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Due to illegal construction works in 2016, the late medieval motte-and-bailey castle in Lubrza was significantly damaged. The immediately undertaken rescue excavations paradoxically led to better understanding of the complex based on the obtained archaeological evidence as well as written sources, architectural studies, and remote sensing data. Detailed analysis of the artefacts has made it possible to establish the basic occupations of the inhabitants of the tower, their standard of living, everyday life, wealth, diet, and social status. The archaeological research also allowed us to establish accurate chronology of the complex, which should be placed in the 14th century.

The subject of the paper is to present the architectural transformations of the defensive enclosure of the small castle in Witków. This complex is one of the best-preserved examples of medieval seats of knights in Silesia. Unfortunately, in the literature to date, only the tower house with gothic polychromes has been discussed in greater detail. Basing on source references, descriptions from early modern urbariums, the results of architectural research and archaeological excavations, the authors discuss the emerging and transformations of the defensive enclosure. The implementation of the medieval complex including a curtain, along with a gatehouse and a gate, was set in the early 15th century. The Renaissance reconstruction, including the introduction of four regularly arranged towers, is related to the takeover of the castle by Fabian von Schonäich and works confirmed by the date 1557visible on one of the window stone frames. Another significant construction action is set in the second half of the 17th century, probably carried out in connection with the deteriorating condition of the buildings on the site.

Aims: To conduct a pooled analysis to assess the performance of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) in association with the rate of change in sensor glucose in a cohort of children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes. Material and methods: In this pooled analysis, isCGM system accuracy was assessed depending on the rate of change in sensor glucose. Clinical studies that have been investigating isCGM accuracy against blood glucose, accompanied with collection time points were included in this analysis. isCGM performance was assessed by means of median absolute relative difference (MedARD), Parkes error grid (PEG) and Bland-Altman plot analyses. Results: Twelve studies comprising 311 participants were included, with a total of 15 837 paired measurements. The overall MedARD (interquartile range) was 12.7% (5.9-23.5) and MedARD differed significantly based on the rate of change in glucose (P < 0.001). An absolute difference of -22 mg/dL (-1.2 mmol/L) (95% limits of agreement [LoA] 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L), -103 mg/dL (-5.7 mmol/L)) was found when glucose was rapidly increasing (isCGM glucose minus reference blood glucose), while a -32 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) (95% LoA 116 mg/dL (6.4 mmol/L), -51 mg/dL (-2.8 mmol/L)) absolute difference was observed in periods of rapidly decreasing glucose. Conclusions: The performance of isCGM was good when compared to reference blood glucose measurements. The rate of change in glucose for both increasing and decreasing glucose levels diminished isCGM performance, showing lower accuracy during high rates of glucose change. Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); type 1 diabetes.

Metal objects related to daily life and work that have been excavated in Lubrza, offer a glimpse at the typical activities of inhabitants of the medieval tower castle. Items related to kitchen activities have been recovered, such as fragments of tripod cooking cauldrons, along with personal equipment of everyday use (knives, crampons, fire steel), carpentry tools (auger, hammer), agricultural tools (sickles, harrow teeth), and probably furrier tools (awl). The whetstone discovered at the site could be used for care and maintenance of tools with cutting edges.

In 2016, the immediate surroundings of a valuable historical site - a knight's tower (motte-and-bailey castle) in Lubrza, Lubuskie Voivodeship, W Poland - were destroyed. Rescue works undertaken immediately after this unfortunate event led to the documentation of the tower's state of preservation and the acquisition of numerous late medieval artefacts, displaced from their original context. The book provides a full description and reconstruction of the history of the tower structure and the material culture associated with its functioning. From the outset, the intention of the editor of this study was to show the tragic history of the castle through the prism of the daily activities of its former inhabitants - as the Braudelian structures of everyday life. As a result the reader is presented with a multiplot story about the material and spiritual sphere, status and contacts, and eventually the mundane everyday functioning of the building over the centuries. The historical context (J. Karczewska), architectural context (A. Legendziewicz), geo-informational context (G. Kiarszys), various aspects of individual categories of finds (H. Augustyniak, S. Kałagate, A. Michalak, A. Janowski, T. Szczurek, D. Makowiecki, M. Makowiecka, P. Stachowiak), as well as the theme of the technology of blacksmith craftsmanship (M. Biborski et al., J. Hošek) are taken into account. No less important is the analysis of the legal context of destroying a monument and its impunity (M. Kosowicz). As a result, we are presented with an extremely fascinating picture of everyday life of the upper classes in the Middle Ages on the borders of Silesia, Greater Poland and Brandenburg, provoked by the rape on heritage, but nevertheless proving the great potential of contemporary archaeology in "reading the past" from the scraps it has at its disposal.

This article summarizes the results of an interdisciplinary analysis of archaeological materials obtained as a result of rescue excavations of a residential and defense tower in Lubrza. The sources were confronted with data from various disciplines, which allowed for the approaching of the everyday life of the Lubrza facility. The overall picture, though far from complete, brings some information about the inhabitants of the motte-and-bailey castle, their wealth, status, and diet. The article also discusses the significance and context of the discrepancies between written and archaeological sources, as well as architectural data, in relation to the fortified abode in Lubrza. It is possible that the archaeological sources also provide us with information about the siege of the motte-and-bailey castle, which is not recorded in written sources. Due to a variety of reasons for the presence of such a large number of weapons within the stronghold, a careful approach should be taken when formulating final conclusions in this regard.

