Search

The anatomical architecture of the hip and stifle joints of the Saimaa ringed seal was determined by dissection to be similar to that of the Baltic ringed seal. There was no ligament of the femoral head in the hip joint. The lateral side of the stifle joint lacked a collateral ligament but the collateral ligament on the medial side was of considerable size. The medial meniscus was larger and thicker than the lateral meniscus. The asymmetrical anatomical architecture allows for much lateral movement during aquatic motion, but it is poorly adapted to terrestrial locomotion.

The main goal was to analyze the history of arthrology using numismatic materials. The numismatics (from the Latin "numisma" – coin), a branch of historical science, that was originated in the 19th century and closely related to economics, politics, culture and law, which includes the study of coins, medals and plaques. The history of arthrology is best illustrated by various forms of me­dal art (exonum or paranumism), and the medal became the prototype of a commemorative (memorial) coin. This work presents a catalog of 157 numismatic materials (138 medals, 15 plaques, 4 coins), including some unique ones, presented for the first time, the stages of development of the study of the use of therapeutic factors were reflected, there are references to significant historical events, brief biographies of physicians (62 persons) were mentioned, who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of this scientific discipline. On the medals, can be found the portraits of the founders of the world arthrology, the ancient Indian doctor Charaka and the ancient Greek physician Aretaeus, as well as the portraits of the Ukrainian doctors – Agapetus of Pechersk, E. YO. Mukhin, O. A. Kysil, D. F. Chebotaryov. The work contains the following sections: "Inception of arthrology", "Structure and function of joints”, "Osteoarthritis", "Gouty arthritis", "Rheumatoid arthritis", "Infectious and infectious-allergic (reactive) arthritis", "Tuberculous arthritis", "Others arthrites". Unfortunately, so far the me­mory of famous doctors of the past has not been sufficiently marked by the release of numismatic products, so in the future we hope for a systematic approach to this matter, for the purposeful promotion of the achievements of rheumatology by means of numisma­tics, which provides an illustrative example for studying the history of arthrology, contributes to an increase in the level of education of doctors. Аuthors look forward to the appearance of new and inte­resting materials of such small forms of art., Целью работы был анализ истории артрологии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX веке и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает в себя тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю артрологии иллюстрируют различные формы медальерного изобразительного искусства (экзонумия, или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В данной работе представлен каталог 157 нумизматических материалов (138 медалей, 15 плакет, 4 монеты), в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных, отражены этапы развития изучения использования лечебных факторов, есть ссылки на значительные исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков (62 персоны), внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование этой научной дисциплины. На медалях можно встретить портреты основоположников мировой артрологии, древнеиндийского врача Чараку и древнегреческого Аретея, а также украинских медиков — Агапита Печерского, Е.И. Мухина, А.А. Киселя, Д.Ф. Чеботарева. Работа содержит следующие разделы: «Зарождение артрологии», «Структура и функция суставов», «Остеоартрит», «По­дагрический артрит», «Ревматоидный артрит», «Инфекционный и инфекционно-аллергический (реактивный) артрит», «Туберкулезный артрит», «Другие артриты». К большому сожалению, пока память о знаменитых врачах прошлого недостаточно отмечена выпуском нумизматической продукции, поэтому в будущем надеемся на планомерный подход к этому делу, на целенаправленную пропаганду достижений ревматологии средствами нумизматики, которая подает наглядный пример для изучения истории артрологии, способствует повышению уровня образованности врачей. Авторы рассчитывают на появление новых интересных материалов таких малых форм изобразительного искусства., Метою роботи був аналіз історії артрології за нумізматичними матеріалами. Галузь історичної науки нумізматика (від лат. numisma — «монета») зародилася в XIX столітті й стала тісно пов’язаною з економікою, політикою, культурою та правом, включає в себе тематичне вивчення монет, медалей і плакет. Найкраще історію артрології ілюструють різні форми медальєрного образотворчого мистецтва (екзонумія, або паранумізматика), а медаль стала прообразом пам’ятної (меморіальної) монети. У даній роботі подано каталог 157 нумізматичних матеріалів (138 медалей, 15 плакет, 4 монети), зокрема й деяких унікальних, вперше наведених, відображено етапи розвитку вивчення використання лікувальних факторів, є посилання на значні історичні події, згадуються короткі біографії медиків (62 особи), які зробили неоціненний внесок у формування цієї наукової дисципліни. На медалях можна зустріти портрети основоположників світової артрології, давньоіндійського лікаря Чараку й давньогрецького Аретея, а також українських медиків минулого — Агапіта Печерського, Є.Й. Мухіна, О.А. Кисіля, Д.Ф. Чеботарьова. Робота складається з розділів «Зародження артрології», «Структура й функція суглобів», «Остеоартрит», «Подагричний артрит», «Ревматоїдний артрит», «Інфекційний і інфекційно-алергійний (реактивний) артрит», «Туберкульозний артрит», «Інші артрити». На превеликий жаль, поки що пам’ять про знаменитих лікарів минулого недостатньо відзначена випуском нумізматичної продукції, тому в майбутньому сподіваємося на планомірний підхід до цієї справи, на цілеспрямовану пропаганду досягнень ревматології засобами нумізматики, що подає наочний приклад для вивчення історії артрології, сприяє підвищенню рівня освіченості лікарів. Автори розраховують на появу нових цікавих матеріалів таких малих форм образотворчого мистецтва.

