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In this study, detailed cytogenetic properties of the endemic Akşehir chub, Squalius recurvirostris, distributed in the basin of the Ilgın (Çavuşçu) Lake basin was investigated by applying the standard Giemsa staining, C-banding and Ag-NOR technique. Diploid chromosome number is (2n) 50. A pair of heteromorphic chromosomes was detected in the karyotype in females. However, this difference was not observed in males. Therefore, it was determined that the heteromorphic chromosome pair in females were ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes. The Z chromosome in females is large acrocentric, and the W chromosome is medium-sized submeta/subtelocentric. The number of all chromosomal arms (NF) is 90, and the fundamental number of autosomal arms (NFa) is 88 in the karyotyped of the individuals studied. Some bi-armed and acrocentric chromosomes have centromeric C-bands in the chromosome set. The slightly centromeric or pericentromeric C-bands are observed in some chromosomes, while other chromosome pairs are C-negative. In the individuals studied two active NORs were detected. Both of these NORs were hemizygous and associated with a large C-heterochromatin region. One of the NORs was detected on the entire long arm of the submetacentric chromosome pair and the other on the entire short arm of another submetacentric chromosome pair., Bu çalışmada, Ilgın (Çavuşçu) Gölü havzasında yayılış gösteren endemik Akşehir kefali Squalius recurvirostris'in ayrıntılı sitogenetik özellikleri, standart Giemsa boyama, C-bantlama ve Ag-NOR tekniği ile araştırıldı. Diploid kromozom sayısı (2n) 50'dir. Dişilerin karyotipinde bir çift heteromorfik kromozom tespit edildi. Ancak erkeklerde bu fark görülmedi. Bu nedenle dişilerdeki heteromorfik kromozom çiftinin ZZ/ZW cinsiyet kromozomları olduğu belirlendi. Dişilerdeki Z kromozomu büyük akrosentriktir ve W kromozomu orta büyüklükte submeta/subtelosentriktir. Çalışılan örneklerin karyotipinde tüm kromozomal kolların (NF) sayısı 90, otozomal kolların (NFa) temel sayısı 88'dir. Kromozom setindeki bazı çift kollu ve akrosentrik kromozomlar sentromerik C bantlarına sahiptir. Bazı kromozomlarda hafif sentromerik veya perisentromerik C-bantları gözlenirken, diğer kromozom çiftleri C-negatiftir. İncelenen bireylerde iki aktif NOR tespit edildi. Bu NOR'lerin her ikisi de hemizigottur ve büyük bir C-heterokromatin bölgesi ile ilişkilidir. NOR'lardan biri submetasentrik kromozom çiftinin tüm uzun kolunda, diğeri ise başka bir submetasentrik kromozom çiftinin tüm kısa kolunda tespit edildi.

Bu çalışmada A. escherichii'nin sitogenetik özellikleri, standart Giemsa boyama, C-bantlama ve Ag-NOR boyama teknikleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Diploid kromozom sayısı 2n = 50 olan Sakarya İnci balığının karyotipi altı çift metasentrik, 12 çift submetasentrik ve yedi çift akrosentrik otozomdan (NF = 86) oluşmaktadır. Karyotipte morfolojik olarak ayırt edilebilir heteromorfik cinsiyet kromozomu tespit edilmedi. Çoğu otozom, sentromerik ve perisentromerik C-heterokromatin (bazı kromozomlar hafif) bloklarına sahipken, diğer otozomal çiftler C-negatiftir. Ayrıca, on birinci submetasentrik kromozom çiftinin kısa kolu tamamen C-pozitifti. Nükleolar düzenleyici bölgeler, orta büyüklükte submetasentrik otozomal çiftler halinde lokalize idi. C-heterokromatin ile ilişkili aktif NOR'lar, on birinci kromozom çiftinin kısa kolunun tamamında gözlendi ve aktif NOR'lar homomorfikti. A. escherichii'nin bantlı karyotipleri ilk kez bu çalışmada rapor edilmiştir. Bu araştırmada elde edilen önemli bulgular, Anadolu ve Avrupa'daki Alburnus türlerinin sitotaksonomisine katkı sağlayabilir., In this study, cytogenetic properties of A. escherichii were investigated using standard Giemsa staining, C-banding, and Ag-NOR staining techniques. The karyotype of Sakarya bleak, the diploid chromosome number was 2n = 50, consists of six pairs of metacentric, 12 pairs of submetacentric, and seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes (NF=86). No morphologically distinguishable heteromorphic sex chromosomes were detected in the karyotype. While most autosomes had centromeric and pericentromeric C-heterochromatin (some chromosomes slightly) blocks, the other autosomal pairs were C-negative. Also, the short arm of the eleventh submetacentric chromosome pair was entirely C-positive. The nucleolar organizer regions were localized in medium-sized submetacentric autosomal pairs. Active NORs associated with the C-heterochromatin were observed in the whole of the short arm of the eleventh chromosome pair, and their active NORs were homomorphic. The banded karyotypes of A. escherichii were reported in this study for the first time. Significant findings obtained in this research may contribute to cytotaxonomy of Alburnus species in Anatolian and Europe.

