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Opera di Paul Berttrand, poliedrico studioso belga, classe 1967, storico medievista e diplomatista, con uno sguardo attento alle fonti indagate con la consapevolezza e l’intuito di chi sa mettere le mani nelle carte di archivio e tra i manoscritti. Lo studioso fornisce in questo libro, al di là del titolo che rimanda a un ben preciso ambito cronologico, geografico e tipologico di fonti, la sua visione dell’intero patrimonio culturale scritto del Medioevo riflettendo, anche se in modo particolare, la visione di un’intera generazione di studiosi britannici, tedeschi e francesi.

La Diplomatica recentemente si è caratterizzata come un dinamico ambito di studi grazie al suo rapporto con i digital methods, accrescendosi, inoltre, con il contributo di numerosi studiosi, soprattutto europei. Importanti ormai sono per la disciplina la ricca massa di immagini di documenti online a disposizione, le modalità di gestione e di descrizione dei dati ad essi correlati in ambiente digitale. Infine, particolarmente interessante si prospetta l'approccio del Web semantico. In questo contesto si colloca la rappresentazione del Fondo della Biblioteca della Società Napoletana di Storia Patria online, e l’edizione critica digitale di alcuni suoi documenti, effettuate su Monasterium.Net, nell'ultimo decennio grazie ad attività di ricerca e di didattica fortemente intrecciate, e a queste ultime destinate nei prossimi anni., RESEARCH TRENDS IN HUMANITIES Education & Philosophy, V. 7 (2020): RTH - Education & Philosophy. Riconoscimenti, trasformazioni e misteri. Culture a confronto attraverso secoli di Autori

Le fotografie sono sempre state e sono oggetti complessi. Il loro potere di catturare la nostra attenzione non sta tanto nell’immagine diretta che passa all’interno di un obiettivo fotografico, ma nella capacità di incarnare contenuti accumulati nell’immagine stessa. Le fotografie dei paesaggi contemporanei fanno cogliere l’essenza dell’attuale, ma diventano con il tempo una fonte privilegiata che testimonia il denso patrimonio culturale e storico di una popolazione. L’inventario dei beni storico-artistici e naturali della Campania è un esempio dello sforzo fatto per strutturare una fonte iconografica volta a migliorare la conoscenza e la consapevolezza della profondità culturale e della biodiversità dei paesaggi campani. Si tratta di un archivio prodotto nell’arco di 34 anni (dal 1969 al 2003) da Angerio Filangieri: un archivio di studio e di ricerca riguardante i beni storicoartistici e naturali della regione Campania, costituito da più di 75.000 elementi tra fotografie, negativi fotografici, documenti, mappe e libri. Per rendere l’archivio maggiormente fruibile sia a specialisti che a persone non necessariamente impegnate in studi scientifici, il Centro Museale Musei delle Scienze Agrarie dell'Università di Napoli Federico II (attuale ente custode dell'archivio), ha stretto una collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche (DSU) della stessa Università Federico II, per valorizzare l'archivo all'interno dell'ICARUS-International Centre for Archival Research un Network costituito da 160 istituzioni di 30 paesi europei più Canada e Stati Uniti, che ha come scopo la digitalizzazione, l’interpretazione, e la condivisione on line della documentazione presente negli archivi storici, nelle biblioteche, nei musei scientifici e non. Da questa premessa è stata avviata una proficua collaborazione che ha come scopo la digitalizzazione e la condivisione del materiale presente nell’archivio fotografico e documentale di Angerio Filangieri e la sua pubblicazione sulla Piattaforma WEB Topotheque (https://musa-filangieri.topothek.at/)

International audience; Les technologies numériques sont maintenant utilisées de manière assez normale, voire habituelle, par les diplomatistes. Les débats propres aux humanités numériques s’y retrouvent, ainsi, autour de la TEI et de son usage, et il est fait de ces possibilités encore relativement nouvelles une large utilisation, tant comme outil de diffusion ou de conservation privilégié que comme moyen de l’analyse historique et de la critique documentaire, en passant par la linguistique de corpus, l’analyse sémantique ou le traitement statistique des particularités graphiques

