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Plants native to the United States, defined as those being present before European settlement, have aesthetic and environmental benefits. In 2018, only 10% of plant sales were native plants, a plant category that tends to be underrepresented in many residential and commercial landscapes. Although earlier research indicated that consumers find native plants less aesthetically appealing relative to introduced species, more recent research reported a growing demand for native plants. Thus, a better understanding of consumer perceptions would facilitate their marketing. We used an online survey of 1824 participants representing five geographic regions (West, Southwest, Midwest, Southeast, and Northwest) to classify adopters based on their purchase of native plants. A double-hurdle model was used to estimate factors influencing purchasing native plants among US homeowners, and the factors influencing the amount spent on native plants in 2021. Demographically, metropolitan, college-educated, and younger participants were more likely to be native plant adopters; they also spent 80% more on plants compared with nonnative plant adopters. More native plant adopters agreed that native plants were better for the environment than exotic plants (68%), are readily available in their area (67%), and are better adapted to difficult sites (75%). Marketing efforts should capitalize on the environmental benefits to stimulate purchases.

Value-added (VA) technologies can help farmers in the specialty crops industry generate new products, increase off-season income sources, expand market access, and improve overall profitability. The United States Department of Agriculture defines VA agricultural products as those that have been changed physically or produced in a manner that enhances their value. Drawing from this definition, we investigated the adoption of VA technologies, such as drying, physical cutting into customer-ready portions, and washing, by specialty crops farmers. The objectives of this study were two-fold. First, we analyzed how market access drives specialty crop farmers to adopt VA technologies. Second, we addressed key identification issues by investigating the potential endogeneity between the adoption of VA technologies (vertical diversification) and the number of crops (horizontal diversification), which have not been addressed in the VA technology adoption literature. Data for this study were from a 2019 Web-based survey of specialty crops farmers in the United States. The results suggest that market access, growers’ networks, and crop diversification are major drivers of VA technology adoption in the specialty crops industry. The results indicate that farmers who adopted VA technologies experienced economic growth relative to their counterparts.

Before consumers choose what and how much fruit to buy, they first decide where to buy it. To address the choices of stores for fresh fruits, this study investigated the influence of market attributes and customers’ attitudes toward their purchasing decisions. Data from a web-based survey of 1658 U.S. consumers were used to conduct multinomial logit regression to investigate the factors guiding their choices regarding four types of stores: chain, independent, club/warehouse, and direct-to-consumer. We found attitudinal scales and market attributes have different effects on the choice of marketplace for fresh fruits. Driven by price and convenience, most consumers prefer chain stores when buying fresh fruits, whereas those same factors deter them from choosing independent and ethnic stores for fresh fruits. The supply of local fruits, friendly atmosphere, and access to desirable fresh fruits positively influenced consumers to purchase fruits at local markets. Our findings can provide insight regarding food retailers and farmers targeting fresh fruit consumers. For example, our findings highlight the importance of providing a friendly atmosphere and outstanding customer service to positively influence purchasing behavior.

Reading is regarded as one of the basic learning processes that provides multiple skills and abilities for daily life. The study reported on here arose from evidence of reading comprehension difficulties of middle school students in Colombia, and from reflection on the didactic strategies used for the promotion and teaching of reading. The purpose of this research was to strengthen students' reading comprehension by taking advantage of the benefits of Easy-to-Read in the context of a methodology applied in Universal Design for Learning. The methodology was centred on the critical social paradigm, and the type of research was mixed with a design based on action research. The instruments used included non-participant observation, online questionnaire, standardised testing and a survey. The pedagogical proposal "Easy Reading" was designed and implemented to show progress in the students' reading comprehension skills, meeting the objectives set.