In this study, cytogenetic properties of E. lucius in Sakarya River were investigated using standard Giemsa staining, C- and Ag-NOR banding techniques. The number of diploid chromosomes (2n) of individuals studied is 50 and karyotype consists of 50 acrocentric chromosomes with decreasing sizes. Secondary constriction was observed on the third autosomal pair in the karyotype. Morphologically distinguishable sex chromosomes were not detected in male and female individuals. Some chromosomes were centromeric C-positive, while some chromosomes were negative. Active NOR is localized in the pericentromeric region of the third autosomal pair and it is related to C-heterochromatin. Our results are similar to those of other studies and this result shows that the cytogenetic properties of the species are quite stable. Moreover, these results may contribute to the cytogenetic and phylogenetic studies of the Esox species in the future., Bu çalışmada, Sakarya Nehri’ndeki E. lucius’un geleneksel Giemsa boyama, C- ve Ag-NOR bantlama teknikleri kullanılarak sitogenetik özellikleri araştırıldı. Çalışılan bireylerin diploid kromozom sayısı (2n) 50’dir ve karyotip azalan büyülükte 50 akrosentrik kromozomdan oluşmaktadır. Karyotipte, üçüncü otozomal çiftte ikincil boğum gözlemlendi. Erkek ve dişi bireylerde morfolojik olarak ayırt edilebilir cinsiyet kromozomları tespit edilmedi. Bazı kromozomlar sentromerik C-pozitif iken, bazıları negatifti. Aktif NOR’lar üçüncü otozomal çiftin perisentromerik bölgesinde lokalizedir ve C-heterokromatin ile ilişkilidir. Bulgularımız diğer çalışmaların sonuçları ile benzerdir ve bu sonuç, türün sitogenetik özelliklerinin oldukça stabil olduğunu göstermektedir, Ayrıca bu sonuçlar gelecekte Esox türlerinin sitogenetik ve filogenetik çalışmalarına katkı sağlayabilir.

We compared the C-banding pattern and the NOR distribution in 3 populations of N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi with 48 chromosomes from Turkey, with the aim to reveal variations between and within species. We have found distinct variation in the C-banding and the NOR distribution pattern among the 3 populations compared; each of them possessed its own specific chromosomal features. However, it is not possible to distinguish between intra- and interspecific variation, and the observed patterns cannot be utilized for unequivocal species recognition.

Kankılıç, Tolga (Aksaray, Yazar), The karyotypes of Dryomys laniger and D. nitedula from Turkey were studied using C-banding and AgNOR staining. The standard karyotypes found in both species were fairly similar to previously published data (2n = 46, NF = 92 in D. laniger; 2n = 48, NF = 96 in D. nitedula). The C-banding pattern revealed a relatively small amount of heterochromatin in both karyotypes and C-heterochromatin was concentrated at centromeric areas of most autosomes and the X chromosome. Heterochromatin changes have apparently not been responsible for karyotypic divergences between the studied species. The AgNORs were recorded in the pericentromeric region of two autosome pairs in the complement of D. laniger, and at a single autosome pair of D. nitedula. The complement of D. laniger could be derived from that of D. nitedula after a tandem fusion of two autosomal pairs, and the assumed rearrangement also included the NOR region.