Cet article exploratoire vise à étudier les représentations de la géodiversité dans la bande dessinée. Il s’agit d’établir une typologie des formes que prend la géodiversité dessinée et d’identifier ses principales fonctions dans la construction d’un récit « en bande ». Deux approches méthodologiques sont ainsi appliquées à un corpus d’une cinquantaine de références. La première s’appuie sur la notion d’espace-créé, proposé par Champigny (2010). Dans le contexte de cette étude, elle permet de comprendre comment les éléments abiotiques représentés font partie du récit, au-delà du simple décor. Une typologie de la géodiversité dessinée, de la roche au paysage, des formes réalistes aux éléments inventés, est proposée. La seconde approche mobilise la dimension arthrologique : il s’agit de considérer les composants abiotiques comme des éléments d'articulation des vignettes dans le temps et dans l’espace, permettant une narration compréhensible par le lecteur, de la planche au récit (Groensteen, 2011). Nous verrons que la géodiversité dessinée est alors polymorphe et qu’elle constitue plus qu’un décor dans la bande dessinée : par la multiplicité des formes qu’elle prend, elle participe à l’esthétique et à l’ambiance d’une image, d’une planche et d’un récit ; par son intégration dans la narration, qu’elle organise et articule, elle devient indispensable au sens de l’histoire, en devenant même parfois un élément central : il ne s’agit alors plus d’une seule géodiversité générique – une montagne, un caillou - mais de géodiversités plurielles où cette montagne et ce caillou prennent une toute autre dimension. This exploratory paper aims to study the representations of geodiversity in comic books. It suggests a typology of the drawn geodiversity, associated with the main functions it has in the construction of a narrative “in strips”. Two methodological approaches are thus applied to a corpus of some fifty references. The first is based on the notion of “space-created”, proposed by Champigny (2010). In the context of this study, it makes possible to understand how the drawn abiotic elements are part of the narrative, beyond the scenery. A typology of drawn geodiversity, from the rock to the landscape, from realistic forms to imaginary elements is proposed. The second approach mobilizes the arthrological dimension: abiotic components are elements of articulation of the panels in time and space, allowing a narration understandable by the reader, from the plate to the narrative (Groensteen, 2011). We will see that the drawn geodiversity is polymorphous and that it constitutes more than a scenery in the comic: by its multiplicity of representations, it participates to the aesthetic and atmosphere of a panel, of a plate and a narrative; by its integration into the narrative, which it organizes and articulates, it becomes essential to the sense of this narrative, even sometimes becoming a central element of it: it is no longer a single generic geodiversity – a mountain, a rock – but multifaced geodiversities where this mountain and this rock get new dimensions.

"Syndesmologia siue historia ligamentorum corporis humani", published in 1742 by a German anatomist Josias Weitbrecht (1702-1747), who for a long time lived and worked in St. Petersburg, is the first comprehensive textbook of syndesmology. The accuracy and quality of the accompanying illustrations are fascinating, even after almost 300 years. Weitbrecht was also the first to describe the synovial folds of the hip joint, later named after him as the retinacula of Weitbrecht. This eponym appeared in the first half of the nineteenth century in the studies of femoral neck fractures published in the UK. In the study of syndesmology, Weitbrecht was followed by a number of outstanding authors of that time, such as Meckel, Barkow, Arnold, Henle, Humphry and Fick.