Twenty-two coins were found in the area of the motte-and-bailey castle in Lubrza; 13 of them are discussed in this article (the remaining are German emissions from the twentieth century along with an early Modern Era German dish pfennig). Twelve coins are from the Middle Ages (1–12); and specimen #13 is a copper disc without any trace of stamping. The numismatic material from the knight seat in Lubrza implies profound influence of the Brandenburg coinage from the Ascanian dynasty (expired in 1319) on the northern parts of Silesia. To the same category of emissions belong Anhalt and Saxon-Wittenberg denars (#8–9), including March of Brandenburg forged denar, most likely minted in the County/Duchy of Anhalt or the Duchy of Saxony-Wittenberg (#9). Interest is aroused by the regularly cut Prague groschen (#10), a very rare find of this type. Also, Teutonic coins appear rarely this far west (#11). However, the lack of a Silesian coin is intriguing. Specimen #12, suspected to be of Silesian origin, is probably a Neumark (New March) denar (Vinkenauge). The lack of domestic coins seems rather accidental; however, all finds in Lubrza are probably chance losses. The noticeably large amount of the Brandenburg coinage results from the Lubrza motte-and-bailey castle location close to the border. Substantial minting activity in the Ascanian period and the short-term affiliation of Lubrza to the March of Brandenburg in the first quarter of the 14th century also played a considerable role. In the present-day territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, no large bracteates (45 mm in diameter) have been minted, therefore, a fragment of a lid of a copper alloy box intended for storing small amounts of this kind of money is quite sensational. The box lid from Lubrza, probably made in the second half of the 13th century, is most likely of Meissen origin.

Since antiquity, the belt has served not only its primary function, as an element connecting or supporting the outfit, but also played an important role in interpersonal communication, as a determinant of social and material status or a religious attribute. The article presents a collection of items related to belt accessories, consisting of 25 buckles and 8 mounts. All buckles, except for one, are made of iron and represent common types of the 13th–15th centuries. The collection includes specimens with a single-section frame in the shape of the letter D, quadrilateral forms of various constructions, as well as with oval and profiled frames. Particularly noteworthy is one of the profiled buckles cast from a type of brass. Belt mounts made of copper alloys constitute a less numerous group. They include metal tape applications in a variety of shapes (rectangular, heart-, six-leaf-, and hat-shaped), and one tongue-shaped strap end. Like buckles, they represent the forms commonly found in the 13th–15th centuries. The Lubrza collection is the first larger and relatively homogeneous collection of clothing elements from the Brandenburg-Silesia-Greater Poland borderland. It is testimony to the fashion tastes of the local population and a contribution to the discussion on the function of particular types of late-medieval buckles and fittings.

The rescue archaeology project carried out in November 2016 was a aftermath of the illegal earthworks that led to the destruction of cultural layers of the Lubrza stronghold (site 39) and exposure of the foundations of the knight’s stone tower (motte-and-bailey castle). The initial goal was to determine and document the damage; however, the shocking scale of the destruction that was found called for further research and conservation recommendations. A rich collection of loose historical material was also obtained, and the Lubuskie Province Heritage Protection Office requested access to the monument for the conducting of non-invasive documentary research of the site in Lubrza, including a 3-D scan, aerial photography, photogrammetry, and architectural analysis. This article summarizes the initial stage of very limited research work on the tower in Lubrza. Despite the mentioned limitations, material obtained up to date became a basis for many thought-provoking research conclusions. For this reason, the study should become the starting point for further multi-faceted, interdisciplinary research.

During the archaeological investigation in Lubrza, a relatively large number of military paraphernalia was found. Included are elements of arms and armor, namely a plate from a coat of plates, 3 copper alloy mail rings, an awl-pike head, a spear- or javelin head, 5 axe fragments, 2 caltrops, 3 copper alloy ferrules of dagger sheath, and more than 110 bolt and arrow heads. Regarding equestrian equipment, the following were found: 4 stirrups, 8 spur fragments and 8 spur fittings, 6 buckles from a horse harness, 9 elements of bits, and 15 horseshoe fragments. The elements of knightly equipment represent important aspects of medieval culture, while testifying to the lifestyle of the owners of the site, their personality and implied symbolism, as well as the level of local blacksmithing. The analyzed collection of military items from Lubrza is extremely interesting evidence of the armament resources of a small stronghold between the second half of the 13th and 14th century. It was probably maintained for the needs of the owner and his small entourage. These include items that could be made locally (maybe even on site), but also objects of a higher class, probably belonging to the affluent inhabitant of the motte-and-bailey castle, perhaps even its owner or governor. This testifies to a knightly culture of the highest rank, typical of the elites of the world at that time. It is possible that the impact marks found on some of the bolt heads record a siege of the castle never recorded in written sources, or bare witness of an exercise by a local armed crew; however, due to the lack of detailed context for these objects, it is difficult to infer as to their real purpose.

