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1. Quality of Life Perspective Towards Acne among Adolescents at Tertiary Care Center of Gujarat, India

Author

Pragya Ashok Nair and Ashok Raman Nair

Subjects
acne vulgaris, depression, qol, Medicine
Abstract

Introduction: Acne is the most common disease of skin affecting adolescents, which can have a significant psychological impact leading to anxiety and depression. Aims: Study was undertaken to see the impact of acne on the Quality of life Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from March 2012 to February 2013, in the age group 14–25, using a validated self-administered questionnaire The questions were evaluated using 4 point Likert scale (0–3). Statistical Analysis: Statistical calculations were done using Excel 2010 and Statgraphics Centurion XVI.I. Results: Among 869 participants, 608(69.97%) had acne while 261 (30.03%) had no acne. Of acne sufferers 43.75% were males and 56.25% were females with maximum 67.93% in the age group 18–21. Of Non-acne participants 57.09% considered acne as a problem and 54.02% were disturbed by the idea of having acne. Study showed p-values

Published
2015
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5. New Insight into Single-Event Radiation Failure Mechanisms in Silicon Carbide Power Schottky Diodes and MOSFETs

Author

Daniel J. Lichtenwalner, Arthur F. Witulski, John M. Hutson, Robert A. Johnson, Jean-Marie Lauenstein, Andrew L. Sternberg, David Grider, Kenneth F. Galloway, Ronald D. Schrimpf, Robert A. Reed, Robert R. Arslanbekov, Ashok Raman, Dennis R. Ball, Michael L. Alles, and Arto Javanainen

Subjects
020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Event (relativity), Schottky diode, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter Physics, Radiation failure, 01 natural sciences, Power (physics), chemistry.chemical_compound, 0203 mechanical engineering, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, 0103 physical sciences, Silicon carbide, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, business, Single event burnout
Abstract

Ion-induced leakage current degradation, and single-event burnout may be manifestestations of the same device mechanisms in both silicon carbide power diodes and MOSFETs. In all cases there is a migration of the electrical field from the front body-drain interface to the back epi-drain n+ interface, with a peak exceeding the critical electric field of silicon carbide, causing avalanche generation which enables high short-duration power densities during an approximate 20 psec window after the ion strike. The degradation effect in JBS SiC diodes seems to be independent of the length of the epitaxial region for different voltage-rated diodes.

Published
2020

6. Unifying Concepts for Ion-Induced Leakage Current Degradation in Silicon Carbide Schottky Power Diodes

Author

Robert A. Johnson, Partha S. Chakraborty, Ronald D. Schrimpf, Robert R. Arslanbekov, Dennis R. Ball, Arto Javanainen, Micheal L. Alles, Andrew L. Sternberg, Kenneth F. Galloway, Robert A. Reed, Arthur F. Witulski, Jean-Marie Lauenstein, and Ashok Raman

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Schottky diode, 01 natural sciences, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Reverse leakage current, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Silicon carbide, Optoelectronics, Breakdown voltage, Irradiation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Diode, Voltage
Abstract

The onset of ion-induced reverse leakage current in SiC Schottky diodes is shown to depend on material properties, ion linear energy transfer (LET), and bias during irradiation, but not the voltage rating of the parts. This is demonstrated experimentally for devices from multiple manufacturers with voltage ratings from 600 to 1700 V. Using a device with a higher breakdown voltage than required in the application does not provide increased robustness related to leakage current degradation, compared to using a device with a lower voltage rating.

Published
2020

10. Single-Event Burnout of SiC Junction Barrier Schottky Diode High-Voltage Power Devices

Author

A. F. Witulski, David Grider, Ashok Raman, Andrew L. Sternberg, Kenneth F. Galloway, Daniel J. Lichtenwalner, Robert R. Arslanbekov, Arto Javanainen, Brett Hull, and Ronald D. Schrimpf

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, single-event burnout, Schottky barrier, power diodes, 01 natural sciences, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, silicon carbide, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Silicon carbide, thermal coefficients of silicon carbide, Power semiconductor device, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, heavy ions, Diode, 010302 applied physics, ta114, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Schottky diode, High voltage, single event effects, junction barrier schottky (JBS) diode, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

Ion-induced degradation and catastrophic failures in high-voltage SiC junction barrier Schottky power diodes are investigated. The experimental results agree with earlier data showing discrete jumps in leakage current for individual ions and show that the boundary between leakage current degradation and a single-event-burnout-like effect is a strong function of linear energy transfer and reverse bias. TCAD simulations show high localized electric fields under the Schottky junction, and high temperatures generated directly under the Schottky contact, consistent with the hypothesis that the ion energy causes eutectic-like intermixture at the metal–semiconductor interface or localized melting of the silicon carbide lattice.

Published
2018

11. Long wavelength infrared imaging under ambient thermal radiation via an all-silicon metalens

Author

Zachary J. Coppens, Karl F. Böhringer, Kent Hallman, Ashok Raman, Neset Akozbek, Arka Majumdar, Luocheng Huang, and Zheyi Han

Subjects
Diffraction, Materials science, Aperture, business.industry, Infrared, Physics::Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Wavelength, Optics, Thermal radiation, Miniaturization, Chromatic scale, business, Visible spectrum
Abstract

Further miniaturization of imaging systems is prevented by the prevalent, traditional bulky refractive optics today. Meta-optics have recently generated great interest in the visible wavelength as a replacement for refractive optics thanks to their low weight, small size, and amenability to high-throughput semiconductor manufacturing. Here, we extend these meta-optics to the long-wave infrared (LWIR) regime and demonstrate imaging with a 2 cm aperture f/1 all-silicon metalens under ambient thermal emission. We showed that even with the strongly chromatic nature of the metalenses, we can perform ambient light imaging, primarily due to the lack of wavelength discrimination in the sensor, as is the norm for an RGB-camera in the visible.