Pesquisa sem auxílio de agências de fomento O macaco bugio, também conhecido por guariba-de-mãos-ruivas ou apenas guariba, trata-se de um primata não humano da família Atelidae, um quadrúpede arborícola endêmico do Brasil, com avaliação global da espécie para Vulnerável (VU) e distribuído de maneira disjunta em alguns estados brasileiros que compõem a floresta amazônica e a mata atlântica. Investigou-se as características anatômicas das articulações sinoviais do quadril, do joelho e tarsocrural em macacos bugios (Alouatta belzebul), sendo 05 fêmeas e 05 machos, adultos de diferentes idades e livres de lesões. Após a fixação do material em formaldeído 10%, os animais foram dissecados, descritos e fotografados. Adotou-se a Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2017) para a descrição dos termos anatômicos. Para efeito de comparação e compreensão da filogenia, utilizou-se o primata humano (Homo sapiens) devido à similaridade taxonômica quanto a ordem. As articulações do quadril, do joelho e tarsocrural em macacos bugios se mostraram similares aos descritos na literatura para os primatas humanos, tanto no formato quanto as estruturas anatômicas extra e intra-articulares. Porém, vale ressaltar algumas características específicas do Alouatta belzebul, tais como: a dificuldade de isolar alguns ligamentos da articulação do quadril, devido a aderência destas estruturas com a cápsula articular; e a ausência de alguns ligamentos nas articulações do joelho e tarsocrural, característica possivelmente explicada pela necessidade de maior mobilidade articular do macaco no ambiente arborícola, ao contrário do deslocamento bípede dos primatas humanos que requer maior estabilidade nas articulações. The howler monkey, also known as red-handed howler monkey, is a non-human primate from Atelidae family, described as an arboreal quadruped endemic to Brazil, listed as vulnerable (VU) and a specie that typically lives disjointedly distributed in some Brazilian states, in rain forests (Amazonian regions) and Atlantic forest. It was investigated the anatomical features of synovial joints of hip, knee and ankle in adults howlers monkeys (Alouatta belzebul), 5 females and 5 males, in different ages and injuries free. After the material was pinned in 10% formaldehyde, the animals were dissected, described and photographed. It was adopted the 2017 Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria for the description of anatomical terms. In order of making comparisons, and to comprehend the phylogeny, it was used the human primate (Homo Sapiens) due to larger taxonomic similarity. The hip, knee and ankle joints of the red-handed howler monkeys are similar to those described in human primate literature, considering both the shape and the extra and intra-articular anatomic structures. It’s worth mentioning some specific features of Alouatta belzebul, such as: difficulty to dissect and isolate some ligaments of hips joint, due to the adherence of those structures with the articular capsule; and the absence of some ligaments of knees and ankles joints, the feature can be explained by the necessity of larger articular mobility in the arboreal environment of the monkeys, unlike the biped displacement of human primates that requires a larger joint stability. Tese (Doutorado)

The paper discusses the possibilities of administering hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis. It is noted that the therapeutic efficacy of this drug class has been demonstrated in experimental and clinical studies and confirmed by the practical activities of specialists dealing with issues of arthrology. Along with the use of foreign hyaluronic acid solutions, Russian rheumatologists can prescribe high-quality Russian analogues that include INTRAJECT®. The authors pres ent their own clinical observations that confirm that the drug may be administered. The paper is illustrated with photos and radiographs.