Diltiazem is a calcium channel antagonist that has been commonly associated with currently used immunosuppressants to prevent acute graft rejection in humans. In this study, we examined the possibility that diltiazem may affect human dendritic cell (DC) functions in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and may induce the generation of DC with the capacity to generate CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Blood monocytes were cultured in the presence of diltiazem at the beginning of their differentiation process into DC. Monocyte-derived DCs were stimulated with LPS, and DCs differentiated in the presence of diltiazem showed a decreased interleukin (IL)-12 production and an enhanced IL-10 production. When cultured with CD4(+) CD45RA(+) they were able to enhance the CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T-cell population and to induce slowly proliferating T cells, which showed a significant increase of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production. These T cells suppress proliferation of activated autologous T cells, and we show that this effect is attributable to soluble factors, primarily to TGF-β. Blockade of TGF-β by specific monoclonal antibodies reversed this inhibitory effect. Herein, we provide new evidence that diltiazem-conditioned monocyte-derived DC induce T cells which acquire a regulatory phenotype and activity similar to those described for Tregs.

Background: A CD4+CD25- regulatory T cell population expressing the surface TGF-β in its latent form LAP+ [latency associated peptide] cells was proved to be protective in experimental colitis and to be suppressive of human peripheral blood [PB] T proliferation. We investigated the frequency and function of lamina propria [LP] CD4+LAP+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients. Methods: Specimens from patients undergoing colonoscopy or bowel resection for IBD and colonic cancer were used as source of lamina propria mononuclear cells [LPMC]. The ulcerative colitis [UC] group was divided according to endoscopic activity evaluated with modified Baron Score. IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-10, LAP, and Foxp3 expression in CD3+CD8- [CD4] or CD3+/CD4+ gated cell population was assessed by immunofluorescence. The ability of FACS-sorted LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+CD25- to inhibit stimulated autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP- CD25- cells proliferation was assessed. Results: LP CD4LAP+ cells were significantly increased, when compared with controls, in active UC patients and not in Crohn’s disease patients. The majority of LP CD4+LAP+ cells were Foxp3-. The percentage of IL-17+ cells in LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells was significantly higher in active UC patients when compared with controls. LP CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP+CD25- isolated from UC patients showed reduced or no ability to inhibit autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP-CD25- cell proliferation when compared with controls. Removal of IL-17+ cells from LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells increases their suppressive ability. Conclusions: The percentage of LP CD4LAP+ cells is increased in active UC, showing reduced suppressor activity due to their increased proportion of intracellular IL-17 expression.

This paper is about a research i on the literacy and writing skills of Neapolitan sisters in medieval convents, due to the lack of adequate historical study of such nuns and the extremely complex nature of the documentary sources. Surviving evidence is scattered far and wide, and the old convent archives have been dispersed. Given the state of the survivals, Antonella Ambrosio seeks a viable way of carrying out research on this topic: the palaeographic analysis of the few available sources using a multidisciplinary approach that combines diplomatics, archival, and historical research. This approach ensures the appropriate contextualization of the source both historically and culturally. In ‘Literacy in Neapolitan Women’s Convents: An Example of Female Handwriting in a Late Fifteenth-Century Accounts Ledger’, Ambrosio provides a case study, analysing a single piece of handwriting evidence. The source is an accounts ledger from the Dominican convent of Santi Pietro e Sebastiano compiled in the second half of the fifteenth century, from 1485 to 1496. Using an analytical approach, the author has identified the handwriting of a particular (anonymous) nun from the convent; Ambrosio studies the script the nun used and formulates hypotheses about her cultural background and how she learned to write. The palaeographic analysis is fully contextualized thanks to the reconstruction of the old convent archive, a reconstruction helped by using digital technologies now accessible online at Monasterium.net. As Ambrosio’s work demonstrates, technological advances may aid codicological work but careful palaeographic analysis is necessary to ascertain the participation of female scribes. In this case we witness the scribal development of a nun who began with a basic knowledge of writing and who went on to perform her practical task not well but adequately for the purpose.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. The heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly variable course of the disease and unpredictable response to therapies. The major focus of the research on MS is the identification of biomarkers in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid or blood, to guide patient management reliably. Because of the difficulties in obtaining spinal fluid samples and the necessity for lumbar puncture to make a diagnosis has reduced, the research of blood-based biomarkers may provide increasingly important tools for clinical practice. However, currently there are no clearly established MS blood-based biomarkers. The availability of reliable biomarkers could radically alter the management of MS at critical phases of the disease spectrum, allowing for intervention strategies that may prevent evolution to long-term neurological disability. This article provides an overview of this research field and focuses on recent advances in blood-based biomarker research.