Online advertising is becoming a mainstay business practice to reach firms’ customer bases. Yet, the adoption and use of online advertising in the green industry are topics that have not been adequately researched. Using a national survey of green industry firms conducted in 2019, this research uses a double-hurdle model to investigate factors that impact firms’ adoption of, and amount spent on, online advertising. Our results show that one-third of the companies invested in online advertising. Of those investing in online advertising, the average percentage of online advertising as a share of all advertising expenditures was 46%. Small businesses were less likely to invest in online advertising compared with larger businesses; however, once they invested in online advertising, the percentage of investment was 25% higher among small firms when compared with their larger counterparts. Increasing years in operation as well as trade show participation was related to a 3% decrease in likelihood to use online advertising. Business owners who perceived hiring competent employees as a barrier to business growth invested 19% less of their advertising budget in online channels, which may indicate a lack of human resources to advertise online. We also compared the industry results with data from a 2014 survey and found the amount invested in online advertising increased ≈3% to 5% between studies. The percentage in wholesale sales influenced the amount spent on online advertising in 2014 but not in 2019. Being a small firm in 2014 increased the amount spent on online advertising, but the effect was 14% lower in 2019. In 2014, firms located in the Pacific, Southcentral, and Southeast U.S. regions invested more in online advertising compared with other regions, but in 2019, the only geographic difference was that firms in the Great Plains spent less on online advertising. Despite their lower adoption rates, the increased expenditures on online advertising implies that smaller firms that implement online advertising receive value through that channel and are willing to allocate more resources to leverage its reach. Firms contemplating adopting and investing in online advertising should consider their resource availability and marketing goals related to reaching different customer groups through online advertising.

Fine fescues (Festuca spp.) and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) are low-input turfgrass species that perform well under less water, pesticides, and fertilizers when compared to commonly cultivated species in the Midwestern US. There are numerous benefits in increasing the use of low-input turfgrasses: lowering resource usage, reducing maintenance costs, improving the landscape aesthetic, and contributing to residents’ health and general wellbeing. However, increasing the market share of these grasses requires an understanding of what influences buyers to purchase these turfgrasses. These grasses are usually purchased by consumers as seed; however, sod is a preferred method of establishment for many professional end users. To better understand the economic potential of low-input turfgrass sod, we surveyed sod buyers (landscapers, golf courses, sports turf managers) who purchased sod in 2020 to investigate (1) the factors impacting them to purchase low-input turfgrasses, and (2) the factors influencing the quantity purchased of low-input turfgrasses. The results from our model showed that larger businesses are the most likely to purchase low-input turfgrasses, and, once they purchase them, they tend to acquire a larger amount than their smaller counterparts. Landscaping businesses were more likely to purchase low-input turfgrasses, and factors such as availability, distance, drought, and shade tolerance impacted the decision to purchase low-input turfgrasses. Finally, turfgrass density, the ability to purchase directly from the sod grower, and availability impacted the amount of turfgrasses that buyers purchased.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the most important vegetables produced and consumed in the United States. In the midwestern United States, a major obstacle to spring cucumber production is low soil temperatures during plant establishment. High tunnel is a popular tool for season extension of vegetable production. Low soil temperature is a challenge for cucumber production even inside high tunnels. Grafting is a cultural practice known to help control soilborne diseases and improve plants’ tolerance to abiotic stresses. Recent studies found that using grafted cucumber plants with cold-tolerant rootstocks greatly benefited early-season seedless cucumber production in high tunnels. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic feasibility of growing grafted cucumber in high tunnels. A comparison of partial costs and returns between growing grafted and nongrafted cucumbers in a high tunnel in Vincennes, IN, was conducted. Data were used to develop a partial budget analysis and sensitivity tests. Data included production costs, marketable yield, and price of cucumber through different market channels. This study provided a baseline reference for growers interested in grafting seedless cucumber and for high tunnel production. Although costs of grafted transplants were higher, their yield and potential revenue helped to offset the higher costs. Results indicated that grafting can help farmers increase net returns through the increasing yield of grafted plants. Results from the sensitivity analysis illustrated how the increased yield of grafted cucumbers offsets the extra cost incurred in the technique while providing a higher revenue. While actual production costs for individual farmers may vary, our findings suggested that grafting can be an economically feasible tool for high tunnel seedless cucumber production.