Published
2021

12. Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression

Author

Davina J Hensman Moss, Antonio F Pardiñas, Douglas Langbehn, Kitty Lo, Blair R Leavitt, Raymund Roos, Alexandra Durr, Simon Mead, Peter Holmans, Lesley Jones, Sarah J Tabrizi, A Coleman, R Dar Santos, J Decolongon, A Sturrock, E Bardinet, C Jauff Ret, D Justo, S Lehericy, C Marelli, K Nigaud, R Valabrègue, SJA van den Bogaard, E M Dumas, J van der Grond, EP t'Hart, C Jurgens, M-N Witjes-Ane, N Arran, J Callaghan, C Stopford, C Frost, R Jones, N Hobbs, N Lahiri, R Ordidge, G Owen, T Pepple, J Read, M Say, E Wild, A Patel, N C Fox, C Gibbard, I Malone, H Crawford, D Whitehead, S Keenan, D M Cash, C Berna, N Bechtel, S Bohlen, A Hoff Man, P Kraus, E Axelson, C Wang, T Acharya, S Lee, W Monaco, C Campbell, S Queller, K Whitlock, M Campbell, E Frajman, C Milchman, A O'Regan, I Labuschagne, J Stout, B Landwehrmeyer, D Craufurd, R Scahill, S Hicks, C Kennard, H Johnson, A Tobin, HD Rosas, R Reilmann, B Borowsky, C Pourchot, S C Andrews, Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Ida Biunno, Raphael Bonelli, Jean-Marc Burgunder, Stephen Dunnett, Joaquim Ferreira, Olivia Handley, Arvid Heiberg, Torsten Illmann, G. Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Jamie Levey, Maria A. Ramos-Arroyo, Jørgen Nielsen, Susana Pro Koivisto, Markku Päivärinta, Raymund A.C. Roos, A Rojo Sebastián, Sarah Tabrizi, Wim Vandenberghe, Christine Verellen-Dumoulin, Tereza Uhrova, Jan Wahlström, Jacek Zaremba, Verena Baake, Katrin Barth, Monica Bascuñana Garde, Sabrina Betz, Reineke Bos, Jenny Callaghan, Adrien Come, Leonor Correia Guedes, Daniel Ecker, Ana Maria Finisterra, Ruth Fullam, Mette Gilling, Lena Gustafsson, Olivia J Handley, Carina Hvalstedt, Christine Held, Kerstin Koppers, Claudia Lamanna, Matilde Laurà, Asunción Martínez Descals, Saül Martinez-Horta, Tiago Mestre, Sara Minster, Daniela Monza, Lisanne Mütze, Martin Oehmen, Michael Orth, Hélène Padieu, Laurent Paterski, Nadia Peppa, Martina Di Renzo, Amandine Rialland, Niini Røren, Pavla Šašinková, Erika Timewell, Jenny Townhill, Patricia Trigo Cubillo, Wildson Vieira da Silva, Marleen R van Walsem, Carina Whalstedt, Marie-Noelle Witjes-Ané, Grzegorz Witkowski, Abigail Wright, Daniel Zielonka, Eugeniusz Zielonka, Paola Zinzi, Raphael M. Bonelli, Sabine Lilek, Karen Hecht, Brigitte Herranhof, Anna Holl, Hans-Peter Kapfhammer, Michael Koppitz, Markus Magnet, Nicole Müller, Daniela Otti, Annamaria Painold, Karin Reisinger, Monika Scheibl, Helmut Schöggl, Jasmin Ullah, Eva-Maria Braunwarth, Florian Brugger, Lisa Buratti, Eva-Maria Hametner, Caroline Hepperger, Christiane Holas, Anna Hotter, Anna Hussl, Christoph Müller, Werner Poewe, Klaus Seppi, Fabienne Sprenger, Gregor Wenning, Andrea Boogaerts, Godelinde Calmeyn, Isabelle Delvaux, Dirk Liessens, Nele Somers, Michel Dupuit, Cécile Minet, Dominique van Paemel, Pascale Ribaï, Dimphna van Reijen, Jirí Klempír, Veronika Majerová, Jan Roth, Irena Stárková, Lena E. Hjermind, Oda Jacobsen, Jørgen E. Nielsen, Ida Unmack Larsen, Tua Vinther-Jensen, Heli Hiivola, Hannele Hyppönen, Kirsti Martikainen, Katri Tuuha, Philippe Allain, Dominique Bonneau, Marie Bost, Bénédicte Gohier, Marie-Anne Guérid, Audrey Olivier, Adriana Prundean, Clarisse Scherer-Gagou, Christophe Verny, Blandine Babiloni, Sabrina Debruxelles, Charlotte Duché, Cyril Goizet, Laetitia Jameau, Danielle Lafoucrière, Umberto Spampinato, Rekha Barthélémy, Christelle De Bruycker, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie Carette, Eric Decorte Luc Defebvre, Marie Delliaux, Arnaud Delval, Alain Destee, Kathy Dujardin, Marie-Hélène Lemaire, Sylvie Manouvrier, Mireille Peter, Lucie Plomhouse, Bernard Sablonnière, Clémence Simonin, Stéphanie Thibault-Tanchou, Isabelle Vuillaume, Marcellin Bellonet, Hassan Berrissoul, Stéphanie Blin, Françoise Courtin, Cécile Duru, Véronique Fasquel, Olivier Godefroy, Pierre Krystkowiak, Béatrice Mantaux, Martine Roussel, Sandrine Wannepain, Jean-Philippe Azulay, Marie Delfini, Alexandre Eusebio, Frédérique Fluchere, Laura Mundler, Mathieu Anheim, Celine Julié, Ouhaid Lagha Boukbiza, Nadine Longato, Gabrielle Rudolf, Christine Tranchant, Marie-Agathe Zimmermann, Christoph Michael Kosinski, Eva Milkereit, Daniela Probst, Kathrin Reetz, Christian Sass, Johannes Schiefer, Christiane Schlangen, Cornelius J. Werner, Harald Gelderblom, Josef Priller, Harald Prüß, Eike Jakob Spruth, Gisa Ellrichmann, Lennard Herrmann, Rainer Hoffmann, Barbara Kaminski, Peter Kotz, Christian Prehn, Carsten Saft, Herwig Lange, Robert Maiwald, Matthias Löhle, Antonia Maass, Simone Schmidt, Cecile Bosredon, Alexander Storch, Annett Wolz, Martin Wolz, Philipp Capetian, Johann Lambeck, Birgit Zucker, Kai Boelmans, Christos Ganos, Walburgis Heinicke, Ute Hidding, Jan Lewerenz, Alexander Münchau, Jenny Schmalfeld, Lars Stubbe, Simone Zittel, Gabriele Diercks, Dirk Dressler, Heike Gorzolla, Christoph Schrader, Pawel Tacik, Michael Ribbat, Bernhard Longinus, Katrin Bürk, Jens Carsten Möller, Ida Rissling, Mark Mühlau, Alexander Peinemann, Michael Städtler, Adolf Weindl, Juliane Winkelmann, Cornelia Ziegler, Natalie Bechtel, Heike Beckmann, Stefan Bohlen, Eva Hölzner, Ralf Reilmann, Stefanie Rohm, Silke Rumpf, Sigrun Schepers, Natalia Weber, Matthias Dose, Gabriele Leythäuser, Ralf Marquard, Tina Raab, Alexandra Wiedemann, Andrea Buck, Julia Connemann, Carolin Geitner, Andrea Kesse, Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Christina Lang, Franziska Lezius, Solveig Nepper, Anke Niess, Ariane Schneider, Daniela Schwenk, Sigurd Süßmuth, Sonja Trautmann, Patrick Weydt, Claudia Cormio, Vittorio Sciruicchio, Claudia Serpino, Marina de Tommaso, Sabina Capellari, Pietro Cortelli, Roberto Galassi, Giovanni Rizzo, Roberto Poda, Cesa Scaglione, Elisabetta Bertini, Elena Ghelli, Andrea Ginestroni, Francesca Massaro, Claudia Mechi, Marco Paganini, Silvia Piacentini, Silvia Pradella, Anna Maria Romoli, Sandro Sorbi, Giovanni Abbruzzese, Monica Bandettini di Poggio, Giovanna Ferrandes, Paola Mandich, Roberta Marchese, Alberto Albanese, Daniela Di Bella, Anna Castaldo, Stefano Di Donato, Cinzia Gellera, Silvia Genitrini, Caterina Mariotti, Lorenzo Nanetti, Dominga Paridi, Paola Soliveri, Chiara Tomasello, Giuseppe De Michele, Luigi Di Maio, Marco Massarelli, Silvio Peluso, Alessandro Roca, Cinzia Valeria Russo, Elena Salvatore, Pierpaolo Sorrentino, Enrico Amico, Mariagrazia Favellato, Annamaria Griguoli, Irene Mazzante, Martina Petrollini, Ferdinando Squitieri, Barbara D'Alessio, Chiara Esposito, Rita Bentivoglio, Marina Frontali, Arianna Guidubaldi, Tamara Ialongo, Gioia Jacopini, Carla Piano, Silvia Romano, Francesco Soleti, Maria Spadaro, Monique S.E. van Hout, Marloes E. Verhoeven, Jeroen P.P. van Vugt, A. Marit de Weert, J.J.W. Bolwijn, M. Dekker, B. Kremer, K.L. Leenders, J.C.H. van Oostrom, Simon J.A. van den Bogaard, Eve M. Dumas, Ellen P. 't Hart, Berry Kremer, C.C.P. Verstappen, Olaf Aaserud, Jan Frich C, Ragnhild Wehus, Kathrine Bjørgo, Madeleine Fannemel, Per F. Gørvell, Eirin Lorentzen, Lars Retterstøl, Bodil Stokke, Inga Bjørnevoll, Sigrid Botne Sando, Artur Dziadkiewicz, Malgorzata Nowak, Piotr Robowski, Emilia Sitek, Jaroslaw Slawek, Witold Soltan, Michal Szinwelski, Magdalena Blaszcyk, Magdalena Boczarska-Jedynak, Ewelina Ciach-Wysocka, Agnieszka Gorzkowska, Barbara Jasinska-Myga, Gabriela Klodowska-Duda, Gregorz Opala, Daniel Stompel, Krzysztof Banaszkiewicz, Dorota Bocwinska, Kamila Bojakowska-Jaremek, Malgorzata Dec, Malgorzata Krawczyk, Monika Rudzinska, Elzbieta Szczygiel, Andrzej Szczudlik, Anna Wasielewska, Magdalena Wójcik, Anna Bryl, Anna Ciesielska, Aneta Klimberg, Jerzy Marcinkowski, Husam Samara, Justyna Sempolowicz, Anna Gogol, Piotr Janik, Hubert Kwiecinski, Zygmunt Jamrozik, Jakub Antczak, Katarzyna Jachinska, Wioletta Krysa, Maryla Rakowicz, Przemyslaw Richter, Rafal Rola, Danuta Ryglewicz, Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Iwona Stepniak, Anna Sulek, Elzbieta Zdzienicka, Karolina Zieora-Jakutowicz, Joaquim J Ferreira, Miguel Coelho, Tiago Mendes, Anabela Valadas, Carlos Andrade, Miguel Gago, Carolina Garrett, Maria Rosália Guerra, Carmen Durán Herrera, Patrocinio Moreno Garcia, Miquel Aguilar Barbera, Dolors Badenes Guia, Laura Casas Hernanz, Judit López Catena, Pilar Quiléz Ferrer, Ana Rojo Sebastián, Gemma Tome Carruesco, Jordi Bas, Núria Busquets, Matilde Calopa, Misericordia Floriach Robert, Celia Mareca Viladrich, Jesús Miguel Ruiz Idiago, Antonio Villa Riballo, Esther Cubo, Cecilia Gil Polo, Natividad Mariscal, Perez Jessica Rivadeneyra, Francisco Barrero, Blas Morales, María Fenollar, Rocío García-Ramos García, Paloma Ortega, Clara Villanueva, Javier Alegre, Mónica Bascuñana, Juan Garcia Caldentey, Marta Fatás Ventura, Guillermo García Ribas, Justo García de Yébenes, José Luis López-Sendón Moreno, Fernando Alonso Frech, Pedro J García Ruíz, Asunción Martínez-Descals, Rosa Guerrero, María José Saiz Artiga, Vicenta Sánchez, María Fuensanta Noguera Perea, Lorenza Fortuna, Salvadora Manzanares, Gema Reinante, María Martirio Antequera Torres, Laura Vivancos Moreau, Sonia González González, Luis Menéndez Guisasola, Carlos Salvador, Esther Suaréz San Martín, Inés Legarda Ramirez, Aranzazú Gorospe, Mónica Rodriguez Lopera, Penelope Navas Arques, María José Torres Rodríguez, Barbara Vives Pastor, Itziar Gaston, Maria Dolores Martinez-Jaurrieta, Jose Manuel Garcia Moreno, Carolina Mendez Lucena, Fatima Damas, Hermoso Eva Pacheco Cortegana, José Chacón Peña, Luis Redondo, Fátima Carrillo, María Teresa Cáceres, Pablo Mir, María José Lama Suarez, Laura Vargas-González, Maria E. Bosca, Francisco Castera Brugada, Juan Andres Burguera, Anabel Campos, Garcia Carmen Peiró Vilaplana, Peter Berglund, Radu Constantinescu, Gunnel Fredlund, Ulrika Høsterey-Ugander, Petra Linnsand, Liselotte Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Magnus Wentzel, Ghada Loutfi, Carina Olofsson, Eva-Lena Stattin, Laila Westman, Birgitta Wikström, Yanik Stebler, Alain Kaelin, Irene Romero, Michael Schüpbach, Sabine Weber Zaugg, Maria Hauer, Roman Gonzenbach, Hans H. Jung, Violeta Mihaylova, Jens Petersen, Roisin Jack, Kirsty Matheson, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Daniela Rae, Sheila A Simpson, Fiona Summers, Alexandra Ure, Vivien Vaughan, Shahbana Akhtar, Jenny Crooks, Adrienne Curtis, Jenny de Souza, John Piedad, Hugh Rickards, Jan Wright, Elizabeth Coulthard, Louise Gethin, Beverley Hayward, Kasia Sieradzan, Matthew Armstrong, Roger A. Barker, Deidre O'Keefe, Anna Di Pietro, Kate Fisher, Anna Goodman, Susan Hill, Ann Kershaw, Sarah Mason, Nicole Paterson, Lucy Raymond, Rachel Swain, Natalie Valle Guzman, Monica Busse, Cynthia Butcher, Catherine Clenaghan, Sarah Hunt, Una Jones, Hanan Khalil, Michael Owen, Kathleen Price, Anne Rosser, Maureen Edwards, Carrie Ho, Teresa Hughes, Marie McGill, Pauline Pearson, Mary Porteous, Paul Smith, Peter Brockie, Jillian Foster, Nicola Johns, Sue McKenzie, Jean Rothery, Gareth Thomas, Shona Yates, Liz Burrows, Carol Chu, Amy Fletcher, Deena Gallantrae, Stephanie Hamer, Alison Harding, Stefan Klöppel, Alison Kraus, Fiona Laver, Monica Lewis, Mandy Longthorpe, Ivana Markova, Ashok Raman, Nicola Robertson, Mark Silva, Aileen Thomson, Sue Wild, Pam Yardumian, Carole Evans, Deena Gallentrae, Emma Hobson, Stuart Jamieson, Hannah Musgrave, Liz Rowett, Jean Toscano, Colin Bourne, Jackie Clapton, Carole Clayton, Heather Dipple, Dawn Freire-Patino, Janet Grant, Diana Gross, Caroline Hallam, Julia Middleton, Ann Murch, Catherine Thompson, Sundus Alusi, Rhys Davies, Kevin Foy, Emily Gerrans, Louise Pate, Thomasin Andrews, Andrew Dougherty, Charlotte Golding, Fred Kavalier, Hana Laing, Alison Lashwood, Dene Robertson, Deborah Ruddy, Alastair Santhouse, Anna Whaite, Stefania Bruno, Karen Doherty, Salman Haider, Davina Hensman, Nayana Lahiri, Marianne Novak, Aakta Patel, Elisabeth Rosser, Rachel Taylor, Thomas Warner, Edward Wild, Natalie Arran, Judith Bek, David Craufurd, Marianne Hare, Liz Howard, Susan Huson, Liz Johnson, Mary Jones, Helen Murphy, Emma Oughton, Lucy Partington-Jones, Dawn Rogers, Andrea Sollom, Julie Snowden, Cheryl Stopford, Jennifer Thompson, Iris Trender-Gerhard, Nichola Verstraelen, Leann Westmoreland, Richard Armstrong, Kathryn Dixon, Andrea H Nemeth, Gill Siuda, Ruth Valentine, David Harrison, Max Hughes, Andrew Parkinson, Beverley Soltysiak, Oliver Bandmann, Alyson Bradbury, Paul Gill, Helen Fairtlough, Kay Fillingham, Isabella Foustanos, Mbombe Kazoka, Kirsty O'Donovan, Cat Taylor, Katherine Tidswell, Oliver Quarrell, Puay Ngoh Lau, Emmanul Pica, Louis Tan, Univ Angers, Okina, Moss, Davina J. Hensman, Tabrizi, Sarah J, Mead, Simon, Kitty, Lo, Pardiã±as, Antonio F, Holmans, Peter, Jones, Lesley, Langbehn, Dougla, Coleman, A., Santos, R. Dar, Decolongon, J., Sturrock, A., Bardinet, E., Ret, C. Jauff, Justo, D., Lehericy, S., Marelli, C., Nigaud, K., Valabrãgue, R., van den Bogaard, S. J. A., Dumas, E. M., van der Grond, J., T'Hart, E. P., Jurgens, C., Witjes-Ane, M. -. N., Arran, N., Callaghan, J., Stopford, C., Frost, C., Jones, R., Hobbs, N., Lahiri, N., Ordidge, R., Owen, G., Pepple, T., Read, J., Say, M., Wild, E., Patel, A., Fox, N. C., Gibbard, C., Malone, I., Crawford, H., Whitehead, D., Keenan, S., Cash, D. M., Berna, C., Bechtel, N., Bohlen, S., Man, A. Hoff, Kraus, P., Axelson, E., Wang, C., Acharya, T., Lee, S., Monaco, W., Campbell, C., Queller, S., Whitlock, K., Campbell, M., Frajman, E., Milchman, C., O'Regan, A., Labuschagne, I., Stout, J., Landwehrmeyer, B., Craufurd, D., Scahill, R., Hicks, S., Kennard, C., Johnson, H., Tobin, A., Rosas, H. D., Reilmann, R., Borowsky, B., Pourchot, C., Andrews, S. C., Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Bentivoglio, Anna Rita, Biunno, Ida, Bonelli, Raphael, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, Dunnett, Stephen, Ferreira, Joaquim, Handley, Olivia, Heiberg, Arvid, Illmann, Torsten, Landwehrmeyer, G. Bernhard, Levey, Jamie, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria A., Nielsen, Jã¸rgen, Koivisto, Susana Pro, Pã¤ivã¤rinta, Markku, Roos, Raymund A. C., Sebastiã¡n, A. Rojo, Tabrizi, Sarah, Vandenberghe, Wim, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, Uhrova, Tereza, Wahlstrã¶m, Jan, Zaremba, Jacek, Baake, Verena, Barth, Katrin, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, Betz, Sabrina, Bos, Reineke, Callaghan, Jenny, Come, Adrien, Guedes, Leonor Correia, Ecker, Daniel, Finisterra, Ana Maria, Fullam, Ruth, Gilling, Mette, Gustafsson, Lena, Handley, Olivia J, Hvalstedt, Carina, Held, Christine, Koppers, Kerstin, Lamanna, Claudia, Laurã , Matilde, Descals, Asunción Martínez, Martinez-Horta, Saã¼l, Mestre, Tiago, Minster, Sara, Monza, Daniela, Mã¼tze, Lisanne, Oehmen, Martin, Orth, Michael, Padieu, Hã©lãne, Paterski, Laurent, Peppa, Nadia, Di Renzo, Martina, Rialland, Amandine, Rã¸ren, Niini, Å aå¡inkovã¡, Pavla, Timewell, Erika, Townhill, Jenny, Cubillo, Patricia