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Larix decidua Mill. may become more important than Picea abies (L.) Karst for reforestation and restoration of the natural balance, and therefore it is necessary to investigate this species. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct an inventory of Larix taxa in the protected areas of the mixed forest zone of Ukrainian Polissia, to analyse their distribution, age structure, and use. Research methods used: route, analytical, comparative analysis, systematisation. It was found that 5 species, one variety and two hybrids of larch grow in the protected areas of the mixed forest zone of Ukraine. It was established that L. decidua is the most widespread – it grows in parks-monuments of landscape art, natural monuments, protected tracts, reserves in pure mixed plantings, alleys, row plantings, groups and as a solitaire tree. L. sibirica, L. kaempferi grow as solitaire trees and in groups of 3 to 10 specimens in 9 and 10 protected objects, respectively. L. gmelinii is present in two arboretums, L. laricina – in one. Larix decidua var. polonica (Racib. ex Wóycicki) Ostenf. & Syrach is not widespread, represented in groups in 6 parks-monuments of landscape art and Bereznivskyi denrorark. Larix × eurolepis A. Henry. is widespread in pure and mixed stands, grows in an alley in the Slavianskyi park-monument of landscape art, in groups – in the Lisova Aleia Botanical Reserve, Bereznivskyi denrorark, and in mixed stands of the Riznolissia General Zoological Reserve. The age structure is quite diverse, represented by L. decidua, L. sibirica, L. decidua var. polonica aged from 100 to 200 years. Other species, varieties, and hybrids are represented by specimens aged from 3 years (L.×eurolepis) to 80 years (L. kaempferi). 69.2% of larch stands are in good condition, 28.9% are in satisfactory condition, and only 1.9% are in poor condition. The results of the research can be used in the further creation of pure and mixed stands, alleys, etc. in the mixed forest zone

Copyright of Slavonic Pedagogical Studies Journal is the property of Slovenska Vzdelavacia a Obstaravacia s.r.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Larix decidua Mill. may become more important than Picea abies (L.) Karst for reforestation and restoration of the natural balance, and therefore it is necessary to investigate this species. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct an inventory of Larix taxa in the protected areas of the mixed forest zone of Ukrainian Polissia, to analyse their distribution, age structure, and use. Research methods used: route, analytical, comparative analysis, systematisation. It was found that 5 species, one variety and two hybrids of larch grow in the protected areas of the mixed forest zone of Ukraine. It was established that L. decidua is the most widespread - it grows in parks-monuments of landscape art, natural monuments, protected tracts, reserves in pure mixed plantings, alleys, row plantings, groups and as a solitaire tree. L. sibirica, L. kaempferi grow as solitaire trees and in groups of 3 to 10 specimens in 9 and 10 protected objects, respectively. L. gmelinii is present in two arboretums, L. laricina - in one. Larix decidua var. polonica (Racib. ex Wóycicki) Ostenf. & Syrach is not widespread, represented in groups in 6 parks-monuments of landscape art and Bereznivskyi denrorark. Larix × eurolepis A. Henry. is widespread in pure and mixed stands, grows in an alley in the Slavianskyi park-monument of landscape art, in groups - in the Lisova Aleia Botanical Reserve, Bereznivskyi denrorark, and in mixed stands of the Riznolissia General Zoological Reserve. The age structure is quite diverse, represented by L. decidua, L. sibirica, L. decidua var. polonica aged from 100 to 200 years. Other species, varieties, and hybrids are represented by specimens aged from 3 years (L.×eurolepis) to 80 years (L. kaempferi). 69.2% of larch stands are in good condition, 28.9% are in satisfactory condition, and only 1.9% are in poor condition. The results of the research can be used in the further creation of pure and mixed stands, alleys, etc. in the mixed forest zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) can provide high-precision, real-time, and global coverage of location information in open areas. But in arboretum environment, the ability to achieve continuous high-precision positioning using global positioning technology is limited due to various sources of interference, such as multi-path effects, signal obstruction, and environmental noise. In order to achieve precise navigation in challenging GNSS signal environments, visual SLAM systems are widely used due to their ability to adapt to different environmental features. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized solution that integrates the measurements from GNSS-RTK and stereo cameras. The presented approach aligns the coordinates between the two sensors, and then employs an adaptive sliding window approach, which dynamically adjusts the window size and optimizes the pose within the sliding window. At the same time, to address the variations and uncertainties of GNSS signals in non-ideal environments, this paper proposes a solution that utilizes a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to model the potential noise in GNSS signals. Furthermore, it employs a Variational Bayesian Inference-based (VBI) method to estimate the parameters of the GMM model online. The integration of this model with an optimization-based approach enhances the positioning accuracy and robustness even further. The evaluation results of real vehicle tests show that in challenging GNSS arboretum environments, GMM applied to GNSS/VO integration has higher accuracy and better robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic diversity of epiphytic myxomycetes depending on the height of the trunk on living woody plants in the arboretum of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (CSBG SB RAS), has been studied. All samples of myxomycetes are obtained by cultivation by the method of moist chambers in the laboratory in Petri dishes. Sampling of bark from living woody plants is carried out at a height of trunks from 0 to 15 m from the soil level. The experiment involves nine species of introduced deciduous woody plants Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Prunus maackii, Populus alba, Salix alba, S. pentandra, S. triandra, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, and Jungles mandshurica. As a result of data analysis, 51 species of myxomycetes are revealed. It is noted that the species composition of myxomycetes on the studied woody plants differs significantly from that on native tree species growing on the territory of the botanical garden. Two species of the genus Arcyria and Trichia new for science, 3 species new to Russia (Didymium clavodecus, D. ovoideum, and D. synsporon), and 18 species new for Novosibirsk Region have been identified. A description of species new to science is given; photographs of sporocarps, spores, and capillitium studied using light and scanning electron microscopy are provided; and a comparison with morphologically similar species is made. A change in the taxonomic composition of myxomycete communities depending on the height of the trunk is established. On the bark collected at the roots of trees, 25 species of myxomycetes have been identified; at a height of 1.5 m, 18; at a height of 5 m, 32; at a height of 10 m, 14; and, at a height of 15 m, 17. Representatives of the genus Perichaena are found at all heights, but the greatest species diversity is noted in the basal part, where seven species are noted, while species of the genus Didymium have the maximum species diversity (six species) at a height of 5 m, including three species new to Russia, noted only at this height. The distribution of the number of samples by height showed that the bark of living woody plants is most abundantly populated at a height of 5 m (72 samples) and at the root (50 samples). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in LiDAR and unmanned aerial vehicle technology have made high-resolution data available, which can be used for individual tree detection and assessing tree attributes. The accuracy of these assessments is still not clear for stands with high tree species diversity as well as leaf-off and leaf-on conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of tree top detection and individual tree heights extracted from photogrammetric point clouds and canopy height models as well as ground-based LiDAR clouds in mixed and coniferous forest stands depending on the phenological stage. The study has been carried out in the Botanical Garden of the Petrozavodsk State University (Republic of Karelia, Russia). Four flight missions (in 2019–2021) using Phantom 4 Pro quadcopter were conducted in the arboretum (> 200 tree species) during periods of leafless, leaf biomass growth, full foliage and autumn leaf colouration. A single ground-based laser scanning was performed using a Leica BLK 360. Multiseasonal ultra-high resolution orthophoto mosaics (1.1–2.8 cm/pixel), photogrammetric point clouds (average density is 4200 points/m2), as well as LiDAR clouds (11 600 points/m2) were obtained. Further analysis was performed on three sites differing in tree species composition, tree density and site area. Tree tops were automatically detected from photogrammetric point clouds and their heights were estimated using R environment software. We found that most of the trees (78.9%) were correctly detected by algorithms based on photogrammetric data collected in periods of full foliage and autumn colouration. We also found that the number of false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) cases increased with decreasing in green biomass on deciduous trees. Compared with an average value, tree detection quality increased by 9.4% for coniferous trees with cone-shaped crowns (Abies sibirica, A. balsamea, A. fraseri, Picea abies, P. pungens, P. omorika, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix sibirica) regardless of the tree density, and tree detection quality decreased by 10% for coniferous trees with an ellipsoidal-shaped crowns (e.g. Thuja occidentalis, genus Pinus) or in cases for broad-leaved trees with high tree density. The lowest value of tree detection quality (F = 0.49) was found for the leafless period. High values (F = 0.84) obtained for periods of full foliage and autumn colouration indicates that tree detection quality was well in general. For the biomass growth period, this value (F = 0.69) also indicates a high quality of tree detection results. We also found that tree heights estimated using photogrammetric data well matched with tree heights measured on LiDAR clouds (R2 = 0.99). The highest accuracy was obtained for coniferous trees with cone-shaped crowns. We also estimated the height increments of different tree species between 2019 and 2021 based on photogrammetric point clouds. The highest annual height increment was obtained for Pinus sibirica (52 cm), and the lowest for Pseudotsuga menziesii (32 cm). Overall, our results have shown the potential to use photogrammetric and LiDAR data for tree mapping and estimating tree attributes in multi-species forest stands of arboretums or urban parks, as well as in natural forests.