This article focuses on an empirical setting that upends the clinician-patient dyadic norm: group medical visits (GMVs), in which multiple patients gather in the same space for medical care, health education and peer support. Our grounded theory analysis draws on participant observation and interviews (N = 53) with patients and staff of GMVs at four safety-net healthcare organisations in the United States. We delineate (1) how group medical visits provide health-focused social networks that facilitate the mobilisation of social capital, (2) how the organisationally embedded relationships that comprise group visits are made possible through extended time that is part of the GMV field and (3) how clinicians have opportunities rarely found in other settings to learn from patients, using knowledge accrued from GMV networks to advance their own skills, thereby converting social capital into provider cultural health capital. GMVs provide a rich empirical site for understanding the ways in which organisational arrangements can shape opportunities for patients and clinicians to cultivate and mobilise social capital and cultural health capital, and in doing so, materially shift experiences of receiving and providing healthcare.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate in a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled trial, outcomes for kittens with ocular manifestations of infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) treated with an ophthalmic and oral antibiotic only vs those also treated with famciclovir.MethodsKittens were stratified into three age (1 to

IntroductionThe potential utility of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) as an early risk marker of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is under consideration. We examined associations between SCD and cognitive change among middle-aged and older Hispanic/Latino adults living in the United States.MethodsThe short-form Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog-12) was assessed to generate global, executive function, and memory-related SCD scores. We used survey generalized regressions to model the change in learning, memory, verbal fluency, executive function, and global cognitive performance over 7 years as a function of SCD (at Visit 2).ResultsThe mean age was 56.37 ± 8.10 years at Visit 1 (n = 6225). Higher ECog-12 was associated with greater decline in global cognitive performance (ECog-12 global: B = -0.17, standard error [SE] = 0.02; ECog-12 executive: B = -0.15, SE = 0.02; ECog-12 memory: B = -0.14, SE = 0.02, p's

BACKGROUND: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, where ≈96% of affected infants reside. The current standard of care, therapeutic hypothermia, is frequently ineffective in this setting, likely because injury may be occurring earlier during labor. Here, we studied the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of perinatal caffeine administration in near-term lambs following global ischemic injury to support the development of earlier treatment strategies targeting the fetus in utero as well as the infant postnatally. METHODS: Ewes were randomly assigned to receive either 1 g IV caffeine citrate or placebo before delivery and placental transport assessed. Near-term lambs (141-143 days) of both sexes were subjected to severe global hypoxia-ischemia utilizing an acute umbilical cord occlusion model. Lambs that received caffeine in utero also received 20 mg/kg IV caffeine citrate following resuscitation and 10 mg/(kg·d) IV for 2 days. An additional cohort received 60 mg/kg followed by 30 mg/(kg·d) (low dose versus high dose) postnatally. Biochemical, histological, and neurological outcome measures in lambs were assessed over a 6-day period. RESULTS: Perinatal caffeine administration demonstrated excellent placental transport kinetics and was well tolerated with lamb plasma levels comparable to those targeted in neonates with apnea of prematurity. Caffeine administration resulted in a systemic immunomodulatory effect, evidenced by significant reductions in proinflammatory IP-10 levels. Treated lambs demonstrated improved neurodevelopmental outcomes, while histological analysis revealed that caffeine reduced gray matter injury and attenuated inflammation in the cingulate and parasagittal cortex. This neuroprotective effect was greater and via a different mode of action than we previously reported for azithromycin. A higher caffeine dosing regimen demonstrated significant toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal caffeine administration is well tolerated, attenuates systemic and brain inflammation, and contributes to improvements in histological and neurological outcomes in an ovine model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Interest in drug development for rare diseases has expanded dramatically since the Orphan Drug Act was passed in 1983, with 40% of new drug approvals in 2019 targeting orphan indications. However, limited quantitative understanding of natural history and disease progression hinders progress and increases the risks associated with rare disease drug development. Use of international data standards can assist in data harmonization and enable data exchange, integration into larger datasets, and a quantitative understanding of disease natural history. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires the use of Clinical Data Interchange Consortium (CDISC) Standards in new drug submissions to help the agency efficiently and effectively receive, process, review, and archive submissions, as well as to help integrate data to answer research questions. Such databases have been at the core of biomarker qualification efforts and fit‐for‐purpose models endorsed by the regulators. We describe the development of CDISC therapeutic area user guides for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Huntington’s disease through Critical Path Institute consortia. These guides describe formalized data structures and controlled terminology to map and integrate data from different sources. This will result in increased standardization of data collection and allow integration and comparison of data from multiple studies. Integration of multiple data sets enables a quantitative understanding of disease progression, which can help overcome common challenges in clinical trial design in these and other rare diseases. Ultimately, clinical data standardization will lead to a faster path to regulatory approval of urgently needed new therapies for patients.