Archosauromorphs radiated into numerous trophic niches during the Mesozoic, many of which were accommodated by particular suites of cranial adaptations and feeding behaviours. The mandibular symphysis, the joint linking the mandibles, is a poorly understood craniomandibular joint that may offer significant insight into skull function and feeding ecology. Using comparative data from extant amniotes, we investigated the skeletal anatomy and osteological correlates of relevant soft tissues in a survey of archosauromorph mandibular symphyses. Characters were identified and their evolution mapped using a current phylogeny of archosauriforms with the addition of non-archosauriform archosauromorphs. Extinct taxa with the simple Class I condition (e.g. proterochampsids, ‘rauisuchians’), rugose Class II (aetosaurs, protosuchians, silesaurids) and interdigitating Class III symphyses (e.g. phytosaurs, crocodyliforms) and finally fused Class IV (avians) build the joints in expected ways, although they differ in the contributions of bony elements and Meckel’s cartilage. Optimization of the different classes of symphyses across archosauromorph clades indicates that major iterative transitions from plesiomorphic Class I to derived, rigid Class II–IV symphyses occurred along the lines to phytosaurs, aetosaurs, a subset of poposauroids, crocodyliformes, pterosaurs and birds. These transitions in symphyseal morphology also appear to track changes in dentition and potentially diet. The Triassic radiation of vertebrates marked a great time of experimentation in animal design following the end Permian extinction (Sues & Fraser 2010). Archosauromorphs diversified in the Triassic and were at the forefront of this experimentation in body plans, feeding styles, locomotory modes and evolution of novel features including endothermy (Seymour et al. 2004), beaks (Zanno & Makovicky 2011), feathers (Xu et al. 2009) and flight (Gatesy & Middleton 2007). A subset of this group, the crowngroup archosaurs and their closest relatives (archosauriforms), dominated the terrestrial ecosystem during the Triassic although only a subset of this clade (dinosaurs, pterosaurs and crocodylomorphs) survived into the Jurassic. This fascinating group derived a number of adaptations for prey capture, providing insights into the origin and evolution of feeding strategies. The diversity of archosauriforms during this early radiation illuminates many evolutionary patterns common to other groups, particularly patterns of feeding functional morphology. Archosauriforms radiated into numerous trophic niches during the Triassic Period, including species that convergently evolved forms characteristic of predatory, omnivorous and herbivorous feeding behaviours on land (early crocodylomorphs), in the air (e.g. pterosaurs) and in the water (e.g. Vancleavea campi). Inferences of diet and feeding function remain problematic given the incomplete preservation of most archosauriform taxa, the lack of good modern analogues (Barrett 2000) and insufficient understanding of sauropsid craniodental evolutionary and functional morphology. Regardless, new data on the feeding apparatus of fossil archosauriforms, such as from muscle anatomy (Holliday 2009; Sakamoto 2010), biomechanics (Desojo & Vizcaino 2009; Pierce et al. 2009), and comparative arthrology (Norman & Weishampel 1985; Holliday & Witmer 2008), provide novel, critical insights into craniodental functional morphology and skull evolution. In light of this Triassic diversity, the evolution of cranial joints in archosaurs is particularly informative because today’s two living archosaur clades that originated in the Triassic – crocodylians (i.e. crocodyliform suchians) and birds (i.e. avian dinosaurs) – have incredibly disparate articulations within their skulls. In the former, virtually every joint is sutured into an akinetic skull, whereas the latter evolved a number of loosely articulated cranial elements, resulting in a derived form of cranial kinesis. Changes also occurred in the mandibles, with the loss of teeth, but also in the structure of the mandibular symphysis, the joint between the From: Nesbitt, S. J., Desojo, J. B. & Irmis, R. B. (eds) Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and their Kin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP379.2 # The Geological Society of London 2013. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics 10.1144/SP379.2 Geological Society, London, Special Publications published online January 24, 2013 as doi

