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Mayla Barbosa,1 Rebecca Perez de Amorim,1 Daniel Cassiano,2 Marina Dias,1 Ana Flávia de Abreu,1 Edileia Bagatin,2 Hélio Amante Miot,1 Ana Cláudia Cavalcante Espósito1 1Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; 2Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, BrazilCorrespondence: Ana Cláudia Cavalcante Espósito, Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, Email anaclaudiaesposito@gmail.comBackground: Nicotinamide has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of melasma. Topical antioxidants and humectants may enhance its performance. Currently, there is no controlled trial on the combination of 10% nicotinamide, 5% magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, and 5% hyaluronic acid, a dermo-cosmetic compound, in comparison to 4% hydroquinone for the treatment of melasma. This study aimed to explore the tolerability and efficacy of the association of the combined product versus hydroquinone.Methods: A randomized, double-blind trial involving women with facial melasma was conducted. Participants were instructed to apply the combined product (NIC group) twice daily or 4% hydroquinone for 60 days (HQ group) at night and placebo in the morning. Evaluations were performed at inclusion, after 14 and 60 days of treatment, measuring the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), Melasma Quality of Life Scale (MELASQoL), and colorimetric luminosity. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was assessed by a blinded evaluator.Results: Both interventions led to a progressive improvement in mMASI, MELASQoL, and GAIS, without a difference between them on D14 and D60 (p> 0.2). For NIC, the mean reduction (95% CI) in mMASI was 16% (8– 24%) on D14 and 32% (23– 41%) on D60, while for HQ, it was 10% (7– 24%) on D14 and 43% (34– 52%) on D60. Reduction in colorimetric luminosity was greater in the HQ group at D60 (p=0.01). No serious side effects were identified. Of the initially included 50 patients, one was lost to follow-up in the HQ group on D60, and one withdrew consent from the NIC group, both unrelated to treatment.Conclusion: The association of 10% nicotinamide, 5% magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, and 5% hyaluronic acid was safe and well-tolerated, although its overall clinical efficacy was numerically inferior to 4% hydroquinone. This regimen can be considered for patients with poor tolerability to hydroquinone.Clinical Trial Registration: #RBR-4mkfmr8.Keywords: melasma, hyperpigmentation, nicotinamide, hydroquinone, antioxidants

Anti-nutritive and toxic factors in plants adversely affect animal health and production. Hence, the aims of the study were to (1) carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis of these factors in Terminalia sericea that grows abundantly in Onderstepoort; (2) evaluate an affordable, efficient and reliable method that reduces these factors and (3) evaluate antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds. Thus, sequential organic and aqueous extractions were carried out on T. sericea leaves and feed pellets. Extracts were subjected to qualitative analysis to confirm the presence of 11 phytochemicals. While quantitative analysis of nine phytochemicals was carried out on spectrophotometry, the phenolic extracts were further tested for antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay where gallic acid (GA), quercetin (Q) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used as standards. The contents of GA, Q and AA in the phenolic extracts were determined on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aqueous extraction was an effective method as most phytochemicals were extracted. Nine phytochemicals were qualitatively analysed in T. sericea. The highest contents of 1.97% and 2.37 ± 0.077 mg/g gallic acid equivalent with a significant difference (p 0.05) were determined in oxalates and phenolics, respectively. Furthermore, 83.1% DPPH inhibition (IC50 = 0.0432 µg/mL) was determined relative to the standards (85.27% – 85.96%; IC50 = 0.000009 µg/mL – 0.00042 µg/mL). Subsequently, HPLC results showed that T. sericea contained high concentration of AA (62.5 ± 2.13 µg/mL) to confirm antioxidant properties of the leaves. Contribution: Though T. sericea leaves have antioxidant activities, the alkaloid contents may pose a threat to the livestock. Therefore, farmers around Onderstepoort should protect their livestock from feeding on these leaves.

Salinity is a major problem caused by the accretion of excess salts composites in the form of ions like sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K + ), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and chloride (Cl- ). The possible out-turns of the salinity on the morphology; physiology and biochemical variables of bismarckia palm (Bismarckia nobilis) were investigated in this study. The seedlings of bismarckia palm were grown in pots and periodically irrigated with various concentrations of NaCl solution to assess the various biological variables at the regular intervals. The experiment was performed by following the completely randomized design (CRD) and the results showed that the increased level of salt stress significantly decreased the shoot, length, fresh and dry weight. Conversely, the root length and fresh, dry weight were enhanced under higher salts concentration (150 mM of NaCl). However, there was no effect of stress on leaves parameters particularly for total number of leaves. Moreover, the chlorophyll contents were reduced with the increase of the NaCl concentration. Similarly, the antioxidants activities including SOD, POD and CAT were enhanced at maximum test dosage. Conclusively, it can be concluded that high saline condition of soil may hinder the morphological, physiological and biochemical statutes of bismarckia palm (Bismarckia nobilis).

