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Background: The seriousness of myopia is still underappreciated by the general population. One in five occurrences of blindness may be traced back to uncorrected refractive error (The discrepancy between the patient's vision at presentation and their best-corrected vision). Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the environmental and social risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents in Bangladesh. Method: This prospective cohort research conducted at a major medical center to investigate prenatal through adult risk factors for poor health and noncommunicable illnesses in young people. The study began in July 2020, and 100 people have been asked to participate in yearly follow-ups for two years. The majority of the people living there are from the Dhaka metropolitan area. Schools, daycares, community clinics, general practices, public health agencies, and collaborative research projects are just few of the places where participants are sought for recruitment. Results: During the study, 60% were in 11-18 years age group, 55% were male and 35% were in middle income group. 10% myopia had 3-10 years age group and 21% myopia in 11-18 years age group. 80% patients had everyday outdoor frequency, followed by 50% had 1-2 hours outdoor frequency, 60% had everyday near work frequency. There was a significant associations of myopia with low outdoor activity frequency, high near work duration and low near work frequency. Outdoor activity duration was not significantly associated with myopia. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that regular sun exposure and limiting the amount of time spent in constant close work may help prevent the development of eye diseases. Furthermore, our cohort found that children of higher socioeconomic status were less likely to be myopic. Strategy development for myopia prevention in children of all ages should be prioritized in light of the massive economic burden imposed by the condition and the apparent ............

Background: Glaucoma is a typical side effect of juvenile cataract surgery. According to various research, it seems to have a bimodal occurrence. In Bangladesh, these difficulties constitute a hardship. Objective: In this study our main aim is to evaluate the prevalence and Risk Factors of Glaucoma Following Pediatric Cataract Surgery with Primary Implantation in Tertiary Eye Hospital. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary eye hospital, Bangladesh from August 2021 to June 2022. Where a total of 200 children who underwent unilateral or bilateral cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation in the first year of their life. All eyes presenting with an isolated cataract or an anterior form of persistence of fetal vasculature not requiring posterior vitrectomy or a moderate microphthalmia allowing primary IOL implantation and with a follow-up of >1year were included in the study. Results: During the study, 70% were female and majority were belong to 7-12 years age group, 55%. According to Intraoperative, and Postoperative Characteristics of study group where bilateral cataract was seen in 45% cases followed by 49% cases were capsular bag, 37% cases were sulcus, 46% used trypan bag. Comparing the SG group to the group that did not develop glaucoma, follow-up time was longer (mean 7,5 vs 5.6 years, P

Bismuth-based halide perovskite (CsBi3I10) is a promising absorber material for the fabrication of eco-friendly perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this research, the performance of the CsBi3I10-based PSCs with different hole transport layers (HTLs) has been numerically analyzed. The open circuit voltage (VOC) has enhanced up to 360 mV after the addition of NiOx HTL in the heterostructure of the CsBi3I10-based PSC. A comprehensive numerical study of the role of band alignment, key defect parameters of the CsBi3I10 absorber layer, and CeOx/CsBi3I10 interface on the newly designed heterostructure (ITO/CeOx/CsBi3I10/NiOx/Au) performance of the CsBi3I10-based PSC has been conducted. A massive deterioration of the VOC has been initiated when defect concentration (Nt) of CsBi3I10 crosses above 1014 cm−3. Apart from the Nt, defect energy level within the bandgap (Et), and holes capture cross-section (σp) of the CsBi3I10 layer have also significantly affected the VOC loss. Besides, the investigation indicates that the device performance is almost independent of Et of the CeOx/CsBi3I10 interface and slightly decreases with the increase of Nt and σp. Finally, the photovoltaic performance of the PSC has been explored for various thickness and carrier concentration of the CsBi3I10, cerium oxide (CeOx), and nickel oxide (NiOx). Therefore, this research provides efficient guidelines for the fabrication of eco-friendly high-performance CsBi3I10-based PSCs.

In this article, the numerical investigations on a novel (ITO/CeO2/SnS/NiO/Mo) heterostructure of the SnS-based solar cell have been presented using SCAPS-1D simulation software. The main objective of the study was the exploration of the effect of NiO hole transport layer (HTL) on the performance of the proposed SnS-based heterojunction solar cell. The open circuit voltage of the proposed cell has been enhanced up to 345 mV after using NiO HTL which indicates a significant reduction of surface recombination velocity at SnS/electrode interface. Around 12.78% efficiency enhancement was observed after using NiO HTL in the SnS-based heterojunction solar cell, and an efficiency of 25.1% could be obtained from the proposed heterojunction solar cell. It was found that the cell performance depended on the carrier concentration and thickness of the CeO2 electron transport layer (ETL), SnS absorber layer, and NiO HTL, respectively. The effects of deep level defect density of the SnS absorber layer and interface defect density of NiO/SnS and CeO2/SnS on the cell performance ware also studied. These findings reveal that the NiO could be a promising HTL for the fabrication of low cost, high-efficiency SnS-based heterojunction solar cell.

