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The effect of including the premix extract of the brown Sargassum ilicifolium, Nizimuddinia zanardini, Cystoseira indica and Padina australis (MPE) macroalgae in the diet on the growth performance, survival, nutritional (chemical, amino acid and fatty acid compound) and phytochemical (sterol, phenol and flavonoid),and antioxidant state (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)) of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was investigated in this study, where in 1200 post larvae with an average weight of 57.530.47 mg were distributed randomly by categorizing 100 pieces into 4 groups (three tank iterations per group). The control group was only fed with the concentrated feed (MPE0), while the other groups were fed with a basic diet that consisted of MPE5 (MPE5), 10 (MPE10) and 15 (MPE15) g kg− 1 of feed for 8 weeks. According to the results, the highest FW, SGR, WG and PER were recorded for the MPE15 group. The lowest FCR was observed in the group fed with MPE15 (P 10 and MPE15 (P 15. The results are generally indicative of the positive effect of the premix aqueous extract of the brown S. ilicifolium, N. zanardini, C. indica and P.australis macroalgae at the 15 g kg− 1 of MPE feed level on the growth, nutritional value and phytochemical, and antioxidant status of L. vannamei.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different dietary selenium sources, selenium nanoparticle (nSe), and selenomethionine (SeMet) as feed additives on growth performance, hepatic enzymes’ activity, biochemical, mucosal immune parameters, liver histology, and appetite-related gene transcript in goldfish (Carassius auratus). At first, goldfish juveniles (n=480; mean 4.54 g) were fed dietary selenium nanoparticle at 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg nSe/kg diet and SeMet at 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg Se/kg for 9 weeks. Growth performance was evaluated using standard procedures. Blood, skin mucus, and tissue samples (liver and intestine) were collected for biochemical, mucosal immune response, histology, and ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression. The results showed that fish fed diets fortified with 0.6 mg nSe/kg and 0.6 mg Se/kg had a significant higher weight gain, specific growth rates (SGR), and lower feed conversion ratios (FCR) than fish fed basal diets (p

Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics have been successfully used in dietary supplements to achieve aquatic animal health and therefore increase the quality and sustainability of fish production. In the present study, four hundred and twenty common carps, Cyprinus carpio ( 25.37 ± 0.22 g ; mean ± SE ) were randomly attributed to seven treatments, fed with diets containing PrimaLac (probiotic), inulin (prebiotic), and Biomin Imbo (synbiotic), 1 and 2 g/kg for each supplement. After 60 days of feeding, an increase in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) was recorded in the treatment groups compared to that of the control ( P < 0.05 ). The food conversion ratio (FCR) in the treatment groups significantly decreased ( P < 0.05 ). The treated groups showed significant improvements in serum immune parameters: lysozyme (LYZ), alternative complement (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (total Ig), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) ( P < 0.05 ). Feeding fish with supplemented diets significantly showed enhanced antioxidant status: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was significantly lower in fish fed dietary additives ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the control group, enzyme parameters revealed that supplementation could significantly decrease alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate transaminase (AST) ( P < 0.05 ). The biochemical parameters including triglyceride (TRIG), cholesterol (CHO), glucose (GLU), and cortisol (CORT) decreased with dietary supplementation ( P < 0.05 ). Total protein (TP) increased in fish fed experimental diets ( P < 0.05 ). Fish fed pro, pre, and synbiotic exhibited significantly higher digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease) ( P < 0.05 ). Skin mucus parameters (total Ig, ACH50, LYZ, protease, and ALP) were significantly enhanced in groups fed dietary additives ( P < 0.05 ). Thus, the best recommended inclusion level of supplementation is 2 g/kg for inulin and 2 g/kg for PrimaLac and doses of 1 or 2 g/kg for Biomin Imbo. Dietary PrimaLac, inulin, and Biomin Imbo could be recommended as beneficial feed additives to enhance growth performance, innate immune and antioxidant systems, and promoted biochemical parameters and digestion of common carp; also, the effect of dietary synbiotic was superior to that of prebiotic and probiotic.

In this study, a metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the metabolic responses of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus to toxicity induced by heavy metal, Pb (NO3)

Microalgae such Chlorella vulgaris can effectively absorb nitrate and phosphate from contaminated water. This work characterized nitrate and phosphate removal from simulated agricultural runoff using C. vulgaris. Statistically designed experiments were used to model the following responses: (1) algal growth; (2) nitrate removal; (3) phosphate removal; (4) protein in the algal biomass; (5) chlorophyll content of the biomass; (6) the biomass phenolics content; and (7) the free radical scavenging antioxidant activity of the biomass. These response were modelled for the following key experimental factors: initial nitrate concentration in the simulated runoff (1080–3240 mg L−1, as NaNO3), initial phosphate concentration (20–60 mg L−1, as K2HPO4), photoperiod (8–24 h of light/day) and culture duration (5–15 days). The validated models were used to identify the factor levels to maximize the various responses. Nitrate removal was maximized at 85.6% when initial nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 2322 mg L−1 and 38 mg L−1 (N:P atom ratio ≈ 125:1), respectively, with a 17.2 h daily photoperiod in a 13-day culture. Phosphate removal was maximized at 95% when the initial nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 1402 mg L−1 and 56.7 mg L−1 (N:P ≈ 51:1), respectively, with a 15.7 h daily photoperiod in a 14.7-day culture. At least ~14 h of a daily photoperiod and a ~11-day culture period were required to maximize all the studied responses. C. vulgaris is edible and may be used as animal feed. Nutritional aspects of the biomass were characterized. Biomass with more than 24% protein could be produced. Under the best conditions, the chlorophyll (potential food colorants) content of the biomass was 8.5% and the maximum level of total phenolics (antioxidants) in the biomass was nearly 13 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1.

In this study, a metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the metabolic responses of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus to toxicity induced by heavy metal, Pb (NO3)2. In addition, the study was followed by assessing the peroxidation index and histology of liver as supplementary data. Pb (NO3)2 exposure affected the plasma metabolome, especially four group metabolites including amino acids, methylated metabolites, energetic metabolites and citric acid intermediates. Pb (NO3)2 in medium and high concentrations (15 and 25 μg/l) increased the levels of plasma amino acids compared to control (P