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is cherished for its popularity as a delectable fresh treat. Beyond its culinary appeal, jackfruit leaves, seeds, and pulps hold significance for their therapeutic attributes. Standardized techniques were employed to evaluate nutrient and phytochemical compositions. Antioxidant activities were examined through the DPPH, FRAP and reducing power assays, and in-vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Jackfruit leaves exhibited significantly higher levels of crude protein (19.25±0.62%) and carbohydrates (30.41± 0.31%), while jackfruit leaves had elevated levels of crude fiber (4.18±0.03%) and ash (4.13±0.06%). The jackfruit pulp is high in potassium (2880.82± 118.10mg/100g) and vitamin C(5.40±0.40mg/100g). Conversely, the leaves displayed significantly higher concentrations of Zinc, Calcium, Manganese, and Iron (1830.59±86.34, 141.18±3.49, 80.33±2.01 and 20.24±0.72 mg/100g respectively). Jackfruit pulp has lower quantities of phytic acid, oxalate, alkaloids, tannin, and flavonoids (0.18%, 47.25mg/100g, 0.38%, 3.06mg/TAE/100g, and 1.35mg/100g respectively). In contrast, jackfruit seeds exhibited higher levels of phytic acid (0.30±0.04%) and oxalate (94.5±19.10mg/100g), while the leaves excelled in alkaloids (0.48±0.01%), tannin (7.61±0.27mg/TAE/100g), and flavonoids (3.10±0.13mg/100g). The leaves had the highest flavonoid (3.10±0.13mg/100g), tannin (7.61±0.27mg/TAE/100g), and alkaloid (0.48±0.01%) as well as the highest antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the FRAP assay and reducing power assay. The percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity reached an impressive 90.1%. The abundance of phytochemicals in the plant suggests their potential health benefits in combating non-communicable diseases.

Anti-nutritive and toxic factors in plants adversely affect animal health and production. Hence, the aims of the study were to (1) carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis of these factors in Terminalia sericea that grows abundantly in Onderstepoort; (2) evaluate an affordable, efficient and reliable method that reduces these factors and (3) evaluate antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds. Thus, sequential organic and aqueous extractions were carried out on T. sericea leaves and feed pellets. Extracts were subjected to qualitative analysis to confirm the presence of 11 phytochemicals. While quantitative analysis of nine phytochemicals was carried out on spectrophotometry, the phenolic extracts were further tested for antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay where gallic acid (GA), quercetin (Q) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used as standards. The contents of GA, Q and AA in the phenolic extracts were determined on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aqueous extraction was an effective method as most phytochemicals were extracted. Nine phytochemicals were qualitatively analysed in T. sericea. The highest contents of 1.97% and 2.37 ± 0.077 mg/g gallic acid equivalent with a significant difference (p  0.05) were determined in oxalates and phenolics, respectively. Furthermore, 83.1% DPPH inhibition (IC50 = 0.0432 µg/mL) was determined relative to the standards (85.27% - 85.96%; IC50 = 0.000009 µg/mL - 0.00042 µg/mL). Subsequently, HPLC results showed that T. sericea contained high concentration of AA (62.5 ± 2.13 µg/mL) to confirm antioxidant properties of the leaves.Contribution: Though T. sericea leaves have antioxidant activities, the alkaloid contents may pose a threat to the livestock. Therefore, farmers around Onderstepoort should protect their livestock from feeding on these leaves.

The anthracycline anticancer drug doxorubicin is an effective and frequently used chemotherapeutic agent for various malignancies but it causes acute ventricular dysfunction, and also induces cardiomyopathy and heart failure. One of the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is oxidative stress, which stimulates myocardial remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 play a key role in this process. Despite extensive research, the expression and activity of these enzymes in the doxorubicin-damaged heart and the effect of antioxidants on these indicators have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this work was to study the possible cardioprotective effect of the antioxidant drugs corvitin and alpha-ketoglutarate in rats with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy in rats was induced by intraperitoneal administration of doxorubicin at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight weekly for 28 days. Animals were divided into four groups: group 1 (control) received saline injections (2.5 mL/kg); group 2 – injections of doxorubicin, 3 – corvitin (5 mg/kg) 60 minutes before doxorubicin administration, 4 – doxorubicin and 1% solution of alpha-ketoglutarate in drinking water ad libitum. Heart weight and shape indexes, the ratio of muscle to connective tissues, and heart histology were examined 7 days after the end of drug administration. Activity of MMP2 and MMP9, their intracellular distribution in myocardial tissues were evaluated by gelatin-zymography and immunohistochemistry. It was found that doxorubicin cardiomyopathy in rats was accompanied by a decrease in heart weight index, adaptive change of heart shape from ellipsoid to globular, increase of connective tissue content. Administration of doxorubicin results in profound lesion of the cardiomyocytes of the atria and ventricle, manifested by excessive cytoplasmic expression of MMP2 and MMP9 and an increase their activity in the heart. Antioxidants corvitin and alpha-ketoglutarate have insufficient regenerative effect on mass and shape indexes of heart however, exhibit potent cardioprotective effect by regulation of expression and activity of MMP2 and MMP9.