The article describes the objectives of the Castrum Lubenov project, the result of which is this book. It is based primarily on archaeological sources from the rescue survey of a destroyed residential and defense complex in Lubrza, Lubuskie voivodeship (W Poland). The main goal of the study was to examine the relationship between objects and their owners, which was achieved by means of the analysis of archaeological data in confrontation with sources from three levels: historical (as an object belonging to a specific owner, located on the medieval border of Silesia, Greater Poland and Brandenburg), architectural (reality limited and determined by the space of a specific, small fortified facility), and geographic (environmental conditions for the location of the motte-and-bailey castle). This was to allow the reconstruction of the biographies of the artefacts and the biographies of their owners. According to the objectives of the project, metal objects were treated only as a medium allowing for a broader look at the daily activities of the inhabitants of the tower, which gives the book the dimension of an anthropological study.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) may coexist with primary immunodeficiencies, indicating a shared genetic background.To evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of immunoglobulin deficiency (IgD) among children with T1D.Serum samples and medical history questionnaires were obtained during routine visits from T1D patients aged 4-18 years. IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE were measured by nephelometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG and IgM deficiency (IgGD, IgMD) were defined as IgG/IgM2 standard deviations (SD) below age-adjusted mean. IgE deficiency was defined as IgE2 kIU/L. IgA deficiency (IgAD) was defined as IgA2 SD below age-adjusted mean irrespective of other immunoglobulin classes (absolute if0.07 g/L, partial otherwise) and as selective IgAD when IgA2 SD below age-adjusted mean with normal IgG and IgM (absolute if0.07 g/L, partial otherwise).Among 395 patients (53.4% boys) with the median age of 11.2 (8.4-13.7) and diabetes duration 3.6 (1.1-6.0) years, 90 (22.8%) were found to have hypogammaglobulinemia. The IgGD and IgAD were the most common each in 40/395 (10.1%). Complex IgD was found in seven patients. Increased odds of infection-related hospitalization (compared to children without any IgD) was related to having any kind of IgD and IgAD; OR (95%CI) = 2.1 (1.2-3.7) and 3.7 (1.8-7.5), respectively. Furthermore, IgAD was associated with having a first-degree relative with T1D OR (95%CI) = 3.3 (1.4-7.6) and suffering from non-autoimmune comorbidities 3.3 (1.4-7.6), especially neurological disorders 3.5 (1.2-10.5).IgDs frequently coexist with T1D and may be associated with several autoimmune and nonimmune related disorders suggesting their common genetic background.

Current State of and Needs for Research on the Late Medieval Arms and Armour from the Territory of Present-day Poland. Perspective of the New MillenniumThe research on the Polish art of war conducted since the 19th century, during the interwar period, gained considerable intensity as aresult of the profound, critical studies on weaponry, documents mentioning the production of the military equipment in the Middle Ages, and iconographic sources concerning medieval military items. The next stage of studies on armament, in the time of Polish People’s Republic, can be associated with the beginning of the so-called ‘Millennium Research’ and the establishment of aweapons’ research centre in Łódź, gathered around Professor Andrzej Nadolski. The rapid development of archaeological excavations (which has taken place since the beginning of the 1990s and was on alarge scale extended to mediaeval towns and castles) resulted in asignificant increase in numbers of finds of military artefacts. Several source publications are associated with it, which emphasised the importance of finds of artefacts as well-established, independent objects enabling dating of the strata from which they were obtained.One should pay attention to several works that in the last two decades can be considered as milestones in the studies on the late-medieval armaments from the Polish territory. The synthesis Uzbrojenie wPolsce średniowiecznej 1450–1500 (Armaments in Late Medieval Poland in 1450–1500), summarising the current state of knowledge on military equipment, should be considered extremely important. Undoubtedly, Lech Marek’s book on cold steel arms should also be listed here. Significant progress was also made in the field of firearms, thanks to the works of Jan Szymczak and Piotr Strzyż. The symbolism of military equipment, broadly discussed in the works of Olgierd Ławrynowicz and Lech Marek, has also become an important direction of new research.However, there would not be such noticeable progress if it were not for the involved researchers. Marian Głosek, Piotr Strzyż, Olgierd Ławrynowicz, Piotr Świątkiewicz, Radosław Zdaniewicz, and Wojciech Wasiak are still very vigorously active in the field of military equipment studies. For many years, valuable works have been published by Antoni Romuald Chodyński, the curator of the weapon collection of the Malbork Castle Museum. Extremely important research on the technology of weaponry is implemented by Grzegorz Żabiński from the Institute of History, Jan Długosz Academy in Częstochowa. In the west of Poland, Lech Marek from Wrocław, Arkadiusz Michalak from Zielona Góra, and Andrzej Janowski from Szczecin persistently follow the path marked by Krzysztof Wachowski. It is also impossible not to mention the initiator of the establishment of the journal Acta Militaria Mediaevalia, Piotr Kotowicz from Sanok, publishing materials from today’s south-eastern Poland. The above-mentioned journal is akind of glue connecting the new generation of researchers.The enormous development of weaponry studies is undoubtedly associated with the participation of medieval historians in this research. Jan Szymczak and Tadeusz Grabarczyk from Łódź, and Mateusz Goliński from Wrocław have invaluable merits in the development of written sources concerned with the armament, manufacturing, and use of arms in today’s Poland. In the recent years the interdisciplinary approach to research has been developing intensively, covering not only the artefacts of arms themselves, but also studies on iconography, written records, symbolism of weapons as well as laboratory analyses and experimental reconstructions. Alot of emphasis has been placed on archaeometry and metallography of military equipment artefacts, enabling the discussion on the technology of their production and significantly extending the aspects of the studies themselves, which also creates great opportunities for interpretation. The idea of regional studies on weapons should be continued also for the late-medieval materials, which would allow to observe local differences in the popularity of individual types, as well as apace of implementing innovations and possible delays. Despite many annually published studies on sources, excavated in the course of archaeological research in our country, some regions of Poland are still blanks in terms of military equipment used there (Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Masovia). There is also anoticeable lack of comprehensive studies on the transitional armament, mainly covering the 13th century. The necessary condition for such studies seems to be aprofound inquiry, also in materials obtained during excavations from the past.Strict heritage protection of historic spaces and the related obligation to conduct archaeological excavations during investments, as well as the use of metal detectors on an increasing scale, resulted in the significant expansion of collections, which enables typological and chronological analyses as well as the recognition of not previously listed categories of military artefacts: caltrops, falchions, battle flails, maces, axes. The state of knowledge regarding shields still seems to be unsatisfactory. Not much is known about medieval royal armaments, despite several articles devoted to weapons having belonged to individual rulers. Unfortunately, there is anoticeable shortage of synthetic studies devoted to the horse tack and equestrian equipment, despite the existing works on particular parts of harnesia.Asignificant increase in the number of materials related to the armaments of burghers and urban garrisons (materials from Elbląg, Wrocław, Międzyrzecz, Krosno) allows completing the picture emerging from the analysis of bourgeois laws, inventories, and wills. Acomprehensive study of the military artefacts from Gdańsk is therefore much expected. The materials from towns allow for many conclusions regarding manufacturing of armaments by producers concentrated in guilds. Asignificant increase in the number of publications of late medieval materials from castles and strongholds allows analogous conclusions regarding the level of proficiency of manufacturers working for the needs of armed crews.It is also impossible to ignore the importance of museum studies in the fields of arms. In this context, one should note the gradual publication of the military collections of the National Museums (in Wrocław and Cracow).The underwater archaeological research, which has recently brought ahuge increase in the number of discovered military artefacts (often with preserved organic elements: leather, wood, bone), also contributed to developing the knowledge on the arms from the area of northern Poland used in the Late Middle Ages. Further technological progress related to environmental studies and remote-sensing research, connected with the spread of metal detectors and the methods of their use, as well as recent discoveries in Europe related to Battlefield Archaeology have also contributed to the renewed interest in researching battlegrounds in Poland.Looking ahead, however, it is difficult to be optimistic. The aforementioned lack of strong traditions in the field of military equipment studies currently developing in Poland in scattered research institutions, as well as the situation in university centres severely limits the possibilities of educating successors of researchers who are currently giving the direction and pace of Polish studies on late medieval armament.