Copyright of TECHNE. Seria Nowa is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the south of the Far East of Russia, the egg-larval endoparasitoid Platygasterrobiniae of the phytophage insect Obolodiplosis robiniae was found for the first time. The development of Platygasterrobiniae occurs in galls of Obolodiplosis robiniae, the host plant of which is Robiniapseudoacacia, cultivated in the arboretum of the Mountain-Taiga Station of the Branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Biodiversity of the Terrestrial Biota of East Asia, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Despite the fact that, at present, damage to the leaves of Obolodiplosis robiniea leads to a slight decrease in the decorativeness of plants, the further spread of this phytophage can increase its damage; therefore, the detected Platygaster robiniae can be used for the biocontrol of Obolodiplosis robiniea. Further monitoring of stands of Robiniapseudoacacia in Primorsky krai is required to determine the infestation of Platygaster robiniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Trees are the backbone of many terrestrial ecosystems and provide essential benefits for people and the planet. This unique life form requires specific horticultural, management, and conservation expertise to grow and thrive. ArbNet—the global, interactive community of arboreta—was established in 2011 to identify arboreta, define industry standards for arboreta, raise professionalism, support tree planting and proper care, facilitate collaborations, and advance tree research and conservation. Over the past 10 years, ArbNet has been instrumental in helping establish, grow, and network arboreta around the world and bring awareness to the importance of trees. This report presents ArbNet's flagship programs and resources and outlines opportunities for engagement at the individual or institutional level, to further strengthen the global network of arboreta and tree‐focused professionals and to ensure healthy trees for the future of people and the planet.

The article presents a comparative analysis of the seasonal development of introduced plants in the weather conditions of Eastern Transbaikalia for the growing periods from 2014 to 2019. The results presented are taken from 6-year phenological observations conducted in the arboretum of the Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology SB RAS. We constructed the phenological spectra of the studied objects by year. We studied the main phenological indicators of vegetation the East Asian forest-steppe and Manchurian-Daurian preboreal species. We analyzed the meteorological data: the mean daily air temperatures and precipitation for the months of the growing season (2014–2019), and the sum of active temperatures and precipitation for this period. The data on the dynamics of the development of shrubby plant species in conditions of Eastern Transbaikalia for 2014–2019 indicate that plants respond adaptively to changes in weather conditions. Hereditary and physiological characteristics showed that the introduced plants are characterized as cold-resistant and drought-resistant. Corylus heterophylla and Armeniaca sibirica are most sensitive to temperature extremes in spring, in contrast to Euonymus maackii, which were stable. Low above-zero air temperatures in spring and a large amount of precipitation encourage plants to pass the development stages (phenophases) faster than in dry and warm weather (Corylus heterophylla, Armeniaca sibirica). At the same time, low temperatures (frosts) in spring with a wet period at the time of flowering negatively affect the further fruit formation in Corylus heterophylla individuals. Rainy or cloudy days reduce the color intensity of the autumn leaves, and cool, dry, and sunny weather contributes to the autumn color scheme. Armeniaca sibirica and Corylus heterophylla are variable in terms of the onset of the main phenophases; individuals of the Euonymus maackii species have minimal individual variability. The longest growing seasons on the phenological spectrum were registered in 2014 and 2018–2019 (in Corylus heterophylla individuals – 190 days), which contributes to the accumulation of more phytomass. The shortest growing season was registered in 2015 (Armeniaca sibirica – 150 days).