Background: Medicinal plants are a source of phytochemicals and they are used for the treatment of several oxidative stress-related or other diseases for their effectiveness, low toxicity and easy availability. Five traditionally used and less characterized herbaceous weeds of West Bengal, India, namely, Heliotropium indicum, Tridax procumbens, Cleome rutidosperma, Commelina benghalensis and Euphorbia hirta, were investigated for the current research study. Methods: Aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of the leaves were analyzed for estimation of essential phytochemicals and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant status, medicinal properties and cytotoxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, several assays and comparative evaluations using these herbs are reported for the first time. For quantitative study, UV-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector HPLC-DAD techniques were used. Antibacterial properties were investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. For in vitro anti-lithiatic study, a titration method was used. The cell viability assay was done using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: The aqueous extract exhibits higher content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and inhibition percentage values for free radical scavenging assays, whereas the 70% ethanolic extract exhibits higher content of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. HPLC-DAD analysis of 70% ethanolic extracts led us to identify 10 predominant phenolic constituents. Euphorbia hirta extracts showed minimum cytotoxicity (cell death ~2.5% and 4 % in water and 70% ethanolic extract, respectively ), whereas Cleome rutidosperma and Tridax procumbens’ 70% ethanolic extracts showed higher cell death (~13% and 28%, respectively), compared with the control (cell death ~10-12%). Conclusions: The study concluded that of all the medicinal weeds selected for the current study, Euphorbia hirta possesses the highest amount of bioactive compounds and hence exhibits the highest in vitro antioxidant activity and promising in vitro medicinal properties.

Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of mortality every year worldwide. CVD health is influenced by various health factors, such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glucose control. The main risk factors include smoking, physical activity, food intake, and body mass index. Around 90% of CVDs could be prevented by controlling these risk factors. Heavy metals are indigenous to the environment of the earth. However, modern lifestyles have led to the exploitation of our environment by unconstrained use of heavy metals. Though heavy metals are essential components, they are hazardous to humans and living systems due to their persistent and non-degradable nature. The mainpurpose of this study is to provide a literature review on the mechanisms of heavy metals, particularly arsenic, lead, and cadmium, that cause cardiovascular diseases. The major mechanism by which heavy metals result in various modalities of cardiovascular disease is the generation of reactive species and the depletionof the antioxidant reserves inside the biological system. The generation of reactive species gradually leads to the activation of various signaling pathways, resulting in either apoptosis or unrestricted cell growth. These unfavorable conditions result in a state when there is an imbalance between reactive species generation and antioxidant activity. Both endogenously present antioxidants and dietary antioxidants are very much essential in regulating the redox potential of the body. They help in the detoxification and excretion of heavy metals and their metabolites in the biological system. Therefore, recognizing the role of heavy metals in cardiovascular health is crucial for developing preventive strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating their adverse effects on human health., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Back Pain (BP) is a common medical problem; anabolic hormones, through the modulation of oxidative stress (OS), could influence fracture risk. We evaluated the prevalence of anabolic hormonal deficiencies and their relationship with OS in males with BP, associated or not to nontraumatic fractures. 49 males with BP, from 36 to 80 years, were divided in two groups according to radiological evidence of nontraumatic fractures; group A (n=25): non-fractured; group B (n=24): fractured. A different prevalence of hormonal deficits was observed: 24% of hypotestosteronemia in A, 0% in B; 16% of GHD in A, 29% in B; Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) showed a trend toward higher levels in B. In A, despite lower TAC, a significant inverse correlation was present between TAC and IGF-1. A greater prevalence of GHD in patients with vertebral fractures was seen and, in a subgroup, OS could mediate the deleterious effects of hyposecretory GH state.

Background and Objectives: Exercises lead to increased free radicals. However, medicinal plants can prevent oxidative stress and cellular damage through their antioxidant effect. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant effects of swimming training and chamomile extract, was investigated in adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental research, 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats, were selected and divided into 5 groups of 7 rats, including (1) control, (2) swimming training, (3) chamomile extract, (4) swimming training and chamomile extract, and (5) sham groups. Groups 2 and 4 performed forced swimming for 8 weeks (three 60-minute sessions per week), and groups 3 and 4 peritoneally received chamomile extract (200mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Serum levels of the variables, were evaluated using spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis of data, was performed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests (p≤0.05). Results: In this study, swimming training, chamomile consumption, and swimming training with chamomile consumption have a significant effect on the increase of total antioxidant capacity in the rats (p=0.001). Moreover, chamomile consumption (p=0.004), swimming training (p=0.001), and swimming training with chamomile consumption (p=0.001) had a significant effect on decreased levels of malondialdehyde in rats, and consumption of chamomile (p=0.04), swimming training (p=0.01), and swimming training with chamomile consumption (p=0.03) had significant effect on increase in glutathione level in rats. Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that swimming training, chamomile consumption, and their combination, can be used to improve the antioxidant status.

Objective: To research peculiarities of the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in children with bronchial asthma. Methods: It has taken the results of the research in 56 children aged from 5 to 14 years, who suffered with bronchial asthma (BA). Along with the general clinical examination, spirometry were used to identify respiratory function, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase contents in blood serum were analyzed. Results: Spirometry in all BA patients from attack of disease up to attack-free interval showed increasing of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (from 61.5±3.70% to 84.3±5.33%) and maximum voluntary ventilation (from 59.1±4.21% to 81.7±6.31%), and decreasing of residual volume (from 117.4±6.01% to 93.1±5.25%) . Biochemical studies revealed increase in the content of MDA (3.2±0.04), reduced activity of superoxide dismutase (10.7±0.2) and reduced content of ascorbic acid (57.6±0.28) in blood serum in children with BA. Conclusion: At the time of attacks in children lipid peroxidation processes are intensified and followed by increasing development of lipid peroxidation products (MDA), depletion of antioxidant system in blood serum, lower activity of superoxide dismutase, and increased sialic acid, which facilitates development of immune-inflammatory process in the bronchopulmonary system. Administration of Mexidol in children with BA led to earlier elimination of the key clinical and paraclinical implications such as: elimination of asthma attacks, disappearance of pulmonary rale, improved respiratory function parameters, and indicators of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in the blood serum.

Hyperlipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood, represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conventional pharmacological interventions have been effective in managing hyperlipidemia, but concerns about side effects and long-term use have prompted interest in alternative approaches, particularly the use of nutraceuticals. This comprehensive review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the current body of knowledge surrounding the role of nutraceuticals in the management of hyperlipidemia. We provide an overview of the different classes of nutraceuticals, including plant sterols, omega-3 fatty acids, soluble fiber, antioxidants, and various herbal extracts, which have been investigated for their lipid-lowering properties. The mechanisms of action of these nutraceuticals are discussed, highlighting their ability to modulate lipid metabolism, reduce oxidative stress, and promote cardiovascular health. Furthermore, we review the results of clinical trials and epidemiological studies that have assessed the efficacy of nutraceutical interventions in lowering cholesterol levels, improving lipid profiles, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, we examine the safety profile, dosage recommendations, and potential interactions of nutraceuticals with conventional lipid-lowering medications. We also address the importance of patient adherence to dietary and lifestyle modifications in conjunction with nutraceutical supplementation. While nutraceuticals offer a promising avenue for managing hyperlipidemia, we emphasize the need for further research to establish evidence-based guidelines for their use in clinical practice. Challenges related to standardization, quality control, and regulatory considerations are also discussed. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the potential of nutraceuticals as adjunctive or alternative therapies for managing hyperlipidemia. While further research is needed, the accumulating evidence suggests that nutraceuticals can play a valuable role in promoting cardiovascular health and reducing the burden of hyperlipidemia- related diseases., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Studies about the association between bilirubin and migraine were few. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between serum total bilirubin and the prevalence of severe headaches or migraine., Methods: A multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between serum total bilirubin concentration and severe headaches or migraine. We also performed stratified analyses, interaction analyses and multiple interpolations in the sensitivity analysis., Results: This cross-sectional study included 12,552 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. The overall incidence of migraine was 19.99% (2,509/12,552). With every 1 mg/dl increase in bilirubin, the prevalence of migraine decreased by 23% (95% CI: 0.64, 0.93) after adjustment of all related covariates. Similarly, the risk of migraine was reduced by 17% (95% CI: 0.72, 0.97) in the Q4 group (the fourth quartile, highest serum total bilirubin level) compared with the Q1 group (the lowest level). Furthermore, interaction effects by age groups were significant in this relationship (P for interaction = 0.0004). In the Q4 group compared with Q1, inverse associations were observed in those aged ≥40 years (OR: 0.71,95% CI: 0.59, 0.85) in the stratified analysis., Conclusion: These findings support an association between serum total bilirubin and severe headaches or migraine, revealing an inverse association between serum total bilirubin quartiles and severe headaches or migraine in American adults. Age could play an important role in this association., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing various human diseases and also play an important role in healing as well as for curing human diseases. The present study involves different parts of medicinal plant Gmelina arborea for their primary metabolite profiling and antioxidant potential assay. The different plant parts were washed, air dried and then powdered. Primary consti tuents have chlorophyll, phenol, carbohydrates (Starch and Total soluble sugar), lipid and protein and antioxidant are Catalase, peroxidase, SOD and FRAP etc. The experimental plant has been used as traditional medicine in India for several medicinal purposes like anthelmintic, diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antidiabetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gianni Paulis,1,2 Davide Barletta,3 Paolo Turchi,4 Antonio Vitarelli,5 Giuseppe Dachille,6 Andrea Fabiani,7 Romano Gennaro8 1Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Andrology Center, Albano L, 2Castelfidardo Medical Team, Peyronie's Disease Care Center, Rome, 3Department of Urology, Andrology Center, San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, 4Azienda ASL 4 Prato – Andrology Service, Prato, 5Department of Urology, University of Bari, 6Department of Urology, S Giacomo Hospital, Monopoli, Bari, 7Department of Surgery, Section of Urology and Andrology, Macerata, 8Department of Urologic Oncology, Section of Avellino, Italian League Against Cancer, Avellino, Italy Abstract: Peyronie's disease (PD) is a chronic disorder involving the tunica albuginea surrounding the corpora cavernosa of the penis. A conservative treatment is indicated in the first stage of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic impact and possible side effects of treatment with pentoxifylline (PTX) in combination with other antioxidants in 307 patients with early-stage PD. Patients were subdivided into three groups: A, B, and C. Both groups, A and B, comprising of 206 patients, underwent treatment, whereas Group C was the control group (n=101). Treatment lasted 6 months and included the following: Group A: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d + blueberry 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d + diclofenac 4% gel twice/a day + PTX 100 mg via perilesional penile injection/every other week (12 injections in all); Group B: the same treatment as Group A except for the penile PTX injections. After the 6-month treatment course, we obtained the following results: actual mean decrease in plaque volume -46.9% and -24.8% in Group A and B, respectively (P

Background and Aim: Stroke is one of the most important factors of mortality and disability in the world. Free radicals are produced following ischemic stroke and they play a central role in breaking the blood-brain barrier and causing brain edema formation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of hydro- alcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare on brain edema and neurologic deficit in a rat stroke model. Materials and Methods: In thisexperimental study, 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. The first two groups (control and Sham)) received distilled water, while three treatment groups received oral Origanum vulgare extract for 30days (50,75and 100 mg/kgdaily, respectively). Two hours after the last dose of Origanum vulgare extract,each main group underwent a 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Then, the assessment of blood brain edema, and neurologic deficits analysis were done . Brain edema (brain water content) was analyzed by One-Way ANOVA using LSD method and neurologic deficits analysis by means of Mann-Whitney U, and P