Monitoring physical activity is a very important issue, especially in type 1 diabetes. One of the parameters assessing the intensity of exercise is the concentration of lactate in the blood. Aim of the study We assessed the intensity of PE and changes in lactate levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during a football tournament.We enrolled 141 participants, the results of 70 of whom were analyzed, playing in two age categories: 10-13 and 14-17 years. Lactate levels were measured in the capillary blood before and after matches. Blood lactate of 4 mmol/l (Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation OBLA) was used as parameter indicating the prevalence of anaerobic metabolic changes.The median lactate level was 1.8 mmol/l before and 4.4 mmol/l after matches (p0.001). The increase in lactate levels was higher in the older age category (4.3 vs. 1.8, p = 0.001) and was independent on gender (3.2 vs. 2.1, p = 0.597), personal insulin pump vs insulin pen use (3.0 vs. 1.5, p = 0.145) or training in a sports club (1.4 vs. 3.0, p = 0.084). A positive correlation was noted between increased lactate levels and age (Rs = 0.253, p = 0.034). 61% of the participants exceeded lactate levels ≥ 4 mmol/l. In univariate logistic regression analysis age was a significantly associated with lactate level ≥ 4 mmol/l [OR = 1.45 (1.08-1.95)] independent of HbA1c, gender, treatment method and training in a sports club.PE intensity levels during football matches were found to be mixed aerobic-anaerobic. Increases in lactate levels were greater in the older subjects independently on the assessed factors.Monitorowanie aktywności fizycznej jest bardzo ważne, szczególnie w cukrzycy typu 1. Jednym z parametrów oceniających intensywność aktywności jest stężenie mleczanu we krwi. Cel pracy Ocena intensywności wysiłku fizycznego i zmiany poziomu mleczanu we krwi u dzieci i młodzieży z cukrzycą typu 1 podczas turnieju piłkarskiego.Do badania zakwalifikowano 141 osób, w analizach uwzględniono wyniki 70 zawodników, grających w dwóch kategoriach wiekowych: 10–13 oraz 14–17 lat. Stężenia mleczanu mierzono przed i po zakończeniu każdego meczu. Stężenie mleczanu 4 mmol/l (OBLA) zostało użyte jako parametr wskazujący początek beztlenowych przemian metabolicznych.Mediana stężeń mleczanu wynosiła przed 1,8 mmol/l i wzrosła do 4,4 mmol/l po meczach (p0,001). Przyrost mleczanów był wyższy u starszych dzieci (4,3 vs 1,8; p = 0,001), nie zależał od płci (3,2 vs 2,1, p = 0,597), stosowania osobistej pompy insulinowej lub penów insulinowych (3,0 vs 1,5, p = 0,145) oraz trenowania w klubie sportowym (1,4 vs 3,0, p = 0,084). Odnotowano dodatnią korelację pomiędzy przyrostem stężenia mleczanu a wiekiem (Rs = 0,253, p = 0,034). 61% zawodników podczas meczu przekroczyło intensywność wysiłku odpowiadającą własnemu obciążeniu progowemu czego efektem był poziom mleczanu (≥ 4 mmol/l). W analizie regresji logistycznej udowodniliśmy, że wiek był istotnie związany ze stężeniem mleczanu ≥ 4 mmol/l [OR = 1,45 (1,08–1,95)]). Związek ten jest niezależny od wartości HbA1c, płci, metody leczenia i trenowania w klubie sportowym.Intensywność wysiłku fizycznego u nastolatków z cukrzycą typu 1 podczas meczów piłkarskich była mieszana – tlenowo-beztlenowa. Wzrost stężenia mleczanów po wysiłku fizycznym był wyższy u starszych uczestników oraz nie zależał od innych czynników.

