko CF, Eshleman SH, Fleury H, Frange P, Fujisaki S, Harrigan PR, Hattori J, Holguin A, Hunt GM, Ichimura H, Kaleebu P, Katzenstein D, Kiertiburanakul S, Kim JH, Kim SS, Li Y, Lutsar I, Morris L, Ndembi N, Kee PN, Paranjape RS, Peeters M, Poljak M, Price MA, Ragonnet-Cronin ML, Reyes-Terán G, Rolland M, Sirivichayakul S, Smith DM, Soares MA, Soriano VV, Ssemwanga D, Stanojevic M, Stefani MA, Sugiura W, Sungkanuparph S, Tanuri A, Tee KK, Truong HM, van de Vijver DA, Vidal N, Yang C, Yang R, Yebra G, Ioannidis JP, Vandamme AM, and Shafer RW
- Published
- 2015
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47. Geographic and temporal trends in the molecular epidemiology and genetic mechanisms of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance: an individual-patient- and sequence-level meta-analysis.
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Rhee SY, Blanco JL, Jordan MR, Taylor J, Lemey P, Varghese V, Hamers RL, Bertagnolio S, Rinke de Wit TF, Aghokeng AF, Albert J, Avi R, Avila-Rios S, Bessong PO, Brooks JI, Boucher CA, Brumme ZL, Busch MP, Bussmann H, Chaix ML, Chin BS, D'Aquin TT, De Gascun CF, Derache A, Descamps D, Deshpande AK, Djoko CF, Eshleman SH, Fleury H, Frange P, Fujisaki S, Harrigan PR, Hattori J, Holguin A, Hunt GM, Ichimura H, Kaleebu P, Katzenstein D, Kiertiburanakul S, Kim JH, Kim SS, Li Y, Lutsar I, Morris L, Ndembi N, Ng KP, Paranjape RS, Peeters M, Poljak M, Price MA, Ragonnet-Cronin ML, Reyes-Terán G, Rolland M, Sirivichayakul S, Smith DM, Soares MA, Soriano VV, Ssemwanga D, Stanojevic M, Stefani MA, Sugiura W, Sungkanuparph S, Tanuri A, Tee KK, Truong HM, van de Vijver DA, Vidal N, Yang C, Yang R, Yebra G, Ioannidis JP, Vandamme AM, and Shafer RW
- Subjects
- Africa, Americas, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Asia, Europe, HIV Infections virology, HIV Reverse Transcriptase antagonists & inhibitors, HIV-1 drug effects, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Base Sequence, Drug Resistance, Viral, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Reverse Transcriptase genetics, HIV-1 genetics, Mutation
- Abstract
Background: Regional and subtype-specific mutational patterns of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) are essential for informing first-line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy guidelines and designing diagnostic assays for use in regions where standard genotypic resistance testing is not affordable. We sought to understand the molecular epidemiology of TDR and to identify the HIV-1 drug-resistance mutations responsible for TDR in different regions and virus subtypes., Methods and Findings: We reviewed all GenBank submissions of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase sequences with or without protease and identified 287 studies published between March 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013, with more than 25 recently or chronically infected ARV-naïve individuals. These studies comprised 50,870 individuals from 111 countries. Each set of study sequences was analyzed for phylogenetic clustering and the presence of 93 surveillance drug-resistance mutations (SDRMs). The median overall TDR prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), south/southeast Asia (SSEA), upper-income Asian countries, Latin America/Caribbean, Europe, and North America was 2.8%, 2.9%, 5.6%, 7.6%, 9.4%, and 11.5%, respectively. In SSA, there was a yearly 1.09-fold (95% CI: 1.05-1.14) increase in odds of TDR since national ARV scale-up attributable to an increase in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance. The odds of NNRTI-associated TDR also increased in Latin America/Caribbean (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06-1.25), North America (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.12-1.26), Europe (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13), and upper-income Asian countries (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.12-1.55). In SSEA, there was no significant change in the odds of TDR since national ARV scale-up (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.92-1.02). An analysis limited to sequences with mixtures at less than 0.5% of their nucleotide positions—a proxy for recent infection—yielded trends comparable to those obtained using the complete dataset. Four NNRTI SDRMs—K101E, K103N, Y181C, and G190A—accounted for >80% of NNRTI-associated TDR in all regions and subtypes. Sixteen nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) SDRMs accounted for >69% of NRTI-associated TDR in all regions and subtypes. In SSA and SSEA, 89% of NNRTI SDRMs were associated with high-level resistance to nevirapine or efavirenz, whereas only 27% of NRTI SDRMs were associated with high-level resistance to zidovudine, lamivudine, tenofovir, or abacavir. Of 763 viruses with TDR in SSA and SSEA, 725 (95%) were genetically dissimilar; 38 (5%) formed 19 sequence pairs. Inherent limitations of this study are that some cohorts may not represent