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The first record of the red swamp crayfish in Sicily dates back to 2003 and, since then, the species seemed to be confined to a few localities in western Sicily. A small “citizen science” project carried out from November 2016 onwards led to the creation of the “Sicilian Procambarus working group” (SPwg), which aims at monitoring the distribution and impact of the species in Sicily. To date, the SPwg found the red swamp crayfish in five new sites on the island, thus doubling the number of local sites of occurrence. The new Procambarus clarkii sites lie in different river basins, some of them located several hundred kilometres from the invaded areas known to date, suggesting the existence of multiple independent releases of the species in the wild. The need of better informing the local population on the risks exerted by invasive species on biological diversity, and of carefully monitoring the impact of P. clarkii on the Sicilian inland water biota is briefly stressed.

Highlights: • This study proposes the practical utility of an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) experience for the dissemination and study of Palaeolithic Rock Art. • Thanks to a series of multidisciplinary studies, a virtual reconstruction of the archaeological context of an area with rock art has been achieved. • The Palaeolithic lighting systems documented in Atxurra cave have been virtually recreated, allowing real-time interaction through VR. Abstract: The Upper Palaeolithic period (ca. 45000 - 12000 BP) was the time when figurative art chiefly produced by Homo sapiens emerged and developed. The Upper Palaeolithic rock art entails a multisensory experience that goes beyond depicted images observation: it includes aspects related to the cognitive development of human mind, the spatial dimensions, the type of rock surface, artificial lighting, and challenges of navigating the underground environment. Traditionally, the study of Palaeolithic art in caves has focused on paintings and illustrated subjects' graphic analysis. However, a recent shift in methodological focus has favoured a comprehensive and interdisciplinary study of rock art. This new perspective has allowed the investigation of surrounding elements that significantly influence the art and its interpretation. Combining this with new digital technologies, it is now possible to reconstruct Palaeolithic artistic creation and contemplation environments with precision, offering researchers an immersive and interactive experience through virtual reality (VR). The two documented Palaeolithic lighting systems in the sector J “Ledge of the Horses” have been virtually recreated. The lighting simulation parameters are based on those obtained from an anthracological study of the charcoal remains found in the cave and the subsequent experimental program. The study included analysing both three-dimensional (3D) models of the cave, obtained through photogrammetry and laser scanning, and the lighting systems in the graphics engine ©Unreal Engine 5; this allowed the researchers to create an interactive VR environment that faithfully reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about the cavity. Using VR is a substantial methodological advancement, regarding both knowledge transmission and the creation of more robust and coherent archaeological interpretations through sensory perception and historical empathy. This approach has been applied to the main decorated sector of the Atxurra Cave (Basque Country, Spain), a space containing dozens of engraved and painted representations, and surface archaeological material, subjected to a comprehensive multidisciplinary study.

Abstract Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is widely considered the most effective option for treating obesity, a chronic, relapsing, and progressive disease. Recently, the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) issued new guidelines on the indications for MBS, which have superseded the previous 1991 National Institutes of Health guidelines. The aim of this study is to establish the first set of consensus guidelines for selecting procedures in Class I and II obesity, using an Expert Modified Delphi Method. In this study, 78 experienced bariatric surgeons from 32 countries participated in a two-round Modified Delphi consensus voting process. The threshold for consensus was set at an agreement or disagreement of ≥ 70.0% among the experts. The experts reached a consensus on 54 statements. The committee of experts reached a consensus that MBS is a cost-effective treatment option for Class II obesity and for patients with Class I obesity who have not achieved significant weight loss through non-surgical methods. MBS was also considered suitable for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher. The committee identified intra-gastric balloon (IGB) as a treatment option for patients with class I obesity and endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) as an option for patients with class I and II obesity, as well as for patients with T2DM and a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m2. Sleeve gastrectomy (1) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were also recognized as viable treatment options for these patient groups. The committee also agreed that one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is a suitable option for patients with Class II obesity and T2DM, regardless of the presence or severity of obesity-related medical problems. The recommendations for selecting procedures in Class I and II obesity, developed through an Expert Modified Delphi Consensus, suggest that the use of standard primary bariatric endoscopic (IGB, ESG) and surgical procedures (SG, RYGB, OAGB) are acceptable in these patient groups, as consensus was reached regarding these procedures. However, randomized controlled trials are still needed in Class I and II Obesity to identify the best treatment approach for these patients in the future.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the impact of the FLUYE school-based intervention on children’s lifestyle behaviors, Mediterranean diet adherence, and emotional well-being in Spain. The objective was to promote healthy habits through nutrition education, physical activity, and emotional support within the school environment, with a focus on addressing the needs of both normal-weight and overweight/obese children. Methods: A total of 552 children aged 3 to 12 years participated in the study, with data collected at baseline (T0) and follow-up (T1). The intervention was designed to integrate health education into the school curriculum, emphasizing the development of personal competencies in diet, physical activity, and emotional well-being. The analysis included changes in dietary habits, screen time, physical activity, and psychosocial outcomes, with comparisons made between the normal-weight and overweight/obese groups. Results: Significant improvements were observed in water consumption and reductions in sugar-sweetened beverage intake across both weight groups. However, an increase in screen time, particularly among normal-weight children, highlighted ongoing challenges in reducing sedentary behavior. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet improved more significantly in the overweight/obese group, suggesting the program’s effectiveness in promoting healthier eating patterns among at-risk children. Emotional well-being and self-esteem also saw significant enhancements, with children reporting increased feelings of pride and positivity post-intervention. Conclusions: The FLUYE program effectively improved various aspects of children’s lifestyle behaviors, particularly in dietary habits and emotional well-being. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive, school-based interventions that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of health, especially for children at higher risk for obesity.