Although the mandibular symphysis is a functionally and evolutionarily important feature of the vertebrate skull, little is known about the soft-tissue morphology of the joint in squamate reptiles. Lizards evolved a diversity of skull shapes and feeding behaviors, thus it is expected that the morphology of the symphysis will correspond with functional patterns. Here, we present new histological data illustrating the morphology of the joint in a number of taxa including iguanians, geckos, scincomorphs, lacertoids, and anguimorphs. The symphyses of all taxa exhibit dorsal and ventral fibrous portions of the joints that possess an array of parallel and woven collagen fibers. The middle and ventral portions of the joints are complemented by contributions of Meckel's cartilage. Kinetic taxa have more loosely built symphyses with large domains of parallel-oriented fibers whereas hard biting and akinetic taxa have symphyses primarily composed of dense, woven fibers. Whereas most taxa maintain unfused Meckel's cartilages, iguanians, and geckos independently evolved fused Meckel's cartilages; however, the joint's morphologies suggest different developmental mechanisms. Fused Meckel's cartilages may be associated with the apomorphic lingual behaviors exhibited by iguanians (tongue translation) and geckos (drinking). These morphological data shed new light on the functional, developmental, and evolutionary patterns displayed by the heads of lizards.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000600022.pdf: 1166310 bytes, checksum: 9f78da13c1e2e07d2c99da448e83e368 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000600022.pdf: 1166310 bytes, checksum: 9f78da13c1e2e07d2c99da448e83e368 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:57:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000600022.pdf: 1166310 bytes, checksum: 9f78da13c1e2e07d2c99da448e83e368 (MD5) S0103-84782006000600022.pdf.txt: 15212 bytes, checksum: 74a62e70b8355d6f2e63169aa528e072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:15:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000600022.pdf: 1166310 bytes, checksum: 9f78da13c1e2e07d2c99da448e83e368 (MD5) S0103-84782006000600022.pdf.txt: 15212 bytes, checksum: 74a62e70b8355d6f2e63169aa528e072 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000600022.pdf: 1166310 bytes, checksum: 9f78da13c1e2e07d2c99da448e83e368 (MD5) S0103-84782006000600022.pdf.txt: 15212 bytes, checksum: 74a62e70b8355d6f2e63169aa528e072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 Neste trabalho, algumas características anatômicas e morfométricas do ligamento oblíquo do cotovelo do eqüino foram descritas em dez animais adultos, sem raça definida, que não apresentavam afecções dos órgãos locomotores. O ligamento oblíquo origina-se dorsal à fossa radial do úmero, atravessa obliquamente a superfície cranial do cotovelo e se divide em uma porção longa, que se insere na tuberosidade radial, e em outra curta, que se une à porção longa do ligamento colateral medial. Foram efetuadas medidas visando a obter o comprimento e a largura máximas entre a origem e a inserção do ligamento oblíquo, não sendo observadas diferenças (P>0,05) nas comparações feitas entre os sexos e os antímeros. O ligamento oblíquo contribui no efeito mola e na manutenção da estabilidade da articulação do cotovelo do eqüino. Pela particularidade de sua localização, cranial à articulação, o ligamento oblíquo possui ação frenadora, impedindo a extensão completa da referida articulação. Some anatomical and morphometrical characteristics of the equine elbow oblique ligament were described in ten adult mongrel animals that did not present locomotor diseases. The oblique ligament arises dorsal to the radial fossa of the humerus, it crosses obliquely the elbow cranial surface and it becames separated in a long portion that attaches to the radial tuberosity and a short portion that joins to the long portion of medial collateral ligament. Measurements of the lenght and width were taken between origin and insertion of the oblique ligament, without differences (P>0.05) being observed when sexes and limbs were compared. The oblique ligament acts in the spring effect and in the stability maintenance of the equine elbow joint. By the particularity of its location cranial to the joint, the oblique ligament has a restrain action, hinding complete extension of the equine elbow. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária

En este artículo se examina la noción de temporalidad en el lenguaje visual del cómic: en las viñetas de prensa, en las transiciones de viñetas adyacentes (clausura y mapa temporal de McCloud) y en las relaciones semánticas entre viñetas consecutivas de una misma página o de páginas distantes con gran similitud gráfica (concepto de «artrología» de Groensteen). El análisis de casos prácticos pone en tela de juicio las tesis de McCloud y de Groensteen, basadas en la linealidad temporal, como modelo para la comprensión de imágenes yuxtapuestas (secuencialidad), cuando se priman en la página relaciones espaciales entre viñetas sin dependencia temporal.This article examines the notion of temporality in the visual language used in comics: in individual panels (i.e. editorial cartoons), in panel-to-panel transitions (McCloud’s closure and temporal mapping), and in semantic relations between panels on a page or in distant relationships of graphic similarity across pages (Groensteen’s arthrology). Through an exploration of selected examples, we argue that McCloud’s approach, like Groensteen’s, is rendered insufficient for explaining the progression of moments of time that guide the comprehension of sequential images when non-temporal relationships between panels (i.e. the spatial qualities of the panels’ relations) become highlighted.