Trigo, da Silva, Wildson Vieira, van Walsem, Marleen R, Whalstedt, Carina, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Witkowski, Grzegorz, Wright, Abigail, Zielonka, Daniel, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, Zinzi, Paola, Bonelli, Raphael M., Lilek, Sabine, Hecht, Karen, Herranhof, Brigitte, Holl, Anna, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter, Koppitz, Michael, Magnet, Marku, Mã¼ller, Nicole, Otti, Daniela, Painold, Annamaria, Reisinger, Karin, Scheibl, Monika, Schã¶ggl, Helmut, Ullah, Jasmin, Braunwarth, Eva-Maria, Brugger, Florian, Buratti, Lisa, Hametner, Eva-Maria, Hepperger, Caroline, Holas, Christiane, Hotter, Anna, Hussl, Anna, Mã¼ller, Christoph, Poewe, Werner, Seppi, Klau, Sprenger, Fabienne, Wenning, Gregor, Boogaerts, Andrea, Calmeyn, Godelinde, Delvaux, Isabelle, Liessens, Dirk, Somers, Nele, Dupuit, Michel, Minet, Cã©cile, van Paemel, Dominique, Ribaã¯, Pascale, van Reijen, Dimphna, Klempã­r, Jirã­, Majerovã¡, Veronika, Roth, Jan, Stã¡rkovã¡, Irena, Hjermind, Lena E., Jacobsen, Oda, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Larsen, Ida Unmack, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Hiivola, Heli, Hyppã¶nen, Hannele, Martikainen, Kirsti, Tuuha, Katri, Allain, Philippe, Bonneau, Dominique, Bost, Marie, Gohier, Bã©nã©dicte, Guã©rid, Marie-Anne, Olivier, Audrey, Prundean, Adriana, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duchã©, Charlotte, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucriãre, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Barthã©lã©my, Rekha, De Bruycker, Christelle, Carette, Maryline Cabaret Anne-Sophie, Defebvre, Eric Decorte Luc, Delliaux, Marie, Delval, Arnaud, Destee, Alain, Dujardin, Kathy, Lemaire, Marie-HélÃne, Manouvrier, Sylvie, Peter, Mireille, Plomhouse, Lucie, Sablonniãre, Bernard, Simonin, Clã©mence, Thibault-Tanchou, Stã©phanie, Vuillaume, Isabelle, Bellonet, Marcellin, Berrissoul, Hassan, Blin, Stã©phanie, Courtin, Franã§oise, Duru, Cã©cile, Fasquel, Vã©ronique, Godefroy, Olivier, Krystkowiak, Pierre, Mantaux, Bã©atrice, Roussel, Martine, Wannepain, Sandrine, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frã©dã©rique, Mundler, Laura, Anheim, Mathieu, Juliã©, Celine, Boukbiza, Ouhaid Lagha, Longato, Nadine, Rudolf, Gabrielle, Tranchant, Christine, Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe, Kosinski, Christoph Michael, Milkereit, Eva, Probst, Daniela, Reetz, Kathrin, Sass, Christian, Schiefer, Johanne, Schlangen, Christiane, Werner, Cornelius J., Gelderblom, Harald, Priller, Josef, Prã¼ã , Harald, Spruth, Eike Jakob, Ellrichmann, Gisa, Herrmann, Lennard, Hoffmann, Rainer, Kaminski, Barbara, Kotz, Peter, Prehn, Christian, Saft, Carsten, Lange, Herwig, Maiwald, Robert, Lã¶hle, Matthia, Maass, Antonia, Schmidt, Simone, Bosredon, Cecile, Storch, Alexander, Wolz, Annett, Wolz, Martin, Capetian, Philipp, Lambeck, Johann, Zucker, Birgit, Boelmans, Kai, Ganos, Christo, Heinicke, Walburgi, Hidding, Ute, Lewerenz, Jan, Mã¼nchau, Alexander, Schmalfeld, Jenny, Stubbe, Lar, Zittel, Simone, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Gorzolla, Heike, Schrader, Christoph, Tacik, Pawel, Ribbat, Michael, Longinus, Bernhard, Bã¼rk, Katrin, Mã¶ller, Jens Carsten, Rissling, Ida, Mã¼hlau, Mark, Peinemann, Alexander, Stã¤dtler, Michael, Weindl, Adolf, Winkelmann, Juliane, Ziegler, Cornelia, Bechtel, Natalie, Beckmann, Heike, Bohlen, Stefan, Hã¶lzner, Eva, Reilmann, Ralf, Rohm, Stefanie, Rumpf, Silke, Schepers, Sigrun, Weber, Natalia, Dose, Matthia, Leythã¤user, Gabriele, Marquard, Ralf, Raab, Tina, Wiedemann, Alexandra, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Geitner, Carolin, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lang, Christina, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Sã¼ã muth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Weydt, Patrick, Cormio, Claudia, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, de Tommaso, Marina, Capellari, Sabina, Cortelli, Pietro, Galassi, Roberto, Rizzo, Giovanni, Poda, Roberto, Scaglione, Cesa, Bertini, Elisabetta, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Massaro, Francesca, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Romoli, Anna Maria, Sorbi, Sandro, Abbruzzese, Giovanni, di Poggio, Monica Bandettini, Ferrandes, Giovanna, Mandich, Paola, Roberta, Marchese, Albanese, Alberto, Di Bella, Daniela, Castaldo, Anna, Di Donato, Stefano, Gellera, Cinzia, Genitrini, Silvia, Mariotti, Caterina, Nanetti, Lorenzo, Paridi, Dominga, Soliveri, Paola, Tomasello, Chiara, De Michele, Giuseppe, Di Maio, Luigi, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, Cinzia Valeria, Salvatore, Elena, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Amico, Enrico, Favellato, Mariagrazia, Griguoli, Annamaria, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Squitieri, Ferdinando, D'Alessio, Barbara, Esposito, Chiara, Bentivoglio, Rita, Frontali, Marina, Guidubaldi, Arianna, Ialongo, Tamara, Jacopini, Gioia, Piano, Carla, Romano, Silvia, Soleti, Francesco, Spadaro, Maria, van Hout, Monique S. E., Verhoeven, Marloes E., van Vugt, Jeroen P. P., de Weert, A. Marit, Bolwijn, J. J. W., Dekker, M., Kremer, B., Leenders, K. L., van Oostrom, J. C. H., van den Bogaard, Simon J. A., Dumas, Eve M., â t Hart, Ellen P., Kremer, Berry, Verstappen, C. C. P., Aaserud, Olaf, Jan Frich, C., Wehus, Ragnhild, Bjã¸rgo, Kathrine, Fannemel, Madeleine, Gã¸rvell, Per F., Lorentzen, Eirin, Retterstã¸l, Lar, Stokke, Bodil, Bjã¸rnevoll, Inga, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Blaszcyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasinska-Myga, Barbara, Klodowska-Duda, Gabriela, Opala, Gregorz, Stompel, Daniel, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, Bocwinska, Dorota, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, Dec, Malgorzata, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, Rudzinska, Monika, Szczygiel, Elzbieta, Szczudlik, Andrzej, Wasielewska, Anna, Wã³jcik, Magdalena, Bryl, Anna, Ciesielska, Anna, Klimberg, Aneta, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, Samara, Husam, Sempolowicz, Justyna, Gogol, Anna, Janik, Piotr, Kwiecinski, Hubert, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, Antczak, Jakub, Jachinska, Katarzyna, Krysa, Wioletta, Rakowicz, Maryla, Richter, Przemyslaw, Rola, Rafal, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, Stepniak, Iwona, Sulek, Anna, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, Zieora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, Ferreira, Joaquim J, Coelho, Miguel, Mendes, Tiago, Valadas, Anabela, Andrade, Carlo, Gago, Miguel, Garrett, Carolina, Guerra, Maria Rosália, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Garcia, Patrocinio Moreno, Barbera, Miquel Aguilar, Guia, Dolors Badene, Hernanz, Laura Casa, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Sebastiã¡n, Ana Rojo, Carruesco, Gemma Tome, Bas, Jordi, Busquets, Nãºria, Calopa, Matilde, Robert, Misericordia Floriach, Viladrich, Celia Mareca, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Riballo, Antonio Villa, Cubo, Esther, Polo, Cecilia Gil, Mariscal, Natividad, Rivadeneyra, Perez Jessica, Barrero, Francisco, Morales, Bla, Fenollar, Marã­a, Garcã­a, Rocío García-Ramo, Ortega, Paloma, Villanueva, Clara, Alegre, Javier, Bascuã±ana, Mã³nica, Caldentey, Juan Garcia, Ventura, Marta Fatá, Ribas, Guillermo García, de Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Frech, Fernando Alonso, Ruã­z, Pedro J. García, Martínez-Descals, Asunciã³n, Guerrero, Rosa, Artiga, María José Saiz, Sã¡nchez, Vicenta, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, Fortuna, Lorenza, Manzanares, Salvadora, Reinante, Gema, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, Moreau, Laura Vivanco, González González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Salvador, Carlo, Martã­n, Esther Suaréz San, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Gorospe, Aranzazãº, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, Arques, Penelope Nava, Rodrã­guez, María José Torre, Pastor, Barbara Vive, Gaston, Itziar, Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria Dolore, Moreno, Jose Manuel Garcia, Lucena, Carolina Mendez, Damas, Fatima, Cortegana, Hermoso Eva Pacheco, Peã±a, José Chacón, Redondo, Lui, Carrillo, Fã¡tima, Teresa Cáceres, Marã­a, Mir, Pablo, Suarez, María José Lama, Vargas-González, Laura, Bosca, Maria E., Brugada, Francisco Castera, Burguera, Juan Andre, Campos, Anabel, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, Berglund, Peter, Constantinescu, Radu, Fredlund, Gunnel, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Linnsand, Petra, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Wentzel, Magnu, Loutfi, Ghada, Olofsson, Carina, Stattin, Eva-Lena, Westman, Laila, Wikstrã¶m, Birgitta, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schã¼pbach, Michael, Weber Zaugg, Sabine, Hauer, Maria, Gonzenbach, Roman, Jung, Hans H., Mihaylova, Violeta, Petersen, Jen, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, Simpson, Sheila A, Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughan, Vivien, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, de Souza, Jenny, Piedad, John, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Gethin, Louise, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Armstrong, Matthew, Barker, Roger A., O'Keefe, Deidre, Di Pietro, Anna, Fisher, Kate, Goodman, Anna, Hill, Susan, Kershaw, Ann, Mason, Sarah, Paterson, Nicole, Raymond, Lucy, Swain, Rachel, Guzman, Natalie Valle, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Clenaghan, Catherine, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Rosser, Anne, Edwards, Maureen, Carrie, Ho, Hughes, Teresa, Mcgill, Marie, Pearson, Pauline, Porteous, Mary, Smith, Paul, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, Mckenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Burrows, Liz, Chu, Carol, Fletcher, Amy, Gallantrae, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Harding, Alison, Klã¶ppel, Stefan, Kraus, Alison, Laver, Fiona, Lewis, Monica, Longthorpe, Mandy, Markova, Ivana, Raman, Ashok, Robertson, Nicola, Silva, Mark, Thomson, Aileen, Wild, Sue, Yardumian, Pam, Evans, Carole, Gallentrae, Deena, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Musgrave, Hannah, Rowett, Liz, Toscano, Jean, Bourne, Colin, Clapton, Jackie, Clayton, Carole, Dipple, Heather, Freire-Patino, Dawn, Grant, Janet, Gross, Diana, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Murch, Ann, Thompson, Catherine, Alusi, Sundu, Davies, Rhy, Foy, Kevin, Gerrans, Emily, Pate, Louise, Andrews, Thomasin, Dougherty, Andrew, Golding, Charlotte, Kavalier, Fred, Laing, Hana, Lashwood, Alison, Robertson, Dene, Ruddy, Deborah, Santhouse, Alastair, Whaite, Anna, Bruno, Stefania, Doherty, Karen, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lahiri, Nayana, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Rosser, Elisabeth, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thoma, Wild, Edward, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Rogers, Dawn, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iri, Verstraelen, Nichola, Westmoreland, Leann, Armstrong, Richard, Dixon, Kathryn, Nemeth, Andrea H, Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, David, Harrison, Hughes, Max, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Gill, Paul, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Quarrell, Oliver, Lau, Puay Ngoh, Pica, Emmanul, Tan, Louis, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, Neurology, Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée (BNMI), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Moss, Davina J Hensman, Lo, Kitty, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Santos, R Dar, Ret, C Jauff, Valabrègue, R., Witjes-Ane, M. -N., Man, A Hoff, Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Nielsen, Jørgen, Päivärinta, Markku, Sebastián, A Rojo, Wahlström, Jan, Garde, Monica Bascuñana, Laurà, Matilde, Descals, Asunción Martínez, Martinez-Horta, Saül, Mütze, Lisanne, Padieu, Hélène, Røren, Niini, Šašinková, Pavla, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Müller, Nicole, Schöggl, Helmut, Müller, Christoph, Minet, Cécile, Ribaï, Pascale, Klempír, Jirí, Majerová, Veronika, Stárková, Irena, Nielsen, Jørgen E., Hyppönen, Hannele, Gohier, Bénédicte, Guérid, Marie-Anne, Duché, Charlotte, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Barthélémy, Rekha, Lemaire, Marie-Hélène, Sablonnière, Bernard, Simonin, Clémence, Thibault-Tanchou, Stéphanie, Blin, Stéphanie, Courtin, Françoise, Duru, Cécile, Fasquel, Véronique, Mantaux, Béatrice, Fluchere, Frédérique, Julié, Celine, Prüß, Harald, Löhle, Matthia, Münchau, Alexander, Bürk, Katrin, Möller, Jens Carsten, Mühlau, Mark, Städtler, Michael, Hölzner, Eva, Leythäuser, Gabriele, Süßmuth, Sigurd, Marchese, Roberta, DI MAIO, Luigi, ’t Hart, Ellen P., Bjørgo, Kathrine, Gørvell, Per F., Retterstøl, Lar, Bjørnevoll, Inga, Wójcik, Magdalena, Guerra, Maria Rosália, Herrera, Carmen Durán, Catena, Judit López, Ferrer, Pilar Quiléz, Sebastián, Ana Rojo, Busquets, Núria, Idiago, Jesús Miguel Ruiz, Fenollar, María, García, Rocío García-Ramo, Bascuñana, Mónica, Ventura, Marta Fatá, Ribas, Guillermo García, de Yébenes, Justo García, Moreno, José Luis López-Sendón, Ruíz, Pedro J García, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Artiga, María José Saiz, Sánchez, Vicenta, Perea, María Fuensanta Noguera, Torres, María Martirio Antequera, González González, Sonia, Guisasola, Luis Menéndez, Martín, Esther Suaréz San, Ramirez, Inés Legarda, Gorospe, Aranzazú, Lopera, Mónica Rodriguez, Rodríguez, María José Torre, Peña, José Chacón, Carrillo, Fátima, Teresa Cáceres, María, Suarez, María José Lama, Vargas-González, Laura, Vilaplana, Garcia Carmen Peiró, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Wikström, Birgitta, Schüpbach, Michael, Ho, Carrie, Klöppel, Stefan, Harrison, David, Cardiff University, University of Iowa [Iowa City], University of British Columbia (UBC), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), UCL, Institute of Neurology [London], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Center for NeuroImaging Research-Human MRI Neuroimaging core facility for clinical research [ICM Paris] (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFR de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle (IFR 49), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), CHU Amiens-Picardie, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies - UR UPJV 4559 (LNFP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), CHirurgie, IMagerie et REgénération tissulaire de l’extrémité céphalique - Caractérisation morphologique et fonctionnelle - UR UPJV 7516 (CHIMERE), TRACK-HD investigators, Pardinas, Antonio F, Langbehn, Douglas, Lee, S Hong, TRACK-HD Investigators, and REGISTRY Investigators