Background: SmartAction-VR uses virtual reality to simulate daily life tasks and assess cognitive performance based on the multi-errand paradigm. This study explored whether this new task could provide insights into the executive functioning of children and adolescents with ADHD in their everyday activities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and December 2022. It consisted of one session and was divided into two parts (cognitive tests; and SmartAction-VR). The sample comprised 76 children and adolescents with a median age (IQR) of 13 (11–14) years and an age range of 9–17 years. Of these participants, 60.50% (n = 46) were males. Out of this sample, 40 participants were in the ADHD group and 36 were in the neurotypical group. The following instruments were used: Waisman Activities of Daily Living Scale, Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functioning, Pediatric Simulator Disease Questionnaire, Digit span subtest, Stroop test, NEPSY-II Subtest of Auditory Attention and Cognitive Flexibility, Trail Making Test, Zoo Map Test, and SmartAction-VR. Results: The ADHD group demonstrated lower accuracy (U = 406, p = 0.010), higher values for total errors (U = 292, p = 0.001), more commissions (U = 417, p = 0.003), new actions (U = 470, p = 0.014), and forgetting actions (U = 406, p = 0.010), as well as fewer perseverations compared to the neurotypical group (U = 540.5, p = 0.029). Additionally, participants who forgot more actions were found to have lower independence in daily life (r = −0.281, p = 0.024). Conclusions: The correlations between the results of SmartAction-VR and activities of daily living, as well as cognitive tests, suggest that this new task could be useful for evaluating executive functioning in daily life.

Abstract Atxurra cave has a decorated assemblage composed of more than a hundred engraved animal depictions. All of them are located in deep parts of the cave and most of them are hidden in raised areas, away from the main path. The main sector is the “Ledge of the Horses”, located at 330 m from the entrance of the cave. It is a space of 12 m long and 1.5 m wide, elevated 4 m above the cave floor. This area includes almost fifty engraved and painted animals accompanied by a dozen flint tools, three fireplaces, and around one hundred charcoal fragments from torches. This extraordinary archaeological record allows us to value the complexity of the artistic production inside the caves during the Upper Palaeolithic. Our study has confirmed that there is planning prior to artistic production, both in terms of the iconographic aspects (themes, techniques, formats), its location (visibility, capacity), and the lighting systems. Furthermore, the data indicates the panel was decorated to be seen by third parties from different positions and was expressly illuminated for this purpose. This evidence supports the role of rock art as a visual communication system in Upper Palaeolithic societies.

Contrary to what was once thought, direct cancer originating from normal stem cells seems to be extremely rare. This is consistent with a preneoplastic period of telomere length reduction/damage in committed cells that becomes stabilized in transformation. Multiple observations suggest that telomere damage is an obligatory step preceding its stabilization. During tissue turnover, the telomeres of cells undergoing differentiation can be damaged as a consequence of defective DNA repair caused by endogenous or exogenous agents. This may result in the emergence of new mechanism of telomere maintenance which is the final outcome of DNA damage and the initial signal that triggers malignant transformation. Instead, transformation of stem cells is directly induced by primary derangement of telomere maintenance mechanisms. The newly modified telomere complex may promote survival of cancer stem cells, independently of telomere maintenance. An inherent resistance of stem cells to transformation may be linked to specific, robust mechanisms that help maintain telomere integrity.

Using large volumes of synthetic chemical fertilizers is a general practice in modern agriculture at a high economic and environmental cost. Biostimulants have become an alternative to this routine due to their ability to stimulate plant physiological processes without polluting soil and water. In Ecuador, however, little research has been carried out on the effect of biostimulants on the yield of crops of agricultural interest. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of foliar application of a biostimulant based on bovine manure vermicompost (VCLB) leachates on physiological variables and the yield of corn, cotton, and peanuts under field conditions and chard and five pepper hybrids in semi-protected cultivation under the agro-climatic conditions of the province of Manabí, Ecuador. The nine experiments carried out with the species and hybrids included various dilutions of VCLB and controls consisting of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, depending on the species, and soil without fertilizer. In all species, VCLB-induced plant length, chlorophyll content, and crop yield exhibit equal or higher statistical differences than those achieved under chemical fertilization (NPK). These results demonstrate the potential of this biostimulant as a sustainable alternative to produce these crops, reducing potentially the adverse effects of production on the environment under the tropical conditions of Manabí, Ecuador. We recommend corroborating these results with production-scale research.

El virus de la Necrosis Hipodérmica y Hematopoyética Infecciosa es responsable en los últimos 30 años del decrecimiento productivo y la baja supervivencia de algunas especies de camarones penaeidos cultivados. En la actualidad esta enfermedad es tema de discusión y análisis en numerosos foros internacionales, debido a su incremento en los últimos cinco años. A pesar de que la enfermedad no se encuentra presente en Cuba, existe una gran preocupación por parte de las autoridades competentes del país debido a los movimientos de organismos vivos y refrigerados que se realizan, dentro y desde fuera de la nación. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar líneas de bioseguridad específicas para este virus en el cultivo del camarón Penaeus vannamei. Aunque los métodos matriciales son comunes en los análisis de riesgo biológico, el de matriz de riesgo tridimensional, resulta más abarcador por incluir el rol de las defensas en las secuencias accidentales que representan la introducción y propagación de la enfermedad. Para aplicar el método se empleó el código SECURE-MR-FMEA. Los resultados identifican los riesgos más contribuyentes para la camaronicultura en el escenario de Cuba, basados en la degradación de las defensas que caracterizan las buenas prácticas en un caso ideal, así como describen las medidas de defensa más trascendentes en dichas condiciones. El empleo del método y sus resultados constituyen una novedad en el campo de las investigaciones de bioseguridad. La investigación contribuye a la preparación de una estrategia de bioseguridad específica para esta patología del camarón, que constituye un importante riesgo económico para este rubro productivo. Recibido: 21.02.2023 Aceptado: 22.07.2023 Editor: Laida Ramos Trujillo

Este artículo versa sobre la situación política española tras la Guerra Civil de 1936-1939 y sobre la conducta de tres de sus actores principales de cara a un futuro que tardó en llegar: don Juan de Borbón, hijo de Alfonso XIII, que reclamaba su derecho a la Corona; el dictador Franco Bahamonde, que prefirió para la corona al hijo del «aspirante»; y Juan Carlos I de Borbón, que inició y consiguió –contando con el beneplácito de las democracias occidentales, con la participación de las formaciones políticas democráticas internas y con una oportuna oposición débil de las formaciones políticas autoritarias en declive– que España se dotara de un Estado de Derecho con una Constitución correcta y progresista. En este proceso se escribieron algunas páginas jurídica y políticamente discutibles, y se incurrió en un grave error al regular la regencia en el título II.