Copyright of Space & Form / Przestrzeń i FORMA is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spiders are omnipresent terrestrial predators that use a wide range of predatory strategies, occupy variety of niches, and exhibits guild-specific responses to environmental changes. Present work is an attempt to study the diversity and guild structure of spiders in the selected habitats of KFRI Field Research Center, Velupadam, Kerala, India. The study was conducted during the period of December 2021 to March 2022 in the fields of Bambusetum and Arboretum in the FRC campus. Sampling methods such as ground hand collection, aerial hand collection, vegetation beating, litter sampling, and visual search were used to collect spider samples. A total of 63 species from 53 genera in 15 families were collected from the total study area. Araneidae was the most dominant family in the total study area. Both fields had equal species richness and evenness and comparatively similar diversity indices, however the Bambusetum had slightly higher spider diversity than the Arboretum. The analysis of feeding behaviour of collected spiders revealed a total of six feeding guilds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of land-use change in the Brantas watershed includes encroachment in the upstream area of the spring which has been increasingly massive since the 1960s, and reached the highest level in the late 1990s which driving the watershed damage. The damage in the upstream area encourages the need to increase resilience by building The Sumber Brantas Arboretum Area. This area is equipped with sedimentary control structures to ensure the long-term sustainability of the arboretum. A recent study of the rainfall plan and the security level of the sedimentary control building to the arboretum became an interesting thing to be reviewed. The analytical approach used in this study is quantitative. The method used for flood design analysis uses three methods including Log Pearson Type III Method, Gumbel Method, and Iwai Method. The selected hydrograph is the Nakayasu Hydrograph. Hydraulics analysis of sediment control buildings using HEC-RAS tools with several other hydrological calculations. The results of the analysis in the Sumber Brantas Arboretum Area showed that the design flood discharge (Q) was 59.35 m3 / sec. In flood design conditions with its own weight, the åf of the sediment control building is 42.2 (higher than the minimum safety level) and it is relatively safe, either in normal or in an earthquake condition. In the design flood conditions with full sediment storage, the Sf of sediment control buildings is 1.6 (higher than the minimum safety level) so that it is relatively safe, either in normal or in an earthquake condition.

The integration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) can provide high-precision, real-time, and global coverage of location information in open areas. But in arboretum environment, the ability to achieve continuous high-precision positioning using global positioning technology is limited due to various sources of interference, such as multi-path effects, signal obstruction, and environmental noise. In order to achieve precise navigation in challenging GNSS signal environments, visual SLAM systems are widely used due to their ability to adapt to different environmental features. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized solution that integrates the measurements from GNSS-RTK and stereo cameras. The presented approach aligns the coordinates between the two sensors, and then employs an adaptive sliding window approach, which dynamically adjusts the window size and optimizes the pose within the sliding window. At the same time, to address the variations and uncertainties of GNSS signals in non-ideal environments, this paper proposes a solution that utilizes a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to model the potential noise in GNSS signals. Furthermore, it employs a Variational Bayesian Inference-based (VBI) method to estimate the parameters of the GMM model online. The integration of this model with an optimization-based approach enhances the positioning accuracy and robustness even further. The evaluation results of real vehicle tests show that in challenging GNSS arboretum environments, GMM applied to GNSS/VO integration has higher accuracy and better robustness.

The Arboretum of the Agricultural Faculty of a tertiary institution in Ibadan is known for its rich diversity of trees. Therefore, the study investigates the tree growth variables in the arboretum such as diameter at breast height (dbh), diameter at the base, middle and top of the bole, total height, merchantable height and crown diameter. The basal area and volume were then calculated per species and per family. Several models were fitted for the height -- diameter relationship and crown diameter -- diameter relationship and crown diameter -- dbh relationship. Positive linear relationships were observed among the growth variables. The fitted models showed that cubic models exhibit a more reliable function than quadratic and linear models for crown diameter -- dbh predictions as it has R² above 0.75. Endangered species were observed too and this was indicated through the diversity index obtained. The highest basal area encounter belongs to myrtaceae family (9.61m²) while the lowest belongs to pinaceae family (0.24m²). The total basal area obtained at (31.72m²) from the faculty trees indicates that they are exhibiting better growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this manuscript is to contribute to the discussion on the links between arts and sciences in the practices of environmental care and biodiversity conservation. The starting point is the experience in Isla Victoria Laboratory project. This island, located in Nahuel Huapi Lake, is a historical environmental emblem, where a century ago the most important Arboretum in Patagonia was installed and where many conservation projects are currently being developed. The study presents a debate of de arts-sciences relationship in the context of environmental crisis, and hence, taking the case of Isla Victoria as a starting point, explores certain questions and experiences on the horizons of these approaches in pursuit of environmental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The English garden of the Trocadéro was created in 1824 because Louis XVIII wanted a private park for the royal children. From its creation, there was a desire to turn it into a real arboretum: it was planted with numerous species of rare and exotic trees and shrubs. Moreover, the principles governing the composition of the Trocadéro garden corresponded to those set out in the treatises of the first half of the nineteenth century concerning the composition of paths, plant masses, viewpoints, colours and movement. During the Second Empire, it underwent major modifications, including the creation of a lake, to bring it into line with the taste of the time. This was the last major modification of the garden because, since the second half of the twentieth century, there have been no long-term maintenance projects; they are carried out piecemeal. However, many remarkable species still make up the Trocadero, which retains its function as an arboretum.