This piece documents the collaboration between a team of four University of Pennsylvania students and seven youth partners from across the Greater Philadelphia area who came together to discuss, understand, and take action toward civic issues impacting their communities. As youth arrived at the Civic Engagement Summer Program, a joint Philadelphia Youth Network and Netter Center for Community Partnerships High School Voter Project iteration, alongside adult facilitators, they navigated the complexities of civic literacy discussions and spaces. Together, the adult facilitators and youth participants engaged in dialogue about local government, pervasive gun violence impacting their communities, and voter registration inequities. This piece centers the following inquiries: What happens when educators consider the self-efficacy youth have with regard to addressing civic issues in their communities? What out-of-school civic literacy spaces and experiences might youth need to feel empowered to use their voices? What are the ways in which youths' existing literacies and knowledge inform the way they talk about the issues they wish to address? What role do local universities have in working with youth through educational forums to learn more about the roles voting and local government play in ameliorating community issues, such as gun violence? Furthermore, this piece considers how these questions arose as the collaborative worked toward shared goals together (Plummer et al., 2019). To address these collaborative inquiries, the team highlights five aspects of the Civic Engagement Summer partnership that enabled facilitators and youth to build trust: sustaining community partnerships, highlighting youths' existing funds of knowledge (Moll et al., 1992), cultivating civic efficacy, reimagining critical civic literacy alongside youth, navigating intergenerational relationships and learning, and centering relationships (Campano, Ghiso & Welch, 2018; Plummer et al., 2019). With youths' consent, this article shares the history of the Civic Engagement Summer, and the discussions and experiences sparked by the 2023 iteration.

Students with intellectual disability should be able to engage in the same robust, authentic college experiences as their peers without disabilities. As opportunities for inclusive postsecondary education (IPSE) for students with intellectual disability have grown, the field has worked to understand the application of evidence-based practices in secondary transition and supports, such as promoting self-determination. The authors conducted a scoping review on self-determination and IPSE, with findings indicating a small but growing body of literature. Much of the literature addresses the topic generally through practice-based descriptions, and the authors provide recommendations for future directions in research and practice.

Student interest in studying history is in decline in Ghana, as it is in secondary schools in many other parts of the world. Can student interest be stimulated, and can they be better served, by a curriculum that includes a focus on community, belonging and co-creation? This article details a preliminary intervention of just such a learning unit in a high school in Central Region, Ghana. Using a framework aligned with the historically responsive literacy approach, this programme supported student-directed research into aspects of local and personal history. The evidence from this study suggests that student motivation did increase, justifying an expanded future study of greater length, with additional participants, and building on the lessons from this preliminary effort.

Transitions in learning implementation have occurred at various levels of education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learning that previously took place in conventional, face-to-face formats has been adjusted to fully online learning. Not all educational institutions are equally prepared for a pandemic, necessitating the study of student learning experiences and the strategies they employ in online classes during the pandemic. This study focuses on the positive and negative contributions of Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) features in student learning experiences and strategies during the pandemic. This study used a survey method consisting of closed- and open-ended questions. Data analysis using descriptive statistics and qualitative data analysis was employed to obtain several themes. Approximately 1,400 students from 23 higher education institutions across several provinces in Indonesia participated in this research. The results show both positive and negative contributions of VLE features. Among the VLE features that positively contribute to learning during the pandemic are video materials and downloadable documents. More than half of the respondents claimed there were no negative features of the VLE. Findings also revealed the most frequently reported negative aspect is poor internet performance. In addition, seven themes related to student learning strategies emerged including: considering the availability of infrastructure, monitoring the class schedule and calendar (or announcements), collaborating with peers, participating in the university's learning management system, applying notetaking strategies and other specific strategies, searching for additional learning resources, and no specific strategy applied while learning during the pandemic.

Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (vMRI) has been widely studied in Huntington's disease (HD) and is commonly used to assess treatment effects on brain atrophy in interventional trials. Global and regional trajectories of brain atrophy in HD, with early involvement of striatal regions, are becoming increasingly understood. However, there remains heterogeneity in the methods used and a lack of widely-accessible multisite, longitudinal, normative datasets in HD. Consensus for standardized practices for data acquisition, analysis, sharing, and reporting will strengthen the interpretation of vMRI results and facilitate their adoption as part of a pathobiological disease staging system. The Huntington's Disease Regulatory Science Consortium (HD-RSC) currently comprises 37 member organizations and is dedicated to building a regulatory science strategy to expedite the approval of HD therapeutics. Here, we propose four recommendations to address vMRI standardization in HD research: (1) a checklist of standardized practices for the use of vMRI in clinical research and for reporting results; (2) targeted research projects to evaluate advanced vMRI methodologies in HD; (3) the definition of standard MRI-based anatomical boundaries for key brain structures in HD, plus the creation of a standard reference dataset to benchmark vMRI data analysis methods; and (4) broad access to raw images and derived data from both observational studies and interventional trials, coded to protect participant identity. In concert, these recommendations will enable a better understanding of disease progression and increase confidence in the use of vMRI for drug development.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by expansion of a CAG-repeat tract in the huntingtin gene and characterized by motor impairment, cognitive decline, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Neuropathological studies show that disease progression follows a characteristic pattern of brain atrophy, beginning in the basal ganglia structures. The HD Regulatory Science Consortium (HD-RSC) brings together diverse stakeholders in the HD community—biopharmaceutical industry, academia, nonprofit, and patient advocacy organizations—to define and address regulatory needs to accelerate HD therapeutic development. Here, the Biomarker Working Group of the HD-RSC summarizes the cross-sectional evidence indicating that regional brain volumes, as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, are reduced in HD and are correlated with disease characteristics. We also evaluate the relationship between imaging measures and clinical change, their longitudinal change characteristics, and within-individual longitudinal associations of imaging with disease progression. This analysis will be valuable in assessing pharmacodynamics in clinical trials and supporting clinical outcome assessments to evaluate treatment effects on neurodegeneration.

Background: Long-term care services are funded primarily by Medicaid long-term services and support in the United States, where eligibility is based on care needs of the individual with intellectual and developmental disability alone. Impact of Medicaid waiver services on self-reported caregiver needs is not well understood. Method: Caregivers (n = 405) of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities across four states (NY, OH, TX, and PA) completed an online survey. Results: Caregivers reported a moderate degree of burden and susceptibility of stress-induced health breakdown. Despite controlling for the activities of daily living of the care recipient, caregivers of individuals with Medicaid Waiver services reported greater difficulty managing medications (p = 0.013) and finding paid help (p < 0.001) than caregivers of individuals without services.

Current research underscores that there are only a few evidence-based programs that teach STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as part of their curriculum, especially for autistic students. Even fewer programs focus on engineering and design learning. Hence, we developed an informal afterschool maker program to develop autistic and non-autistic students' interests in engineering to understand their experiences learning STEM concepts and values while applying the engineering mindset to develop projects. This qualitative study aimed to explore and understand students' experiences participating in STEM activities in the maker club. We interviewed twenty-six students (seventeen autistic and nine non-autistic), nine teachers, and thirteen parents representing diverse cultural and socio-economic backgrounds across three public middle schools in a large urban metropolitan city between 2018 and 2019. Our thematic analysis yielded four themes: (1) "active participation in STEM"; (2) "curiosity about STEM topics, concepts, and practices"; (3) "capacity-building to engage in STEM learning"; and (4) "understanding of the importance of STEM education in daily life." The results of this study enabled us to understand that students were deeply engaged with the content and curriculum of our program, expanded their knowledge base about scientific concepts, used engineering-specific scientific terminologies, and engaged with the engineering design process to conceptualize, test, improvise, and problem-solve. Furthermore, this afterschool engineering education program created a safe, nurturing, and stimulating environment for students to build engineering readiness skills.

As more individuals use the Internet for business and leisure, the opportunities for firms to promote products and services and to communicate with consumers online increases. The objective of this study was to investigate green industry managerial decisions to engage in online advertising and how much to invest while determining the main drivers contributing to these decisions. A double-hurdle model analyses of 1735 responses to the 2014 National Green Industry Survey, which gathered information on business practices, showed >40% of green industry business invested in online advertising. Typically, businesses investing in online advertising spent more than 43% of all advertising expenditures in online methods, including websites, social media, and newsletters. Furthermore, the decision to engage in online advertising was driven by the percentage of wholesale and contract sales, market access, firm size, product mix, and business owners’ perceptions. Results also showed that the amount of dollars invested in online advertising depended on firm size, tools used to find customers, location, and business owners’ perceptions. Our findings can help extension personnel and policymakers with the design and deliver social media training and educational events. Our findings can also help green industry businesses understand the two-step nature of the decision to invest in online advertising.