Background Baricitinib, a selective Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor, is approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in adults. Objectives We report integrated baricitinib safety data in patients with up to 3.9-years exposure. Methods Three datasets from the integrated AD clinical trial program were analyzed: placebo-controlled, 2-mg–4-mg extended, and All-bari. Data cutoffs were up to 21-December-2021 for long-term extension studies. Proportions of patients with events and incidence rates (IR)/100 patient years (PY) at risk were calculated. Results 2636 patients received baricitinib for 4628.4 PY. Discontinuation due to adverse events was low (IR = 3.4). IRs in All-bari were: serious adverse events, 5.2; infection, 67.2 (any infection), 6.7 (herpes simplex), 2.8 (herpes zoster), and 0.3 (opportunistic infections). Adverse events of special interest in All-bari included seven patients with positively adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (IR = 0.15), three pulmonary emboli (PE) (IR = 0.06), 14 malignancies excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer (IR = 0.3), one gastrointestinal perforation (IR = 0.02), and four deaths (IR = 0.1). No deep vein thromboses (DVT) or tuberculosis were reported. Conclusion In this analysis, baricitinib maintained a similar safety profile to earlier analyses with no new safety signals. Rates of MACE, DVT/PE, malignancies, and serious infections were within ranges of background rates in patients with AD. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02576938 (JAHG), NCT03334396 (JAHL; BREEZE-AD1), NCT03334422 (JAHM; BREEZE-AD2), NCT03334435 (JAHN; BREEZE-AD3), NCT03428100 (JAIN; BREEZE-AD4), NCT03435081 (JAIW; BREEZE-AD5), NCT03559270 (JAIX; BREEZE-AD6), NCT03733301 (JAIY; BREEZE-AD7)

Abstract Freiberg disease is a rare condition whose diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion. Avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head progresses with articular collapse, leading to forefoot pain and limitation of the daily activities. Several surgical techniques have been described to address the disease, and since it is usually diagnosed in later-stages, most of them include joint-destructive procedures. The use of arthroscopy on the small joint of the foot has arisen in the last few years, but its application in Freiberg disease is still scant. Joint-preserving procedures have been advocated for cases of early-stage disease, aiming to relieve symptoms while preventing the progression of the disease. In the present report, we describe a successful treatment of a 12-year-old patient with early-stage Freiberg disease using core decompression and bone marrow graft through a minimally-invasive approach assisted by arthroscopy.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of panic disorder during the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Cross-sectional multicenter study. Setting: Primary care. Participants: Participating primary care physicians selected patients visiting their primary care centers for any reason over a 16-month period. Main outcome measure: Diagnosis of panic disorder was established using The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) instrument. Results: Of a total of 678 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 36 presented with panic disorder, with a prevalence of 5.3% (95% confidence interval 3.6–7.0). A total of 63.9% of cases occurred in women. The mean age was 46.7 ± 17.1 years. Socioeconomic difficulties, such as very low monthly income rate, unemployment, and financial constraints to make housing payments and to make ends meet were more frequent in patients with panic disorders as compared to patients without panic disorder. A high level of stress (Holmes–Rahe scale > 300), concomitant chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel disease, and having financial difficulties in the past 6 months were associated with factors of panic disorder. Discussion: This study characterizes patients with panic disorder diagnosed with a validated instrument during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified risk factors for this disease. Conclusions: In non-selected consecutive primary care attendees in real-world conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of panic disorder was 5.3%, being more frequent in women. There is a need to enhance primary care resources for mental health care during the duration of the pandemic and beyond. Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia del trastorno de pánico durante la segunda y tercera olas de la pandemia por COVID-19. Diseño: Estudio transversal multicéntrico. Emplazamiento: Atención primaria. Participantes: Los médicos participantes seleccionaron a pacientes atendidos en atención primaria por cualquier motivo durante 16 meses. Medición principal: Trastorno de pánico diagnosticado usando el cuestionario Primary Care Evaluation Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD). Resultados: De un total de 678 pacientes elegibles, 36 presentaban un trastorno de pánico, con una prevalencia del 5,3% (intervalo de confianza del 95% 3,6-7,0). Un 63,9% de los casos se presentaron en mujeres. La edad media fue de 46,7 ± 17,1 años. Las dificultades socioeconómicas, como bajos ingresos mensuales, falta de empleo y restricciones económicas para pagos de la vivienda y llegar a final de mes eran más frecuentes en los pacientes con trastorno de pánico que en aquellos sin. Los factores asociados al trastorno de pánico fueron un alto nivel de estrés (escala de Holmes-Rahe > 300), síndrome de fatiga crónica concomitante e intestino irritable y dificultades económicas en los últimos 6 meses. Discusión: Este estudio caracteriza a los pacientes con trastorno de pánico diagnosticados mediante un instrumento validado durante la pandemia por COVID-19 e identifica los factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: En pacientes consecutivos no seleccionado en condiciones del mundo real durante la pandemia por COVID-19, la prevalencia del trastorno de pánico fue del 5,3%, siendo más frecuente en mujeres. Es necesario aumentar los recursos para la salud mental durante y más allá de la duración de la pandemia.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the longevity of ceramic restorative materials in the manufacture of endocrown restorations, through an in vitro study on surface roughness and mechanical strength. Methods: Three restorative materials were evaluated and assigned to experimental groups (n=10 disc specimens): Leucite Reinforced Ceramic, Lithium Disilicate and Nanoceramic Resin. These restorative materials were evaluated for surface before and after aging (n=02 specimens) under a stereomicroscope. The specimens were submitted to the average surface roughness test (Ra) (n=10) in a contact roughness meter before and after aging. As well as the biaxial flexural strength test (n=10), after aging, up to a test speed of 0.5 mm/min. Aging was carried out in a thermocycler, with 5,000 cycles with baths of 5 °C ± 1 ° and 55 °C ± 1 °. Fragments after fracture were observed under a stereomicroscope. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using the Minitab statistical program. Results: The surfaces of the specimens do not show changes between the restorative materials and also in relation to aging. For the roughness data, the restorative material factors (p=0.867) and aging (p=0.321) were not statistically significant. The DIS group presented the highest values of fracture resistance (p=0.000), in relation to the LEU and REN groups, which were statistically similar. The same statistical pattern was identified for post-fracture fragment data (p=0.030). Conclusions: The aging factors and restorative material do not interfere with the surface roughness performance. However, the mechanical performance and number of fragments after fracture is affected by the restorative material.