A chromosomal study of populations of Arvicola terrestris from Anatolia in Turkey and from Cen- tral Europe was performed. The diploid number of 36 chromosomes was found in all the specimens examined. The autosomal complement consisted of 12 meta- and submetacentric pairs, two large or medium-sized subtelo- centric pairs, and three small acrocentric (Turkey) or subtelocentric (Central Europe) pairs (FNa = 62-68). The X chromosome was medium-sized submetacentric, the Y chromosome was small acrocentric or subtelocentric. All the chromosomes could be reliably identifi ed by their unique G-banding patterns. The C-banding analysis revealed variation in the amount of constitutive heterochromatin in centromeric regions and in short arms of certain autosomes. A unique feature of the C-banded karyotype of individuals from Anatolia was the absence of dark positive regions in most chromosomes. Populations of water vole from Anatolia resemble in their C-band pattern those studied previously in Azerbaijan, and possibly also in the Balkan peninsula, and they are different in this respect from populations in Central Europe and the other parts of the species range. The X chromosome was stained uniformly and C-negatively in populations from Anatolia, whereas a faint dark centromeric C-band was observed in individuals from Central Europe. The Y chromosome was stained C-positively. The active nu- cleolar organizer regions (NORs) were localized in one pair of small metacentric and two acrocentric autosome pairs in the karyotype of individuals from Anatolia.

In this study, to clear cytogenetic characteristics of 2n = 60 chromosome form of blind mole rats Nannospalax xanthodon superspecies, we carried out conventional staining, Ag-NORs (Nucleolar Organizer Regions) staining and C-banding on the mole rat specimens obtained from 9 localities in Aksaray province, Turkey. Heteromorphic chromosomal pair was determined in Eskil populations. C-heterochromatin regions were found in centromeric region of all bi-armed autosomal pairs whereas C-heterochromatin was localized in pericentromeric areas of some acrocentric autosomes. The sex chromosomes possessed distinct pericentrometric dark C-band. Heteromorphic autosomal pair with deletion/addition of heterochromatin and euchromatin material in short arms was recorded in Eskil populations. The NORs were localized in distal areas of the euchromatic short arms in four pairs of bi-armed autosomes in all the studied populations.

Karyotypes of seven males and three females of the Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus, were analyzed with G- and C-banding techniques and Ag-NOR (nucleolus organizer region) staining. All specimens had the diploid number (2n) of 40 and fundamental autosomal arm number (FN) of 76. The autosomal complement comprised 6 pairs of metacentrics and 13 pairs of submetacentrics. The X chromosome was a medium-sized metacentric. The Y chromosome was a small submetacentric. In the C-banded karyotype, except for centromeric heterochromatin, heterochromatin blocks were absent. Only the terminal region of one medium-sized metacentric pair had detectable Ag-NORs. The uniqueness of the chromosomal characteristics of S. anomalus suggests that S. anomalus is distantly related to the other Old World Sciurus species (S. lis and S. vulgaris).

Arvicola amphibius persicus De Filippi, 1865 Type locality: Sultanieh, south of Elbruz Mountains, Persia (= Iran). Notes: Contains large, orthodont, and strictly aquatic water voles (Kryštufek and Vohralík 2005) with 36 chromosomes (Arslan et al. 2013). This is the oldest name for water voles from the Middle East and is applicable to our samples from Anatolia (pts. 25 and 26 on Figure 1). Taxonomic scope is not resolved unambiguously but persicus probably contains as junior synonyms Microtus terrestris armenius Thomas, 1907 (Type locality: Van, 5000 ft., Eastern Asia Minor) and Arvicola terrestris hintoni Aharoni, 1932 (Type locality: Island of Tel el Sultan, Antioch Lake, Northern Syria) (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Ognev 1964, Kryštufek and Vohralík 2005)., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["KryStufek, B. and V. Vohralik. 2005. Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus. Rodentia I: Sciuridae, Dipodidae, Gliridae, Arvicolinae. Zalozba Annales, Koper. pp. 292.","Ellerman, J. R. and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History), London. pp. 810.","Ognev, S. I. 1964. Mammals of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries. Mammals of Eastern Europe and northern Asia. Vol. VII, Rodents. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. pp. 626."]}