Plants respond to environment stresses in various ways, namely by Reactive Oxygen Species synthesizing in abundance that can trigger the activation of the antioxidant defense system and increase of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase enzyme activity that catalyses secondary metabolites formation such as phenolic compounds. Phenol can act as an antioxidant and as allelochemicals which can inhibit plant competitors growth in the surrounding vegetation. This research was carried out using Completely Randomized Designs (CRD) with two factor, i.e. purple nutsedge interference (control, three and six purple nutsedge) and drought (control, mild and severe). The aims of the research was to assess the effect of the multiple stresses of purple nutsedge interference and drought against ROS accumulation in the form of O2·2and H2O2, PAL activity and phenolic compounds composition. The results showed that purple nutsedge interference and drought interact in determining the increase of ROS accumulation, PAL activity and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves of soybean, but the composition of phenolic compounds showed increased accumulation occurs in vanillic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid and salicylic acid, while the composition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, trans-ferulic acid and coumaric acid show variation in different treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble component in the cell antioxidant defence system and is exclusively obtained from the diet. It has numerous important roles within the body because of its antioxidant activity. Oxidation has been linked to numerous possible conditions and diseases, including cancer, ageing, arthritis and cataracts; vitamin E has been shown to be effective against these. Platelet hyperaggregation, which can lead to atherosclerosis, may also be prevented by vitamin E; additionally, it also helps to reduce the production of prostaglandins such as thromboxane, which cause platelet clumping. The current literature review discusses the functions and roles of vitamin E in human health and some diseases as well as the consequences of vitamin E deficiency. The main focus of the review is on the tocopherol class of the vitamers.

Introduction: Merremia umbellata is widely used in popular medicine to treat severaldiseases, including those that implicate inflammation.Objectives: To assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of the total ethanolicextract obtained from the leaf of Merremia umbellata.Methods: The vegetable material was extracted by maceration with ethanol. Anti-inflammatoryactivity was evaluated with the in vivo murino model of auricular edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), determining the activity of the myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO). In addition, the inhibition of the production of nitricoxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 machrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS)was determined. Whereas the antioxidant activity was determined with the applicationof spectrophotometric methods, which involve the scavenge of free radicals DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ATBS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid), NO and H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide).Results: Merremia umbellata extract decreased the edema and the activity of MPOenzyme in inflamed ears of mice with TPA, just like the production of NO in activatedmacrophages. And besides, it presented significant free radicals scavenging activitiesDPPH, ABTS and H2O2.Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in the total ethanolic extractof Merremia umbellata was demonstrated. Rev.Cienc.Biomed. 2013;4(1):13-19RESUMENIntroducción: Merremia umbellata es ampliamente utilizada en la medicina popularpara tratar múltiples enfermedades, incluyendo aquellas que cursan con inflamación.Objetivos: evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio y antioxidante del extracto etanólicototalobtenido de las hojas de Merremia umbellata.Métodos: el material vegetal fue extraído por maceración con etanol. La actividad antiinflamatoriase evaluó utilizando el modelo murino in vivo de edema auricular inducidopor 13-acetato de 12-orto-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA), determinando la actividad de laenzima mieloperoxidasa (MPO). Adicionalmente se determinó la inhibición de la producciónde óxido nítrico (NO) en macrófagos RAW 264.7 estimulados con lipopolisacarido(LPS). Mientras que la actividad antioxidante se determinó aplicando los métodos espectrofotométricosde captación de los radicales libres DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo),ABTS (sal diamónica del ácido 2,2’azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin 6- sulfónico), NO yH2O2 (peróxido de hidrógeno).Resultados: el extracto de Merremia umbellata disminuyó el edema y la actividad dela enzima MPO en orejas de ratones inflamadas con TPA, así como la producción deNO en macrófagos activados. Además presentó significativa actividad captadora de losradicales libres DPPH, ABTS y H2O2.Conclusiones: se demostró actividad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante en el extractoetanólico total de Merremia umbellata. Rev.Cienc.Biomed. 2013;4(1):13-19

Background: Saliva constitutes a first line of defence against free radical-mediated oxidative stress, since the process of mastication and digestion promotes lipid peroxidation. During gingival inflammation, gingival crevicular fluid flow increases the change of saliva composition with products from the inflammatory response, modulating oxidative damages in the oral cavity. Authors review the current literature concerning the reactive oxygen species, oxidants, pro-oxidants and antioxidants in saliva, and methods for assessing the antioxidant capacity of saliva. Comparison of salivary antioxidant status in male and female subjects reveales a significant gender-related difference in saliva composition. The current data demonstrate a significant enhancement of the salivary antioxidant system in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients. Also patients with chronic renal failure, diabetes and on hemodialysis show increase oxidative stress burden in both serum and saliva. The finding of reduced oral peroxidase levels in smoking subjects may represent a contributory mechanism for initiation and progression of cigarette smoke-related oral diseases such as oral cancer. The results of recent studies indicate that the total antioxidant capacity of saliva decreased in children with HIV infection. Conclusion: Whole saliva may contain simply measured indicators of oxidative processes. This may provide a tool for the development and monitoring of new treatment strategies. A non-invasive determination of the salivary concentrations of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and uric acid (UR) allows the evaluation of the defensive capacity of the oral mucosa. Still, there is a need for standardization of methods for saliva sampling and testing protocol.