The Arboretum of the Agricultural Faculty of a tertiary institution in Ibadan is known for its rich diversity of trees. Therefore, the study investigates the tree growth variables in the arboretum such as diameter at breast height (dbh), diameter at the base, middle and top of the bole, total height, merchantable height and crown diameter. The basal area and volume were then calculated per species and per family. Several models were fitted for the height – diameter relationship and crown diameter – diameter relationship and crown diameter – dbh relationship. Positive linear relationships were observed among the growth variables. The fitted models showed that cubic models exhibit a more reliable function than quadratic and linear models for crown diameter – dbh predictions as it has R2 above 0.75. Endangered species were observed too and this was indicated through the diversity index obtained. The highest basal area encounter belongs to myrtaceae family (9.61m2) while the lowest belongs to pinaceae family (0.24m2). The total basal area obtained at (31.72m2) from the faculty trees indicates that they are exhibiting better growth and yield.

Societal Impact Statement Trees are the backbone of many terrestrial ecosystems and provide essential benefits for people and the planet. This unique life form requires specific horticultural, management, and conservation expertise to grow and thrive. ArbNet—the global, interactive community of arboreta—was established in 2011 to identify arboreta, define industry standards for arboreta, raise professionalism, support tree planting and proper care, facilitate collaborations, and advance tree research and conservation. Over the past 10 years, ArbNet has been instrumental in helping establish, grow, and network arboreta around the world and bring awareness to the importance of trees. This report presents ArbNet's flagship programs and resources and outlines opportunities for engagement at the individual or institutional level, to further strengthen the global network of arboreta and tree‐focused professionals and to ensure healthy trees for the future of people and the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a multi‐year insect emergence survey for the monitoring and detection of invasive non‐native species at two urban arboreta in Boston, Massachusetts and New York City, New York. Arborists pruned and sequestered pieces of these trees for up to 2 years inside emergence containers.Host material was sampled from 117 trees comprising 67 species from the two sites. From these samples, 15 370 beetles were identified from all families, including 246 buprestids (21 species), 822 cerambycids (29 species) and 8825 scolytines (46 species).Individual emergence chambers employed two collection methods: phototaxis toward an attached collection cup and sweeping barrel contents following the sequestration period. Sweeping resulted in many species not collected from cups.We documented 17 new state records for Massachusetts and New York and 143 new host associations for buprestids, cerambycids and scolytines, including 22 new host associations of non‐native beetles on native host trees and 51 new host associations of native beetles on non‐native hosts.One buprestid species, not native to North America yet new to science, Agrilus sp. 9895, was discovered. The combination of new state records, new host associations and new species detections illustrates how this survey method can be effective and beneficial for detection purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. A study of the seasonal (phenological) phenomena and natural connections between them on the background of the relevant environmental conditions is of great scientific and practical interest. Knowledge of the dynamics of the seasonal development of woody plants helps in the selection of species and their assessment from an aesthetic and sanitary points of view, as well as in the development and implementation of measures to increase the sustainability of urban green spaces. Materials and methods. The purpose of these studies is to create a database of the dynamics of seasonal development of North American woody plants based on the results of many years of phenological monitoring (2003-2017). The 20 species and forms of North American woody introducers e of the VNIISPK arboretum genetic collection were the objects. Results. It was revealed that the growing season of woody North American plants corresponds to the climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of central Russia. The species with the earliest beginning of the growing season (the third decade of March) were distinguished. There were Mahonia pinnata, M. aquifolia, Betula lenta and B. lutea. On the basis of phenological calendars, phenological spectrums have been constructed. These consist of three lines (the development of leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits) with the corresponding color symbols. It has been revealed that phenospectrums vary depending on the conditions of the year. As a result, the database of 20 species and forms of North American woody plants was formed in the form of phenological spectrums against the background of registration of weather conditions in the forest-steppe zone of Russia. The database includes three options for the possible dynamics of the seasonal development of introduced North American plants. The created database allows observing, comparing, evaluating and forecasting changes in the seasonal rhythm of the studied species of introduced North American plants.

Ornamental plantations in cities and particularly botanical gardens and arboreta are rich sources of alien flora. Mlyňany Arboretum, established in 1892, cultivates 1049 non-native woody plant species on the area of 67 ha. In this work we answered following questions: 1. How many taxa are spontaneously spreading in the arboretum and how is the spreading intensity related to their ecological demands and reproduction traits? 2. How many taxa appear behind the fence? 3. How far from the arboretum they can get? 4. Do private gardens and historical aristocratic park in the studied village cluster contribute to species escapes from culture? 5. Which from the widely spread taxa can represent future risk of invasiveness on the national level? We found that about one tenth of taxa spread across the arboretum (particularly Cotoneaster spp., Prunus laurocerasus, P. serotina and Quercus rubra) and number of their seedlings corresponded only with the mother plant number. Almost one third of these species left the arboretum and their seedlings were observed in distance up to 500 m from the village (mainly Mahonia aquifolium, P. serotina). Private gardens were a large source of Juglans regia seedlings, frequency of which decreased with the distance from villages (no species escaped from the historical park). Weed risk assessment revealed potential invasion danger only for Amorpha fruticosa.