Arvicola amphibius illyricus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899) Type locality: Bosnia (no exact locality). Notes: Contains large, orthodont, and strictly aquatic water voles (Petrov 1949). Our sample from Kupres (pt. 22 in Figure 1) is topotypical with this name., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Petrov, B. 1949. Materials for classification and geographical distribution of watervoles (ArVicola terreStriS L.) in Serbia. Glasnik prirodnjackog muzeja Beograd B 1 - 2: 171 - 200."]}

Arvicola terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Type locality: Upsala, Sweden. Notes: Moderately large aquatic voles with a skull showing “a decided tendency to assume a fossorial structure.” “[H] abits both aquatic and mole-like” (Miller 1912). Priority of terrestris over amphibius was accepted by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Ognev (1964), and numerous subsequent authors., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 300, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Miller, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. pp. 1019.","Ellerman, J. R. and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History), London. pp. 810.","Ognev, S. I. 1964. Mammals of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries. Mammals of Eastern Europe and northern Asia. Vol. VII, Rodents. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. pp. 626."]}

Arvicola sapidus Miller, 1908 Type locality: Santo Domingo de Silos, Burgos, Spain. Notes: A large, orthodont, and strictly aquatic species with 40 chromosomes. Range restricted to Spain, Portugal, and western France; mapped in Ventura (2002) and Shenbrot and Krasnov (2005)., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Ventura, J. 2002. ArVicola SapidUS Miller, 1908, Rata de aqua. In: (L. J. Palomo and J. Gisbert, eds.) Atlas de los Mamiferos Terrestres de Espana. Direccion General de Conservacion de la Naturaleza-SECEM-SECEMU, Madrid. pp. 362 - 365.","Shenbrot, G. I. and B. R. Krasnov. 2005. An atlas of the geographic distribution of the arvicoline rodents of the world (Rodentia, Muridae: Arvicolinae). Pensoft, Sofia. pp. 336."]}

Arvicola amphibius italicus Savi, 1838 Type locality: Vicinity of Pisa, Italy. Notes: Well-defined form of large, orthodont, and strictly aquatic water voles with 36 chromosomes. For 1838 as the year of publication (instead of 1839; cf. Miller 1912) see Gippoliti (2012). Range is restricted to peninsular Italy (Amori et al. 2008b) and Canton Tessin in Switzerland (Meylan and Saucy 1995); borders are not resolved., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Miller, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. pp. 1019.","Gippoliti, S. 2012. The name of the Italian water vole ArVicola cf. amphibiUS (Linnaeus, 1758). Hystrix, It. J. Mamm. 23: 87 - 89.","Amori, G., L. Contoli and A. Nappi. 2008 b. Fauna d'Italia. Mammalia II: Erinaceomorpha, Soricomorpha, Lagomorpha, Rodentia. Calderini, Milano. pp. 736.","Meylan, A. and F. Saucy. 1995. ArVicola terreStriS (L., 1758). In: (J. Hausser, ed.) Mammiferes de la Suisse. Repartition, Biologie, Ecologie. Bikhauser Verlag, Basel. pp. 303 - 313."]}

Arvicola scherman (Shaw, 1801) Type locality: Strasbourg, Bas Rhin, Eastern France. Notes: Small and proodont water voles adapted to fossorial mode of life. Recognized as species on its own right already by Miller (1912) and Ognev (1964)., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Miller, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. pp. 1019.","Ognev, S. I. 1964. Mammals of the U. S. S. R. and adjacent countries. Mammals of Eastern Europe and northern Asia. Vol. VII, Rodents. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. pp. 626."]}