The aim of this study was to define the effects of diltiazem, a calcium antagonist drug used in cardiology and in clinical transplantation, on the differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells (DC). Herein, we demonstrate that diltiazem, in association with granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), induces monocytes to differentiate into cells with many of the characteristic of DC. However, diltiazem-induced DC express high levels of mannose receptor and FcγRII and, consequently, manifest a higher endocytic activity compared with GM-CSF+IL-4-induced DC. Importantly, diltiazem-induced DCs have an impaired responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and CD40 ligand because they produce decreased levels of IL-12 and reveal a reduced ability to stimulate alloreactive T-cell responses as well as in inducing interferon-γ producing Th1 cells. These effects may contribute to a decreased DC-dependent T-cell activation and may help to explain the immunoregulatory function of diltiazem and its effectiveness in preventing transplant rejection.

In this paper, we show that the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is capable of enhancing the adhesion properties of the epithelial cell line A431 and of the lymphocytic cells with cytotoxic activity from human peripheral blood: the natural killer (NK) cells. This effect leads to an increased efficiency of A431 cells to form a monolayer and of NK cells to kill their targets. In both cases a specific effect of NAC was found in the distribution of those molecules of the cytoskeleton which are generally involved in cell substrate and cell-to-cell contact region formation, e.g., the actin microfilaments. NAC could thus behave as a drug influencing certain cytoskeleton-dependent cell processes in a non-histotype dependent manner.

Diltiazem is a calcium channel antagonist that has been commonly associated with currently used immunosuppressants to prevent acute graft rejection in humans. In this study, we examined the possibility that diltiazem may affect human dendritic cell (DC) functions in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and may induce the generation of DC with the capacity to generate CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Blood monocytes were cultured in the presence of diltiazem at the beginning of their differentiation process into DC. Monocyte-derived DCs were stimulated with LPS, and DCs differentiated in the presence of diltiazem showed a decreased interleukin (IL)-12 production and an enhanced IL-10 production. When cultured with CD4(+) CD45RA(+) they were able to enhance the CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T-cell population and to induce slowly proliferating T cells, which showed a significant increase of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production. These T cells suppress proliferation of activated autologous T cells, and we show that this effect is attributable to soluble factors, primarily to TGF-β. Blockade of TGF-β by specific monoclonal antibodies reversed this inhibitory effect. Herein, we provide new evidence that diltiazem-conditioned monocyte-derived DC induce T cells which acquire a regulatory phenotype and activity similar to those described for Tregs.