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Registrie, Genome-wide association study, Longitudinal Studie, Disease, Bioinformatics, Severity of Illness Index, Principal Component Analysi, Longitudinal Studies, Registries, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Huntington disease, DNA-Binding Proteins, Settore MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA, Adult, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Huntington Disease, MutS Homolog 3 Protein, Principal Component Analysis, Disease Progression, Neurology (clinical), huntingtin gene, age of onest, Huntington’s disease, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, cag repeat, instability, DNA-Binding Protein, Clinical Neurology, Principal component analysis, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Huntington's disease, Internal medicine, medicine, SNP, genome-wide association study, medicine.disease, R1, meta-analysis, Minor allele frequency, 030104 developmental biology, Age of onset, Trinucleotide repeat expansion, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation. Funding The European Commission FP7 NeurOmics project; CHDI Foundation; the Medical Research Council UK; the Brain Research Trust; and the Guarantors of Brain.

Published
2017

15. State and Angular Dependence of Single-Event Upsets in an Asymmetric RC-Hardened SRAM Using Deep Trench Capacitors

Author

Jason F. Ross, Ashok Raman, Nadim F. Haddad, John C. Rodgers, Lloyd W. Massengill, Ronald D. Schrimpf, Andrew T. Kelly, Ernesto Chan, Dennis R. Ball, Michael L. Alles, and Marek Turowski

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Event (relativity), Deep trench, Electrical engineering, law.invention, Capacitor, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Electronic engineering, Angular dependence, State (computer science), Static random-access memory, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Published
2014

16. An Investigation of Single-Event Effects and Potential SEU Mitigation Strategies in Fourth-Generation, 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS

Author

Nelson E. Lourenco, Zachary E. Fleetwood, S.D. Phillips, Stephen P. Buchner, Dale McMorrow, Marek Turowski, Ashok Raman, Troy D. England, Kurt A. Moen, Pauline Paki-Amouzou, Jeffrey H. Warner, John D. Cressler, David L. Harame, Adilson S. Cardoso, and Jack Pekarik

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, BiCMOS, Reduction (complexity), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Electronic engineering, Optoelectronics, Transient (oscillation), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Sensitivity (electronics), Common emitter, Shift register
Abstract

The single-event effect sensitivity of fourth-generation, 90 nm SiGe HBTs is investigated. Inverse-mode, ≥1.0 Gbps SiGe digital logic using standard, unoptimized, fourth-generation SiGe HBTs is demonstrated and the inverse-mode shift register exhibited a reduction in bit-error cross section across all ion-strike LETs. Ion-strike simulations on dc calibrated, 3-D TCAD SiGe HBT models show a reduction in peak current transient magnitude and a reduction in overall transient duration for bulk SiGe HBTs operating in inverse mode. These improvements in device-level SETs are attributed to the electrical isolation of the physical emitter from the subcollector-substrate junction and the high doping in the SiGe HBT base and emitter, suggesting that SiGe BiCMOS technology scaling will drive further improvements in inverse-mode device and circuit-level SEE. Two-photon absorption experiments at NRL support the transient mechanisms described in the device-level TCAD simulations. Fully-coupled mixed-mode simulations predict large improvements in circuit-level SEU for inverse-mode SiGe HBTs in multi-Gbps, inverse-mode digital logic.

Published
2013

17. Titin founder mutation is a common cause of myofibrillar myopathy with early respiratory failure

Author

Patrick F. Chinnery, John B Winer, Kate Bushby, Hanns Lochmüller, Helen Griffin, Aravind V Ramesh, Gerald Pfeffer, Anna Sarkozy, Mark Busby, Maria Elena Farrugia, Volker Straub, Ian J. Wilson, Rita Barresi, J. Hudson, Steven A. Hardy, Hedley C. A. Emsley, Hannah R Elliott, Ashok Raman, Sujit S. Vaidya, Aleksandar Radunovic, Rita Horvath, Chris Everett, and Alec Ming

Subjects
Adult, Male, Gerontology, Neuromuscular disease, Disease, medicine.disease_cause, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, 0302 clinical medicine, Muscular Diseases, medicine, Humans, Connectin, Muscular dystrophy, Muscle, Skeletal, Myopathy, Aged, 030304 developmental biology, Sanger sequencing, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Mutation, biology, business.industry, Genetic Diseases, Inborn, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Founder Effect, Pedigree, 3. Good health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Haplotypes, biology.protein, symbols, Female, Surgery, Titin, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, Respiratory Insufficiency, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Founder effect
Abstract

Objective Titin gene (TTN) mutations have been described in eight families with hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure (HMERF). Some of the original patients had features resembling myofibrillar myopathy (MFM), arguing that TTN mutations could be a much more common cause of inherited muscle disease, especially in presence of early respiratory involvement. Methods We studied 127 undiagnosed patients with clinical presentation compatible with MFM. Sanger sequencing for the two previously described TTN mutations in HMERF (p.C30071R in the 119th fibronectin-3 (FN3) domain, and p.R32450W in the kinase domain) was performed in all patients. Patients with mutations had detailed review of their clinical records, muscle MRI findings and muscle pathology. Results We identified five new families with the p.C30071R mutation who were clinically similar to previously reported cases, and muscle pathology demonstrated diagnostic features of MFM. Two further families had novel variants in the 119th FN3 domain (p.P30091L and p.N30145K). No patients were identified with mutations at position p.32450. Conclusions Mutations in TTN are a cause of MFM, and titinopathy is more common than previously thought. The finding of the p.C30071R mutation in 3.9% of our study population is likely due to a British founder effect. The occurrence of novel FN3 domain variants, although still of uncertain pathogenicity, suggests that other mutations in this domain may cause MFM, and that the disease is likely to be globally distributed. We suggest that HMERF due to mutations in the TTN gene be nosologically classified as MFM-titinopathy.