Purpose: many studies in experimental models have evidenced the presence of inflammation in venous vascular dysfunction and the implication of TNF-α in vascular pathology, through its prooxidant and proinflammatory effect. Starting from these studies, we experimentally investigated the effect of treatment with a TNF-α inhibitor, etanercept, on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in rats, with the partial obstruction of the common femoral vein. Methods: the researches were carried out in 7 groups of animals (n=10 rats/group), 6 groups undergoing surgery and a control group. In 3 groups, the ligation of the common femoral vein was performed (groups 1, 2, 3), 3 groups underwent the ligation of the common femoral vein and received etanercept (groups 4, 5, 6), in a dose of 1 mg/kg, one dose per week, according to data found in literature. The serum indicators of the O/AO balance were determined: indicators for oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PC)), indicators for non-enzymatic AO defense (thiol groups (SH), hydrogen donors (HD ), glutathione (GSH)) at weeks 1, 2 and three. Results and Conclusions: chronic venous insufficiency with and without anti-TNF-α treatment induced changes in the oxidant/antioxidant balance compared to the control group; after the administration of the anti-TNF-α preparation, oxidative stress was maintained on account of MDA that increased significantly, and decreased significantly on account of PC compared to the untreated groups; after the administration of the anti-TNF-α preparation, at two and three weeks there was an insignificant increase in antioxidant defense on account of HD and GSH compared to the untreated groups; the administered anti-TNF-α preparation had late and insignificant effects in chronic venous insufficiency.

During the muscle contraction induced by exercises there is an increase in the reactive oxygen species production, causing oxidative stress in several organs, including liver and heart. The exercise may can increases antioxidant defenses and decrease oxidative stress in these organs. However, the number of the sessions a week necessary to improve the parameters of oxidative stress is not to well defined. The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency effects of exercise performed two and three times a week on changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress in the liver and heart. Were used 18 male mice (CF1), young (30 to 35g) and divided into groups (n=6/group): not trained (NT) trained twice a week (T2) and trained three times a week (T3). The animals were subjected to training for eight weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last session, the animals were killed. The liver and heart were removed and stored in - 70°C. Were analyzed the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, content of total thiols, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Our findings showed that the group T3 reduced oxidative damage. There was increase in content of total thiols, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the T3 group when compared to NT. The glutathione peroxidase activity showed no significant difference between groups. This study demonstrated that only the frequency of training performed three times a week was able to reduces oxidative damage and increases the efficiency of antioxidant system of mice

Background and Objective: A global increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress is a fundamental component in the pathogenesis of DM Ajwa dates are known to have a high antioxidant content, especially in their seeds. Hence this study was designed to determine the preventive effects of Ajwa date fruit on alloxan-induced diabetes in an experimental rat model. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups with eight animals in each. Rats in group A were normal control, whereas rats in group B were induced with intraperitoneal alloxan (160 mg/kg body weight) to develop diabetes. Groups C, D, and E rats were fed on a diet supplemented with Ajwa flesh, seed, and whole Ajwa respectively for 1 week. Blood and urine glucose levels were measured on days 0, 7 (pre-alloxan) and 11, 14, 19 (post-alloxan). Serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) for β-cell function (HOMA-β), and insulin resistance (HOMA IR) were estimated terminally. Results: Diabetes was induced successfully in animals of all experimental groups except the normal control group. Rats of the Ajwa-seed group (D) showed relative resistance to diabetes induction with three non-diabetic rats on day 19. In group E, rats had lower blood sugar levels than rats in group C (p = 0.010). Serum insulin, HOMA-β and HOMA-IR, revealed partial beta cells restoration in the experimental animals of groups D and C. Insulin resistance was significantly higher, despite the highest insulin level (3.77 µIU/ml; p value <0.001) in group C. Conclusion: Ajwa date seed powder appears to provide relative protection against the development of diabetes in rats induced by alloxan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to assess regulation of growth and physiology of Leymus chinensis plants by exogenous application of 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) at various concentrations (10, 50 and 100 mg/L) exposed to low temperature stress. In control distilled water was applied as spray under both normal and low temperature stress. Experiment was laid out using completely randomized design with three replications. Results revealed that low temperature stress impaired plant growth and photosynthetic pigments while elevating the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), osmolytes and enzymatic antioxidants of L. chinensis plants. However, application of ALA improved the plant height, leaf area, plant fresh and dry weight, root activity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of L. chinensis plants when compared with control under low temperature stress. Treatment with ALA at a concentration of 10 and/or 50 mg/L was found better pertaining to growth while 100 mg/L was better regarding biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, ALA treatment enhanced the accumulation of soluble proteins, soluble sugars and free proline while reducing the MDA content and 10 and/or 50 mg/L ALA concentration was superior. Application of ALA also boosted the enzymatic antioxidants viz. super oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as compared to control at low temperature and application of 10 mg/L performed better. It may be concluded that treatment of ALA was helpful in the attainment of tolerance against low temperature stress manifested through improved growth, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, higher levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes, and reduced MDA content of L. chinensis plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photolysis of the thiohydroximate ester derivative 21 of 2-carboethoxy-2-(2- (benzylseleno)pyridin-3-yl)tridecylcarboxylic acid (20) affords 2-dodecyl-2- carboethoxy-2,3-dihydroselenolo[2,3-b]pyridine (22) in 89% yield in a process presumably involving intramolecular homolytic substitution by a tertiary alkyl radical at selenium with loss of a benzyl radical. Work toward extending this methodology to the preparation of pyridine-fused selenium analogues of antioxidants is described.