The application of bacterial metagenomic analysis as a biomarker for cancer detection is emerging. Our aim was to discover gut microbiota signatures with potential utility in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A prospective study was performed on a total of 77 fecal samples from CRC and NSCLC patients and controls. DNA from stool was analyzed for bacterial genomic sequencing using the Ion Torrent™ technology. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using the QIIME2 pipeline. We applied logistic regression to adjust for differences attributable to sex, age, and body mass index, and the diagnostic accuracy of our gut signatures was compared with other previously published results. The feces of patients affected by different tumor types, such as CRC and NSCLC, showed a differential intestinal microbiota profile. After adjusting for confounders, Parvimonas (OR = 53.3), Gemella (OR = 6.01), Eisenbergiella (OR = 5.35), Peptostreptococcus (OR = 9.42), Lactobacillus (OR = 6.72), Salmonella (OR = 5.44), and Fusobacterium (OR = 78.9) remained significantly associated with the risk of CRC. Two genera from the Ruminococcaceae family, DTU089 (OR = 20.1) and an uncharacterized genus (OR = 160.1), were associated with the risk of NSCLC. Our two panels had better diagnostic capacity for CRC (AUC = 0.840) and NSLC (AUC = 0.747) compared to the application of two other published panels to our population. Thus, we propose a gut bacteria panel for each cancer type and show its potential application in cancer diagnosis.

La existencia de agentes biológicos como el virus de la peste porcina clásica para la producción de vacunas veterinarias, entre otros de igual importancia para nuestro país y la región en general, justifica una buena gestión de la seguridad biológica, ya que el desconocimiento del riesgo por parte del personal que labora en estas vacunas puede provocar contaminaciones de graves consecuencias medio ambientales, en el proceso de producción y a nivel personal si son causantes de accidentes fatales. El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un análisis de la percepción de riesgo existente en el personal responsable del proceso de producción de la vacuna contra la peste porcina clásica. La aplicación del RISKPERCEP en el personal de la instalación de producción de la vacuna de la peste porcina clásica mostró como resultados el comportamiento de diferentes variables que hacen evidente la alta subestimación del riesgo existente en el personal evaluado y que existe la necesidad de profundizar en la formación en bioseguridad para todo el personal que labora en el proceso. Finalmente, se relacionan estos temas y su importancia para mejorar la calidad de la producción en estos procesos, así como incrementar el conocimiento acerca del riesgo biológico a todos los niveles.

La importancia que tienen para la avicultura cubana el virus de la enfermedad infecciosa de la bolsa (Gumboro) y el virus de la viruela aviar, así como la producción de vacunas que permitan controlar las enfermedades producidas por estos agentes biológicos, justifican la necesidad del establecimiento de una buena gestión de la bioseguridad, ya que el desconocimiento de los peligros y riesgos del personal que labora en estas vacunas puede provocar accidentes de consecuencias indeseables para el producto, escapes de estos microorganismos durante sus procesos productivos y la consecuente contaminación del medio ambiente. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar un análisis de la percepción de riesgo existente en el personal responsable del proceso de producción de dos vacunas aviares. Para ello se utilizó el software RISKPERCEP en una instalación de producción de vacunas aviares; su aplicación mostró variables que demostraron subestimación del riesgo por el personal expuesto y variables con tendencia a la sobrestimación, asociadas fundamentalmente al incorrecto diseño de la instalación. Se concluye que existe la necesidad de una buena capacitación y que se impartan cursos de actualización de bioseguridad donde se tengan en cuenta todos los aspectos del diseño del laboratorio que puedan solucionarse.

Abstract Rational Many studies have evaluated the impact of eczema according to the established severity. However, the specific impact of the location of eczema on the quality of life (QoL) has not been assessed. Objective In the present study, we focus on the burden of disease caused by the involvement of atopic dermatitis (AD) on visible areas of the face and hands. Methodology This study mobilized for each of the six countries where it was implemented (Canada, China, Italy, Spain, Germany and France), targeting a representative sample according to the quota method of their population aged 18 years and over. QoL was assessed through the QoL index (DLQI). Results We identified 801 people who reported having suffered exclusively from AD in the past 12 months. Overall, 31.7% (n = 257) of the population considered their skin disease to be embarrassing with consequences in their personal life. Regarding stigmata, 15.7% (n = 126) of people with eczema felt rejected, 15.5% (n = 124) felt they were looked at with disgust and 33.1% (n = 265) expressed a sense of discouragement. A significant impact was observed in 31.5% (n = 145) of patients who had visible damage versus 12.3% (n = 42) of patients with no visible damage (p

