Search

The present research shows a robust isotopic ratio characterization of Carbon-13 (δ13CVPDB) in congeneric compounds such as methanol, n-propanol, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde in representative samples (n = 69) of Tequila 100% agave silver class (TSC), employing gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). From the information obtained, the construction of a radial plot attributable to the isotopic fingerprint of TSC was achieved. With this information, a diagnostic test was designed to determine the authenticity of TSC, comparing alcoholic beverages from other agave species as non-authentic samples. The sensitivity of the test was 94.2%; the specificity was 83.3%. Additionally, non-authentic samples were analyzed that meet all the criteria established in the regulations. The results obtained show that the GC/C/IRMS analytical technique and designed diagnostic test are useful as auxiliary parameters to determine the authenticity of the beverage, thus managing to determine the adulteration or falsification of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law & Justice Review is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study is to understand the role of associations in the dynamics of the coffee sector by analyzing the role of the Federation of Coffee Growers of the Cerrado (FCC) in coordinating the agro-industrial system of coffee with a focus on the seal of designation of origin. This organization presented characteristics of an Interface Agent, mainly through representation actions with government agencies and international entities. Subsequently, the FCC expanded its actions and became a Trusted Agent through actions to promote the region's coffee region. In addition, FCC also expanded its actions and became a Coordinating Agent through actions to control the quality of production delimited by the origin of the Cerrado coffee region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Terroir is one of the core concepts associated with wine and presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown, the plant habitat, imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site. Additionally, numerous factors can influence yeast diversity, and terroir is among the most relevant. Therefore, it can be interesting to use Remote Sensing tools that help identify and give helpful information about the terroir and key characteristics that define the AOP (Appellation of Origin). In this study, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) calculated from Landsat 8 imagery was used to perform a spatio-temporal analysis during 2013, 2014, and 2015 of several vineyards belonging to four different AOP in Galicia (Spain). This work shows that it is possible to use Remote Sensing for AOP delimitation. Results suggest: (i) satellite imagery can establish differences in terroir, (ii) the higher the NDVI, the higher the yeast species richness, (iii) the relationship between NDVI, terroir, and yeasts shows a stable trend over the years (Pearson’s r = 0.3894, p = 0.0119).

The present research shows a robust isotopic ratio characterization of Carbon-13 (δ13CVPDB) in congeneric compounds such as methanol, n-propanol, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde in representative samples (n = 69) of Tequila 100% agave silver class (TSC), employing gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). From the information obtained, the construction of a radial plot attributable to the isotopic fingerprint of TSC was achieved. With this information, a diagnostic test was designed to determine the authenticity of TSC, comparing alcoholic beverages from other agave species as non-authentic samples. The sensitivity of the test was 94.2%; the specificity was 83.3%. Additionally, non-authentic samples were analyzed that meet all the criteria established in the regulations. The results obtained show that the GC/C/IRMS analytical technique and designed diagnostic test are useful as auxiliary parameters to determine the authenticity of the beverage, thus managing to determine the adulteration or falsification of the product.

Objective: Analyze the governance models established around the Designation of Origin (DO) of cocoa in Latin America, in the cases of Cacao Amazonas in Peru and Cacao Grijalva in Mexico. Methodology: A case study methodology in comparative perspective was performed, built from documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews applied to key actors Results: Case studies showed a divergent behavior around their governance models. As well as in terms of the different levels of societal articulation, information symmetry, existence of collective decision-making mechanisms, participation of government actors, and of public policies aimed at promoting the cocoa chain. Limitations: it is necessary to include in future research the case of other cocoa territories such as Ecuador, which also has a DO Cacao Arriba. Conclusions: DOs are positioned as tools to promote territorial development based on the aggregation and value they can generate in the territories; however, the governance model defines the implementation of these initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terroir is one of the core concepts associated with wine and presumes that the land from which the grapes are grown, the plant habitat, imparts a unique quality that is specific to that growing site. Additionally, numerous factors can influence yeast diversity, and terroir is among the most relevant. Therefore, it can be interesting to use Remote Sensing tools that help identify and give helpful information about the terroir and key characteristics that define the AOP (Appellation of Origin). In this study, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) calculated from Landsat 8 imagery was used to perform a spatio-temporal analysis during 2013, 2014, and 2015 of several vineyards belonging to four different AOP in Galicia (Spain). This work shows that it is possible to use Remote Sensing for AOP delimitation. Results suggest: (i) satellite imagery can establish differences in terroir, (ii) the higher the NDVI, the higher the yeast species richness, (iii) the relationship between NDVI, terroir, and yeasts shows a stable trend over the years (Pearson's r = 0.3894, p = 0.0119). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-COVID economic crisis has led to a mass unemployment and migration of workers to their hometown. These returning underprivileged workers can use their traditional knowledge to support their families and create employment opportunities locally. Indian laws relating to Geographical Indications will be useful in protecting and promoting such traditional products. The same can be further complemented by India ratifying the Geneva Act to the Lisbon Agreement, enforced from February 2020, which has provision for a single-window registration of Geographical Indications in multiple countries. Further this article highlights the loopholes in Indian GI laws which need to be addressed to realize the object behind law. Finally, it is argued that during the on-going difficult times government shouldtake adequate measures to promote geographical indications as a policy instrument to help the rural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wine is a complex and highly differentiated product of a very wide and heterogeneous compartment, where quality plays an important role in determining demand. Wine production in Italy is unique in the world and important for all of its regions and its vineyards are placed in extremely different environments, from coastal plains to considerable altitudes and slopes. The Italian level of quality can be considered very high, since approximately 69% of wine production is characterized by Appellation of Origin (AO). The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential efficiency in production of Italian wines with Appellation of Origin, in terms of quality, prices and vine yields. Results of this study highlight the economic value generated annually by each declared hectare of vineyard, showing the “Top five wines”, allowing reflections that underline the strategic role of some factors, useful to create a high value production process.