Currently, viral infection is the most serious health issue which causing unexpected higher rate of death globally. Many viruses are not yet curable, such as corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis virus, human papilloma virus and so others. Furthermore, the toxicities and ineffective responses to resistant strains of synthetic antiviral drugs have reinforced the search of effective and alternative treatment options, such as plant-derived antiviral drug molecules. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and HBV. The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families. Among the reported 79 bioactive compounds having antiviral activities isolated from these plants, about 37 of them have been reported for significant activities against varieties of viruses. Hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, seselin, 6-gingerol, humulene epoxide, quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have been reported to inhibit multiple molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a number of in silico investigations. Besides, numerous in silico, in vitro, and in vivo bioassays have been demonstrated that EGCG, anolignan-A, and B, ajoene, curcumin, and oleanolic acid exhibit anti-HIV activity while piperine, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, (+)-cycloolivil-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin, EGCG, kaempferol, aloin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, andrographolide, and hesperidin possess anti-HBV activity. Thus, the antiviral medicinal plants and the isolated bioactive compounds may be considered for further advanced investigations with the aim of the development of effective and affordable antiviral drugs.

As lupin has emerged popularity as dietary protein and nutritional source, our present research was aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic and organ-protective activities of nine cultivars of Australian sweet lupin seed flours by means of in vitro and in vivo assays accompanied by identification of their bioactive phytocompounds and exploration of underlying mechanisms of their hypoglycemic activity using in silico approach. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities inhibition and glucose uptake assays identified Jenabillup seed flours for exhibiting the most potential antidiabetic activity amongst the nine cultivars. In vivo antidiabetic and major organ-protective activities were investigated on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia and organ damages in Wister rat model. Along with attenuating hyperglycemia and retreating major organ damages, the biochemical imbalance in cardiac, hepatic and renal markers were well-balanced by Jenabillup seed flours treatment. These activities of lupin seed flours were insignificantly affected by thermal processing. Moreover, in silico investigation of 106 phytochemicals identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of the seed flour extracts of nine cultivars revealed that more than 35% of compounds possess moderate to high binding affinity to α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. These bioactive compounds act synergistically to exert potential hypoglycemic activity. Cross-docking and binding energy calculation by molecular mechanics/generalized Born volume integration (MM/GBVI) model suggest actinomycin C2 as a potential inhibitor of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. These findings acclaim that Australian sweet lupin seed flours may be considered not only as functional food, but also for further development of effective drugs in pharmaceuticals in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and resultant organ damages.

Objectives Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complications seen in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of retinopathy and its association with other risk factors in young people with type 1 diabetes. Methods This study was a cross‐sectional study, which was done as part of the ongoing complication assessment in the paediatric diabetes clinic in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders), a tertiary care hospital. Children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes who were having diabetes duration >2 years were included in this study. Retinopathy was detected using fundal photography, and grading was done by National Screening Committee of UK by trained ophthalmologists. Results Diabetic retinopathy was observed in 44 (6.6%) patients. Majority (95.4%) of them had early diabetic retinopathy in the form of mild NPDR (nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy) (R1). Patients with retinopathy had higher HbA1c 9.6[8.4‐12.3] vs 9.1 [7.9‐10.8] (P = .013), longer duration of diabetes 7.6 [5.5‐10.7] vs 6.0 [4.5‐8.2] years (P = .001) and were older 21.5 [18.0‐23.0] vs 18 [16.0‐21.0] years (P = .0001) compared with those without retinopathy. On multivariate regression analysis, higher age and median HbA1c were significantly associated with DR. Conclusions Higher HbA1c was the only modifiable risk factor for development of DR in our study population. Early detection of DR with improvement of glycaemic control may reduce the risk of progression of severe stages of the disease., The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with, retinopathy in Youth with type 1 diabetes in Bangladesh. Diabetic retinopathy was observed in 44 (6.6%) patients. Majority 42 (95.4%) of them had early diabetic retinopathy mild NPDR (R1).