Introducción: La COVID-19 ha planteado un reto a las actividades laborales en el mundo, favoreciendo la modalidad de trabajo a distancia, como alternativa para evitar la presencia en el puesto y con ello el incremento de la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2. Los comportamientos sociales de trabajadores y administraciones están relacionados con la percepción de riesgo respecto a la COVID-19. Objetivo: Cuantificar la percepción de riesgo asociada a la pandemia y establecer su relación con el comportamiento social derivado, a través de un estudio comparativo en una muestra multinacional de trabajadores. Métodos: Se utilizó un código preparado para evaluar la percepción de riesgo, unido al diseño y aplicación vía Internet de una herramienta destinada al estudio. Se midió la percepción empleando variables politómicas ordinales, en una encuesta aplicada a 927 trabajadores. Las salidas del estudio se presentan en forma analítica y gráfica. Resultados: Hubo una ligera subestimación del riesgo global en las muestras estudiadas. Esta se debió, esencialmente, a la baja comprensión del riesgo, poco temor a la pandemia, desbalance riesgo-beneficio y baja identidad de las víctimas. Se compararon los resultados con otros estudios. Se incluyeron recomendaciones para adecuar la percepción de riesgo y la estrategia de afrontamiento. Conclusión: Los resultados permiten comprender diferencias respecto al enfrentamiento de la pandemia, sus dificultades en cada escenario y el rol de la sociedad y las instituciones en cada caso Introduction: COVID-19 has posed a challenge to labor activities in the world favoring the modality of online work, as an alternative to avoid being present and thus increasing the transmission of SAR-COV-2. The social behaviors of workers and administrations are associated with the risk perception regarding COVID-19. Objective: To quantify the perception of risk associated with the pandemic and establish its relationship with the derived social behavior, through a comparative study in a multinational sample of workers. Methods: A code prepared to assess risk perception was used, together with the design and application via the Internet of a tool for the study. Perception was measured using ordinal polytomous variables, in a survey applied to 927 workers. The outputs of the study are presented analytically and graphically. The results showed a slight underestimation of the global risk in the studied samples. Results: This was due, essentially, to a low understanding of risk, little fear of the pandemic, risk-benefices unbalance and low identity of the victims. The results were compared with other studies. Recommendations were included to adapt the perception of risk and the coping strategy. Conclusion: The results allow us to understand differences regarding the confrontation of the pandemic, its difficulties in each scenario and the role of society and institutions in each case

En la agricultura ecuatoriana se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes químicos y el cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) no constituye excepción en esa realidad que tanto daño causa al ambiente, a los suelos, a las aguas subterráneas y superficiales, así como a la salud humana. Una alternativa en las últimas décadas es el empleo de bioestimulantes, que reducen los impactos negativos que produce la utilización indiscriminada de los fertilizantes químicos sintéticos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes bioestimulantes (estiércol bovino, lixiviados de vermicompost de estiércol bovino y caprino, microorganismos eficientes) sobre el contenido de clorofilas y el número de hojas en las plantas de 5 híbridos de pimiento (Salvador, Quetzal, Odín, Nathalie y Canario) en condiciones de cultivo semiprotegido y riego localizado, en el periodo comprendido del 2016 al 2019. En la investigación con los diferentes híbridos se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques al azar con 3 réplicas. El contenido relativo de clorofilas y el número de hojas se midieron a los 45 días después del trasplante. La aplicación de los bioestimulantes indujo efectos favorables significativos en las variables evaluadas y las diferencias se expresaron en dependencia del híbrido, dosis y tipo de bioestimulantes, observándose en cada híbrido que al menos una de las dosis de bioestimulantes produjo valores similares o superiores a los alcanzados con la fertilización química a base de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Esto demuestra que el empleo de los bioestimulantes constituye una opción beneficiosa para la sustitución parcial de la aplicación de los fertilizantes químicos en el cultivo de los híbridos de pimiento. Palabras clave: Capsicum annuum L.; estiércoles; lixiviados de vermicompost; microorganismos eficientes

Abstract Congenital self‐healing Langerhans cell histiocytosis (CSHLCH) is a rare variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterised by the presence of skin lesions in the neonate and spontaneous self‐healing after a variable period of time. We report three cases of CSHLCH with BRAF‐V600E mutation and high Ki‐67 proliferative activity.

En el fomento de nuevas plantaciones de cafeto, un elemento decisivo es el empleo de posturas vigorosas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de productos bioestimulantes sobre la germinación de café arábigo (Coffea arabica L.) var. Sarchimor y el posible efecto de estos tratamientos sobre el posterior crecimiento de las plántulas en el vivero. El material de siembra empleado fue semillas de la variedad Sarchimor C-1669. Se evaluaron tres bioestimulantes: lixiviado de vermicompost de estiércol bovino en concentraciones de 1:10 (v:v) y 2:10 (v:v); Trichoderma spp. en concentraciones de 2 ml L-1 de 1x109 (UFC ml-1) y 4 ml L-1 de 1x109 (UFC ml-1) y microrganismos eficientes en concentraciones de 1:10 (v:v) y 2:10 (v:v), usando agua como testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de germinación (entre los 30 y 45 días posteriores a la siembra), altura de la plántula (cm) y diámetro de tallo (mm); estas últimas se midieron a los 60, 90 y 120 días después de la aparición de los cotiledones. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con 7 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p

Fundamento: el procesamiento de imágenes es clave en la planificación de tratamientos de radioterapia con haces externos. En su ejecución pueden ocurrir errores humanos y fallos de equipos, que conllevan, entre otros efectos, a interpretaciones erróneas de imágenes diagnósticas, errores de contorneo de blancos, sobredosis a tejidos sanos o subdosis a tejidos tumorales, lo cual significa poner en riesgo a los pacientes sometidos a estas prácticas.Objetivo: caracterizar los riesgos asociados a los factores tecnológicos y humanos relacionados con el procesamiento de imágenes que pueden afectar a los pacientes sometidos a tratamientos de radioterapia con haces externos.Métodos: como base de estudio se empleó la práctica de radioterapia de intensidad modulada. Para caracterizar los iniciadores y las medidas de defensa relacionados con este procesamiento, se emplearon modelos de riesgo basados en análisis de modos y efectos de fallo y matriz de riesgo de la práctica de referencia, que fueron procesados con el software SECURE-MR-FMEA. Resultados: los análisis de sensibilidad sobre los modelos de radioterapia de intensidad modulada mostraron los efectos sobre el riesgo de los fallos asociados al procesamiento de imágenes.Conclusiones: se confirmó la importancia de aplicar el análisis de riesgo en el procesamiento de imágenes para elevar la seguridad de los pacientes durante los tratamientos de radioterapia con haces externos.