Societal Impact Statement Polls continue to show distressingly high percentages of people around the world do not accept that evolution has occurred. Even among individuals who accept evolution, surveys indicate that many do not understand its mechanistic basis, natural selection. Botanical gardens and arboreta are typically not viewed as museums of natural history. Yet, these institutions house collections of living museum objects that can allow visitors to directly observe ongoing evolution, namely, mutations and the origin of biological novelty, the astonishing amount of variation within species, and the consequences of selection that underlie descent with modification. When botanical gardens and arboreta are reconceptualized as museums of living, evolving objects, there will be huge opportunities to engage and educate the public about the process of evolution through the lens of horticulture and botany. Summary Plants are central to the evolutionary history of biodiversity on Earth. However, unlike most museums of natural history, botanical gardens and arboreta are typically less engaged in the important mission of promoting the public's understanding of evolution. As museum collections of living (and evolving) objects, botanical gardens and arboreta have a unique set of opportunities to teach the public about evolutionary processes in ways that complement the efforts of traditional natural history museums. Charles Darwin himself relied heavily on his extensive reading of the horticultural and botanical literature to gain insights into evolutionary process and, after publication of On the Origin of Species, made plants the frequent centerpiece of his many books to convince the world of natural selection and descent with modification. There is good reason to believe that Darwin's highly effective 19th century botanical tactics for promoting evolutionary ideas among scientists and the broader society remain equally compelling today in the 21st century.

Mlyňany Arboretum is 127 years old and it has the largest woody-plant collection in Middle-Europe, with almost 2,000 taxa. Therefore, it is not surprising that this arboretum became a most important research institute focussing on foreign dendroflora, in the second half of the twentieth century. Moreover, each year there is a wide choice from many research – popularising and environmental consciousness enhancing events organized for public/ children. The most popular of these include the Ambrozy´s days, Science and Technology Week, “Plant your own tree” and “The world water day in the Mlyňany Arboretum”. Most importantly, it also has an interactive lesson room, “The Tree´s World”, which provides education services for younger pupils throughout the year. Here, children of all ages can form their own creativity as combined with education on nature protection in a creative workshop facility.