the broader regional population and that studies were heterogeneous with respect to duration of infection prior to sampling., Conclusions: Most TDR strains in SSA and SSEA arose independently, suggesting that ARV regimens with a high genetic barrier to resistance combined with improved patient adherence may mitigate TDR increases by reducing the generation of new ARV-resistant strains. A small number of NNRTI-resistance mutations were responsible for most cases of high-level resistance, suggesting that inexpensive point-mutation assays to detect these mutations may be useful for pre-therapy screening in regions with high levels of TDR. In the context of a public health approach to ARV therapy, a reliable point-of-care genotypic resistance test could identify which patients should receive standard first-line therapy and which should receive a protease-inhibitor-containing regimen.
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- 2015
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48. Impact of HLA selection pressure on HIV fitness at a population level in Mexico and Barbados.
- Author
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Juarez-Molina CI, Payne R, Soto-Nava M, Avila-Rios S, Valenzuela-Ponce H, Adland E, Leitman E, Brener J, Muenchhoff M, Branch S, Landis C, Reyes-Teran G, and Goulder P
- Subjects
- Adult, Barbados, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cohort Studies, Female, HIV Infections immunology, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 genetics, HIV-1 immunology, HLA-B Antigens immunology, Humans, Immune Evasion, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Viral Load, Young Adult, HIV Infections genetics, HIV-1 physiology, HLA-B Antigens genetics, Racial Groups genetics, Virus Replication
- Abstract
Unlabelled: Previous studies have demonstrated that effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses drive the selection of escape mutations that reduce viral replication capacity (VRC). Escape mutations, including those with reduced VRC, can be transmitted and accumulate in a population. Here we compared two antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive HIV clade B-infected cohorts, in Mexico and Barbados, in which the most protective HLA alleles (HLA-B*27/57/58:01/81:01) are differentially expressed, at 8% and 34%, respectively. Viral loads were significantly higher in Mexico than in Barbados (median, 40,774 versus 14,200; P < 0.0001), and absolute CD4(+) T-cell counts were somewhat lower (median, 380/mm(3) versus 403/mm(3); P = 0.007). We tested the hypothesis that the disparate frequencies of these protective HLA alleles would be associated with a higher VRC at the population level in Mexico. Analysis of VRC in subjects in each cohort, matched for CD4(+) T-cell count, revealed that the VRC was indeed higher in the Mexican cohort (mean, 1.13 versus 1.03; P = 0.0025). Although CD4 counts were matched, viral loads remained significantly higher in the Mexican subjects (P = 0.04). This VRC difference was reflected by a significantly higher frequency in the Barbados cohort of HLA-B*27/57/58:01/81:01-associated Gag escape mutations previously shown to incur a fitness cost on the virus (P = 0.004), a difference between the two cohorts that remained statistically significant even in subjects not expressing these protective alleles (P = 0.01). These data suggest that viral set points and disease progression rates at the population level may be significantly influenced by the prevalence of protective HLA alleles such as HLA-B*27/57/58:01/81:01 and that CD4 count-based guidelines to initiate antiretroviral therapy may need to be modified accordingly, to optimize the effectiveness of treatment-for-prevention strategies and reduce HIV transmission rates to the absolute minimum., Importance: Immune control of HIV at an individual level is strongly influenced by the HLA class I genotype. HLA class I molecules mediating effective immune control, such as HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57, are associated with the selection of escape mutants that reduce viral replicative capacity. The escape mutants selected in infected patients can be transmitted and affect the viral load and CD4 count in the recipient. These findings prompt the hypothesis that the frequency of protective alleles in a population may affect viral set points and rates of disease progression in that population. These studies in Mexico and Barbados, where the prevalence rates of protective HLA alleles are 8% and 34%, respectively, support this hypothesis. These data suggest that antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment-for-prevention strategies will be less successful in populations such as those in Mexico, where viral loads are higher for a given CD4 count. Consideration may therefore usefully be given to ART initiation at higher absolute CD4 counts in such populations to optimize the impact of ART for prevention., (Copyright © 2014 Juarez-Molina et al.)