OBJECTIVE: Data from real world settings on circadian disruption and subsequent hormone-related changes may explain the higher risk of hormone-dependent cancers among night shift workers.The present study examines the melatonin and sex steroid hormone levels among night shift workers. METHODS: We included 44 male, rotating shift workers from a car factory in Spain, sampled both at the end of a 3-week night shift (22:00–06:00 hrs) and a 3-week early morning shift (06:00–14:00 hrs). Participants collected all urine voids over 24-hours during each shift. Urinary concentrations of sex steroid hormones (estrogens, androgens and progestogens) and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s, major melatonin metabolite) were determined. Individual cosinor analysis was used to derive the acrophase (peak time) and area under the curve (total production). Linear mixed models examined intraindividual associations between night shift work and log-transformed 24-hour peak time and total production of hormones compared to early morning shift work. RESULTS: The acrophase was delayed during the night shift for aMT6s [geometric mean difference (GMD) 7.53 hrs, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.46–10.60], androgens (eg, testosterone: GMD 6.83 hrs, 95% CI 0.34–13.32) and progestogens (eg, 17-hydroxyprogesterone: GMD 4.54 hrs, 95% CI 2.92–6.16) compared to the early morning shift. We found a higher production of adrenal androgen 11-oxoandrosterone/11-oxoetiocholanolone [geometric mean ratio (GMR) 1.43, 95% CI 1.12–1.81], and a lower production of adrenal progestogen 16-cysteinylprogesterone (GMR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.93) during the night shift compared to the early morning shift levels. CONCLUSIONS: Night shift work was associated with melatonin and sex hormone-related changes in timing and total production, providing insight into the mechanistic path for its association with hormone-dependent cancer.

Introducción: Las dificultades asociadas a las evaluaciones de riesgo exigidas por la normativa cubana de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, por desconocimiento de muchos de sus aspectos, provocan improvisaciones en su realización y problemas de calidad de sus documentos, que derivan en el cumplimiento formal de dichas evaluaciones. La evidencia de estos problemas impulsó el diseño y programación de un sistema de evaluación de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Objetivo: Mostrar el proceso de informatización y aplicación de un sistema cubano de gestión de riesgos laborales. Método: Se desarrolló el código SECURE-SST Ver. 1.0 con capacidades analíticas y gráficas que permiten cumplir, de manera automatizada, los requerimientos de identificación, evaluación y redacción de los planes generales de prevención de riesgos laborales y la generación de mapas de proceso y mapas de riesgo. El enriquecimiento del programa con bases de referencia relativas a tipos de riesgos, situaciones peligrosas y medidas preventivas constituye una de las capacidades más trascendentes con las cuales se ha potenciado el programa, respecto a los métodos de partida. Resultados: La herramienta es un sistema con enfoque proactivo para la gestión de riesgos y toma de decisiones en la seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Se muestra un ejemplo práctico detallado, Conclusiones: SECURE-SST Ver. 1.0 se ofrece con un curso de capacitación asociado. Queda instalado en las PC de los usuarios junto a su manual de usuario y archivos tutoriales. El código permite la documentación en detalle de cada una de sus opciones. Introduction: The difficulties associated with the risk assessments required by the Cuban regulations on safety and health at work, due to ignorance of many of its aspects, cause improvisations in its implementation and problems of quality of its documents, which result in the formal fulfillment of these evaluations. The awareness of these problems prompted the design and programming of an occupational safety and health evaluation system. Objective: To show the process of computerization and application of a Cuban occupational risk management system. Methods: The code SECURE-SST Ver. 1.0 is developed with analytical and graphic capabilities that allow to fulfill, in an automated way, the requirements of identification, evaluation, and drafting of the general plans of prevention of occupational risks and the generation of process maps and risk maps. The enrichment of the program with reference bases related to types of risks, dangerous situations, and preventive measures constitutes one of the most important capacities with which the program has been strengthened, with respect to the starting methods. Results: The tool is a system with a proactive approach to risk management and decision-making in occupational health and safety. A detailed practical example is shown. Conclusions: SECURE-SST Ver. 1.0 is offered with an associated training course. It is installed on users' PCs along with their user manual and tutorial files. The code allows detailed documentation of each of its options.

The catalytic conversion of CO2 to CH4 and CO over nickel particles supported on layered-double hydroxide (MgAl) with different metal promoters was investigated under non-thermal plasma (NTP) conditions. It has been shown that lanthanum-promoted Ni catalysts significantly enhanced the CO2 conversion in comparison to the 10Ni/MgAl catalyst (33.4% vs. 89.3%). In comparison, for the potassium-promoted catalysts, CO2 conversion is similar to that of 10Ni/MgAl but the CO selectivity increased significantly (35.7% vs. 62.0%). The introduction of La and K to Ni catalysts increased the Ni dispersion and improved the reducibility of Ni species, thus affecting CO2 conversion and product selectivity. In situ DRIFTS showed similar reaction pathways for La- and K- promoted catalysts with Ni catalysts. However, the La and K promoters significantly improved the formation of formate species on the Ni surface, facilitating CO2 conversion to useful products.