Botanical gardens perform active introductory work, carry out educational and academic activities, preserve the gene pool of the red book species, and serve as a source of enrichment plant resources. The leading role in solving these problems is played by dendrological collections, on the basis of which botanical research is carried out. The main part of the woody collections is located in the Stavropol Botanical Garden (SBG) arboretum. Work on the construction of the SBG arboretum began in 1959. Initially, it was planned to collect various species, natural and cultural forms of woody and shrubby plants from the temperate, and partly northern and subtropical zones. In addition, four models of forest vegetation formations of the Stavropol Krai and Karachay-Cherkessia were created on the territory of the SBG. The article presents the main stages of the introduction work on the creation of dendrological collections, the methods used. Most of the collections were formed in a short time due to the preliminary selection and mobilization of planting material. The long period of introduction made it possible to judge the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen method of genus complexes. The modem composition of the collections is analyzed, the role of the introduction process in the conservation of biodiversity is noted. The species that are promising for use in the landscaping of the region are listed. In the future, work with dendrological collections implies the attraction of new species, the introduction of information technologies, continuation of study and monitoring of plants listed in the Red Books of the Stavropol Krai, Russia and the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four Macadamia species (M. integrifolia, M. tetraphylla, M. ternifolia and M. jansenii) occur naturally in the wild in fragmented habitats in Australia and there is limited information on their vulnerability to pathogens including species of the genus Phytophthora. Macadamias in commercial orchards are affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora multivora causing stem canker and root rot. Wild germplasm is often regarded as sources of resistance in macadamia breeding programme. We assessed the performance of 152 trees of wild macadamia genotypes in the field using a Phytophthora disease severity rating scale and used in vivo leaf assay to examine their susceptibility to P. cinnamomi and P. multivora. Macadamia ternifolia trees showed the highest Phytophthora disease severity compared with the other species. In the in vivo trial, there were significant variations in disease severity among the genotypes within each Macadamia species. Comparison of the mean leaf lesion area of the Macadamia spp. showed that M. tetraphylla and M. jansenii were the most resistant to P. cinnamomi, whereas M. ternifolia and M. jansenii followed by M. tetraphylla had the least disease severity to P. multivora. The quantitative variations among the genotypes with strong differential effects resulted in demarcation of the wild genotypes into three resistance groups. Overall, a total of 14 M. tetraphylla and 2 M. integrifolia genotypes were identified as resistant to both P. cinnamomi and P. multivora in the in vivo assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major gut digestive enzymes of butterflies are hydrolytic enzymes, i.e. amylase, protease, and lipase. Junonia is the most abundant butterfly species in the arboretum area of Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine the amylase, protease, and lipase activity of butterflies of Junonia almana and Junonia atlites. All enzyme activity was measured at the maximum wavelength of remaining substrates or products with the UVvisible spectrophotometric method. Both butterflies have higher amylase activity than protease and lipase activity. Amylase activity of J. atlites higher than J. almana at its optimum temperature and pH, i.e. 37 °C and 6.8. This study has provided the first information about amylase, protease, and lipase activity in J. atlites and J. almana butterfly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a virtual field trip application as a new type of immersive, multimodal, interactive, data visualization of a virtual arboretum. Deployed in a game engine, it is a large, open-world simulation, representing 100 hectares and ideal for use when free choice in navigation and high fidelity are required. Although the computer graphics are photorealistic, it is different and unique from other applications that use game art or 2D 360-degree video, because it reflects high information fidelity as a result of the domain expert review, and the integration of geographic information system (GIS) data with drone images. Combined in-game as a data visualization, it is ideal for generating past or future worlds, in addition to representations of the present. Fusing information from many data sources--terrain data, waterbody data, plant inventory, population density data, accurate plant models, bioacoustics, and drone images--its design process and methods could be repeated and used in a wide range of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications and devices. Results on presence, embodiment, emotions, engagement, and learning are summarized from prior pilot studies for context on use, and are relevant to schools, museums, arboretums, and botanical gardens interested in developing immersive informal learning applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many exotic pine species are planted in Europe. These pines are tested for resistance to ozone, sulfur dioxide, drought and frost. However, their resistance can be reduced by bark beetles. In Poland the bark beetles Pityophthorus pityographus and Pityophthorus lichtensteinii were detected on Pinus armandi and Pinus ×schwerinii pines. In Europe these are the first findings of bark beetles on these trees and, at the same time, new host plants for these bark beetles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying emerging invasive species is a priority to implement early preventive and control actions. In terms of the number of invasive tree species, forestry represents the second largest pathway of introduction, with an invasive debt likely existing for alien conifers in Europe. In the early 1900s, a network of arboreta was established in southern Belgium to assess the wood production potential of prospective conifer and broadleaved species. Here, we use eight arboreta as natural experiments to identify alien conifers presenting invasive behavior. Through systematic sampling, we quantified the natural regeneration of alien conifers and recorded local environmental variables. For each species, regeneration density, dispersal distances, and age structure were analyzed. Generalized mixed effects models were fitted to test the effect of planted area and tree-stand type on regeneration. The environmental space occupied by regenerating alien conifers was evaluated using principal component analysis. Out of 31 planted alien species, 15 (48%) were identified in natural regeneration, of which eight (26%) exhibited important regeneration density and dispersal distances. The most invasive species were Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis, confirming earlier field observations. Both large planted areas and areas planted with alien conifer species increased the density of regeneration. Species that had the highest regeneration density tolerated a wide range of environmental conditions, including shaded understory, which could lead to the invasion of mature, undisturbed forests. This study showed that 17% of the studied alien conifers are potentially invasive because they show important regeneration, long-distance dispersal, and, of importance, have already produced offspring that have matured and are capable of creating new satellite populations. In conclusion, our results provide a guideline for future planting operations, recommending extreme caution when planting these species in the temperate forests of Western Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Impact Statement: Botanic gardens and arboreta have evolved significantly from their origins as oases reserved for the elite, to the conservation powerhouses they are today, visited by over half a billion people annually. Now, with their sophisticated facilities and botanical expertise, gardens are uniquely positioned to address many of the challenges associated with preserving plant diversity for the benefit of people and the planet. Globally, however, resources for and awareness of these efforts are limited. Funders, governments, corporations, and global citizens need to greatly increase their support of gardens, recognizing the critical role they play in a scientifically informed, coordinated, global effort to save plants from extinction – because all life depends on plants. Summary: Over centuries, botanic gardens and arboreta have evolved considerably in purpose and audience, from a historic focus on teaching and reference collections to championing plant conservation today; gardens fill a major global conservation need at the intersection of horticulture, living collections, plant science, and public education. With a sixth global mass extinction event underway, we are losing plant species before they can even be described, and over 20% of plant species are threatened with extinction. In response to this crisis, gardens are increasingly placing the conservation of plant diversity at the center of their missions, programming, and collections. However, there are significant challenges to preserving the world's vast plant diversity, and plant conservation efforts remain chronically underfunded. We envision a future where gardens have the resources, coordination, and capacity needed to reverse the plant extinction crisis. With sufficient resources, the garden community could: (a) operate an active network of globally coordinated gardens with capacity to carry out integrated plant conservation focused in biodiverse regions; (b) complete threat assessments for all plant species, to inform and prioritize conservation efforts; (c) conserve all "exceptional species" in genetically diverse living collections; and (d) ensure more informed, resilient, and productive landscape restoration efforts are successfully sequestering carbon and supporting biodiversity globally. The garden community is poised to lead these global efforts to preserve and protect plant diversity. Gardens have the expertise, tools, facilities, and networks in place to be the strongest force for plant conservation – they just need the resources to match the global need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research provides systematic information on the controlled migration of native and non-native tree species in Bulgaria. An up-to-date assessment of the status of a representative sample of tree species and provenances in the Primorsko - Pismenovo Arboretum has been made. An analysis was made of the important species in the country that have undergone controlled migration in the last century. Sampling data for the status encompass 83 species, 5 varieties, 30 provenances and 2 hybrids in 110 sample plots. More than 72% of the experimental areas are in good and medium condition. Growth indicators average and maximum height and diameter, basal area, average growth per basal area, height, diameter and survival of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica Man.), Corsican black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. Var. Corsicana), Red oak (Quercus rubra L.), Strandzha oak (Quercus hartwissiana Stev.) and Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) have been determined. The survival of the species studied ranged from 33.6% for Strandzha oak to 11.6% for Corsican black pine. Despite the relatively low survival of coniferous species, their average growth in diameter, height and circular area is not inferior to that of deciduous species, and in some cases even higher. The Atlas cedar deserves special attention. The status of sample plot is very good. Productivity is highest per unit area. Average increment in height - 0,47 m and average increment in diameter 0,5 cm was find out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows methods and results of conservation-restoration treatments on the 18th century commode. The process at its very beginning brought out to light numerous questions and dilemmas. One of the most important issues was whether to conserve the existing condition or to try to find out what the commode looked like when it was built. The chronology of investigation, scientific and practical activities presented in this paper are the result of a ten-month effort; from the preliminary tests and preventive conservation actions, including material identification, disinfestation, structure stabilization, consolidation, cleaning protocols for removing accumulated dirt and removal of overpainting, continuing with reconstruction of missing carved, profiled and woodturned elements, retouching, varnishing, and ending with the final presentation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, a modern species and quantitative representation of the medicinal woody plants in the arboretum of Lugansk National Agrarian University has been determined. It was found that now, 4,242 specimens of medicinal trees, bushes and liana belonging to 65 species, 54 geni and 26 families grow on its territory. The number of specimens of each species, the content of biologically active compounds and the possibilities of using officinal and complementary medicine are given. It is indicated that the Rosaceae family is characterized by the most taxonomic variety and number of growing plants. The dominant species on the territory of the arboretum is Aesculus hippocastanum. Medicinal woody plants can be used to prevent and treat a wide range of diseases; also, they can the basis for creating a “pharmacy garden” on the territory of the university.