In the agribusiness wine is certainly a very interesting sector to analyze. The specific aim of this work is to assess water efficiency and economic water productivity for the Italian wines with Appellation of Origin (AO). This assessment could represent a potential management instrument to improve production performances from a more integrated perspective, pursuing new market trends. The study is related to Italy, the first worldwide producer, and analyzes the available data of AO wines, which globally have specific features, being strictly connected with the territory and its background. The results show the top and bottom five AO wines in terms of crop water use and economic water productivity and their trends during the period 2011–2015, based on average annual change rates. Results of this study are relevant for the wine sector since they can guide decision makers on vine variety selection in the context of micro- and macro-level sustainability of water resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pharmacopoeial standards for crude drugs are established based on analysis of authenticated specimens which should be representative of the quality of material traditionally specified in systems of traditional medicine from species’ geographical origin. This reflects the ‘geo-authentic’ material that corresponds to traditional ecological and medical knowledge. In cases where specimens are obtained from cultivation outside of the species origin, this ‘authenticated’ material will not be ‘geo-authentic’.

Summary Unlike what is usually thought, the US public institutions play a crucial role in the protection of Geographical Indications (GIs), as trademarks or as AVAs appellations of origin for wines, to guarantee that all legitimate operators have the right to use GIs. Although the US institutions and scholars have often criticized the EU sui generis GI regime, practice shows that the two systems have much more in common than what emerges superficially. Indeed, in the US several collective marks aimed at protecting indications of geographical origin are managed and funded by public bodies or agencies. Furthermore, the US practice often procedurally recalls the European regime of GI protection and, in general, the overall development of the US system shows that it is heading toward a regime that is at least very compatible with, if not similar to, the EU one. Finally, concepts such as “terroir”, that is one of the theoretical pillars of the French–European GI regime, are increasingly accepted in the US context as well. Therefore, the analysis conducted shows how the practical aspects of the management of GIs in the US contrasts with the traditional narrative according to which GI protection in the US, guaranteed by trademarks, the self-regulated system of private law, and the European administrative-based system are substantively different and irreconcilable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The legal recognition of the geographical origin of wines, named Appellation of Origin, is of great interest for both consumers and producers, since it provides decisive criteria of acceptability in terms of guaranteed quality. However, when wines are considered to differ among the viticultural regions where they are produced, it is difficult to verify if the distinction is actually linked to their provenance, or, conversely if it is merely due to the work of the winemaker. Therefore, there is a need for methods that separate the effect of the geographical location from that of the human factor. Thirteen Merlot and 14 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards were selected from two Appellations of Origin, named Binissalem and Pla i Llevant, located in the Balearic Islands (Spain). Grapes and soils were sampled evenly over the whole surface of each vineyard. Climatic and landscape conditions were also registered at each site. Univariable analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the Appellation of Origin on the color intensity, the color tonality and the phenolic content of grapes, the silts, sands, clays and carbonate content of soils, the rainfall, the maximum and minimum temperature, and the elevation of the vineyards in 2009 and 2010. Based on the soil, climate, and landscape characteristics, a Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis was used to discriminate between both Appellations of Origin. Results showed that a particular agroclimatic terroir may be defined for each Appellation of Origin. Indeed, this multivariate analysis led to a correct classification rate of 95 % for both 2009 and 2010 models and a prediction accuracy higher than 85.7 %. The research here proposed a methodology suitable for evaluating the appropriateness of contiguous viticultural Appellations of Origin in terms of a whole terroir