Probiotics are known for providing health benefits, calling for clinical result testing on subjects. We focus on the biological effects of the following probiotics to find their potential to help neurological disorders: Lactobacillus brevis, Enterococcus, and Bifidobacterium longum. We delve into how probiotics work with the gut-brain axis—the communication center between the central and the enteric nervous system—and its effect on different neurological disorders through an extensive literature review. We found that Lactobacillus brevis helps the immune system with the potential to help with stress and anxiety disorders. Bifidobacterium longum has been shown to help age-associated disorders like Alzheimer’s and reduce severe stress levels. Enterococcus has been shown to help neuroinflammation-based diseases like Parkinson’s. Enterococcus is also shown to be more present in people with depression than without. These results bring attention to specific probiotic potential in helping neurological disorders. They will help to create more treatments and bring attention to new areas of preventing disorders.

BACKGROUND: Although uncertainties exist regarding implementation, artificial intelligence-driven generative language models (GLMs) have enormous potential in medicine. Deployment of GLMs could improve patient comprehension of clinical texts and improve low health literacy. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of ChatGPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to tailor the complexity of medical information to patient-specific input education level, which is crucial if it is to serve as a tool in addressing low health literacy. METHODS: Input templates related to 2 prevalent chronic diseases-type II diabetes and hypertension-were designed. Each clinical vignette was adjusted for hypothetical patient education levels to evaluate output personalization. To assess the success of a GLM (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) in tailoring output writing, the readability of pre- and posttransformation outputs were quantified using the Flesch reading ease score (FKRE) and the Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL). RESULTS: Responses (n=80) were generated using GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 across 2 clinical vignettes. For GPT-3.5, FKRE means were 57.75 (SD 4.75), 51.28 (SD 5.14), 32.28 (SD 4.52), and 28.31 (SD 5.22) for 6th grade, 8th grade, high school, and bachelors, respectively; FKGL mean scores were 9.08 (SD 0.90), 10.27 (SD 1.06), 13.4 (SD 0.80), and 13.74 (SD 1.18). GPT-3.5 only aligned with the prespecified education levels at the bachelors degree. Conversely, GPT-4s FKRE mean scores were 74.54 (SD 2.6), 71.25 (SD 4.96), 47.61 (SD 6.13), and 13.71 (SD 5.77), with FKGL mean scores of 6.3 (SD 0.73), 6.7 (SD 1.11), 11.09 (SD 1.26), and 17.03 (SD 1.11) for the same respective education levels. GPT-4 met the target readability for all groups except the 6th-grade FKRE average. Both GLMs produced outputs with statistically significant differences (P

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and debilitating neurological disease that results in inflammatory demyelination. While endogenous remyelination helps to recover function, this restorative process tends to become less efficient over time. Currently, intense efforts aimed at the mechanisms that promote remyelination are being considered promising therapeutic approaches. The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1R) was previously identified as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Here, we validate M1R as a target for remyelination by characterizing expression in human and rodent oligodendroglial cells (including those in human MS tissue) using a highly selective M1R probe. As a breakthrough to conventional methodology, we conjugated a fluorophore to a highly M1R selective peptide (MT7) which targets the M1R in the subnanomolar range. This allows for exceptional detection of M1R protein expression in the human CNS. More importantly, we introduce PIPE-307, a brain-penetrant, small-molecule antagonist with favorable drug-like properties that selectively targets M1R. We evaluate PIPE-307 in a series of in vitro and in vivo studies to characterize potency and selectivity for M1R over M2-5R and confirm the sufficiency of blocking this receptor to promote differentiation and remyelination. Further, PIPE-307 displays significant efficacy in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS as evaluated by quantifying disability, histology, electron microscopy, and visual evoked potentials. Together, these findings support targeting M1R for remyelination and support further development of PIPE-307 for clinical studies.