During the Middle Ages arms and armour were considered luxury products. They were not used every day and not by everyone. Nonetheless, the circle of their buyers was relatively wide, making their prices extremely diversified. On the other hand, as weaponry was bought every several years, the demand was limited. It resulted in a relatively small number of workshops in which weapons were produced. Besides specialised production sites located in towns or at royal courts, there were also rural forges, where arms and armour were produced for the needs of less wealthy members of the medieval society.The production of armaments in the borderlands of Silesia, Greater Poland, Brandenburg and Lusatia (roughly equivalent to today’s Lubuskie Voivodeship), laying mostly outside the borders of medieval Poland, has not been yet explored in the scholarly works. Researching the subject is difficult due to the lack of direct sources. There is, however, some indirect evidence.Iron, in medieval times obtained mainly from bog ores, was the most important raw material for the manufacture of a majority of military equipment. Therefore, the first indication of the arms and armour manufacturing in the studied borderland during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period can be found in written sources, which mention many small metallurgical workshops (forges and hammer-mills). Early mentions concern following settlements: Drozkow near Żary, Klikowa near Ilowa, Szprotawa (Sprottau), Łozy upon the Kwisa, Sanice near Przewoz, Dobrzyn and Bucz (Fig. 1). Direct evidence confirming the functioning of s place of iron production was discovered during archaeological excavations in Podrosche (former part of Przewoz).Most scholars assumes that rural smithies did not participate in the production of arms and armour on a large scale, mostly limiting their activity to horseshoeing, forging basic agricultural and carpentry tools (including axes and hatchets) as well as sharpening and repairing more elaborate artefacts . Mass-produced arrow- and boltheads, as well as iron parts of staff weapons, could also be manufactured there, although rather only in times of war. Remains of such a rural smithy (dated to the 15th c.) were recorded in Nowa Wieś, Miedzyrzecz District (Fig. 2). A large amount of iron slag was found in the fill of the feature, along with smithing tools, finished and unfinished smithing products and also pieces of armaments.Castle forges were more specialised in manufacture and repair of individual parts of military equipment. Remains of such workshops were found, among others, in: Miedzyrzecz (Fig. 3) and Santok (Fig. 4), while inventories of the Teutonic castles in Kostrzyn (Kustrin) and Drezdenko, in which large amounts of saltpetre, sulphur and lead was recorded, may indicate that gunpowder and projectiles were produced in those strongholds.Little is known about metal crafts’ organisation in the region as written sources provide almost no information. (Fig. 5) There is no doubt that blacksmith guilds existed in larger towns of the area, as it was typical for medieval urban centres of Central and Western Europe, although the relatively late mentions in written records provide little information on the subject. Some data was acquired as a result of examination of archaeological finds. Some of them are signed with craftsmen’s marks, which if identified may indicate a place of origin for particular pieces of arms. They, however, show these objects were manufactured outside the region (Fig. 6). It is finds like unfinished items and intermediate products that can suggests local production of armaments in the places where they were discovered (Fig. 7).Therefore, indirect evidence shows that although the scale of the production was rather small, it met the demand of local purchasers (of various wealth). The need for simple and mass produced arms might be fulfilled by castle, town and rural forges.

Skin autofluorescence (sAF) represents tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and correlates with cardiovas-cular morbidity and diabetes risk.To assess sAF in Polish children without diabetes and to investigate whether sAF values in children with chronic diseases (but without glucose metabolism disorders) differ from sAF in healthy children.Children without diseases known to influence sAF results (diabetes, renal failure) and with HbA1c5.7% (39 mmol/mol) were includ-ed, and the total study group was divided into two subgroups: with and without chronic conditions. Skin autofluorescence was meas-ured with an AGE Reader (Diagnoptics BV, Groningen, Netherlands). Data were presented as medians; Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskall Wallis test, and Spearman's correlation coefficients were used in statistical analyses.The study group included 86 children (41 girls; mean age 10.1 ±4.2 years). Median sAF was 1.20 AU (25th-75th centile: 1.06-1.30). There was a positive correlation between sAF and age (R = 0.37, p = 0.0005). Skin autofluorescence values were higher in children with chronic diseases than in healthy children (1.23 AU [25th-75th centile: 1.10-1.40], n = 51 vs. 1.16 AU [1.06-1.26], n = 36, p = 0.0272).To our knowledge we present the first data on sAF values in Polish children without glucose metabolism disorders. We suggest that larger, homogenous populations of different ages should be studied to determine if and which diseases affect sAF measurements, and to develop pediatric reference values for sAF. This will allow a wider use of sAF measurement in the assessment of cardiovascular risk in the paediatric population.Autofluorescencja skóry (skin autofluorescence – sAF) odzwierciedla zawartość końcowych produktów zaawansowanej glikacji (ad-vanced glycation end products – AGEs) w organizmie i wyniki jej pomiaru korelują z obecnością i nasileniem zaburzeń metabolizmu glukozy i z występowaniem chorób sercowo-naczyniowych.Ocena sAF u polskich dzieci oraz zbadanie, czy wartości sAF u dzieci z chorobami przewlekłymi (ale bez zaburzeń metabolizmu gluko-zy) różnią się od wartości sAF u dzieci zdrowych.Badaniami objęto dzieci z prawidłowym stężeniem hemoglobiny glikowanej [HbA1c5,7% (39 mmol/mol)]. Grupę badaną podzielono na dwie podgrupy: dzieci z chorobami przewlekłymi (z wykluczeniem chorób o znanym wpływie na sAF – cukrzyca, niewydolność nerek) oraz dzieci zdrowych. Pomiar sAF wykonywano w sposób nieinwazyjny, za pomocą urządzenia AGE Reader (Diagnoptics BV, Groningen, Holandia). Wyniki przedstawiono jako mediany; w analizie statystycznej wykorzystano test U Manna-Whitneya, test Kru-skalla Wallisa oraz współczynniki korelacji Spearmana.Grupę badaną stanowiło 86 dzieci (41 dziewczynek i 45 chłopców; średni wiek 10,1 ±4,2 roku) – 36 dzieci zdrowych i 51 ze schorze-niami przewlekłymi (u większości rozpoznano choroby alergiczne, choroby krwi, choroby tarczycy). Mediana sAF wynosiła 1,20 AU (25.–75. centyl: 1,06–1,30). Stwierdzono dodatnią korelację między sAF a wiekiem (R = 0,37, p = 0,0005). Wartości sAF były wyższe u dzieci z chorobami przewlekłymi niż u dzieci zdrowych [1,23 AU (25.–75. centyl: 1,10–1,40) vs 1,16 AU (1,06–1,26) p = 0,0272].Zgodnie z wiedzą autorów jest to pierwsze podsumowanie prezentujące wartości sAF u polskich dzieci w różnym wieku, bez zaburzeń metabolizmu glukozy. Wskazane są dalsze badania obejmujące większe, jednorodne populacje, które pozwolą ocenić, czy i jakie choroby wpływają na wyniki pomiaru sAF i umożliwią opracowanie wartości referencyjnych sAF dla polskiej populacji pediatrycznej. Pozwoli to na szersze zastosowanie pomiarów sAF w ocenie ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego u dzieci.