concept, without considering the human factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers express a growing interest for local and quality foods certified by their origin and their environmental production standards. This has led to the emergence of certified products meeting sustainability criteria. Because consumers are willing to pay a price premium for sustainably produced commodities, these certifications act as market-based instruments to promote sustainable land use. Among Geographical Indications (GIs) labels, the two European Union GIs – called Protection of Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protection of Geographical Indication (PGI) – can be considered as agricultural product certification. These GIs identify a good as originating from a region where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is attributable to its geographical origin. Land use is potentially affected by GIs because product characteristics are associated with the biophysical attributes of the terroir and some product specifications relate to land management practices. Little empirical evidence substantiates the claim that GIs have an impact on land use. The objective of this study was to understand whether Geographical Indications are an effective market-based instrument to promote conservation of extensive land use practices in marginal mountain areas. We conducted farm surveys along a gradient of GI requirements for the following similar cheese products: Tomme de Savoie PGI, Tomme de Savoie EQC, and Tome des Bauges PDO. We tested the hypothesis that the more stringent PDO requirements were associated with more extensive agricultural practices and provided more benefits to farmers. Results showed that the strict standards of PGI and PDO are associated with greater benefits for farmers and more extensive agricultural practices. In comparison to PGI farmers, PDO farmers obtain higher price premiums and gain more knowledge. More extensive practices are observed on PDO farms but the differences between labels are minor. Our results also reveal a great variability in agricultural practices among farms of a same label. Farmers have various motivations for labelling their product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pisco is a brandy made from selected grapes, restricted as Appellation of Origin (AO) in 1931 in Chile by executive order number 181 of May 15, and also legally protected by Peru in 1991 by executive resolution of December 12 and executive order 001-91-ICTI/IND of January 16. This AO has given rise to a commercial controversy between producers of both countries, who claim it as their own. This article proposes a new thesis: The AO of pisco is actually bi-national, belonging to Chile as well as to Peru. The reason is that the producers of the two countries contributed to the origin and consolidation of this product. Pisco would not exist without the participation of both of them. Therefore, the two countries-have co-ownership rights since they are co-founders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appellations of origin and indication of source are species of geographical indication (GI) provided by the Brazilian industrial property law that could be seen as one of the ways of mobilization and recovering of the rural territories adding value to local products with differentiated quality. This study aimed to characterize the stages of the construction of the regulations of use of GI, the geographical area delimitation, the evidence of reputation and the relationship between product and geographical environment of GIs in Brazil. The survey research was the methodology adopted conducted through semi-structured questionnaires. The results showed that despite the shortcomings of the Brazilian legislation on GIs, several organs has enabled the construction process of the Brazilian GIs acting decisively on the elaboration steps of the regulation of use (universities, NGOs, INPI), on the area delimitation (universities , Embrapa, Emater, IMA), on the evidence of reputation (SEBRAE) and on the relationship between geographical environment and quality (universities). The proof of the influence of the geographical environment on the product qualitative characteristics is currently the main obstacle to the development of appellations of origin in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a legal paper regarding the effectiveness of mechanisms used by Iran for protecting Iranian carpet industry. It reports that the paper discusses several Iranian treaties developed to protect Iranian home-made carpets which include Madrid Protocol, the Lisbon Agreement and the TRIPS Agreement. It states that the handmade carpets that are left semi-protected should be protected through the implementation of agreements such as TRIPS Agreement.