Characters have long been studied as narratological element and how they function in relation to their plots. Characters are also studied on basis of their actions, trans-medial aspects, archetypes, knowledge, their interrelation to each other and they are also studied how the readers relate to them. In my essay, I will explore how the character’s distinctive quality from other characters creates polarity between the characters and also, their relations to each other helps to define identity construction of a character. To demonstrate my argument, I will study the characters in two mediums that are the graphic novel American Born Chinese and the film Ghost World. The essay will first describe the assigned traits to each character, how they differ from each other and how their interrelation within characters helps to construct character’s identity in the narrative. Both the film and the graphic novel have in common their coming-of-age narrative which is be used to study different characters and their contribution in development of protagonist’s identity. In addition to that, the essay will further explore the visual narrative of both medium to see how panels aid the identity construction of the characters.

Among the objectives in writing the current chapter were the curiosity and the interest in allocating the sites and routes of migration of the reservoirs of the mesenchymal precartilaginous stem cells of the developing limbs in health and in disease. We chose to emphasize the events believed to initiate in these regions of stem cells, which may lead to growth retardation disorders. Thus, this narrow niche touches an enlarged scope of developmental biology angles and fields. The enclosed coverage sheds light on part of the musculoskeletal system, skeletogenesis, organogenesis of mobile structures and organs, the limbs, joints and digits (arthrology). It appears that the key role of the cartilage-bone regions is their responsibility to replenish the physis with committed chondrocytes, during the developmental, maturation and puberty periods. We shall start by outlining the framework of normal limb formation, the modalities, signals and the agents participating in this biological creation and regulation, illustrating potential sites that might deviate from normal development during the growth periods.

The occurrence of accessory sacroiliac joints in man has been studied in 153 dried bone specimens (108 male, 45 female). An incidence of 18% was found, of which 35% were of bilateral occurrence. Incidence was not found to be related to sex or laterality. The accessory joints were single, and most occurred at the level of the 1st dorsal sacral foramina. The correlation between the shape and size of the main joint and the occurrence of an accessory joint were found to be not significant, but the size of an accessory joint was positively correlated with the size of the main joint.

Neste trabalho, algumas características anatômicas e morfométricas do ligamento oblíquo do cotovelo do eqüino foram descritas em dez animais adultos, sem raça definida, que não apresentavam afecções dos órgãos locomotores. O ligamento oblíquo origina-se dorsal à fossa radial do úmero, atravessa obliquamente a superfície cranial do cotovelo e se divide em uma porção longa, que se insere na tuberosidade radial, e em outra curta, que se une à porção longa do ligamento colateral medial. Foram efetuadas medidas visando a obter o comprimento e a largura máximas entre a origem e a inserção do ligamento oblíquo, não sendo observadas diferenças (P>0,05) nas comparações feitas entre os sexos e os antímeros. O ligamento oblíquo contribui no efeito mola e na manutenção da estabilidade da articulação do cotovelo do eqüino. Pela particularidade de sua localização, cranial à articulação, o ligamento oblíquo possui ação frenadora, impedindo a extensão completa da referida articulação. Some anatomical and morphometrical characteristics of the equine elbow oblique ligament were described in ten adult mongrel animals that did not present locomotor diseases. The oblique ligament arises dorsal to the radial fossa of the humerus, it crosses obliquely the elbow cranial surface and it becames separated in a long portion that attaches to the radial tuberosity and a short portion that joins to the long portion of medial collateral ligament. Measurements of the lenght and width were taken between origin and insertion of the oblique ligament, without differences (P>0.05) being observed when sexes and limbs were compared. The oblique ligament acts in the spring effect and in the stability maintenance of the equine elbow joint. By the particularity of its location cranial to the joint, the oblique ligament has a restrain action, hinding complete extension of the equine elbow.

The purpose of this experimental study was to obtain results of the reparative process and morphometric parameters of articular surface tissues of the knee joint after their mechanical injury and a local implantation of an autochondrocyte (autoCC) culture on a carrying medium. The research was made on 16 rabbits, where a 3.0 mm cylindrical osteochondrous defect of both femoral processes was modelled with receiving of an explant. The osteochondrous explant was used for culturing the autoCC articular cartilage ex vivo during 27-35 days, after that an implantation was performed. It was revealed that a large full-thickness injury of articular surfaces did not restore by itself with formation of a full-fledged hyaline cartilage, but healed according to the type of an incomplete repair, that in terms of arthrology could be determined as progressive osteoarthrosis at stages II-IV. Implantation of ex vivo cultured autoCC in the form of columns on a gel carrier into the area of pathological changes in the articular surface without any special fixing apparently did not affect significantly the dynamics of repair of the articular surface damaged, and autoCC themselves died due to necrosis, lysis or apoptosis.