Arboretum of Shatsk Forest College named after V.V. Sulka is a valuable center of dendroflora for enriching the biodiversity of Volyn Polissya. Occupies an area of ​​1.5 hectares. The history of the formation of the arboretum of Shatsk Forest College named after V.V. Sulka from the beginning of creation to the present (for 50 years). The results of the arboretum dendroflora inventory are presented. Which has 147 species (109 rare species) belonging to 94 genera, 41 families, 23 orders, two classes. Most species belong to the Magnoliophyta division - 115 species (78.2%), to Pinophyta - 32 species (21.8%). Plants grow in such plantations as groups, alleys, hedges, hedges, tapeworms, common mixed groups. 144 species of woody plants belong to phanerophytes, dominated by mesophanerophytes (38.9%) (megaphanerophytes - 24.3%, microphanerophytes - 26.4%, nanophanerophytes - 10.4%) and 3 species of hamephytes. The analysis of ecological structure (in relation to light; demanding to moisture, demanding to soils) is resulted. The ecological structure is represented mainly by hemiskiophytes - 65 species (44.2%) and heliophytes - 62 species (44.2%), much less represented by schiophytes - 20 species (13.6%). Mesotrophs of 72 species (49.0% of the total number of species) were identified by plant demanding to soil fertility; slightly less oligotrophs (27.9%) and megatrophs (20.4%), the least represented mesooligotrophs - 2.7%. The range of species of arboretum woody plants has six types of hygromorphs, common are: mesophytes of 57 species and xeromesophytes of 25 species, uncommon hygromesophytes of 4 species (2.7%). Almost the same number of hygrophytes (16 species, 10.9%), xerophytes (16 species, 10.9%) and mesohygrophytes (18 species, 12.2%), mesoxerophytes are 11 species (7.5%). The current state of woody plants is assessed. 95% of woody plants are in good condition, four species have - satisfactory and unsatisfactory condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Polls continue to show distressingly high percentages of people around the world do not accept that evolution has occurred. Even among individuals who accept evolution, surveys indicate that many do not understand its mechanistic basis, natural selection. Botanical gardens and arboreta are typically not viewed as museums of natural history. Yet, these institutions house collections of living museum objects that can allow visitors to directly observe ongoing evolution, namely, mutations and the origin of biological novelty, the astonishing amount of variation within species, and the consequences of selection that underlie descent with modification. When botanical gardens and arboreta are reconceptualized as museums of living, evolving objects, there will be huge opportunities to engage and educate the public about the process of evolution through the lens of horticulture and botany. Summary: Plants are central to the evolutionary history of biodiversity on Earth. However, unlike most museums of natural history, botanical gardens and arboreta are typically less engaged in the important mission of promoting the public's understanding of evolution. As museum collections of living (and evolving) objects, botanical gardens and arboreta have a unique set of opportunities to teach the public about evolutionary processes in ways that complement the efforts of traditional natural history museums. Charles Darwin himself relied heavily on his extensive reading of the horticultural and botanical literature to gain insights into evolutionary process and, after publication of On the Origin of Species, made plants the frequent centerpiece of his many books to convince the world of natural selection and descent with modification. There is good reason to believe that Darwin's highly effective 19th century botanical tactics for promoting evolutionary ideas among scientists and the broader society remain equally compelling today in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that Nottingham was one of the most densely built and overcrowded towns in Victorian England. Following the enclosure, 1845-65, green spaces, including public parks, had to be provided in the new suburbs. This article looks at the creation of parks in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to show how a combination of government policies, local authority commitment to providing open spaces and recreation grounds, and philanthropic involvement, led to the post-1845 town and its newly created suburbs having numerous accessible green spaces. This provision has, in turn, impacted on how the modern city has evolved, and the article suggests that this is important for our understanding of urban development more generally. The paper notes the impact of more recent development where large swathes of working class housing, with few or no green spaces, has been swept away and replaced by a significantly greener environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We completed the first survey of the bryophyte flora of the Huzella Garden in Göd, Hungary in 2018 and 2019. Altogether 55 species (2 liverworts and 53 mosses) were encountered in the recently poorly maintained arboretum covering 6 hectares. Most bryophytes found in the garden are common to Hungary, while four species have the near threatened (NT) status such as Brachythecium glareosum, Cirriphyllum piliferum, Orthotrichum obtusifolium, Syntrichia latifolia. Extensive populations covering altogether 30 m² of the critically endangered (CR, Hungarian Red List) Entodon concinnus were found in the garden, that is a new record of the species in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oak dominated, silvo-pastoral systems of the Iberian Peninsula are known collectively as dehesa (or montado in Portuguese). They represent a high-potential model for regenerative agricultural systems within climatically appropriate regions of Australia and beyond. The vast majority of the Australian continent is brittle ecosystem and in both pre- and post-colonial contexts savannah is a dominant biome type (Gammage 2011). Savannahs provide a vast suite of critical ecosystem services, notably a general mitigating of environmental extremes. These are particularly valuable in brittle environments. Furthermore, the extra-environmental yields that semi-domesticated savannah models provide result in numerous benefits to agricultural production such as increased stock animal wellbeing and significant supplementary feed sources (Vargas et al. 2013). Research also suggests that due to the hundreds of thousands of years of evolution within similar biomes, Homo sapiens has a deep genetic and cultural proclivity toward savannah systems. The resulting positive response to these environments increases psychological wellbeing in local human populations (Wilson 1984). This paper explores the dehesa model of agroforestry, arguing that such a model is one that could work in Australia and contribute to solving some of the serious environmental and food-production issues facing the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Abandoned human-modified forests are refuges for remnant biodiversity. However, there are very few studies on the biodiversity and regeneration of native species in human-modified forests which are rich in exotic trees. Our research aim is to evaluate the regeneration status and biodiversity of two adjacent human-modified forests. The two forests have distinct overstorey exotic species richness prior to abandonment: one is an exotic tree plantation low in species richness, and the other is an exotic arboretum high in species richness. The original management practices of the two forests have been neglected for more than 20 years. A primary forest was selected as a reference forest to compare their diversity and regeneration status. We asked: (1) Is there a structural difference among the three forests? (2) What are the proportions of native saplings in the human-modified forests? (3) Are the introduced exotic species able to naturalize? Results We recorded 1316 individuals from 88 species, belonging to 69 genera and 34 families in the three forests [each sampled 16 quadrats (10 m × 5 m)]. Both human-modified forests were similar in their height structure, diameter structure, and sapling density, but differed in species diversity (characterized by rarefaction curves) and floristic composition (indicated by a quantitative similarity index). In the arboretum, only 50% of the sapling individuals were native. Surprisingly, when sampling efforts were standardized, the arboretum had higher native sapling species richness than the exotic species-poor plantation. Moreover, both human-modified forests had conserved a few rare and endemic species. Nevertheless, some exotic species in the arboretum had escaped to the nearby plantation. Conclusions After 20 years of abandonment, the two human-modified forests had converged in structure, but not in diversity patterns of native saplings. This could be due to that the diversity of exotic overstorey composition can influence the natural regeneration of understorey plants. Our study also raised concerns about conserving native species and managing naturalized exotic species in these human-modified forests.