Functional disability associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease is a challenging concern in healthcare systems. Along with environmental factors and epigenetic disorders, multiple pathways are reported as prominent mechanism for the progression of RA symptoms including; pain, swelling and stiffness of joints. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume has been used as a folklore medicine for RA from ancient times. This plant harbours a suite of endophytic fungi that produce a range of metabolites of potential interest. Thus, for the establishment of a scientific basis for this folklore use, it is essential to find out the involvement, if any, of the endophytic fungi living in this plant and the metabolites they elaborate, for the management of RA.This study was designed to isolate, identify and evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antinociceptive and antiarthritic activities of the compounds produced by the endophytic fungi living in different parts of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume.Endophytic fungi from different parts of the plant were isolated and cultured for the production of secondary metabolites. Chromatographically fractionated fungal extracts were assessed for anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. For the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX1/COX2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory assays were performed. For the evaluation of in vivo antinociceptive activity, hot plate acetic acid induced writhing, and formalin induced paw licking methods were adopted, whereas complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced poly-arthritic method was adopted for the evaluation of antiarthritic activity. The most effective fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) in search of the bioactive extracellular metabolites.Five endophytic fungi viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum were isolated. COX1/COX2 and 5-LOX inhibitory assays state that the Aspergillus niger fraction possesses the greatest activity against these enzymes of inflammatory process. In vivo antinociceptive showed significant (***P0.001) reduction of pain in a dose dependent manner. As well, significant (***P0.001) reduction of paw volume was observed in CFA induce poly-arthritic test. LC/MS analysis of the Aspergillus niger fraction revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including tensyuic acid, hexylitaconic acid, chlorogenic acid, nigragillin, TMC-256C1, asnipyrone B, asperenone, fumaric acid and fusarubin, all having reported pharmacological activities.The present study demonstrates that secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi living in various parts of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume had potential to relief pain and inflammation. The endophytes were found to contain multiple biomolecules effective in rheumatoid arthritis. These findings provide a rationale for the folklore use of the plant in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

The present research aimed to synthesize ketoprofen prodrugs and to demonstrate their potentiality for oral treatment to treat chronic inflammation by reducing its hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. Methyl 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propanoate, ethyl 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propanoate and propyl 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propanoate was synthesized by esterification and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and infrared (IR) spectrometric analysis. In silico SwissADME and ProTox-II analysis stated methyl derivative as ideal candidate for oral absorption, having a >30-fold LD50 value compared to ketoprofen with no hepatotoxicity. Moreover, in vivo hepatotoxicity study demonstrates that these ester prodrugs have significantly lower effects on liver toxicity compared to pure ketoprofen. Furthermore, ex vivo intestinal permeation enhancement ratio was statistically significant (* p < 0.05) compared to ketoprofen. Likewise, the prodrugs were found to exhibit not only remarkable in vitro anti-proteolytic and lysosomal membrane stabilization potentials, but also significant efficiency to alleviate pain induced by inflammation, as well as central and peripheral stimulus in mice model in vivo. These outcomes recommend that ketoprofen ester prodrugs, especially methyl derivative, can be a cost-effective candidate for prolonged treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

In this article, the experimental and simulation study of a novel heterostructure (ITO/ZnO/CuO/V2O5/Ag) of the cupric oxide (CuO)-based solar cells have been presented. The heterojunction of the CuO-based solar cell was fabricated using an inexpensive and environmentally benign sol-gel spin coating technique. The structural properties of the fabricated solar cell were studied using an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope. The simulation study of the designed CuO-based heterojunction solar cell was conducted by the SCAPS-1D simulator. The experimental photovoltaic parameters were theoretically validated. The performance of the solar cell was optimized through the further numerical investigations of the effect of thickness and carrier concentration of CuO absorber and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) back surface field (BSF) layer, defect density at CuO absorber and ETL/absorber interface layer and optical loss at the front surface of the solar cell. The optimized solar cell exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.09% with VOC, JSC, and FF of 0.748 V, 24 mA/cm2, and 67.4%, respectively.