Published
2013

19. Clinical manifestations of intermediate allele carriers in Huntington disease

Author

Cubo E., Ramos-Arroyo M. A., Martinez-Horta S., Martinez-Descalls A., Calvo S., Gil-Polo CAnne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Ida Biunno, Raphael M Bonelli, Jean-Marc Burgunder, Stephen B Dunnett, Joaquim J Ferreira, Olivia J Handley, Arvid Heiberg, Torsten Illmann, G Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Jamie Levey, Maria Ramos-Arroyo, Jørgen E Nielsen, Susana Pro Koivisto, Markku Päivärinta, Raymund A C Roos, Ana Rojo Sebastián, Sarah J Tabrizi, Wim Vandenberghe, Christine Verellen-Dumoulin, Tereza Uhrova, Jan Wahlström, Jacek Zaremba, Verena Baake, Katrin Barth, Adrien Come, Leonor Correia Guedes, Ana Maria Finisterra, Monica Bascuñana Garde, Reineke Bos, Sabrina Betz, Jenny Callaghan, Selene Capodarca, Sébastien Charpentier, Wildson Vieira da Silva, Martina Di Renzo, Daniel Ecker, Ruth Fullam, Camille Genoves, Mette Gilling, Carina Hvalstedt, Christine Held, Andrea Horta-Barba, Kerstin Koppers, Claudia Lamanna, Matilde Laurà, Asunción Martínez Descals, Saul Martinez-Horta, Tiago Mestre, Sara Minster, Daniela Monza, Lisanne Mütze, Martin Oehmen, Helene Padieu, Laurent Paterski, Nadia Peppa, Beate Rindal, Dawn Rogers, Niini Røren, Pavla Šašinková, Yuri Seliverstov, Catherine Taylor, Erika Timewell, Jenny Townhill, Patricia Trigo Cubillo, Marleen R van Walsem, Marie-Noelle Witjes-Ané, Grzegorz Witkowski, Abigail Wright, Elizaveta Yudina, Daniel Zielonka, Eugeniusz Zielonka, Paola Zinzi, Cécile Minet, Pascale Ribaï, Dominique Van Paemel, Lena Hjermind, Oda Jacobsen, Suzanne Lindquist, Jørgen Nielsen, Lisbeth Regeur, Jette Stockholm, Ida Unmack Larsen, Christina Vangsted-Hansen, Tua Vinther-Jensen, Pia Eklund, Heli Hiivola, Hannele Hypponen, Kirsti Martikainen, Katri Tuuha, Philippe Allain, Dominique Bonneau Marie Bost, Bénédicte Gohier, Marie-Anne Guérid, Audrey Olivier, Julie Prouzet, Adriana Prundean, Clarisse Scherer-Gagou, Christophe Verny, Blandine Babiloni, Sabrina Debruxelles, Charlotte Duché, Cyril Goizet, Laetitia Jameau, Danielle Lafoucrière, Umberto Spampinato, Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi, Farideh Badei, Lotfi Boudali, Catherine Bourdet, Laurent Cléret, Maryline Couette, Cécile Focseneanu, Laurie Lemoine, Graça Morgado, Mehdi Sebaiti, Claire Thiriez, Laetitia Vervoitte, Katia Youssov, Jean-Philippe Azulay, Christelle Chabot, Marie Delfini, Alexandre Eusebio, Frédérique Fluchere, Christine Garreau, Aicha Ghenam, Hélène Grosjean, Laura Mundler, Marielle Nowak, Roland Raseta, Maïté Bertrand, Fabienne Calvas, Samia Cheriet, Laurent Marquine, Michèle Pierre, Jérémie Pariente, Sandrine Rolland, Alice Seris, Valérie Vaquie, Christoph Michael Kosinski, Eva Milkereit, Daniela Probst, Kathrin Reetz, Christian Sass, Johannes Schiefer, Christiane Schlangen, Cornelius J Werner, Gisa Ellrichmann, Lennard Herrmann, Rainer Hoffmann, Barbara Kaminski, Carsten Saft, Kai Boelmans, Christos Ganos, Ines Goerendt, Walburgis Heinicke, Ute Hidding, Jan Lewerenz, Alexander Münchau, Michael Orth, Jenny Schmalfeld, Lars Stubbe, Simone Zittel, Gabriele Diercks, Dirk Dressler, Flverly Francis, Sabine Gayde-Stephan, Heike Gorzolla, Bianca Kramer, Rebecca Minschke, Christoph Schrader, Pawel Tacik, Natalie Bechtel, Heike Beckmann, Stefan Bohlen, Nicole Göpfert, Eva Hölzner, Herwig Lange, Ralf Reilmann, Stefanie Rohm, Silke Rumpf, Sigrun Schepers, Nathalia Weber, Michael Bachmeier, Matthias Dose, Nina Hofstetter, Ralf Marquard, Alzbeta Mühlbäck, Andrea Buck, Julia Connemann, Carolin Geitner, Andrea Kesse, Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, Franziska Lezius, Solveig Nepper, Anke Niess, Ariane Schneider, Daniela Schwenk, Sigurd Süssmuth, Sonja Trautmann, Patrick Weydt, Stephan Klebe, Thomas Musacchio, Christine Leypold, Kerstin Nöth, Claudia Cormio, Marina de Tommaso, Anna Rita Dellomonaco, Olimpia Difruscolo, Giovanni Franco, Vittorio Sciruicchio, Claudia Serpino, Michela Figorilli, Francesco Marrosu, Antonella Muroni, Valeria Piras, Melisa Vacca, Caterina Bartoli, Elisabetta Bertini, Fernanda Fortunato, Elena Ghelli, Andrea Ginestroni, Claudia Mechi, Marco Paganini, Silvia Piacentini, Silvia Pradella, Anna Maria Romoli, Sandro Sorbi, Giuseppe De Michele, Luigi Di Maio, Carlo Rinaldi, Marco Massarelli, Silvio Peluso, Alessandro Roca, Cinzia Valeria Russo, Pierpaolo Sorrentino, Elena Salvatore, Tecla Tucci, Milena Cannella, Valentina Codella, Francesca De Gregorio, Annunziata De Nicola, Francesca Elifani, Tiziana Martino, Francesca Lovo, Irene Mazzante, Martina Petrollini, Maria Simonelli, Ferdinando Squitieri, Maurizio Vezza, Barbara D'Alessio, Chiara Esposito, Giulia Coarelli, Michela Ferraldeschi, Marina Frontali, Gioia Jacopini, Giovanni Ristori, Silvia Romano, Monique S E van Hout, Jeroen P P van Vugt, A Marit de Weert, Marloes Verhoeven, Simon J A van den Bogaard, Eve M Dumas, Ellen P 't Hart, Milou Jacobs, Anne Kampstra, Anne Schoonderbeek, Nils Olav Aanonsen, Olaf Aaserud, Liv Barnett, Kathrine Bjørgo, Nancy Borgerød, Elisabeth Dramstad, Madeleine Fannemel, Jan Frich, Helen Gundersen, Per Gørvell, Kathrine Haggag, Cecilie Haggag Johannessen, Lars Retterstøl, Oddveig Rosby, Jutta Rummel, Alma Sikiric, Olga Solberg, Marleen van Walsem, Ragnhild Wehus, Artur Dziadkiewicz, Agnieszka Konkel, Ewa Narożańska, Malgorzata Nowak, Piotr Robowski, Emilia Sitek, Jaroslaw Slawek, Witold Soltan, Michal Szinwelski, Michał Arkuszewski, Magdalena Błaszczyk, Magdalena Boczarska-Jedynak, Ewelina Ciach-Wysocka, Agnieszka Gorzkowska, Barbara Jasińska-Myga, Aleksandra Kaczmarczyk, Gabriela Kłodowska-Duda, Grzegorz Opala, Monika Rudzińska, Daniel Stompel, Krzysztof Banaszkiewicz, Dorota Boćwińska, Kamila Bojakowska-Jaremek, Małgorzata Dec, Natalia Grabska, Malgorzata Krawczyk, Ewelina Kubowicz, Michalina Malec-Litwinowicz, Agata Stenwak, Andrzej Szczudlik, Elżbieta Szczygieł, Magdalena Wójcik, Anna Wasielewska, Jacek Anioła Anna Bryl, Anna Ciesielska, Aneta Klimberg, Jerzy Marcinkowski, Husam Samara, Justyna Sempołowicz, Bartłomiej Wiśniewski, Anna Gogol, Piotr Janik, Zygmunt Jamrozik, Anna Kaminska, Hubert Kwiecinski, Jakub Antczak, Katarzyna Jachinska, Wioletta Krysa, Maryla Rakowicz, Przemyslaw Richter, Rafal Rola, Danuta Ryglewicz, Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Iwona Stępniak, Anna Sułek, Elzbieta Zdzienicka, Karolina Ziora-Jakutowicz, Cristina Januário, Filipa Júlio, Ana Salgueiro, Miguel Coelho, Tiago Mendes, Mário Miguel Rosa, Anabela Valadas, Cristina Semedo, Ana Calado, Joana Morgado, Margarida Dias, Manuel Almeida, Carmen Durán Herrera, Patrocinio Garcia Moreno, Jordi Bas, Núria Busquets, Matilde Calopa, Serge Jaumà Classen, Nadia Rodríguez Dedichá, Miquel Aguilar Barbera, Sonia Arribas Pardo, Dolors Badenes Guia, Noemi Calzado, Laura Casas Hernanz, Juan Pablo Tartari Díaz-Zorita, Judit López Catena, Pilar Quiléz Ferrer, Gemma Tome Carruesco, Misericordia Floriach Robert, Cèlia Mareca Viladrich, Elvira Roca, Jesús Miguel Ruiz Idiago, Antonio Villa Riballo, Antonia Campolongo, Ramon Fernandez de Bobadilla, Jaime Kulisevsky Bojarsky, Javier Pagonabarraga, Jesus Perez Perez, Carolina Villa, Maria Angeles Acera Gil, Koldo Berganzo Corrales, Juan Carlos Gomez Esteban, Amaia González, Beatriz Tijero Merino, Esther Cubo, Natividad Mariscal, Sandra Gutierrez Romero, José Matías Arbelo, Rocío Malo de Molina, Idaira Martín, Juan Manuel Periañez, Beatriz Udaeta, Fernando Alonso-Frech, Belén Frades, Marina Ávila Villanueva, Maria Ascension Zea Sevilla, Fernando Alonso Frech, María Del Mar Fenollar, Rocío García-Ramos García, Clara Villanueva, Mónica Bascuñana, Marta Fatás Ventura, Juan García Caldentey, Guillermo García Ribas, Justo García de Yébenes, José Luis López-Sendón Moreno, Verónica Mañanes Barral, Cici Feliz Feliz, Pedro José García Ruíz, Ana García, Rosa Guerrero López, Antonio Herranz Bárcenas, Asunción Martínez-Descals, Angel Martínez Pueyo, Veronica Puertas Martin, Noelia Rodríguez Martínez, María José Sainz Artiga, Vicenta Sánchez, Javier Del Val Fernandez, Carmen Antúnez Almagro, Salvadora Manzanares, Juan Marín Muñoz, María Martirio Antequera Torres, Fuensanta Noguera Perea, Laura Vivancos Moreau, Sonia González, Luis Menéndez Guisasola, Carlos Salvador, René Ribacoba, Pablo Sánchez Lozano, Marta Para Prieto, Aránzazu Gorospe, Inés Legarda Ramirez, Penelope Navas Arques, Monica Rodriguez Lopera, Barbara Vives Pastor, Itziar Gaston, Maria Antonia Ramos-Arroyo, Maria Dolores Martinez-Jaurrieta, José Manuel García Moreno, Carolina Mendez Lucena, José Chacón Peña, Fátima Damas Hermoso, Eva Pacheco Cortegana, Luis Redondo, Cristina Melgar Fernandez, Maite Paredes Mata, Maria Dolores Romero Lemos, Maria Bosca, Juan Andres Burguera, Francisco Castera Brugada Carmen Peiró Vilaplana, Elena Bellosta Diago, Javier López Del Val, Laura Martinez Martinez, Elena López, Peter Berglund, Radu Constantinescu, Gunnel Fredlund, Ulrika Høsterey-Ugander, Liselotte Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Yanik Stebler, Alain Kaelin, Irene Romero, Michael Schüpbach, Sabine Weber Zaugg, Lorna Downie, Roisin Jack, Kirsty Matheson, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Daniela Rae, Sheila A Simpson, Fiona Summers, Alexandra Ure, Vivien Vaughn, Shahbana Akhtar, Jenny Crooks, Adrienne Curtis, Jenny de Souza, John Piedad, Hugh Rickards, Jan Wright, Elizabeth Coulthard, Louise Gethin, Beverley Hayward, Kasia Sieradzan, Monica Busse, Cynthia Butcher, Stephen Dunnett, Catherine Clenaghan, Sarah Hunt, Lesley Jones, Una Jones, Hanan Khalil, Michael Owen, Kathleen Price, Anne Rosser, Peter Brockie, Jillian Foster, Nicola Johns, Sue McKenzie, Jean Rothery, Gareth Thomas, Shona Yates, Alyson Andrew, Julie Frost, Rupert Noad, Jeremy Cosgrove, Deena Gallantree, Stephanie Hamer, Emma Hobson, Stuart Jamieson, Alison Kraus, Mandy Longthorpe, Ivana Markova, Hannah Musgrave, Caroline Peacy, Ashok Raman, Liz Rowett, Jean Toscano, Sue Wild, Carole Clayton, Pam Yardumian, Heather Dipple, Dawn Freire- Patino, Caroline Hallam, Julia Middleton, Uruj Anjum, Jan Coebergh, Charlotte Eddy, Nayana Lahiri, Meriel McEntagart, Michael Patton, Maria Peterson, Sarah Rose, Thomasin Andrews, Stefanie Brown, Stefania Bruno, Elvina Chu, Karen Doherty, Charlotte Golding, Salman Haider, Davina Hensman, Monica Lewis, Marianne Novak, Aakta Patel, Joy Read, Nicola Robertson, Elisabeth Rosser, Sarah Tabrizi, Rachel Taylor, Thomas Warner, Edward Wild, Natalie Arran, Judith Bek, David Craufurd, Marianne Hare, Liz Howard, Susan Huson, Liz Johnson, Mary Jones, Ashok Krishnamoorthy, Helen Murphy, Emma Oughton, Lucy Partington-Jones, Andrea Sollom, Julie Snowden, Cheryl Stopford, Jennifer Thompson, Iris Trender-Gerhard, Nichola Verstraelen, Leann Westmoreland, Ginette Cass, Lynn Davidson, Jill Davison, Neil Fullerton, Katrina Holmes, Suresh Komati, Sharon McDonnell, Zeid Mohammed, Karen Morgan, Lois Savage, Baldev Singh, Josh Wood, Andrea H Nemeth, Gill Siuda, Ruth Valentine, Kathryn Dixon, Richard Armstrong, David Harrison, Max Hughes, Sandra Large, John O Donovan, Amy Palmer, Andrew Parkinson, Beverley Soltysiak, Leanne Timings, Josh Williams, Oliver Bandmann, Alyson Bradbury, Helen Fairtlough, Kay Fillingham, Isabella Foustanos, Paul Gill, Mbombe Kazoka, Kirsty O'Donovan, Louise Nevitt, Oliver Quarrell, Cat Taylor, Katherine Tidswell, Lesley Gowers, Kingsley Powell, Pamela Bethwaite, Rachel Edwards, Kathleen Fuller, Michelle Phillips, Univ Angers, Okina, E., Cubo, M. A., Ramos-Arroyo, S., Martinez-Horta, A., Martinez-Descall, S., Calvo, CAnne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi, Gil-Polo, Rita Bentivoglio, Anna, Biunno, Ida, M Bonelli, Raphael, Burgunder, Jean-Marc, B Dunnett, Stephen, J Ferreira, Joaquim, J Handley, Olivia, Heiberg, Arvid, Illmann, Torsten, Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, G, Levey, Jamie, Ramos-Arroyo, Maria, E Nielsen, Jørgen, Pro Koivisto, Susana, Päivärinta, Markku, C Roos, Raymund A, Rojo Sebastián, Ana, J Tabrizi, Sarah, Vandenberghe, Wim, Verellen-Dumoulin, Christine, Uhrova, Tereza, Wahlström, Jan, Zaremba, Jacek, Baake, Verena, Barth, Katrin, Come, Adrien, Correia Guedes, Leonor, Maria Finisterra, Ana, Bascuñana Garde, Monica, Bos, Reineke, Betz, Sabrina, Callaghan, Jenny, Capodarca, Selene, Charpentier, Sébastien, Vieira da Silva, Wildson, Di Renzo, Martina, Ecker, Daniel, Fullam, Ruth, Genoves, Camille, Gilling, Mette, Hvalstedt, Carina, Held, Christine, Horta-Barba, Andrea, Koppers, Kerstin, Lamanna, Claudia, Laurà, Matilde, Martínez Descals, Asunción, Martinez-Horta, Saul, Mestre, Tiago, Minster, Sara, Monza, Daniela, Mütze, Lisanne, Oehmen, Martin, Padieu, Helene, Paterski, Laurent, Peppa, Nadia, Rindal, Beate, Rogers, Dawn, Røren, Niini, Šašinková, Pavla, Seliverstov, Yuri, Taylor, Catherine, Timewell, Erika, Townhill, Jenny, Trigo Cubillo, Patricia, R van Walsem, Marleen, Witjes-Ané, Marie-Noelle, Witkowski, Grzegorz, Wright, Abigail, Yudina, Elizaveta, Zielonka, Daniel, Zielonka, Eugeniusz, Zinzi, Paola, Minet, Cécile, Ribaï, Pascale, Van Paemel, Dominique, Hjermind, Lena, Jacobsen, Oda, Lindquist, Suzanne, Nielsen, Jørgen, Regeur, Lisbeth, Stockholm, Jette, Unmack Larsen, Ida, Vangsted-Hansen, Christina, Vinther-Jensen, Tua, Eklund, Pia, Hiivola, Heli, Hypponen, Hannele, Martikainen, Kirsti, Tuuha, Katri, Allain, Philippe, Bonneau Marie Bost, Dominique, Gohier, Bénédicte, Guérid, Marie-Anne, Olivier, Audrey, Prouzet, Julie, Prundean, Adriana, Scherer-Gagou, Clarisse, Verny, Christophe, Babiloni, Blandine, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Duché, Charlotte, Goizet, Cyril, Jameau, Laetitia, Lafoucrière, Danielle, Spampinato, Umberto, Bachoud-Lévi, Anne-Catherine, Badei, Farideh, Boudali, Lotfi, Bourdet, Catherine, Cléret, Laurent, Couette, Maryline, Focseneanu, Cécile, Lemoine, Laurie, Morgado, Graça, Sebaiti, Mehdi, Thiriez, Claire, Vervoitte, Laetitia, Youssov, Katia, Azulay, Jean-Philippe, Chabot, Christelle, Delfini, Marie, Eusebio, Alexandre, Fluchere, Frédérique, Garreau, Christine, Ghenam, Aicha, Grosjean, Hélène, Mundler, Laura, Nowak, Marielle, Raseta, Roland, Bertrand, Maïté, Calvas, Fabienne, Cheriet, Samia, Marquine, Laurent, Pierre, Michèle, Pariente, Jérémie, Rolland, Sandrine, Seris, Alice, Vaquie, Valérie, Michael Kosinski, Christoph, Milkereit, Eva, Probst, Daniela, Reetz, Kathrin, Sass, Christian, Schiefer, Johanne, Schlangen, Christiane, J Werner, Corneliu, Ellrichmann, Gisa, Herrmann, Lennard, Hoffmann, Rainer, Kaminski, Barbara, Saft, Carsten, Boelmans, Kai, Ganos, Christo, Goerendt, Ine, Heinicke, Walburgi, Hidding, Ute, Lewerenz, Jan, Münchau, Alexander, Orth, Michael, Schmalfeld, Jenny, Stubbe, Lar, Zittel, Simone, Diercks, Gabriele, Dressler, Dirk, Francis, Flverly, Gayde-Stephan, Sabine, Gorzolla, Heike, Kramer, Bianca, Minschke, Rebecca, Schrader, Christoph, Tacik, Pawel, Bechtel, Natalie, Beckmann, Heike, Bohlen, Stefan, Göpfert, Nicole, Hölzner, Eva, Lange, Herwig, Reilmann, Ralf, Rohm, Stefanie, Rumpf, Silke, Schepers, Sigrun, Weber, Nathalia, Bachmeier, Michael, Dose, Matthia, Hofstetter, Nina, Marquard, Ralf, Mühlbäck, Alzbeta, Buck, Andrea, Connemann, Julia, Geitner, Carolin, Kesse, Andrea, Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard, Lezius, Franziska, Nepper, Solveig, Niess, Anke, Schneider, Ariane, Schwenk, Daniela, Süssmuth, Sigurd, Trautmann, Sonja, Weydt, Patrick, Klebe, Stephan, Musacchio, Thoma, Leypold, Christine, Nöth, Kerstin, Cormio, Claudia, de Tommaso, Marina, Rita Dellomonaco, Anna, Difruscolo, Olimpia, Franco, Giovanni, Sciruicchio, Vittorio, Serpino, Claudia, Figorilli, Michela, Marrosu, Francesco, Muroni, Antonella, Piras, Valeria, Vacca, Melisa, Bartoli, Caterina, Bertini, Elisabetta, Fortunato, Fernanda, Ghelli, Elena, Ginestroni, Andrea, Mechi, Claudia, Paganini, Marco, Piacentini, Silvia, Pradella, Silvia, Maria Romoli, Anna, Sorbi, Sandro, DE MICHELE, Giuseppe, Di Maio, Luigi, Rinaldi, Carlo, Massarelli, Marco, Peluso, Silvio, Roca, Alessandro, Russo, CINZIA VALERIA, Sorrentino, Pierpaolo, Salvatore, Elena, Tucci, Tecla, Cannella, Milena, Codella, Valentina, De Gregorio, Francesca, De Nicola, Annunziata, Elifani, Francesca, Martino, Tiziana, Lovo, Francesca, Mazzante, Irene, Petrollini, Martina, Simonelli, Maria, Squitieri, Ferdinando, Vezza, Maurizio, D'Alessio, Barbara, Esposito, Chiara, Coarelli, Giulia, Ferraldeschi, Michela, Frontali, Marina, Jacopini, Gioia, Ristori, Giovanni, Romano, Silvia, E van Hout, Monique S, P van Vugt, Jeroen P, Marit de Weert, A, Verhoeven, Marloe, A van den Bogaard, Simon J, M Dumas, Eve, P 't Hart, Ellen, Jacobs, Milou, Kampstra, Anne, Schoonderbeek, Anne, Olav Aanonsen, Nil, Aaserud, Olaf, Barnett, Liv, Bjørgo, Kathrine, Borgerød, Nancy, Dramstad, Elisabeth, Fannemel, Madeleine, Frich, Jan, Gundersen, Helen, Gørvell, Per, Haggag, Kathrine, Haggag Johannessen, Cecilie, Retterstøl, Lar, Rosby, Oddveig, Rummel, Jutta, Sikiric, Alma, Solberg, Olga, van Walsem, Marleen, Wehus, Ragnhild, Dziadkiewicz, Artur, Konkel, Agnieszka, Narożańska, Ewa, Nowak, Malgorzata, Robowski, Piotr, Sitek, Emilia, Slawek, Jaroslaw, Soltan, Witold, Szinwelski, Michal, Arkuszewski, Michał, Błaszczyk, Magdalena, Boczarska-Jedynak, Magdalena, Ciach-Wysocka, Ewelina, Gorzkowska, Agnieszka, Jasińska-Myga, Barbara, Kaczmarczyk, Aleksandra, Kłodowska-Duda, Gabriela, Opala, Grzegorz, Rudzińska, Monika, Stompel, Daniel, Banaszkiewicz, Krzysztof, Boćwińska, Dorota, Bojakowska-Jaremek, Kamila, Dec, Małgorzata, Grabska, Natalia, Krawczyk, Malgorzata, Kubowicz, Ewelina, Malec-Litwinowicz, Michalina, Stenwak, Agata, Szczudlik, Andrzej, Szczygieł, Elżbieta, Wójcik, Magdalena, Wasielewska, Anna, Anioła Anna Bryl, Jacek, Ciesielska, Anna, Klimberg, Aneta, Marcinkowski, Jerzy, Samara, Husam, Sempołowicz, Justyna, Wiśniewski, Bartłomiej, Gogol, Anna, Janik, Piotr, Jamrozik, Zygmunt, Kaminska, Anna, Kwiecinski, Hubert, Antczak, Jakub, Jachinska, Katarzyna, Krysa, Wioletta, Rakowicz, Maryla, Richter, Przemyslaw, Rola, Rafal, Ryglewicz, Danuta, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Halina, Stępniak, Iwona, Sułek, Anna, Zdzienicka, Elzbieta, Ziora-Jakutowicz, Karolina, Januário, Cristina, Júlio, Filipa, Salgueiro, Ana, Coelho, Miguel, Mendes, Tiago, Miguel Rosa, Mário, Valadas, Anabela, Semedo, Cristina, Calado, Ana, Morgado, Joana, Dias, Margarida, Almeida, Manuel, Durán Herrera, Carmen, Garcia Moreno, Patrocinio, Bas, Jordi, Busquets, Núria, Calopa, Matilde, Jaumà Classen, Serge, Rodríguez Dedichá, Nadia, Aguilar Barbera, Miquel, Arribas Pardo, Sonia, Badenes Guia, Dolor, Calzado, Noemi, Casas Hernanz, Laura, Pablo Tartari Díaz-Zorita, Juan, López Catena, Judit, Quiléz Ferrer, Pilar, Tome Carruesco, Gemma, Floriach Robert, Misericordia, Mareca Viladrich, Cèlia, Roca, Elvira, Miguel Ruiz Idiago, Jesú, Villa Riballo, Antonio, Campolongo, Antonia, Fernandez de Bobadilla, Ramon, Kulisevsky Bojarsky, Jaime, Pagonabarraga, Javier, Perez Perez, Jesu, Villa, Carolina, Angeles Acera Gil, Maria, Berganzo Corrales, Koldo, Carlos Gomez Esteban, Juan, González, Amaia, Tijero Merino, Beatriz, Cubo, Esther, Mariscal, Natividad, Gutierrez Romero, Sandra, Matías Arbelo, José, Malo de Molina, Rocío, Martín, Idaira, Manuel Periañez, Juan, Udaeta, Beatriz, Alonso-Frech, Fernando, Frades, Belén, Ávila Villanueva, Marina, Ascension Zea Sevilla, Maria, Alonso Frech, Fernando, Del Mar Fenollar, María, García-Ramos García, Rocío, Villanueva, Clara, Bascuñana, Mónica, Fatás Ventura, Marta, García Caldentey, Juan, García Ribas, Guillermo, García de Yébenes, Justo, Luis López-Sendón Moreno, José, Mañanes Barral, Verónica, Feliz Feliz, Cici, José García Ruíz, Pedro, García, Ana, Guerrero López, Rosa, Herranz Bárcenas, Antonio, Martínez-Descals, Asunción, Martínez Pueyo, Angel, Puertas Martin, Veronica, Rodríguez Martínez, Noelia, José Sainz Artiga, María, Sánchez, Vicenta, Del Val Fernandez, Javier, Antúnez Almagro, Carmen, Manzanares, Salvadora, Marín Muñoz, Juan, Martirio Antequera Torres, María, Noguera Perea, Fuensanta, Vivancos Moreau, Laura, González, Sonia, Menéndez Guisasola, Lui, Salvador, Carlo, Ribacoba, René, Sánchez Lozano, Pablo, Para Prieto, Marta, Gorospe, Aránzazu, Legarda Ramirez, Iné, Navas Arques, Penelope, Rodriguez Lopera, Monica, Vives Pastor, Barbara, Gaston, Itziar, Antonia Ramos-Arroyo, Maria, Dolores Martinez-Jaurrieta, Maria, Manuel García Moreno, José, Mendez Lucena, Carolina, Chacón Peña, José, Damas Hermoso, Fátima, Pacheco Cortegana, Eva, Redondo, Lui, Melgar Fernandez, Cristina, Paredes Mata, Maite, Dolores Romero Lemos, Maria, Bosca, Maria, Andres Burguera, Juan, Castera Brugada Carmen Peiró Vilaplana, Francisco, Bellosta Diago, Elena, López Del Val, Javier, Martinez Martinez, Laura, López, Elena, Berglund, Peter, Constantinescu, Radu, Fredlund, Gunnel, Høsterey-Ugander, Ulrika, Neleborn-Lingefjärd, Liselotte, Stebler, Yanik, Kaelin, Alain, Romero, Irene, Schüpbach, Michael, Weber Zaugg, Sabine, Downie, Lorna, Jack, Roisin, Matheson, Kirsty, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Rae, Daniela, A Simpson, Sheila, Summers, Fiona, Ure, Alexandra, Vaughn, Vivien, Akhtar, Shahbana, Crooks, Jenny, Curtis, Adrienne, de Souza, Jenny, Piedad, John, Rickards, Hugh, Wright, Jan, Coulthard, Elizabeth, Gethin, Louise, Hayward, Beverley, Sieradzan, Kasia, Busse, Monica, Butcher, Cynthia, Dunnett, Stephen, Clenaghan, Catherine, Hunt, Sarah, Jones, Lesley, Jones, Una, Khalil, Hanan, Owen, Michael, Price, Kathleen, Rosser, Anne, Brockie, Peter, Foster, Jillian, Johns, Nicola, Mckenzie, Sue, Rothery, Jean, Thomas, Gareth, Yates, Shona, Andrew, Alyson, Frost, Julie, Noad, Rupert, Cosgrove, Jeremy, Gallantree, Deena, Hamer, Stephanie, Hobson, Emma, Jamieson, Stuart, Kraus, Alison, Longthorpe, Mandy, Markova, Ivana, Musgrave, Hannah, Peacy, Caroline, Raman, Ashok, Rowett, Liz, Toscano, Jean, Wild, Sue, Clayton, Carole, Yardumian, Pam, Dipple, Heather, Freire- Patino, Dawn, Hallam, Caroline, Middleton, Julia, Anjum, Uruj, Coebergh, Jan, Eddy, Charlotte, Lahiri, Nayana, Mcentagart, Meriel, Patton, Michael, Peterson, Maria, Rose, Sarah, Andrews, Thomasin, Brown, Stefanie, Bruno, Stefania, Chu, Elvina, Doherty, Karen, Golding, Charlotte, Haider, Salman, Hensman, Davina, Lewis, Monica, Novak, Marianne, Patel, Aakta, Read, Joy, Robertson, Nicola, Rosser, Elisabeth, Tabrizi, Sarah, Taylor, Rachel, Warner, Thoma, Wild, Edward, Arran, Natalie, Bek, Judith, Craufurd, David, Hare, Marianne, Howard, Liz, Huson, Susan, Johnson, Liz, Jones, Mary, Krishnamoorthy, Ashok, Murphy, Helen, Oughton, Emma, Partington-Jones, Lucy, Sollom, Andrea, Snowden, Julie, Stopford, Cheryl, Thompson, Jennifer, Trender-Gerhard, Iri, Verstraelen, Nichola, Westmoreland, Leann, Cass, Ginette, Davidson, Lynn, Davison, Jill, Fullerton, Neil, Holmes, Katrina, Komati, Suresh, Mcdonnell, Sharon, Mohammed, Zeid, Morgan, Karen, Savage, Loi, Singh, Baldev, Wood, Josh, H Nemeth, Andrea, Siuda, Gill, Valentine, Ruth, Dixon, Kathryn, Armstrong, Richard, Harrison, David, Hughes, Max, Large, Sandra, O Donovan, John, Palmer, Amy, Parkinson, Andrew, Soltysiak, Beverley, Timings, Leanne, Williams, Josh, Bandmann, Oliver, Bradbury, Alyson, Fairtlough, Helen, Fillingham, Kay, Foustanos, Isabella, Gill, Paul, Kazoka, Mbombe, O'Donovan, Kirsty, Nevitt, Louise, Quarrell, Oliver, Taylor, Cat, Tidswell, Katherine, Gowers, Lesley, Powell, Kingsley, Bethwaite, Pamela, Edwards, Rachel, Fuller, Kathleen, Phillips, Michelle, Cubo, E., Ramos-Arroyo, M. A., Martinez-Horta, S., Martinez-Descalls, A., Russo, C. V., Calvo, S., Gil-Polo, C., Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée (BNMI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université d'Angers (UA), Ramos-Arroyo, María A., Martínez-Descalls, Asunción, Calvo, Sara, and Gil-Polo, Cecilia