The gradual aging of population has increased the number of elderly patients receiving kidney transplants. In elderly transplant recipients, careful immunosuppression has to be maintained to avoid both rejection and adverse effects. Clinical protocols after kidney transplantation include use of the calcium channel antagonist diltiazem to ameliorate the hypertensive effect and nephrotoxicity of the immunosuppressant agent ciclosporin (cyclosporine).Since immune response can be impaired by senescence, we evaluated the influence of diltiazem on lymphocyte proliferation both alone and in the presence of ciclosporin in younger versus older subjects.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from younger healthy donors (aged 19-24 years) and older subjects (aged 59-65 years) were isolated and stimulated with mitogens, recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2), purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen from Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (alphaCD3 moAb) in the presence or absence of 10(-4), 10(-5), 10(-6), 10(-7) mol/L concentrations of diltiazem. In some experiments, lymphocytes from younger and older subjects were used as responder cells in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the presence of different concentrations of diltiazem and 10 ng/mL of ciclosporin.We found that PBMC from older subjects were more susceptible to immunosuppression induced by low concentrations of diltiazem when mitogens were used to stimulate cells. In particular, when pokeweed mitogen was used, diltiazem 10(-7) mol/L was associated with statistically significant immunosuppression in older subjects compared with younger subjects. This effect was not observed when IL-2, PPD antigen and alphaCD3 moAb were used as stimulators. Moreover, in the allogeneic MLR, we found no differences between younger and older subjects when the 10(-)(5), 10(-)(6) and 10(-7) mol/L concentrations of diltiazem were used alone or in the presence of ciclosporin. Only addition of the supratherapeutic 10(-4) mol/L concentration of diltiazem to ciclosporin was associated with statistically significant immunosuppression in older versus younger subjects.Our results show that PBMC from older subjects are no more susceptible than PBMC from younger subjects to therapeutic doses of diltiazem when T-cell receptors are directly or indirectly involved. On the contrary, when PBMC activation was not mediated by T-cell receptor involvement, as in the case of pokeweed mitogen, susceptibility to a therapeutic concentration of diltiazem in older subjects was enhanced. Moreover, co-administration of therapeutic doses of diltiazem and ciclosporin in an MLR showed no significant differences between younger and older subjects in an in vitro model of lymphocyte response to allogeneic transplantation.Since we found no variations in immunosuppression between older and younger subjects when therapeutic doses of diltiazem were added to ciclosporin, our data do not discourage the use of diltiazem in older kidney transplant recipients receiving ciclosporin therapy.

Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is an efficient mucosal carrier molecule for the generation of immune responses to linked antigens. There is also good evidence that CTB acts as an immunosuppressant, as it is able to down-modulate human monocyte/macrophage cell line activation and to suppress Th1-type responses. In the present study, we examined the possibility that recombinant CTB (rCTB) may affect human dendritic cell (DC) functions in response to LPS stimulation and may induce the generation of DC with the capacity to generate CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Our findings show that rCTB partially prevents the LPS-induced maturation process of monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) and decreases their IL-12 production with no relevant effect on IL-10 production. LPS-stimulated MDDC pretreated with rCTB are able to promote the induction of low proliferating T cells, which show an enhanced IL-10 production associated with a reduced IFN-γ production and the same high levels of TGF-β as the control. These T cells suppress proliferation of activated autologous T cells. Transwell experiments and blockade of IL-10R and TGF-β showed that the immunomodulatory effect is mediated by soluble factors. Thus, T cells induced by rCTB-conditioned MDDC acquire a regulatory phenotype and activity similar to those described for type 1 Tregs.

Background Calcium channel blockers are widely used in transplantation. Their immunosuppressive activity is well known and has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, their effect on cytokine production has never been reported. Methods One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) have been obtained from healthy human subjects. Cytokine production has been assessed by three different methods: by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on supernatants of MLC, by enzyme-linked immunospot method on MLC cells for measuring cytokine-producing cells, and by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique on MLC cells for measuring cytokine mRNAs. Results An interesting effect on proinflammatory monokines was observed: in this study, we demonstrate that the calcium antagonist diltiazem enhances interleukin-1beta and slightly reduces interleukin-6 production in MLC, but it has no effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Conclusion For the first time, a modulation of monokine production by diltiazem can be demonstrated. This evidence suggests that calcium antagonist drugs may exert effects on monocytes and possibly on other antigen-presenting cells.

Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker that suppresses the activation of a variety of immune cells, such as T and B cells, NK cells, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). It has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders and has been widely included in clinical protocols to prevent rejection after kidney transplantation. In line with these data, we previously showed that diltiazem directly affects maturation of human DCs and the production of IL-12. Here, we extended our analysis studying the effect of diltiazem on the transcription of IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits focusing on the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). A marked reduction of NF-kappa B binding to the kappa B sequences present within the p35 and p40 subunit promoters was observed in diltiazem-treated DCs following the stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD40L. In order to examine the mechanisms by which NF-kappa B binding activity is reduced by diltiazem, we analyzed the NF-kappa B inhibitor, I kappa B alpha. No significant differences were observed in the phosphorylation and/or the degradation of I kappa B alpha. On the other hand, the subcellular distribution of NF-kappa B subunits was clearly affected in diltiazem-treated DCs following LPS stimulation, with a reduced nuclear translocation of p65, and RelB, and a nuclear accumulation of p50 subunit. Thus, all together, our data provided evidence that in addition to the inhibition of p65/p50 nuclear translocation, the selective induction and translocation of p50/p50 homodimers is an important mechanism by which diltiazem inhibits NF-kappa B activity, and in turn, IL-12 expression.

The effects of the antagonist naltrindole (NTI) on cells of the immune system have been largely studied although the mechanisms of action are still unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate, in vitro, the immunomodulatory activity of four new delta-selective opioid compounds structurally related to naltrindole. The effects at different concentrations of these opioid antagonists on proliferative response were studied on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with different stimuli: mitogens, the antigen PPD, the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the superantigen Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1 (SAC) and alloantigens in the mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLR). The immunomodulatory capacity of these compounds was evaluated by determining the interleukin-2 (IL-2) release in mitogen activated PBMC. The present study shows that all the new delta opioid antagonists at 10(-5) M concentration are immunosuppressive. The inhibitory action is also evident at lower concentrations when anti-CD3 mAb and SAC were used as stimulators. In addition, the production of IL-2 was inhibited by the opioid treatment, but this might not be the only mechanism of action.

The calcium channel blocker diltiazem is often included in post-transplant regimens in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A (CyA). It is primarily used because of its antinephrotoxic and antihypertensive effects, so that undesirable side effects induced by the immunosuppressive therapy can be reduced. Its alleged ability to induce direct immunosuppression may explain the encouraging results from its clinical use and would appear to encourage a much wider use of this drug. The present study shows the effect of diltiazem on the human in vitro alloresponse when used alone or in combination with cyclosporin A (CyA) and methylprednisolone (MP). The results show that, when administered alone, diltiazem exerts a suppressive effect, but only at high, non-therapeutic doses. Interestingly, in combination with CyA or MP, diltiazem enhances the suppressive effect of these two drugs on in vitro alloresponses at lower doses. This additional effect of diltiazem may contribute to better graft survival in clinical transplantation.

In this in vitro study, an evaluation of the importance of intracellular oxidative balance on cell-mediated cytotoxicity was performed by analyzing the effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a specific thiol supplier, on natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The results obtained indicate that an enhancement of target cell (TC) killing can be detected when a pre-exposure of effector cells (EC) to NAC was performed. However, this effect seems to depend upon the TC type used. In fact, the increase of EC activity was detected against the differentiated U937 TC while no changes were detected by the same effectors against K562 cells. The mechanism of this enhancement seems to be ascribable to an increased ability of NAC-exposed NK cells to form conjugates (binding) which, in turn, appears to be due to a specific effect of NAC on actin microfilaments. A role for NAC as a cytoskeleton thiol-modifier contributing to the activation of effector cells can thus be hypothesized.