Introducción: El transporte de material radiactivo (TMR) en Cuba es realizado principalmente por el Centro de Isótopos y el Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones. Objetivo: Analizar los riesgos radiológicos para la salud de los trabajadores del TMR en Cuba. Material y método: Se determinaron los riesgos inherente y residual, las etapas del proceso y las medidas más importantes, así como las consecuencias. La matriz de riesgo se convirtió en el análisis de los modos y efectos de fallo. Se establecieron las sinergias entre estos y el sistema de aprendizaje de incidentes. Los modos de fallo, etapas y causas básicas más contribuyentes fueron identificados. Se utilizó el código cubano SECURE MR-FMEA 3.0. Resultados: Se obtuvo un nivel medio de riesgo, pero existieron secuencias accidentales con consecuencias muy altas. La transportación al aeropuerto y la conformación de los bultos radiactivos fueron las de mayor aporte. Las medidas preventivas relevantes son la capacitación del personal del transporte y la inspección técnica del vehículo. Las consecuencias altas para público fueron del 16 %, y las medias para trabajadores del 34,7 %. La contaminación transitoria en las superficies externas y el blindaje deficiente de las fuentes radiactivas selladas en los bultos tienen mayor coincidencia con el reporte. El incumplimiento de lo establecido es la causa básica de fallo predominante. Conclusiones: Se facilita la toma de decisiones para el control del riesgo radiológico del transporte de material radiactivo en Cuba a partir del empleo de la metodología que se propone en esta investigación. Introduction: There is the transport of radioactive material (TMR) in Cuba carried out mainly by the Isotope Center and the Radiation Protection and Hygiene Center. Objective: To analyze the radiological risks for the workers´ health of transport of radioactive material in Cuba. Material y method: Inherent and residual risks, process stages, and most important measures, as well as consequences, were determined. The risk matrix became the analysis of failure modes and effects. Synergies between these and the incident learning system were established. The most contributing identified were among failure modes, stages, and root causes. There used the Cuban code SECURE MR-FMEA 3.0. Results: There obtained a medium level of risk, but there were accidental sequences with very high consequences. The transportation to the airport and the confirmation of the radioactive packages were the ones with the greatest contribution. The relevant preventive measures are the training of transport personnel and the technical inspection of the vehicle. The high consequences for the public are 16 % and the average for workers 34.7 %. Transient contamination on external surfaces and poor shielding of sealed radioactive sources in packages are more consistent with the report. Non-compliance with the established is the predominant basic cause of failure. Conclusions: This paper allows the decision-making to control the radiological risk of the transport of radioactive material in Cuba increased from the use of the methodology proposed in this research.

Durante los últimos años, los análisis de riesgo han encontrado aplicación en múltiples sectores de la tecnología y la sociedad. El artículo propone un sistema integrado de análisis de riesgo aplicado a los estudios de sostenibilidad energética. En este contexto se enmarcan los estudios de percepción de riesgo o riesgo subjetivo sobre cambio climático, los análisis de impacto por empleo de fuentes renovables de energía en los riesgos objetivos asociados al calentamiento global y las evaluaciones de confiabilidad tecnológica aplicados a fuentes sostenibles de energía. El sistema propuesto se ha implementado a través de códigos informáticos específicos (RISKPERCEP, SIMENI-CC, MOSEG), los que atienden cada uno de los frentes referidos a los análisis de riesgo esbozados. Se presentan ejemplos de aplicaciones de análisis de riesgo que consideran el empleo de fuentes renovables de energía como alternativa para la sostenibilidad energética.

Introducción. El comportamiento de la COVID-19 está influenciado por diferenciales sociales que trascienden las variables demográficas e incluyen la morbilidad, las con- diciones de sus viviendas, las dinámicas familiares, el desempeño laboral, los roles y estereotipos de género, las tareas de cuidado, los hábitos y comportamientos de vida y consumo, entre otros. Métodos. Se empleó el análisis estadístico y demográfico y herramientas de los estudios métricos. Resultados y Discusión. La investigación mostró la importancia de incorporar a los análisis del comportamiento de la COVID-19 en Cuba la influencia de diferenciales sociales y epidemiológicos determinados por el color de la piel, el estado conyugal, la situación laboral, los niveles de ingreso, los tipos de familias, la movilidad, las condiciones higiénico ambientales, el acceso a los servicios de salud, entre otros, que pueden ubicar a las poblaciones en mayores o me- nores condiciones de vulnerabilidad. Conclusiones, la composición y la dinámica de la población junto a otros diferenciales sociales son determinantes del comportamiento de la pandemia. El cruzamiento de los factores epidemiológicos con el análisis de las medidas de contención y la composición y estructura de población afectada permite diseñar políticas sanitarias más ajustadas a las necesidades de la pandemia. La orien- tación psicológica a distancia permite identificar y atender situaciones vinculadas al confinamiento y los cambios en las rutinas de vida que afectan la salud mental de diferentes grupos de personas.

IntroductionPreliminary studies suggest that night shift work is associated with a desynchronization of rhythmic immune markers, possibly explaining the increased risk of infection, cardiometabolic disorders, and cancer in shift workers.MethodsThis study included 51 male rotating shift workers from a car industry in Barcelona, Spain, sampled twice toward the end of a 3-week night shift (22:00-06:00 h) and a 3-week day shift (06:00-14:00 h) rotation. We collected four blood samples per worker, at the start and end of each shift. We measured 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in plasma samples by luminex using the Cytokine Human Magnetic 30-Plex Panel LHC6003M and applied linear mixed models to examine within-person associations between shift work and analytes’ concentrations, comparing samples taken at 06:00 h on a day and night shift. We also conducted a factor analysis using analyte concentrations from all 4 time points for each individual to identify common factors and determine if these factors were altered by shift work.ResultsWe observed lower levels of 15 analytes in the night shift compared to the day shift including cytokines (pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-2R; anti-inflammatory IL1-RA; Th1 IL-2, Th2 IL-4 and Th17 Il-17), chemokines (IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES) and growth factors (EGF, G-CSF, HGF, VEGF, FGF). In a factor analysis, three factors were identified. The main factor (Factor 1), explaining 57% of the variance and including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-15, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, EGF and FGF; and another factor (Factor 3) explaining 10% of the variance and including the Th1 cytokine IL-12, were inversely associated with the night shift (coefficient: -0.17, 95%CI -0.32 to -0.01 and coefficient: -0.22, 95%CI -0.38, -0.06, for Factors 1 and 3, respectively). Our results indicate that night shift disrupts the levels of several immune markers, which could contribute to the increased risk of infections and cancer reported in night shift workers.ConclusionNight shift is associated with disruption of multiple immune response pathways.