Con el objetivo de revisar el estrés oxidativo y su papel en la patogénesis de diversos procesos, especialmente en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, se realizó el siguiente trabajo. Se ha demostrado que el organismo posee un número de mecanismos a través de los cuales produce y a la vez limita la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno. La defensa antioxidante protege a los tejidos del daño oxidativo a través de enzimas como la superóxido dismutasa, la glutatión peroxidasa, la glutatión reductasa y la catalasa. Un exceso de radicales libres suele iniciar el daño de la pared vascular y en este proceso se encuentra implicado el colesterol de LDL. Se ha demostrado una disminución en la incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares con suplementos individuales de antioxidantes. The present paper was aimed at reviewing the oxidative stress and its role in pathogenesis of different processes, specially in cardiovascular diseases. It has been demostrated that the body has a series of mechanisms through which it produces and at the same time limits the production of reactive oxygen species.The antioxidant defense protects the tissues from the oxidative damage through enzimes as dismutase superoxide, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase. An excess of free radicals commonly initiates the damage of the vascular wall and LDL cholesterol is involved in this process. A reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases with individual supplements of antioxidants has been observed.

It has been asserted that the DNA in each cell of human body is exposed to oxidative damage every day. The balance between the damage and repair on DNA breaks down during the disease conditions. Significantly for the treatment modalities it is important to know how oxidative stress affects the human organism during the chronic diseases. Also the rehabilitation of patient and improvement of the life quality of patient who has a chronic disease are considered to be important. In this context, recognition of the risks of chronic diseases (oxidative stress) is inadequate, and improving and supporting the treatments of these individuals who are under risks are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sub-humid environments where summer drought is intense, the efficient use of water is important for sustainable crop production. Watermelon has high water requirements. The application of deficit irrigation (DI) strategies to this crop may greatly contribute to save irrigation water. A two-year study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effects of DI on water productivity, yield and some quality properties of watermelon in a sub-humid environment in western Turkey. Five irrigation treatments [FI-Full, DI1-deficit=100% and 50% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) restoration during whole growing season, respectively; DI2= 100% ETc up to flowering, then 50% ETc restoration; DI3=100% ETc up to yield formation, then 50% ETc restoration; DI4= 100% ETc up to ripening stage, then 50% ETc restoration] were arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in both experimental years. The maximum marketable fruit yield was determined from full irrigation level. Results showed that marketable yield significantly decreased by reduction in irrigation. In spite of the yield loses up to averagely 31% under DI1 conditions, saved 50% of water as compared to treatment of full irrigation. The highest values of total soluble solids and total sugar were found in treatments of DI1 and DI2. Higher values of vitamin C and lycopene were observed in DI3 treatment. Water productivity was positively affected by reduction in irrigation. Yield response factor (ky), which indicates the level of tolerance of a crop to water stress, was 1.01 for marketable yield, indicating that the reduction in crop productivity is proportionally equal to the relative ET deficit. The study revealed that the best compromise among water productivity, quantity and quality for watermelon was achieved with DI4 that 100% ETc up to ripening, then 50% ETc restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging affects many biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in the organisms. Accumulation of damage based on oxidized macromolecules is found in many age-associated diseases. Coenzyme Q (Q) is one of the main molecules involved in metabolic and antioxidant activities in cells. Q-dependent antioxidant activities are importantly involved on the protection of cell membranes against oxidation. Many studies indicate that Q decay in most of the organs during aging. In our study, no changes in Q levels were found in old animals in comparison with young animals. On the other hand, the interventions, caloric restriction based on every-other-day feeding procedure, and physical exercise were able to increase Q levels in muscle, but only in old and not in young animals. Probably, this effect prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation found in aged animals and also protein carbonylation. Further, Q-dependent antioxidant activities such as NADH–cytochrome b5 reductase and NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 are also modulated by both exercise and every other day feeding. Taken together, we demonstrate that exercise and dietary restriction as every-other-day procedure can regulate endogenous synthesized Q levels and Q-dependent antioxidant activities in muscle, preventing oxidative damage in aged muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Among cereals, durum wheat has a central role in the Italian diet and economy, where there is a historical tradition of pasta making. In the present study, we evaluated the nutrient and nutraceutical properties of 2 old and 6 modern durum wheat varieties grown under low input agricultural management. Considering the lack of available data on the adaptability of existing durum wheat varieties to the low input and organic sectors, the research aimed at providing a complete description of the investigated genotypes, considering the agronomic performance as well as the nutrient and phytochemical composition. The experimental trials were carried out at the same location (Bologna, Northern Italy) for two consecutive growing seasons (2006/2007, 2007/2008). No clear distinction between old and modern varieties was observed in terms of grain yield (mean values ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 t/ha), highlighting that the divergence in productivity, normally found between dwarf and non-dwarf genotypes, is strongly reduced when they are cropped under low input management. All durum wheat varieties presented high protein levels and, in addition, provided remarkable amounts of phytochemicals such as dietary fibre, polyphenols, flavonoids and carotenoids. Some of the investigated genotypes, such as Senatore Cappelli, Solex, Svevo and Orobel, emerged with intriguing nutritional and phytochemical profiles, with the highest levels of dietary fibre and antioxidant compounds. The study provided the basis for further investigations into the adaptability of the durum wheat genotypes to low input management, for the selection of genotypes characterised by higher yield and valuable nutrient and nutraceutical quality.