This paper is concerned with the transformations that took place in the late-medieval and early-modern borderland of Silesia, Greater Poland, Brandenburg and Lusatia in the forms of arms and armour used between the end of the 15th- and the beginning of the 16th century. Gothic elements of arms and armour still exist in the iconography of the borderland until the 2nd decade of the 16th century. Fully developed Renaissance arms and armour (Maximilian, fluted, costume) appear in iconography of this region not earlier that 1530s.

Neumark and Sternberg Land- the provinces which were established as a result of the expansion of margraves in the 13th and 14th centuries into Greater Poland and Western Pomerania – are far from proper recognition. Similar remarks should be made to the medieval armament of these regions. The information about the existence of an accidentally found, late-medieval sword from this region, that had never been published and found its way into private collections, should be welcomed with interest.The sword remained in fairly good condition to our times; however, corrosion pits are visible, indicating its deposition in the ground. It has not very common type of blade with a ridge, characterized by a rhomboidal cross-section, considerable length, slenderness and a clearly marked point that allows it to be classified as type XVIIIb, which is dated in the literature from the second half of the 15th to the beginning of the 16th century. Swords with blades of the type XVIIIb were much stiffer and therefore more suitable for thrusts and piercing of armour. For this reason, they were considered a weapon to fight the enemy protected by plate armor. The form of a S-shaped crossguard with horizontally bent arms indicates its connection with the Style 12 or its variant 12a. The pear-shaped pommel allow to classify it as a T3 Type according to Oakeshott. The presence of diagonal grooves only at the top of the pommel makes it similar to the specimen from the Museum in Karlovy Vary, from the first half of the Sixteenth century.Blade of type XVIIIb are known mainly from Western and Central Europe and they were produced in Passau in Bavaria and in Hall in Tyrol. The mark in the form of the St. Andrew, visible on the blade of the analyzed sword, appears quite often on the tangs of swords from Central Europe. However, it is difficult to say unequivocally whether the second sign: a cross with forked top, which marked its blade, should be associated with blacksmith or sword maker workshops. They appear both on the tangs and blades. Both typological and iconographic arguments indicate that the sword should be dated to the end of the 15th – beginning of the 16th century, with a slight indication of the time around 1500, when it could be produced and used.The form of the sword, which enables both one-handed and two-handed combat, allows to consider analyzed sword as a bastard’s sword (Bastardschwert). The clear enhancement of the tip of sword, as well as the pear-shaped pommel, which allows for a better grip when giving powerful thrusts, indicate that the tested sword can be considered a weapon used mainly in armored foot combat (the so-called Harnischfechten).His appearance on the borderland of Neumark and Sternberg Land should be associated with the renaissance of the idea of organizing knightly tournaments that prevailed among the rulers of the Reich, including Brandenburg margraves from the Hohenzollern dynasty. Uzbrojenie średniowiecznych Nowej Marchii i Ziemi Torzymskiej dalekie są od należytego rozpoznania. Niepublikowany dotąd miecz późnośredniowieczny odkryty przypadkowo w latach 70. XX w. gdzieś w okolicach Słubic (dziś zbiory prywatne), pozwala naszą wiedzę na ten temat znacznie rozwinąć. Miecz przetrwał do naszych czasów w dość dobrym stanie. Znaczna długość i smukłość głowni z granią, pozwala sklasyfikować go jako typ XVIIIb, 12 (12a), T3 wg Oakeshotta. Głownie typu XVIIIb znane są głównie ze znalezisk z zachodniej i środkowej Europy i produkowano je w Pasawie w Bawarii oraz w Hall w Tyrolu. Argumenty typologiczne, jak i ikonograficzne wskazują na datowanie miecza na sam koniec XV – początek XVI w., z lekkim wskazaniem na czas około 1500 r. Forma miecza, umożliwiająca walkę zarówno jedną, jak i dwiema rękami, pozwala uznać okaz ten za miecz bękarci (Bastardschwert), a wyraźne wzmocnienie sztychu wskazuje na jego przeznaczenie jako broni wykorzystywanej w trakcie pieszej walki w zbroi (tzw. Harnischfechten). Jego pojawienie się na pogranicza Nowej Marchii i Ziemi Torzymskiej wiązać należy z renesansem idei organizacji turniejów rycerskich, jaki zapanował wśród władców Rzeszy.