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Registrie, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Aging, Heterozygote, Genetic counseling, Motor Disorders, Disease, Severity of Illness Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Cognition Disorder, 0302 clinical medicine, Trinucleotide Repeats, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Registries, Allele, Motor Disorder, Alleles, Huntingtin Protein, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, business.industry, Medicine (all), Trinucleotide Repeat, Cognition, Genetic Status, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Europe, Settore MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA, 030104 developmental biology, Huntington Disease, Case-Control Studies, Cohort, medicine (all), neurology (clinical), controlled clinical trial (topic), Quality of Life, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, Case-Control Studie, Cognition Disorders, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Human
Abstract

International audience; OBJECTIVE: There is controversy about the clinical consequences of intermediate alleles (IAs) in Huntington disease (HD). The main objective of this study was to establish the clinical manifestations of IA carriers for a prospective, international, European HD registry.METHODS: We assessed a cohort of participants at risk with RESULTS: Of 12,190 participants, 657 (5.38%) with CONCLUSIONS: Although aging worsened the UHDRS scores independently of the genetic status, IAs might confer a late-onset abnormal motor and cognitive phenotype. These results might have important implications for genetic counseling.CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01590589.

Published
2016

20. Effect of Carrier Transport in Oxides Surrounding Active Devices on SEU in 45 nm SOI SRAM

Author

Ronald D. Schrimpf, Ashok Raman, Dennis R. Ball, M. P. King, Marek Turowski, Michael L. Alles, and Robert A. Reed

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Random access memory, Materials science, business.industry, Sram cell, Electrical engineering, Silicon on insulator, Active devices, Charge generation, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Single event upset, Optoelectronics, Static random-access memory, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

Three-dimensional NanoTCAD simulations of a 45 nm SOI SRAM cell indicate that the contributions of charge generation and transport in the surrounding oxides have a potentially meaningful effect on the SEU response in nanotechnologies.

Published
2012

21. Accurate Modeling of Single-Event Transients in a SiGe Voltage Reference Circuit

Author

John D. Cressler, Kurt A. Moen, Jung Seungwoo, Marek Turowski, Ashok Raman, and Laleh Najafizadeh

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Analogue electronics, Computer science, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Solid modeling, Network topology, Circuit extraction, Silicon-germanium, Set (abstract data type), chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Equivalent circuit, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Voltage reference
Abstract

Single-event transients (SETs) are modeled in a SiGe voltage reference using compact model and full 3-D mixed-mode TCAD simulations. The effect of bias dependence and circuit loading on device-level transients is examined with regard to the voltage reference circuit. The circuit SET simulation approaches are benchmarked against measured data to assess their effectiveness in accurate modeling of SET in SiGe analog circuits. The mechanisms driving the SET of this voltage reference are then identified for the first time and traced back to the original device transients. These results enable the differences between the simulation results to be explained, providing new insight into best practices for the modeling circuit SET in different circuit topologies and device technologies.

Published
2011

22. Reconciling 3-D Mixed-Mode Simulations and Measured Single-Event Transients in SiGe HBTs

Author

Ashok Raman, Robert A. Reed, Guofu Niu, W Turowski, Kurt A. Moen, Jonathan A. Pellish, and John D. Cressler

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, Semiconductor device modeling, Mixed mode, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Key factors, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radiation hardening, Event (particle physics), Simulation
Abstract

Comprehensive 3-D mixed-mode simulations, including accurate modeling of parasitic elements present in the experimental setup, resulted in close agreement between simulated and experimentally-measured heavy-ion-induced transients in first-generation SiGe HBTs. We have identified the key factors affecting previous simulations and observed experimental differences. The approach employed is also applicable to other submicron, high-speed technologies. Furthermore, we present a plausible answer to the previously unexplained issue of higher collector currents in single-transistor SiGe HBT single-event transients under positive collector bias. The new observations and conclusions facilitate improved understanding and potential mitigation options.

Published
2010

23. Heavy Ion Microbeam- and Broadbeam-Induced Transients in SiGe HBTs

Author

Paul W. Marshall, Dale McMorrow, Ashok Raman, P. Paillet, Gyorgy Vizkelethy, Kurt A. Moen, S.D. Phillips, Ronald D. Schrimpf, Michael L. Alles, R.M. Diestelhorst, Paul E. Dodd, Marek Turowski, J. Baggio, John D. Cressler, Ken LaBel, Olivier Duhamel, Jonathan A. Pellish, Akil K. Sutton, V.F. Cavrois, and Robert A. Reed

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, Bipolar junction transistor, Electrical engineering, Microbeam, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Broadband, Optoelectronics, Heavy ion, Integrated circuit packaging, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Oscilloscope, business
Abstract

Silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) heavy ion-induced current transients are measured using Sandia National Laboratories' microbeam and high- and low-energy broadbeam sources at the Grand Acce?le?rateur National d'Ions Lourds, Caen, France, and the University of Jyva?skyla?, Finland. The data were captured using a custom broadband IC package and real-time digital phosphor oscilloscopes with at least 16 GHz of analog bandwidth. These data provide detailed insight into the effects of ion strike location, range, and LET.

Published
2009

24. Single Event Transient Response of SiGe Voltage References and Its Impact on the Performance of Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuits

Author

Prabir Saha, Paul W. Marshall, Marco Bellini, Ashok Raman, Kurt A. Moen, Laleh Najafizadeh, Gyorgy Vizkelethy, John D. Cressler, R.M. Diestelhorst, S.D. Phillips, and Marek Turowski

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Transistor, Electrical engineering, Mixed-signal integrated circuit, Voltage regulator, law.invention, Silicon-germanium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Transient response, Transient (oscillation), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Voltage reference, Voltage
Abstract

We investigate the single-event transient (SET) response of bandgap voltage references (BGRs) implemented in SiGe BiCMOS technology through heavy ion microbeam experiments. The SiGe BGR circuit is used to provide the input reference voltage to a voltage regulator. SiGe HBTs in the BGR circuit are struck with 36-MeV oxygen ions, and the subsequent transient responses are captured at the output of the regulator. Sensitive devices responsible for generating transients with large peak magnitudes (more than 5% of the dc output voltage) are identified. To determine the effectiveness of a transistor-layout-based radiation hardened by design (RHBD) technique with respect to immunity to SETs at the circuit level, the BGR circuit implemented with HBTs surrounded by an alternate reverse-biased pn junction (n-ring RHBD) is also bombarded with oxygen ions, and subsequent SETs are captured. Experimental results indicate that the number of events causing transients with peak magnitude more than 5% above the dc level have been reduced in the RHBD version; however, with the inclusion of the n-ring RHBD, new locations for the occurrence of transients (albeit with smaller peak magnitude) are created. Transients at the transistor-level are also independently captured and are presented. It is demonstrated that while the transients are short at the transistor level (ns duration), relatively long transients are obtained at the circuit level (hundreds of nanoseconds). In addition, the impact of the SET response of the BGR on the performance of an ultra-high-speed 3-bit SiGe analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is investigated through simulation. It is shown that ion-induced transients in the reference voltage could eventually lead to data corruption at the output of the ADC.