- Published
- 2014
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49. Impact of HLA-B*35 subtype differences on HIV disease outcome in Mexico.
- Author
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Juarez-Molina CI, Valenzuela-Ponce H, Avila-Rios S, Garrido-Rodriguez D, Garcia-Tellez T, Soto-Nava M, Garcia-Morales C, Goulder P, and Reyes-Teran G
- Subjects
- Alleles, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cohort Studies, HIV Infections genetics, Humans, Mexico, Treatment Outcome, Viral Load, HIV Infections immunology, HIV Infections virology, HLA-B35 Antigen genetics
- Abstract
HLA-B35 has consistently been associated with rapid HIV disease progression, particularly alleles of the Px group. As B35 is the most prevalent HLA-B in Mexico, we investigated HIV disease outcome in relation to HLA expression in a large cohort (n=976) of Mexicans. Contrary to the previous studies, no impact on viral load or CD4 cell count was observed in association with the B35 PY/Px groups. However, we observed differences in HIV disease outcome associated with specific HLA-B35 alleles.
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- 2014
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50. Discovering human immunodeficiency virus mutational pathways using temporal Bayesian networks.
- Author
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Hernandez-Leal P, Rios-Flores A, Avila-Rios S, Reyes-Terán G, Gonzalez JA, Fiedler-Cameras L, Orihuela-Espina F, Morales EF, and Sucar LE
- Subjects
- Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, HIV drug effects, HIV physiology, Virus Replication, Bayes Theorem, HIV genetics, Mutation
- Abstract
Objective: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the fastest evolving organisms in the planet. Its remarkable variation capability makes HIV able to escape from multiple evolutionary forces naturally or artificially acting on it, through the development and selection of adaptive mutations. Although most drug resistance mutations have been well identified, the dynamics and temporal patterns of appearance of these mutations can still be further explored. The use of models to predict mutational pathways as well as temporal patterns of appearance of adaptive mutations could greatly benefit clinical management of individuals under antiretroviral therapy., Methods and Material: We apply a temporal nodes Bayesian network (TNBN) model to data extracted from the Stanford HIV drug resistance database in order to explore the probabilistic relationships between drug resistance mutations and antiretroviral drugs unveiling possible mutational pathways and establishing their probabilistic-temporal sequence of appearance., Results: In a first experiment, we compared the TNBN approach with other models such as static Bayesian networks, dynamic Bayesian networks and association rules. TNBN achieved a 64.2% sparser structure over the static network. In a second experiment, the TNBN model was applied to a dataset associating antiretroviral drugs with mutations developed under different antiretroviral regimes. The learned models captured previously described mutational pathways and associations between antiretroviral drugs and drug resistance mutations. Predictive accuracy reached 90.5%., Conclusion: Our results suggest possible applications of TNBN for studying drug-mutation and mutation-mutation networks in the context of antiretroviral therapy, with direct impact on the clinical management of patients under antiretroviral therapy. This opens new horizons for predicting HIV mutational pathways in immune selection with relevance for antiretroviral drug development and therapy plan., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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