Arvicola amphibius martinoi Petrov, 1949 Type locality: Vicinity of Belgrade, Serbia (Petrov 1949). Notes: Includes large and aquatic water voles (Petrov 1949). Our specimen from Dubovac, Serbia (pt. 21 in Figure 1) originates from the vicinity of the type locality for this name., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Petrov, B. 1949. Materials for classification and geographical distribution of watervoles (ArVicola terreStriS L.) in Serbia. Glasnik prirodnjackog muzeja Beograd B 1 - 2: 171 - 200."]}

Arvicola amphibius variabilis Ognev, 1933 Type locality: Barabinsk steppes Govt. Tomsk, Siberia. Notes: Large, orthodont, and aquatic water voles. Arvicola terrestris variabilis Ognev, 1933, is preoccupied by Arvicola arvalis form variabilis Rörig et Börner, 1905 (now a junior synonym of Microtus arvalis) and was renamed Microtus terrestris barabensis Heptner, 1948. This name (sensu Gromov and Erbajeva 1995) is applicable to our samples from Russia (pts. 27–29 on Figure 1)., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Gromov, I. M. and M. A. Erbajeva. 1995. The mammals of Russia"]}

Arvicola scherman exitus Miller, 1910 Type locality: St. Gallen, Switzerland. Notes: Small, proodont, and strictly fossorial water voles (Miller 1912). The name exitus is probably applicable to sequences from Switzerland (pts. 8–10 on Figure 1), which we downloaded from the GenBank., Published as part of Kryštufek, Boris, Koren, Toni, Engelberger, Simon, Horváth, Győző F., Purger, Jenő J., Arslan, Atilla, Chişamera, Gabriel & Murariu, Dumitru, 2015, Fossorial morphotype does not make a species in water voles, pp. 293-303 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 79 (3) on page 301, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0059, http://zenodo.org/record/7858807, {"references":["Miller, G. S. 1910. Brief synopsis of the water rats of Europe. Proc. Biol Soc. Wash. 23: 19 - 22.","Miller, G. S. 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. pp. 1019."]}

Organik bir insektisit olan Fipronil, pestisitlerin fenil pirazoller veya fiproller olarak bilinen daha yeni ve küçük bir grubuna dahildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ticari Fipronil’in olası akut ve kronik genotoksik etkilerinin civciv perifer kan hücrelerinde mikronukleus test sisteminde belirlenmesiydi. Bu amaçla farklı dozlardaki Fipronil (6.25, 25, 50 ve 100 mg/kg) civcivlere intraperitonal yolla verilmiştir. Negatif kontrol amacıyla çözücü (distile su), pozitif kontrol grubu amacıyla da siklofosfamid kullanılmıştır. Uygulamalardan sonra perifer kan örnekleri alınarak frotiler hazırlanmış ve modifiye May Grünwald–Giemsa yöntemiyle boyanmıştır. Bu preparatlarda alyuvarlardaki mikronukleus ve anormal nukleus oranları ışık mikroskobuyla tespit edilmiştir. Negatif kontrol grubuna kıyasla, Fipronil uygulanan grupların mikronukleus ve anormal nukleus oranlarında istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde bir artış gözlenmemiştir (p>0.05). Bu sonuçlar ışığında Fipronil’in ticari formülasyonunun test edilen dozlarda civcivler için genotoksik olmadığı düşünülebilir., Fipronil, an organic insecticide, is a member of relatively new and small class of pesticides, the phenyl pyrazoles or fiproles group of chemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the possible acute and chronic genotoxic effects of commercial formulations of Fipronil in micronucleus test in peripheral blood erythrocytes of the chick. For this purpose, different doses of Fipronil (6.25, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were given to chicks intraperitoneally. Distilled water and cyclophosphamide were also used as negative and positive controls, respectively. After treatments, blood smears were prepared and stained with modified May Grünwald–Giemsa. In this smears, frequencies of micronucleus and nuclear abnormality were examined in erythrocytes under light microscope. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus and nuclear abnormality of groups treated with Fipronil could not be observed compared to negative control (p>0.05). These results indicate that commercial formulations of Fipronil at doses tested may be considered as a non–genotoxic compound for chicks.