Published
2009

26. Multiscale Simulation Models for Transient Radiation Effects with 3D Ionizing Tracks in Semiconductor Nanodevices

Author

Michael L. Alles, Marek Turowski, Ashok Raman, Robert A. Weller, and Alexander I. Fedoseyev

Subjects
Physics, Finite volume method, Computer Networks and Communications, Electron device, business.industry, Simulation modeling, Computational Mechanics, Computational physics, Ionizing radiation, Semiconductor, Control and Systems Engineering, Transient radiation, business, Technology CAD
Published
2009

27. An Evaluation of Transistor-Layout RHBD Techniques for SEE Mitigation in SiGe HBTs

Author

Gyorgy Vizkelethy, Akil K. Sutton, Jonathan A. Pellish, Guofu Niu, Marek Turowski, Ashok Raman, Marco Bellini, Paul W. Marshall, John D. Cressler, and Robert A. Reed

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, Deep trench, Transistor, Microbeam, Electric charge, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Single event upset, law, Electronic engineering, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, p–n junction, Common emitter
Abstract

We investigate transistor-level layout-based techniques for SEE mitigation in advanced SiGe HBTs. The approach is based on the inclusion of an alternate reverse-biased pn junction (n-ring) designed to shunt electron charge away from the sub-collector to substrate junction. The inclusion of the n-ring affects neither the DC nor AC performance of the SiGe HBT and does not compromise its inherent multi-Mrad TID tolerance. The effects of ion strike location and angle of incidence, as well as n-ring placement, area, and bias on charge collection are investigated experimentally using a 36 MeV O2 microbeam. The results indicate that charge shunting through the n-ring can result in up to a 90% reduction in collector collected charge for strikes outside the DT and a 18% reduction for strikes to the emitter center. 3-D transient strike simulations using NanoTCAD are used to verify the experimental observations, as well as shed insight into the underlying physical mechanisms. Circuit implications for this RHBD technique are discussed and recommendations made.

Published
2007

28. First case of compound heterozygosity in Na,K-ATPase gene ATP1A2 in familial hemiplegic migraine

Author

Kaate R J Vanmolkot, Eelke H van den Boogerd, Rune R. Frants, Joost Haan, Anine H. Stam, Ashok Raman, Nin Bajaj, Michel D. Ferrari, Gisela M. Terwindt, Judith van Vark, Jeroen J. M. W. van den Heuvel, Boukje de Vries, Jan B. Koenderink, and Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg

Subjects
Adult, Male, Proband, Heterozygote, Adolescent, Migraine with Aura, Molecular Sequence Data, Membrane transport and intracellular motility [NCMLS 5], Biology, Compound heterozygosity, Genomic disorders and inherited multi-system disorders [IGMD 3], Loss of heterozygosity, ATP1A2, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Missense mutation, Amino Acid Sequence, Child, Genetics (clinical), Familial hemiplegic migraine, Poverty-related infectious diseases [N4i 3], medicine.disease, Penetrance, Migraine with aura, Pedigree, Pathogenesis and modulation of inflammation [N4i 1], Renal disorders [UMCN 5.4], Female, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase, medicine.symptom, Functional Neurogenomics [DCN 2]
Abstract

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal-dominant subtype of migraine with aura, associated with hemiparesis during the aura. Here we describe a unique FHM family in which two novel allelic missense mutations in the Na,K-ATPase gene ATP1A2 segregate in the proband with hemiplegic migraine. Both mutations show reduced penetrance in family members of the proband. Cellular survival assays revealed Na,K-ATPase dysfunction for both ATP1A2 mutants, indicating that both mutations are disease causative. This is the first case of compound heterozygosity for any of the known FHM genes.

Published
2007

29. Quality of Life Perspective Towards Acne among Adolescents at Tertiary Care Center of Gujarat, India

Author

Ashok Raman Nair and Pragya A Nair

Subjects
qol, education.field_of_study, Dermatology Section, business.industry, Clinical Biochemistry, Population, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, General Medicine, Bioinformatics, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Likert scale, Quality of life, depression, Medicine, Anxiety, acne vulgaris, Psychological testing, medicine.symptom, business, education, Acne, Depression (differential diagnoses), Demography
Abstract

Introduction: Acne is the most common disease of skin affecting adolescents, which can have a significant psychological impact leading to anxiety and depression. Aims: Study was undertaken to see the impact of acne on the Quality of life Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from March 2012 to February 2013, in the age group 14–25, using a validated self-administered questionnaire The questions were evaluated using 4 point Likert scale (0–3). Statistical Analysis: Statistical calculations were done using Excel 2010 and Statgraphics Centurion XVI.I. Results: Among 869 participants, 608(69.97%) had acne while 261 (30.03%) had no acne. Of acne sufferers 43.75% were males and 56.25% were females with maximum 67.93% in the age group 18–21. Of Non-acne participants 57.09% considered acne as a problem and 54.02% were disturbed by the idea of having acne. Study showed p-values

Published
2015

30. Numerical modeling of radiation effects in Si solar cell for space

Author

Alexandre Fedoseyev, David Thomas, Jea-Young Choi, Christiana B. Honsberg, Stuart Bowden, Ashok Raman, and Tanmay Monga

Subjects
Theory of solar cells, Materials science, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Radiation, law.invention, Multiple exciton generation, Solar cell efficiency, law, Solar cell, Optoelectronics, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Radiation hardening
Abstract

Improvements to solar cell efficiency and radiation hardness that are compatible with low cost, high volume manufacturing processes are critical for power generation applications in future long-term NASA and DOD space missions. In this paper, we provide the results of numerical simulation of the radiation effects in a novel, ultra-thin (UT), Si photovoltaic cell technology that combines enhanced light trapping (LT) and absorption due to nanostructured surfaces, separation of photogenerated carriers by carrier selective contacts (CSC), and increased carrier density due to multiple exciton generation (MEG). Such solar cells have a potential to achieve high conversion efficiencies while shown to be rad-hard, lightweight, flexible, and low–cost, due to the use of Si high volume techniques.

Published
2015

31. Temperature-Dependence of Off-State Drain Leakage in X-Ray Irradiated 130 nm CMOS Devices

Author

G. Espinel, A.P.G. Prakash, Marco Bellini, John D. Cressler, Ronald D. Schrimpf, Bongim Jun, Dakai Chen, Marek Turowski, A. Appaswamy, Ashok Raman, Daniel M. Fleetwood, and R.M. Diestelhorst

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Oxide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, CMOS, chemistry, Operating temperature, Gate oxide, Shallow trench isolation, Trench, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Quantum tunnelling, Leakage (electronics)
Abstract

The off-state drain current leakage characteristics of 130 nm CMOS technology are investigated using x-ray irradiation and operating temperature as variables. Radiation-induced interface traps in the gate oxide to gate-drain overlap region strongly enhance the off-state leakage as a function of gate bias. Due to the thin gate oxide in these 130 nm devices, we find that drain-edge direct tunneling is more plausible than conventional gate-induced-drain-leakage in explaining the observed increase in drain leakage. Radiation-induced traps in the shallow trench isolation oxide create parasitic channels in the p-well and produce another source of off-state drain leakage with increasing total dose. The drain current increase from both the gate overlap region and the shallow trench edge are enhanced with increasing total dose and suppressed by cooling

Published
2006

32. Teledermatology: a possible reality in rural India

Author

Ashok Raman Nair and Pragya A Nair

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Teledermatology, Adolescent, India, Dermatology, Rural india, Skin Diseases, Young Adult, Nursing, medicine, Photography, Humans, Child, Aged, Electronic Mail, business.industry, Remote Consultation, Infant, Middle Aged, Family medicine, Child, Preschool, Videoconferencing, Female, Rural Health Services, business, Delivery of Health Care
Published
2014

33. Nonuniform total-dose-induced charge distribution in shallow-trench isolation oxides

Author

Ronald D. Schrimpf, Ashok Raman, and Marek Turowski

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Oxide, Charge density, Charge (physics), Electrostatic induction, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Shallow trench isolation, Electric field, Trench, MOSFET, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

A new approach for modeling the radiation-induced charge distribution in shallow-trench isolation (STI) structures shows that much less charge is trapped near the top of the trench. We found that charges inside the STI oxide are pushed down by the vertical electric field coming from the positive gate bias, leaving much less total-dose-induced charge close to the top of trench. This nonuniformity significantly affects the measured leakage current.

Published
2004

34. Simulation of nonequilibrium thermal effects in power LDMOS transistors

Author

Ashok Raman, D. G. Walker, and Timothy S. Fisher

Subjects
LDMOS, Materials science, Phonon scattering, Condensed matter physics, Phonon, Scattering, Thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Silicon on insulator, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Thermal, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joule heating
Abstract

The present work considers electrothermal simulation of LDMOS devices and associated nonequilibrium effects. Simulations have been performed on three kinds of LDMOS: bulk Si, partial SOI and full SOI. Differences between equilibrium and nonequilibrium modeling approaches are examined. The extent and significance of thermal nonequilibrium is determined from phonon temperature distributions obtained using a common electronic solution and three different heating models (Joule heating, electron/lattice scattering, phonon scattering). The results indicate that, under similar operating conditions, nonequilibrium behavior is more significant in the case of full SOI devices, where the extent of nonequilibrium is estimated to be twice that of the partial SOI device and four times that of the bulk device. Time development of acoustic phonon and lattice temperatures in the electrically active region indicates that nonequilibrium effects are significant for times less than 10 ns.

Published
2003

35. Detailed physics based modeling of triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cell

Author

David V. Forbes, Ashok Raman, Timothy Bald, Seth M. Hubbard, Alexandre Freundlich, and Alexandre Fedoseyev

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Schematic, law.invention, Gallium arsenide, Indium gallium phosphide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, Solar cell efficiency, chemistry, law, Solar cell, Optoelectronics, Quantum efficiency, business, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Space exploration missions and space electronic equipment require improvements in solar cell efficiency and radiation hardness. Triple-junction photovoltaic (TJ PV) cell is one of the most widely used PV for space missions due to it high efficiency. A proper models and simulation techniques are needed to speed-up the development on novel solar cell devices and reduce the related expenses. In this paper we have developed a detailed 3D TCAD model of a TJ PV cell, and calibrated the various (not accurately known) physical parameters to match experimental data, such as dark and light JV, external quantum efficiency (EQE) . A detailed model of triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cell has been developed and implemented in CFDRC’s 3D NanoTCAD simulator. The model schematic, materials, layer thicknesses, doping levels and meshing are discussed. This triple-junction model is based on the experimental measurements of a Spectrolab triple-junction cell by [1] with material layer thicknesses provided by Rochester Institute of Technology [2]. This model of the triple-junction solar cell is primarily intended to simulate the external quantum efficiency, JV and other characteristics of a physical cell. Simulation results of light JV characteristics and EQE are presented. The calculated performance parameters compare well against measured experimental data [1]. Photovoltaic performance parameters (Jsc, Voc, Jm, Vm, FF, and Efficiency) can also be simulated using the presented model. This TCAD model is to be used to design an enhanced TJ PV with increased efficiency and radiation tolerance. Keywords: photovoltaic cell, triple-junction, numerical modeling, TCAD, dark and light JV.

Published
2014

36. Radiation effects on solar cells: experiments, models, and simulations: DLTS vs. SRIM for trap data

Author

Ashok Raman, Jeffrey H. Warner, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, Timothy Bald, and Marek Turowski

Subjects
Physics, Deep-level transient spectroscopy, Proton, business.industry, Radiation, Ion, Computational physics, Gallium arsenide, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, law, Solar cell, Irradiation, Spectroscopy, business
Abstract

A predictive computational approach that limits use of DLTS experiments is presented, developed using the experimental data and proposed physics based models. Three-dimensional NanoTCAD simulations are used for physicsbased prediction of space radiation effects in III-V solar cells, and validated with experimentally measured characteristics of a p+n GaAs solar cell with AlGaAs window. The computed dark and illuminated I-V curves as well as corresponding performance parameters matched very well experimental data for 2 MeV proton irradiation at various fluences. We analyze the role of majority vs. minority and deep vs. shallow carrier traps in the solar cell performance degradation. The traps/defects parameters used in the simulations were derived from Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) data obtained at NRL. It was noticed that the degradation caused by deep traps observed in single-trap numerical tests exhibit a very similar trend to the degradation caused by a full spectrum of defect traps, but to a lesser degree. This led to the development of a method to accurately simulate the degradation of a solar cell by using only a single deep level defect whose density is calculated by the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) code. Using SRIM, we calculated the number of vacancies produced by 2 MeV proton irradiation for fluences ranging from 6x1010 cm-2 to 5x1012 cm-2. Based on the SRIM results, we applied trap models in NanoTCAD and performed full I-V simulations from which the amount of degradation of performance parameters (Isc, Voc, Pmax) was calculated. The physics-based models using SRIM allowed obtaining good match with experimental data.

Published
2013

37. Simulation of radiation effects in solar cells: DLTS vs. SRIM for trap data

Author

Alexander I. Fedoseyev, Jeffrey H. Warner, Timothy Bald, Ashok Raman, and Marek Turowski

Subjects
Physics, Deep-level transient spectroscopy, Proton, business.industry, Radiation, Fluence, law.invention, Gallium arsenide, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Solar cell, Optoelectronics, Irradiation, Atomic physics, business, Spectroscopy
Abstract

We present a predictive computational approach that may reduce the need for extensive inputs from Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) experiments. Three-dimensional NanoTCAD simulations are used for physics-based prediction of space radiation effects in a p + n GaAs solar cell with AlGaAs window, and validated with experimental data. The computed dark and illuminated I-V curves, as well as corresponding performance parameters, matched experimental data very well for 2 MeV proton irradiation at various fluence levels. We analyze the role of majority vs. minority and deep vs. shallow carrier traps in the solar cell performance degradation. The defects level parameters used in the simulations were taken from DLTS data obtained at NRL. It was determined from numerical simulations that the degradation of the photovoltaic parameters could be modeled and showed similar trends when a only a single deep level defect was considered compared to a spectrum of defect levels. This led to the development of an alternate method to simulate the degradation of a solar cell by using only a single deep level defect whose density is calculated by the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) code. Using SRIM, we calculated the number of vacancies produced by 2 MeV proton irradiation for fluence levels ranging from 6x10 10 cm -2 to 5x10 12 cm -2 . Based on the SRIM results, we applied trap models in NanoTCAD and performed I-V simulations from which the degradation of the photovoltaic parameters (I sc , V oc , FF, P max ) was calculated. The simulations using SRIM-derived defect concentrations showed reasonable agreement with simulations using parameters determined from DLTS.