This study reports 11 species of macrofungi in the botanical garden and arboretum of Mangalore University. Frequent species include Clathrus delicatus, Entoloma serrulatum and Tetrapyrgos nigripes in the botanical garden, and Collybia aurea and T. nigripes in the arboretum. Five species are edible (Collybia aurea, Lepista sp., Russula adusta, R. atropurpurea and Termitomyces microcarpus), one is medicinal (T. microcarpus) and two are ectomycorrhizal (Russula adusta and R. atropurpurea) with critically endangered endemic tree species Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae). Some macrofungi grow on bark, woody litter and leaf litter, while others were found on typical lateritic soils with organic matter. Termitomyces microcarpus was common in the faecal pellets of termites in the botanical garden. Brief descriptions of species based on field and laboratory observations, along with their substrates and distribution, are given.

This study was carried out in order to investigate on chromosomal behavior during meiosis in Kerman endemic cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) and VTDL (G. arboretum) species, F1 hybrids of two species and BC4 genotypes. The F1s investigations showed that in 40 percent of tested cells, there was one adjacent quadrivalent. Only in one case there was one lag chromosome at MII and the rest of next meiosis stages were normal. Repeated back crosses (up to BC4) caused to reduce the irregularities. Morphological traits in back crosses, were mostly similar to G. herbaceum and only in few cases were left from G. arboretum species. Since simultaneously breeding for all traits, especially through far hybridization, is not possible at one stage, so the resulted offspring would be great achievement at the early steps of endemic cotton improvement.

This paper describes a virtual field trip application as a new type of immersive, multimodal, interactive, data visualization of a virtual arboretum. Deployed in a game engine, it is a large, open-world simulation, representing 100 hectares and ideal for use when free choice in navigation and high fidelity are required. Although the computer graphics are photorealistic, it is different and unique from other applications that use game art or 2D 360-degree video, because it reflects high information fidelity as a result of the domain expert review, and the integration of geographic information system (GIS) data with drone images. Combined in-game as a data visualization, it is ideal for generating past or future worlds, in addition to representations of the present. Fusing information from many data sources—terrain data, waterbody data, plant inventory, population density data, accurate plant models, bioacoustics, and drone images—its design process and methods could be repeated and used in a wide range of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications and devices. Results on presence, embodiment, emotions, engagement, and learning are summarized from prior pilot studies for context on use, and are relevant to schools, museums, arboretums, and botanical gardens interested in developing immersive informal learning applications.

Berezne Dendrological Park plays an important role in the enrichment of dendrofloral biodiversity in Rivne region. The park covers an area of 29.5 hectares. Plants are grouped by botanical-geographical zones (eight areas), and within zones - by a systematc principle (five areas). The results of the inventory of dendrorarites of the Pinophyta Division of 36 species, that belong to 10 genera of three families, have been analyzed. The largest number is represented by the genus Picea A. Diet. (28.0 %), Pinus L. (22.0 %), whereas genus Abies Mill has somewhat fewer representatves (19.0 %). The genera Tsuga Carr., Pseudotsuga Carr., Metasequoia Miki., Chamaecyparis Spach, Thuja L., Juniperus L., Taxus L. are poorly represented, accountng for between 3.0 and 8.0 % of the total number of the species of dendrorarites. Their current state has been assessed. The conditon of the overwhelming majority of the Pinophyta Arboretum is satsfactory. The ecological structure (by relaton to light; by exactngness to moisture, by exactngness to soil) has been analyzed. The ecological structure is represented mainly by scyophytes - 23 species (63.9 % of the total number of species), by heliophytes 6 species (16.7 %) and by hemiskiophytes 7 species (19.4 %). By demand of plants for soil fertlity 10 species (27.8 %) of eutotrophs, 16 species (44.4 %) of mesotrophs, 9 species (25.0 %) of oligotrophs and semiotrophs have been detected. According to the results of the research, it has been established that the spectrum of the species of the dendrorarites of the Pinophyta division has three main types of hygromorphs: hygrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes. Widespread species are: mesophytes 16 species (44.5 %) and hygrophytes 12 species (33.3 %). Less widespread are: xerophytes 3 species (8.3 %), mesohygrophytes 3 species (8.3 %), there is one submesophyte (2.8 %) - Juniperus sabina L. and mesoxerophyte (2.8 %) - Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]