Resumen Introducción: La percepción del riesgo biológico ha ido ganando terreno como mecanismo regulador de la seguridad laboral en instalaciones de salud, ya que está asociada a la ocurrencia y prevención de accidentes laborales. Para las diferentes instituciones de salud es fundamental conocer este fenómeno, favoreciendo así la implementación de estrategias de prevención, que permitan que el trabajador realice una correcta valoración del peligro y, entre otros factores, contribuir a la disminución de accidentes laborales. Objetivos: Compilar estudios realizados sobre percepción del riesgo biológico en el personal de la salud en instalaciones pertenecientes al sector y analizar el comportamiento de las variables relacionadas con la percepción del riesgo biológico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio explicativo transversal que aplicó el método de evaluación de la percepción del riesgo en el personal biológicamente expuesto, de siete instituciones hospitalarias y el programa RISKPERCEP. Resultados: Las variables familiaridad, comprensión del riesgo, demanda laboral, voluntariedad de exposición al riesgo, pánico y beneficios no fueron percibidas adecuadamente por parte del personal y resulta un problema a resolver que pudiera relacionarlas con la realización de actos inseguros que guardaran alguna relación con accidentes laborales. Conclusión: Existe una alta subestimación del riesgo por el personal expuesto que labora en las áreas estudiadas. Abstract Introduction: Biological risk perception has been gaining ground as a regulatory mechanism for occupational safety in health facilities, since it is associated with the occurrence and prevention of occupational accidents. For the different health institutions, it is essential to know this phenomenon, thus favoring the implementation of prevention strategies that allow the worker to make a correct assessment of the danger and, among other factors, contribute to the reduction of occupational accidents. Objectives: To gather studies about biological risk perception among the health personnel from facilities belonging to this sector and to analyze the behavior of the variables related to biological risk perception. Methods: A cross-sectional and explanatory study was carried out using the risk perception assessment method in biologically exposed personnel from seven hospital institutions and the RISKPERCEP program. Results: The variables familiarity, understanding of risk, occupational demand, willingness to risk exposure, panic and benefits were not adequately perceived by the personnel, a problem to be solved that could be related to doing unsafe activities somehow related to occupational accidents. Conclusion: There is a high underestimation of risk by the exposed personnel working in the areas studied.

Los estudios sobre ecología trófica permiten comprender las funciones que cumplen las especies y el impacto que podría tener su desaparición o disminución en el ecosistema. Se analizaron 155 estómagos de Ariopsis guatemalensis obtenidos del Estero Salado de Guayaquil, se determinó el índice de repleción, la importancia relativa de las presas (%IIR), la estrategia alimenticia (índice de Levins y método gráfico de Amundsen et al) y el nicho trófico (TROPH) para ambos sexos; las hembras fueron clasificadas en 4 intervalos de tallas para determinar la diferencia en la dieta. Las hembras presentaron el 83 % de los estómagos llenos, mientras que, en los machos el 73 % se encontraron vacíos por eventos de maduración gonadal e incubación oral. En total se identificaron 18 ítems presas, siendo Penaeus vannamei (35,3 %) y Goniopsis sp. (32 %) las presas más importantes. Para las hembras P.vannamei y Goniopsis sp fueron las presas de mayor importancia y en machos lo fueron Goniopsis sp. y huevos de decápodos. Las tallas en hembras demostraron similitud (r ≥ 0,58) en la dieta, siendo P. vannamei, Goniopsis sp. y Ocypodidae sp. las más importantes de manera general; las demás presas son consumidas proporcionalmente evitando la competencia intraespecífica. El método TROPH determinó que A. guatemalensis es una especie carnívora de segundo y tercer nivel trófico, con estrategia de alimentación mixta para ambos sexos, siendo las hembras especialistas para P. vannamei y Goniopsis sp. y en machos Goniopsis sp. y huevos de decápodos (Ba

Introducción: La percepción de riesgo es un tema que cada día adquiere mayor importancia, pues su correcta interpretación permite enfrentar diversos comportamientos humanos. El profesional veterinario vinculado al cautiverio de aves queda expuesto al riesgo biológico. Estas aves son reservorio de numerosos microorganismos que pueden ser zoonóticos y ocasionar enfermedades profesionales. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción de riesgo biológico entre el personal veterinario encargado del manejo de aves en cautiverio mediante el empleo del programa propio RISKPERCEP. Material y método: La investigación se realizó en un centro dedicado al manejo de aves en cautiverio en Cuba en el período comprendido entre diciembre de 2018 y octubre de 2019. La evaluación subjetiva del riesgo se fundamentó en el algoritmo de Evaluación de Percepción de Riesgo Ocupacional, que constituye la base del código RISKPERCEP utilizado para la cuantificación. Para la evaluación se diseñó una encuesta específica con preguntas cerradas y ordenadas en tres gradaciones. Las interrogantes se relacionaron con las variables de estudio clasificadas en tres tipos: las de carácter individual, las relacionadas con la naturaleza del riesgo o riesgo físico y las vinculadas con la gestión del riesgo o riesgo gestionado. Resultados: El personal encuestado manifestó una elevada diversidad de opiniones en 10 de las variables introducidas en el programa. De ahí la necesidad de realizar acciones inmediatas para la homogeneización de conocimientos. Conclusión: Existe una baja percepción de riesgo biológico, lo que evidencia un desconocimiento de aspectos esenciales de la bioseguridad. Introduction: The perception of risk is a topic that now acquires great importance, whereas its correct interpretation leads us to the confrontation of human diverse behaviors. The veterinary professional related to the captivity of birds is exposed to biological risk. These birds are reservoirs of microorganisms that can be zoonotic and may cause professional illnesses. Objective: To evaluate the perception of biological risk with the developed program RISKPERCEP. Material and method: The research was carried in a center dedicated to the management of birds in captivity in Cuba in the period of December 2018 to October 2019. The subjective risk assessment was based on the Occupational Risk Perception Assessment (EPRO) algorithm that constitutes the basis of the RISKPERCEP code used for the quantification of risk perception. For the evaluation of the perception of biological risk, a specific survey for research was conceived in three gradations, closed, and ordered questions. The questions were related to the variables´ study classified into three types: those of an individual character, those related to the nature of the risk or physical risk, and those related to risk management or risk management. Results: A high dispersion of opinions for ten variables introduced in the program was observed, this implies the necessity to carry out immediate actions for the homogenization of knowledge. Conclusion: The study revealed that exits a low perception of biological risk is linked directly to a high familiarity with the danger, this evidences inexperience in critical aspects of biosafety.