Published
2013

38. Radiation effect models in solar cells - Comparison of simulations with experimental data

Author

Robert J. Walters, Tim Bald, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, Marek Turowski, Seth M. Hubbard, Ashok Raman, Cory D. Cress, and Jeffrey H. Warner

Subjects
Physics, Deep-level transient spectroscopy, business.industry, Experimental data, Radiation effect, Fluence, law.invention, Gallium arsenide, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Solar cell, Optoelectronics, business, Naval research
Abstract

We present the radiation effect models for solar cells used in NanoTCAD device simulator and provide comparison with experimentally measured on solar cell performance. The device modeled is a p+ n GaAs solar cell. Dark, Light IV curves and corresponding performance parameters are simulated and compared with experimental results for 2 MeV protons at varying fluence. Majority carrier defect introduction rates for n-type GaAs used in the NanoTCAD simulations were taken from deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) data provided by the Naval Research Lab (NRL). Results show a good match between simulations and experimental results.

Published
2012

39. Accurate modeling of SOI Multi-Gate FETs and their transient response to radiation

Author

Marek Turowski, Weize Xiong, and Ashok Raman

Subjects
Coupling, Physics, MOSFET, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Silicon on insulator, Field-effect transistor, Strained silicon, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Parasitic extraction, Transient (oscillation), Transient response
Abstract

Detailed, physics-based three-dimensional (3D) technology computer-aided-design (TCAD) device model, coupled in mixed-mode with external load circuit and parasitics, enabled accurate simulation of single-event effects (SEEs) in nonplanar silicon-on-insulator (SOI) Multi-Gate Field Effect Transistors (MuGFETs) or FinFETs. We show the importance of correct device physics models, including mobility in different crystal planes of strained silicon — validated with experimental data — for correct computation of both steady-state and transient characteristics of FinFETs. Mixed-mode coupling of a realistic load circuit, including experimental parasitics, with the 3D TCAD device model, is critical to be able to compute single-event transient current waveforms and charge collection characteristics that reflect well experimental results.

Published
2012

40. Effect of carrier transport in oxides surrounding active devices on SEE in 45nm SOI SRAM

Author

Marek Turowski, Ashok Raman, Michael L. Alles, Dennis Ball, Michael P. King, Robert A. Reed, and Ron D. Schrimpf

Subjects
Random access memory, Materials science, business.industry, Single event upset, Optoelectronics, Silicon on insulator, Solid modeling, Static random-access memory, business, Active devices, Radiation response
Published
2011

41. Investigation and modeling of space radiation effects in quantum dot solar cells

Author

Seth M. Hubbard, Stephen J. Polly, Edward W. Taylor, Alexander A. Balandin, Marek Turowski, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, and Ashok Raman

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Photodetector, Radiation, computer.software_genre, Simulation software, Quantum dot, Optoelectronics, business, Technology CAD, Radiation hardening, computer, Quantum
Abstract

Novel nanomaterials and devices based on them offer significant advantages over traditional technologies in terms of light-weight and efficiency for applications in satellite and space systems. Examples of such novel devices include quantum dot (QD) based solar cells and photodetectors. However, the radiation effects modeling tools are not yet available for these devices, and the response to radiation are not well understood (Figure 1). Review of numerical models and experimental investigation of radiation effects in quantum dot based solar cells are provided. Although some studies have been conducted on degradation of solar cells in high-radiation environment of space and test data on the performance of solar cells in a radiation environment are collected, the mechanisms of radiation-induced degradation of QD solar cells has yet to be established. We develop the Nanoscale Technology Computer Aided Design (NanoTCAD) simulation software for simulation of radiation effects in QD-based photovoltaic (PV), and use conducted proton irradiation experiments to develop models and perform a direct comparison of radiation hardness of quantum dot based cells and regular solar cells. These NanoTCAD tools are based on advanced drift-diffusion and quantum models for the simulation of QD based devices and materials.

Published
2010

42. Enabling mixed-mode analysis of nano-scale SiGe BiCMOS technologies in extreme environments

Author

Ashok Raman, Marek Turowski, and Alexander I. Fedoseyev

Subjects
Computer science, Interface (computing), Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Solid modeling, Integrated circuit, BiCMOS, Solver, Electronic circuit simulation, Silicon-germanium, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Radiation hardening
Abstract

The latest enhancements to NanoTCAD mixed-mode software package, combining 3D physics-based nano-scale device models and unique mixed-mode interface to the Cadence Spectre circuit simulator, have enabled simulations and in-operation analysis of ionizing radiation single event effects (SEEs) in modern high-speed SiGe BiCMOS technologies and integrated circuits. Additionally, the NanoTCAD new, automated interface to Geant4 radiation models and the 3D solver capability to model very low temperature behavior, enable a comprehensive and accurate modeling of radiation effects in nano-scale systems, in the extreme radiation and temperature environments of space. Example simulations of SEEs affecting digital output of a 7.2GHz mixed-signal circuit are presented. Our mixed-mode modeling results compare very well with experimental data.

Published
2009

43. Space radiation effects modeling and analysis of quantum dot based photovoltaic cells

Author

Qinghui Shao, Seth M. Hubbard, Stephen J. Polly, Alexander A. Balandin, Edward W. Taylor, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, Marek Turowski, and Ashok Raman

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Nanophotonics, Photodetector, Nanotechnology, Radiation, computer.software_genre, Simulation software, Quantum dot, Optoelectronics, business, computer, Technology CAD, Radiation hardening
Abstract

For applications in space systems, devices based on novel nanomaterials offer significant advantages over traditional technologies in terms of light-weight and efficiency. Examples of such novel devices include quantum dot (QD) based solar cells and photodetectors. However, the response of these devices to radiation effects is not well understood, and radiation effects modeling tools are not yet available. In this paper we review our numerical models and experimental investigation of radiation effects in quantum dot based solar cells. In the natural, high-radiation environment of space all solar cells suffer from degradation. Although some studies have been conducted, and test data collected, on the performance of solar cells in a radiation environment, the mechanisms of radiation-induced degradation of quantum dot superlattices (QDS) has yet to be established. We have conducted proton irradiation experiments to provide a direct comparison of radiation hardness of quantum dot based cells and regular solar cells. An approach to the development of Nano-scale Technology Computer Aided Design (NanoTCAD) simulation software for simulation of radiation effects in QDS-based photovoltaic (PV) devices is presented. The NanoTCAD tools are based on classical drift-diffusion and quantum-mechanical models for the simulation of QD PV cells.

Published
2009

44. Analysis and modeling of space radiation effects in quantum dot based nanomaterials for high-efficiency photovoltaic cells

Author

Edward W. Taylor, Alexander A. Balandin, Marek Turowski, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, Seth M. Hubbard, Ashok Raman, Qinghui Shao, and Stephen J. Polly

Subjects
Space technology, Materials science, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Photodetector, Radiation, computer.software_genre, Simulation software, Quantum dot, Optoelectronics, business, Technology CAD, computer, Radiation hardening
Abstract

For applications in satellite systems, devices based on novel nanomaterials offer significant advantages over traditional technologies in terms of light-weight and efficiency. Examples of such novel devices include quantum dot (QD) based solar cells and photodetectors. However, the response of these devices to radiation effects is not well understood, and radiation effects modeling tools are not yet available. In this paper we review our numerical models and experimental investigation of radiation effects in quantum dot based solar cells. In the natural, high-radiation environment of space all solar cells suffer from degradation. Although some studies have been conducted, and test data collected, on the performance of solar cells in a radiation environment, the mechanisms of radiation-induced degradation of quantum dot superlattices (QDS) has yet to be established. We have conducted proton irradiation experiments to provide a direct comparison of radiation hardness of quantum dot based cells and regular solar cells. An approach to the development of Nano-scale Technology Computer Aided Design (NanoTCAD) simulation software for simulation of radiation effects in QDS-based photovoltaic (PV) devices is presented. The NanoTCAD tools are based on classical drift-diffusion and quantum-mechanical models for the simulation of QD PV cells.

Published
2009

45. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in otolaryngology

Author

Mudit Jindal, Lucinda Hiam, Ashok Raman, and Darius Rejali

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Hearing loss, Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea, Vision Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Tinnitus, Sex Factors, Risk Factors, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Humans, Obesity, Intracranial pressure, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, business.industry, Headache, Sleep apnea, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, Neurosurgery, Headaches, medicine.symptom, business, Papilledema
Abstract

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is defined as increased intracranial pressure in the absence of intracranial mass or obstructive hydrocephalus. Over 80% of patients are overweight women. IIH is usually encountered in the neurology and ophthalmology practise as headaches, visual disturbance and papilloedema are the characteristic features of this syndrome. Patients with IIH also experience tinnitus, hearing loss, balance disturbance, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhoea or rhinorrhoea and in some cases these otorhinological symptoms can be presenting features of this syndrome. IIH is also associated with obstructive sleep apnoea. Otolaryngologists should be familiar with this important condition as it can manifest a variety of symptoms that are more frequently seen in their clinics. Sometimes otolaryngologists may be involved in the surgical management of this condition, such as repair of CSF rhinorrhoea or otorrhoea or endoscopic optic nerve decompression. The aim of this review article is to familiarise the otolaryngologists with the important features of this unusual syndrome which may remain unrecognised in the otolaryngology practice.

Published
2009

46. Full-chip to device level 3D thermal analysis of RF integrated circuits

Author

Marek Turowski, S. Dooley, Ashok Raman, M. Casto, and P. Wilkerson

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, Transistor, Electrical engineering, Process design, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Integrated circuit, Chip, Integrated circuit layout, law.invention, law, Chip-scale package, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Design process, Radio frequency, business
Abstract

A multi-scale modeling approach is proposed and employed to investigate thermal issues and to enable "thermally aware" design of radio-frequency (RF) integrated circuits (ICs). Thermal analysis from full-chip scale down to the single transistor level was made possible with the development of this approach using the finite volume three-dimensional (3D) numerical technique. We have developed new tools that import GDSII layout of entire IC and, for the purpose of generating full-chip 3D thermal model, automatically eliminate the minuscule layout elements that do not affect thermal results. We present here our approach and examples of using equivalent thermal conductivity blocks in place of "forest of vias" typical in modern ICs. Our method and tools are demonstrated on a couple of RF ICs based on a high performance SiGe BiCMOS technology. The tool provides a 3D temperature map that can show thermal gradients across a chip, as well as local temperature distribution (hot spots) down to single transistor level. This allows introducing temperature back into design process. The multi-scale modeling is verified with infrared temperature measurements.

Published
2008

47. Multiscale Numerical Models for Simulation of Radiation Events in Semiconductor Devices

Author

Marek Turowski, Ashok Raman, Robert A. Weller, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, and Michael L. Alles

Subjects
Finite volume method, Event (computing), Computer science, Interface (computing), Transistor, Semiconductor device, Radiation, computer.software_genre, law.invention, law, Computer Aided Design, computer, Technology CAD, Simulation
Abstract

This paper describes the new CFDRC mixed-mode simulator which combines multiscale 3D Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) device models (fluid carrier transport and nuclear ion track impact), and advanced compact transistors models. Key features include an interface and 3D adaptive meshing to allow simulations of single event radiation effects with nuclear reactions and secondary particles computed by Vanderbilt's MRED/Geant4 tools.

Published
2008

48. Addressing challenges in device-circuit modeling for extreme environments of space

Author

John D. Cressler, Marek Turowski, Alexander I. Fedoseyev, and Ashok Raman

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Physical model, Materials science, Scale (ratio), business.industry, Heterojunction bipolar transistor, Electrical engineering, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Solver, Sample (graphics), Matrix (mathematics), MOSFET, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, business
Abstract

The authors have implemented a robust CNSPACK-based linear equation solver in an in-house TCAD tool. This solver is enhanced with efficient matrix pre-conditioning algorithms to enable accurate handling of a wide scale of floating-point numbers. Sample results are shown for very low temperature radiation response of a 0.12-mum NMOSFET and I-V curves of 0.13-mum SiGe HBT. The solution is very stable. However, the match against corresponding experimental data is not good due to inaccuracy of physical models (ongoing work).

Published
2007

49. Mixed-Mode Simulation and Analysis of Digital Single Event Transients in Fast CMOSICs

Author

Marek Turowski, Grzegorz Jablonski, and Ashok Raman

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Semiconductor device, Solver, Measure (mathematics), Pulse (physics), Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, CMOS, Logic gate, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Transient (oscillation), Discrete event simulation, business
Abstract

Single event transient (SET) pulses produced from heavy ion irradiation in digital integrated circuits (ICs) are modeled and analyzed using a mixed-mode approach, that is, three-dimensional (3-D) semiconductor device simulation coupled with a circuit solver. In this paper, we analyze the factors affecting the generation and propagation of digital SET pulses in fast CMOS ICs. Our mixed-mode simulations of various ion strike locations allowed to obtain agreement with measured data and explain the earlier published wide distribution of SET pulse widths created by heavy ion radiation in digital CMOS ICs at a given linear energy transfer (LET) value, which was observed experimentally, but not fully understood. We also indicate that the transient charge-collection current pulse (width and shape) on the struck device node is not directly related to the SET voltage pulse that will propagate through a logic circuit, and therefore current pulses alone should not be treated as a measure of DSET.

Published
2007

50. A presenilin 1 mutation (Arg278Ser) associated with early onset Alzheimer's disease and spastic paraparesis

Author

Ashok Raman, Mohnish Suri, Xia Lin, Margaret Phillips, Cris S. Constantinescu, and Monica Hewitt

Subjects
Proband, Adult, Male, Genotype, DNA Mutational Analysis, Mutation, Missense, Presenilin, Alzheimer Disease, Spastic, medicine, PSEN1, Presenilin-1, Dementia, Missense mutation, Humans, Early-onset Alzheimer's disease, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Testing, Age of Onset, Aged, Genetics, business.industry, Brain, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, nervous system diseases, Pedigree, Neurology, Amino Acid Substitution, Paraparesis, Spastic, Disease Progression, Female, Neurology (clinical), Alzheimer's disease, Atrophy, business, Neuroscience
Abstract

Early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) has been associated with mutations in three genes, of which presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations are the most frequent. Several families with an association of progressive dementia and spastic paraplegia caused by PSEN1 mutations have been described. Here we described a novel PSEN1 mutation that was associated with dementia and spastic paraplegia in a family with 5 affected individuals in three generations. The proband was a 44-year-old woman who presented with 5 years history of progressive difficulties in walking, cognition and visuospatial impairment. Her maternal grandmother, mother and two maternal aunts also had similar neurological presentation. Molecular genetic analysis showed a missense mutation predicted to substitute an arginine residue for a serine residue at position 278 in the PSEN1 polypeptide (Arg278Ser). The novel PSEN1 mutation identified in this patient adds to the diverse list of existing mutations causing EOFAD associated with spastic paraparesis.

Published
2006

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