Monogenic diabetes caused by mutation in the glucokinase gene (GCK-MD) is a rare disorder manifesting in childhood as mild, prevalent hyperglycemia. By consensus, it is managed by dietary supervision and infrequent consultations. However, its impact on the mental health of the affected children is largely unknown.To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in children with monogenic glucokinase-related diabetes (GCK-MD) and evaluate their association with quality of life (QoL).The study invited children with GCK-MD aged 5-18 years identified in the Central National Registry and treated in 3 pediatric diabetes centers in Poland. The control group comprised children with type 1 diabetes (T1D, the most common diabetes type in youth) matched for age and family history of diabetes. Participants underwent a semistructured clinical interview diagnostic for psychiatric comorbidities, questionnaires assessing behavioral problems, depressive symptoms, parental stress, and measuring general and diabetes-related QoL (PedsQl).We included 35 patients with GCK-MDMD and 199 with T1D. Eight (22.9%) GCK-MD patients were diagnosed with psychiatric disorder in their lifetime, compared with 16 (8.1%) in the T1D group (odds ratio 3.4 [95% confidence interval: 1.3-8.7]). Patients with GCK-MD showed better parent-reported general QoL (87.1 ± 11.9 vs 82.0 ± 14.0, P = 0.0060) and higher diabetes-related QoL in both parental (84.5 ± 13.8 vs 74.1 ± 15.2, P0.0001) and child's perspective (87.6 ± 10.9 vs 77.3 ± 13.9, P0.0001). Psychiatric disorders (+P) were associated with worse child-reported diabetes QoL (T1D+P 66.6 ± 16.7, T1D-P 78.2 ± 13.3, GCK-MD+P 79.6 ± 16.3, GCK-MD-P 90.1 ± 7.5, P = 0.0002).High prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with GCK-MD and lower QoL emphasizes the need for psychologic surveillance in those otherwise mildly-treated patients.

Our aim was to compere diabetes-related distress (DD) in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in their parents before and during the national COVID-19-related lockdown when schools operated on-line. Problems Areas in Diabetes-Child (PAID-Ch), Teen (PAID-T) and Parent (P-PAID-Ch, P-PAID-T) questionnaires in paper version were used to evaluate DD before COVID-19 pandemic (November 2019–February 2020) and during the lockdown (April 2020) the same surveys were performed by phone. We enrolled 76 patients (median age (Q1–Q3): 13.6 (11.8–15.2) years, 21 children, 55 adolescents, T1DM duration 3.7 (1.7–6.8) years). Initial PAID score was lower in teenage boys than in girls (34.0 (24.0–42.0) vs. 44.5 (40.0–50.5), p = 0.003). In teens PAID score decreased significantly during the lockdown (−3.0 (−11.0–3.0), p = 0.018), more in girls than boys (p = 0.028). In children (−3.0 (−14.0–7.0), p = 0.131) and parents PAID did not change (teens’ parents: 3.0 (−9.0–10.0), p = 0.376, children’s parents: −5.0 [−9.0–1.0], p = 0.227). In the studied group COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown was associated with decrease in DD in teens with T1DM, particularly in girls, while no significant change in DD was observed in children or parents. DD decrease in teens during the pandemic should attract attention to the potential “rebound” of DD related to return to regular on-site school routine.

Our clinical report describes a rare finding of a prenatally-detected congenital atrioventricular (AVB) block without associated maternal antibodies, which progressed from 1st/2nd degree AVB to complete heart block during second half of pregnancy. Obstetrical ultrasound at 12th week did not reveal any abnormalities and prenatal echocardiography (due to VSD in afamily member) at the 18th week of gestation detected 1st degree block, then bigeminy and bradycardia. Transplacental treatment with B-2-mimetics was introduced. The delivery was organized in a tertiary center and a pacemaker for the newborn baby was secured and implanted in 15th day of life. Currently the boy`s condition is good and stable. Before therapy with B-2-mimetics the mother underwent echocardiography and ECG which revealed clinically silent structural and conduction heart abnormalities. Literature findings suggest that parents of children with non-immune congenital or childhood AVB are more likely to carry clinically silent conduction abnormalities than general population. Given the corresponding findings in the mother and her son, they should be good candidates for genetic testing.