Abstract: An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methodology was validated and used for accurately determining the concentration of 17 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Zn) in Portuguese wines. This study allowed determining the relationships between element concentration and two variables: wine type (white vs. red) and appellation of origin (“Alentejo”, “Bairrada”, “Dão”, or “Vinho Verde”). Boron made it possible to distinguish among red wines from different producing regions. Factor analysis produced four components (C) with different elements main loading: C1 (the lithophile elements Ba, Mg and Mn); C2 (B, K, and P, elements related to fertilization practices and/or winemaking procedures); C3 (Zn, a metal mainly derived from the use of phytosanitary products and/or stainless steel or brass materials); and C4 (As, mainly derived from phytosanitary products). In total, these components explained 78.1% of the variance between wine type and Appellation. Red wines showed higher scores of C2 than white samples. With respect to the Appellation, “Bairrada” had the highest scores for C2 while “Alentejo” wines, followed by “Dão”, showed highest loadings for C1. Discriminant analysis also achieved a high recognition percentage (98.2%) for the classification of wine samples according to appellation of origin. These results highlight the usefulness of ICP-MS elemental analysis for categorization of wine origin and show that this is a promising technique regarding the authentication of wine certified brand of origin (CBO). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper analyses the involvement concept, applying it to the 'appellation of origin'. This construct is rendered operational through its cognitive formulation, derived from the conceptual framework of the variable, determining factors, causes and consequences. This study proposes a model which measures the temporal involvement and includes a structural descriptive network of its relationship with other connected concepts: perceived risk, knowledge and experience of the consumer. On the other hand, it explains the predictive capacity of the construct as well as these criteria and the level of continuous consequences derived from involvement in the buyer decision process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problem of protecting products of geographic origin (GI) since the WTO's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which provides enhanced protection to wines and spirits, but ignores agricultural and other natural products. The paper explores the idea of extending protection to these other products through the GI route, with special reference to biodiesel extraction from Jatropha seeds in the state of Chattisgarh in India.

The phenolic composition of red and white wines from four Spanish Appellations of Origin (official classification of Spanish wines) was investigated. Different hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, catechins, procyanidins, alcohols, stilbenes and flavonols were identified. Additionally, the ketone 2,3-dihydroxy-1-guaiacylpropan-1-one was identified for the first time in red wines aged in oak barrels. The concentration of most of the phenolic compounds quantified was higher in red wines than in white wines, as would be expected from the different methods of vinification and the grape varieties used. These differences could also contribute to differences in the antioxidant ability of these wines. The multivariate analysis applied to the phenolic compounds quantified allowed the relationships among these compounds to be examined and the origin of the wines to be distinguished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As denominações de origem e as indicações de procedência compõem as espécies de indicação geográfica (IG) previstas pela legislação brasileira e têm sido vistas como formas de mobilização e valorização dos territórios e de agregação de valor aos produtos típicos e de qualidade diferenciada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a condução das etapas de elaboração do regulamento de uso, delimitação da área e comprovação da notoriedade e da relação entre produto e meio geográfico das IGs brasileiras. A metodologia adotada foi pesquisa survey, realizada por meio de questionários semiestruturados. Os resultados revelaram que, apesar das lacunas da legislação brasileira sobre IGs, vários órgãos têm viabilizado o processo de construção das IGs brasileiras atuando de forma decisiva nas etapas de elaboração do regulamento de uso (universidades, ONGs, INPI), delimitação da área (universidades, Embrapa, Emater, IMA), comprovação da notoriedade (SEBRAE) e da relação entre meio geográfico e qualidade (universidades). A comprovação da influência do território nas características qualitativas do produto constitui, atualmente, o principal entrave ao desenvolvimento das denominações de origem no País.The appellations of origin and indication of source are species of geographical indication (GI) provided by the Brazilian industrial property law that could be seen as one of the ways of mobilization and recovering of the rural territories adding value to local products with differentiated quality. This study aimed to characterize the stages of the construction of the regulations of use of GI, the geographical area delimitation, the evidence of reputation and the relationship between product and geographical environment of GIs in Brazil. The survey research was the methodology adopted conducted through semi-structured questionnaires. The results showed that despite the shortcomings of the Brazilian legislation on GIs, several organs has enabled the construction process of the Brazilian GIs acting decisively on the elaboration steps of the regulation of use (universities, NGOs, INPI), on the area delimitation (universities , Embrapa, Emater, IMA), on the evidence of reputation (SEBRAE) and on the relationship between geographical environment and quality (universities). The proof of the influence of the geographical environment on the product qualitative characteristics is currently the main obstacle to the development of appellations of origin in the country.

Multiple food classification systems have been developed for different purposes, whether is to obtain clear information about food processing, or for nutritional aspects, etc., this systems present information so that data and standardization processes for products are clear, easy to understand and reliable; such systems might assist product differentiation processes too, which implicate economic resources and research to determine whether specific products, i.e., agricultural products, have characteristics that deserve special designation, and for that purpose, multiple variables are considered. This paper presents a nomenclature system for agricultural food ingredients classification that takes into account multiple factors, and has the purpose to contribute to the specificity and future differentiation between commodities and agricultural products with unique qualities; among the variables considered were precedence or origin, climatic conditions, soil types, cultivation techniques, etc. • Novel tool for identification and description of food ingredients. • Nomenclature of food ingredients linking soil and life zones. • Commodity classification through taxonomic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]