The sacroiliac joint plays the role of an ‘outsider’, both in arthrology and in human medicine. It has even been doubted repeatedly whether it is a joint at all. It lacks active mobility because there is no autochthonous musculature. Its mechanics are not clearly defined and are variable. What appears certain, at least to a practitioner of manual medicine, is that joint play exists there and that loss of this joint play is clinically relevant.

This paper presents the improved techniques on the preservation of skeleton for the teaching of veterinary anatomy. In this project skeletons of horse, cow, dog and goat were preserved. These animals were obtained from the University post mortem lab. The animals were skinned and after necropsy the useful organs like kidneys, liver. Heart, lungs and reproductive tracts were removed and stored in 10 % formalin for future teaching purposes. The muscles and tendons were excised and the bones were boiled at for different time periods. For degreasing the bones were kept in ammonia solution for maximum of one week followed by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide solution and cleaning with commercial detergent. The bones were arranged and connected with 15 guage wire for horse and ox and 20 gauge for small animals. The vertebral column was aligned in a steel rod. Finally the skeleton was fixed on a wooden stand after giving support to the limbs. Thus the skeletons preserved were used for demonstration of osteology, arthrology and clinical anatomy.

The cephalic arthrology of the Red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis was investigated through scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and detailed dissection of connective tissue elements. This project was undertaken to provide a detailed analysis of the cephalic arthrology to serve as a foundation for future functional and comparative analyses. Overall, the level of structural complexity in these joints exceeds what has been previously described for ophidians. The most significant difference between this study and previous work is the emphasis placed upon connective tissue in the current study.

A detailed description of the osteology, the arthrology and the myology of the jaw apparatus of the pigeon (Columba livia, L., race White Carneau) has been made as a base to study the interaction between the morphology of the jaw apparatus and its functioning during ontogeny. The section on arthrology comprises a series of elements not described earlier. These are the Lig. palatomaxillare, the Lig. quadratosphenoidale and the Lig. quadratotemporale. Also the sections on osteology and myology comprise many features additional to earlier descriptions. For example a description of the aponeurotic complex, comprising three aponeurotic slips, through which the Musc. adductor mandibulae externus originates was not made earlier.

The gross morphology of the muscle-bone-ligament apparatus of the cervical system in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) was analysed. A detailed description was made of the osteology, arthrology and myology of the system. In the section on osteology a comparison was made of several earlier nomenclatures with the terminology used in this study. The description of all homologous bony elements found in the mallard's subsequent vertebrae and the mentioned terminological comparison have led to thirty suggestions for additions to the earlier nomenclatures. The section on arthrology informs about several newly described structures among the extracapsular ligaments and intervertebral menisci. The occurrence of elastic fibers and menisci, as well as the capsular organization is estimated from histological cross-sections. The section on myology subdivides the system in four parts: the cranio-cervical, the dorsal, ventral and lateral subsystem. In each of them new features were added for comparative purposes and for functional anatomical analysis. Also the muscles which often received less attention because of their complexity or their difficult position are analysed in detail. For example, the Musc.splenii accessorii, the Musc.intercristales, the Musc.intertransversarii, and the Musc.inclusi are included and their structures and connections are also studied from microsections of an in toto embedded cervical system.

Heads of the boid snakes Python sebae and Python molurus were dissected and the arthrology, myology and dentition studied. Living specimens of these species were observed and their feeding behavior analyzed by means of high- and regular-speed motion pictures. Camera speeds of up to 400 frames per second permitted examination of the jaw movements during the striking and seizing of prey. Motion picture studies conducted at regular speeds provided information on cranial movements during the swallowing of prey. The morphology of the head was correlated with observed movements in an attempt to analyze the functional and adaptive implications of the jaw apparatus. The cranial apparatus was discussed in terms of a linkage or kinematic chain whose constrainment and degrees of freedom were examined and compared with the jaw linkage of lizards. It was concluded that the very rigidly constrained mechanism in lizards is in remarkably sharp contrast to the very loose apparatus in snakes. Motions of various cranial bones were analyzed with particular attention given the mechanical factors involved. In full protraction the maxillae and palatines are lifted and rotated outward about a longitudinal axis. These movements are important in orienting the teeth with respect to the prey and are related to seizing and swallowing.