Aims To analyze physical performance and diabetes-related outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) during two semi-competitive football matches utilising precise physical activity monitoring. Methods The study was conducted during an annual summer camp for adolescents with T1DM. After physical examination and glycated hemoglobin measurement, 16 adolescent players completed Cooper’s 12-min running test and, in the following days, took part in two football matches while wearing heart rate (HR) monitors coupled with global positioning system (GPS) tracking. Results Both matches were comparable in terms of covered distances, number of sprints, achieved velocities and heart rate responses. During both games, capillary blood lactate increased significantly (Match 1: 1.75 ± 0.16–6.13 ± 1.73 mmol/l; Match 2: 1.77 ± 0.18–3.91 ± 0.63 mmol/l, p = 0.004). No significant differences in blood glucose were observed between the matches (p = 0.83) or over each match (p = 0.78). Clinically significant hypoglycemia (

Regular physical activity increases lifespan for those with type 1 diabetes. However, disease-related barriers may deter children from exercise and affect their fitness. This study examined the safety of the Cooper test concerning diabetes-related acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes and their fitness. Blood glucose was recorded before and 0, 30, 60 min after the test. The covered distances were transformed to z-scores based on the national charts. Body mass index, body fat percentage and glycated hemoglobin were measured. The run was completed by 80 individuals (45% boys, age 13.6±2.1 years; diabetes duration 6.3±3.5 years). During the follow-up 11 children reached glucose alert values (3–3.9 mmol/L), 3 presented clinically significant hypoglycemia (

BACKGROUND Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (16-18 y.o.) present worst disease control of all age groups and need structured interventions. Those should be based on unbiased, national-scale outcomes, which have not yet been successfully assessed in Poland. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the glycemic control in young patients with T1D in Poland. METHOD All pediatric diabetes care centers and the nine largest centers for adults with T1D were invited to this cross-sectional study, conducted in March 2018. Eligibility was defined as age ≤ 30 years and diabetes duration ≥1 year. Blinded samples of capillary blood and clinical questionnaires were sent to coordinating center, where HbA1c was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS Nine adult and 25/28 pediatric centers participated, providing data for 1255 patients (50.8% males), mean age 12.3 years (95%CI:12.1-12.6) for children and 23.2 years (22.9-23.6) for adults; mean diabetes duration 7.1 years (6.8-7.3). This covered ~8% of pediatric population and 2% of 18-30-years-olds with T1D. Mean HbA1c was comparable between children and adults (57 mmol/mol [7.4%], 95%CI:56-57 mmol/mol [7.3-7.4%] vs. 57 mmol/mol [7.4%], 95%CI:56-60 mmol/mol [7.3-7.6%], p = 0.1870). Overall, 45.2% of patients achieved ISPAD target (

People with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of developing microvascular complications, which have a negative impact on the quality of life and reduce life expectancy. Numerous studies in animals with experimental diabetes show that c-peptide supplementation exerts beneficial effects on diabetes-induced damage in peripheral nerves and kidneys. There is substantial evidence that c-peptide counteracts the detrimental changes caused by hyperglycemia at the cellular level, such as decreased activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and sodium potassium ATPase, and increase in formation of pro-inflammatory molecules mediated by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells: cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta. However, despite positive results from cell and animal studies, no successful c-peptide replacement therapies have been developed so far. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the impact of c-peptide on the pathophysiology of microvascular complications to develop novel c-peptide-based treatments. This article aims to review current knowledge on the impact of c-peptide on diabetic neuro- and nephropathy and to evaluate its potential therapeutic role.

Background: Accurate estimation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) remains challenging in clinic. We propose two statistical models and validate them in real-li...

The aim of the study was to investigate factors related to the occurrence of nighttime hypoglycemia after a football tournament in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The multicenter study (GoalDiab study) included 189 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, from 11 diabetes care centers in Poland. Hypoglycemia was defined according to the International Hypoglycemia Study Group Statement. We analyzed the data of 95 participants with completed protocols with regards to nighttime hypoglycemia (82% male), aged 11.6 (9.8–14.2) years, diabetes duration 5.0 (2.0–8.0) years. There were 47 episodes of nighttime Level 1 hypoglycemia (≤3.9 mmol/L). Occurrence of clinically important Level 2 hypoglycemia (

Background Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and Klotho are regulators of energy homeostasis. However, in the pediatric population, the relationships between obesity, metabolic disorders and the aforementioned factors have not been clearly investigated. We analyzed the role of FGF19, FGF21 and Klotho protein in children with normal body weight as well as in overweight and obese subjects and explored their associations with insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a group of hospitalized children and adolescents. Laboratory investigations included serum analysis of FGF19, FGF21, and Klotho with ELISA kits as well as the analysis of the lipid profile and ALT serum concentrations. Moreover, each subject underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with fasting insulinemia measurement to detect glucose tolerance abnormalities and calculate the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Furthermore, the clinical analysis included blood pressure measurement, body fat percentage estimation and assessment of the prevalence of MS and its components. Results The study was conducted with 174 children/adolescents aged 6–17 years with normal body weight (N = 48), obesity (N = 92) and overweight (N = 34). Klotho concentration was significantly higher in the obese children [median 168.6 pg/ml (90.2 to 375.9)]) than in the overweight [131.3 pg/ml (78.0 to 313.0)] and normal-body-weight subjects [116.6 pg/ml (38.5 to 163.9)] (p = 0.0334) and was also significantly higher in insulin-resistant children than in insulin-sensitive children [185.3 pg/ml (102.1 to 398.2) vs 132.6 pg/ml (63.9 to 275.6), p = 0.0283]. FGF21 was elevated in patients with MS compared to the FGF21 levels in other subjects [136.2 pg/ml (86.5 to 239.9) vs 82.6 pg/ml (41.8 to 152.4), p = 0.0286]. The multivariable model showed that FGF19 was an independent predictor of IR after adjusting for pubertal stage and BMI Z-score. Conclusions Klotho levels were associated with body weight status in children and adolescents. Moreover, Klotho, FGF19 and FGF21 concentrations correlated with IR status and/or components of MS.