During his stay at the Neapolitan court of Alphonse the Magnanimous, the humanist Bartholomew Facio wrote a celebrative history of the Aragonese king (Rerum gestarum Alphonsi primi regis libri decem) starting from the beginning of the war for the conquest of the kingdom of Naples (ca. 1420) to Alphonse's victory, his triumphal arrival in Naples and the first acts of his government. In order to celebrate the king Facio made oft use of the concept of dignitas, which denotes generally the prestige of the king and of his actions and words, which put the king in a superior position with respect to the rest of the mankind. The present paper intends to focus on the dignitas in Facio, by analysing the theoretic explanations of the term introduced by Facio in his Invective in Laurentium Vallam and the practical application of the dignitas in the episodes of the Rerum gestarum Alphonsi primi regis libri decem. The concept of dignitas has no tradition in the classical and medieval historiography, whereas it seems to have been well known in the school of rhetoric, as it is testified by the master of Facio, Guarino Guarini, by the lectures on Cicero held by the famous grammarian Gasparino Barzizza and by the panegyrics in honour of Alphonse delivered or written in Naples after his victory. Durante la sua permanenza alla corte napoletana di Alfonso il Magnanimo, l'umanista Bartolomeo Facio scrisse una storia celebrativa del re aragonese (Rerum gestarum Alphonsi primi regis libri decem) a partire dall'inizio della guerra per la conquista del regno di Napoli (1420) alla vittoria di Alfonso, al suo arrivo trionfale a Napoli e ai primi atti del suo governo. Per celebrare il re, Facio faceva spesso uso del concetto di dignitas, che denota generalmente il prestigio del re e delle sue azioni e parole, che mettevano il re in una posizione superiore rispetto al resto dell'umanità. Il presente lavoro intende concentrarsi sulla dignitas in Facio, analizzando le spiegazioni teoriche del termine introdotto da Facio nelle Invective in Laurentium Vallam e l'applicazione pratica della dignitas negli episodi dei Rerum gestarum Alphonsi primi regis libri decem. Il concetto di dignitas non ha una tradizione nella storiografia classica e medievale, mentre sembra essere stato ben noto nella scuola di retorica, come è testimoniato dal maestro di Facio, Guarino Guarini e dalle lezioni su Cicerone tenute dal famoso il grammatico Gasparino Barzizza ovvero dai panegirici in onore di Alfonso recitati o pubblicati a Napoli dopo la sua vittoria.

Nel contributo l'autore ricostruisce il mecenatismo artistico di Filippo di Taranto. Mettendo a sistema in una visione organica, intrecciata con le vicende storiche del Regno, le diverse azioni in questo campo dell'illustre principe angioino, oggetto finora di sfocata attenzione da parte della critica, l'A. riesce a portare allo scoperto la sottile e attenta strategia autopromozionale da lui perseguita, in competizione con il fratello, re Roberto d'Angiò. In questa ricognizione un particolare significato assumono le imprese pubbliche di Santa Maria del Casale a Brindisi, dell'abbazia di Montevergine e infine della Cappella di San Ludovico nel Duomo di Napoli.

Aspetti istituzionali della storia del confine tra il Regno di Sicilia e lo Stato della Chiesa nei secoli XII-XV

Il saggio presenta un quadro della reclusione urbana femminile nel Mezzogiorno medievale: è un fenomeno attestato in molte città, che sicuramente non possono considerarsi rappresentative dell’intero Regno, ma che tuttavia mostrano quanto la realtà dovesse essere ricca e variegata. La città dove il fenomeno appare precocemente e ben documentato è Benevento, pertanto viene edito un testamento del 16 dicembre 1288.

This paper aims at analyzing a case of individual scribal intervention on the Jewish pseudepigraphon known as the Fourth Book of Ezra as it is attested in the so-called Sangermanensis Codex XVII (9th century CE, from Saint-Germain-de-Prés). This manuscript reveals an entrepreneur (the scribe[s]? or the customer?) engaged in related typologies of individual acquisition/intervention, appropriation, modification, and transposition of an ancient Jewish text in the context of Carolingian monasticism. The analyzed manuscript reveals a case of re-formulation connected to a specific late-antique “religious” habitus, i.e. the visionary habitus, a cognitive and socio-cultural pattern from which processes of re-proposition and re-contextualization of previous authoritative accounts in and for specific environments seem to stem.