Herein, a novel planar heterostructure (ITO/CeOx/CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3/NiO/Au) of a CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3-based perovskite solar cell has been designed and numerically investigated. CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3 has been introduced as an absorber layer due to its excellent thermal stability and high carrier diffusion length. Inorganic CeOx and NiO have been introduced as an electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL), respectively, as their role in the enhancement of efficiency and stability of other perovskite-based solar cells has already been proven. The influences of different physical parameters of the CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3 absorber layer, NiO HTL, and CeOx ETL on the device performance have been explored. The investigated results indicate that the thickness and carrier concentration of the CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3 has a massive impact on solar cell performance. A considerable impact of the carrier concentration of the CeOx and NiO on device performance has also been observed. The role of CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3-layer deep-level defects, CeOx/CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3 interface defects, series resistance, and back contact work functionon solar cell performance were also studied. The optimized solar cell exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 26.05% with open-circuit voltage (V OC), short-circuit current density (J SC), and fill factor of 1.082 V, 29.41 mA cm−2, and 81.85%, respectively. This research indicates that the designed heterostructure of solar cells may appear as a viable alternative to manufacturing CH3NH3Pb(I1–xClx)3 high-performance perovskites.

Simulation of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) based solar cell (ZnO/CdS/CdTe/NiO/Au) using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator-1D (SCAPS-1D) has been presented in this article. Nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) layers have been introduced as hole transport layer (HTL) and transparent conductive oxide (TCO), respectively. ZnO, CdS, and CdTe were synthesized using the facile chemical route, and their absorption coefficient was determined systematically. Later these experimentally found absorption coefficient data were used to study the effect of NiO HTL and ZnO TCO on the performance of CdS/CdTe based solar cell using SCAPS-1D. The impact of thickness, carrier concentration, defect density of the CdTe, and CdS/CdTe interface defect density on the solar cell performance was also investigated. The optimized solar cell demonstrated a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 28.04 % with open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.09 V, short circuit current density (JSC) of 29.09 mA/cm2 and FF of 87.84 % that shows huge promise in low-cost solar energy harvesting.

The aim of this present investigation was to analyze bioactive compounds, as well as demonstrate the antioxidant activities of nine cultivars of Australian lupin species accompanied by observing the effect of domestic heat processing on their antioxidant activities adopting in vivo and in vitro approaches. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was performed for profiling bioactive compounds present in lupin cultivars. Multiple assay techniques involving quantification of polyphenolics, flavonoids and flavonol, electron transfer (ET) based assay, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assay and in vivo assays were performed. The major compounds found were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate, lupanine,13-docosenamide and 11-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester. Mandelup was found to show excellent antioxidant activity. Moreover, Jurien, Gunyidi and Barlock had strong antioxidant activity. Both positive and negative impacts of heat processing were observed on antioxidant activity. Heating and usage of excess water during processing were the key determinants of loss of antioxidants. Negligible loss of antioxidant activity was observed in most of the assays whereas inhibition of both lipid peroxidation (33.53%) and hemolysis of erythrocytes (37.75%) were increased after processing. In addition, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant assays are found to show statistically significant (* p &lt, 0.05 and ** p &lt, 0.01) results, which are supported by the presence of a number of antioxidant compounds in GC-MS analysis.

Inorganic thin-film solar cell were fabricated by spin-coating using zinc oxide (ZnO) and silicon nanoparticles doped cupric oxide (Si-NPs-CuO) has been reported in this paper. The Si-nanoparticles (Si-NPs) was prepared from Si powder which was obtained from the sand of Padma river using aluminothermic process. The presence of Si-NPs was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The size distribution of Si-NPs size was determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique. For the fabrication of heterojunction solar cell ZnO was spin-coated on FTO-coated glass substrate and then Si-NPs-doped CuO layers were deposited on ZnO. The produced heterostructure was annealed at 350 °C for 1 hr. J-V characteristics in dark and under 1.5 AM simulated light was investigated for the different thickness of ZnO and constant thickness Si-NPs-CuO. Among them the one with 7-layer of ZnO and 15-layer of Si-NPs-CuO showed an open circuit voltage of 0.433 volt and a short-circuit current density of 2.06 mA/cm2 indicating its possible use in thin-film solar cells.

The fabrication of Silicon Nanoparticles (Si-NPs) doped Cupric Oxide (Si-NPs-CuO) thin films and study of their optical properties have been presented in this paper. Silicon Nanoparticles was obtained from the Si powder extracted from the sand of the Padma river by mechanical milling. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) on the thin-film confirmed the presence of Si-NPs. The size of the obtained Si-NPs was determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique. The doping of CuO with Si-NPs was done using simple one-pot synthesis method. Three, five and seven layers of Si-NPs doped CuO were deposited on glass substrate and then were annealed at 350 °C. It was found that the optical absorbance of Si-NPs-CuO thin films increased compared to similar thickness of CuO thin films. Whereas the reduced transmittance was observed for Si-NPs-CuO thin films compared to CuO thin films. Experimental observations indicate that Si-NPs-CuO thin films could be an efficient absorbing layer in thin-film solar cells.