Background. The etiology of the geriatric syndrome frailty is multifactorial. Besides hormonal and inflammatory processes, nutritional influences may be of major relevance. In this cross-sectional study, the association between dietary quality and frailty was investigated. Methods. In 192 community-dwelling older volunteers (>75 years), an interview-based food frequency questionnaire was used to assess nutritional data. A Mediterranean diet (MED) score (maximum 9 points) was used to evaluate dietary quality. Frailty was defined as the presence of at least three and prefrailty as the presence of one or two of the following criteria: weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, low handgrip strength, and slow walking speed. Older adults without any of these attributes were defined as “nonfrail” Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk of being frail (vs prefrail and nonfrail) in each quartile (vs lowest quartile) of the MED score. Results. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 83 (4) years; 41.1% were prefrail and 15.1% were frail. The risk of being frail was significantly reduced in the highest quartile of the MED score (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.07–0.98). Conclusions. A healthy dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of being frail. Larger, prospective and interventional studies are needed to clarify the association between dietary quality and frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Spider mite invasion induces oxidative stress on bean plants and increased soluble sugars, phenole, proline and peroxidase activity, but decreased catalase activity and ascorbic acid and carotenoid concentration. Application of elicitors significantly enhanced spider mite tolerance by decreasing hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and increasing peroxidase activity and antioxidant compounds reported previously, leading to increasing ion percentage in plant shoot. This finding suggests that elicitors might be activating antioxygenic enzymes and elevating antioxidants there by controlling free radical generation, hence preventing membrane peroxidation and denaturation of biomolecules resulting into improving plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of improved procedures for in vitro maturation of oocytes collected from prepubertal goats has applications for in vitro embryo production and accompanying strategies for genetic improvement. The objective of described studies was to determine the effects of oocyte grade, in vitro maturation time, antioxidant supplementation and concentrations of estradiol in the maturation medium on in vitro maturation of oocytes harvested from 1-6 mm follicles present on the ovaries (obtained from an abattoir) of 1-6-month old prepubertal Boer goats. Rates of progression to metaphase II were greater for Grade 1 oocytes (>3 compact layers of cumulus cells and evenly granulated cytoplasm) than Grade 2 oocytes (<3 layers cumulus cells and evenly granulated cytoplasm) and were lowest for Grade 3 oocytes (devoid of cumulus cells with abnormal cytoplasm). No significant effects of maturation for 24 vs 27 vs 30 h on progression of oocytes to metaphase II were observed. The addition of 5 μM β-mercaptoethanol to maturation medium increased the proportion of oocytes progressing to metaphase II and glutathione content in such oocytes, whereas supplementation with 10 mM hypotaurine was without effect. A significant inhibitory effect of in vitro maturation in the presence of high concentrations of estradiol (10 and 100 μg/mL) on progression to metaphase II was observed, and no effect was observed in response to 1 μg/mL estradiol treatment as compared with control. Results suggest that oocyte selection and β-mercaptoethanol supplementation can positively influence progression to metaphase II of oocytes harvested from ovaries of prepubertal goats, whereas high concentrations of estradiol are inhibitory to in vitro maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of protection of chylomicron remnants from oxidation on their uptake and induction of lipid accumulation in macrophages were investigated using chylomicron remnant-like particles (CRLPs) containing the lipophilic antioxidant drug, probucol, and macrophages derived from the human monocyte cell line, THP-1. The total lipid content of THP-1 macrophages was markedly higher (×2.2) after 48 h of incubation of THP-1 macrophages with CRLPs containing probucol (pCRLPs) when compared to CRLPs without probucol, and this was because of increases in triacylglycerol (×2.3) and cholesterol (×1.8) levels, while cholesteryl ester concentrations were not significantly changed. Determination of the uptake of CRLPs and pCRLPs by the cells using particles labelled with the fluorescent probe 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′3′-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate showed that pCRLPs are taken up at a faster rate than CRLPs. The synthesis of triacylglycerol, as measured by the incorporation of [3H]oleate and [3H]glycerol, was also increased in macrophages incubated with pCRLPs as compared to CRLPs without probucol, but phospholipid and cholesteryl ester formation from [3H]oleate was unaffected. In addition, no differences between the effects of CRLPs and pCRLPs on the expression of mRNA for a range of genes believed to be involved in lipoprotein uptake, intracellular lipid metabolism and the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages was detected. These results suggest that antioxidants carried in chylomicron remnants enhance lipid accumulation in macrophages by increasing the rate of uptake of the particles and raising the intracellular synthesis of triacylglycerol, but not cholesteryl ester, and that these effects are brought about by changes at the post-transcriptional level. Antioxidants carried in chylomicron remnants therefore may promote the development of atherosclerosis, and this is likely to be particularly important in conditions where clearance of remnants from the circulation is delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the chemopreventive effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC), a water-soluble garlic constituent against gastric carcinogenesis induced in male Wistar rats by N.methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl). The animals were divided into four groups of six animals. Rats in groups 1 and 2 were administered MNNG (200 mg/kg body weight) on days 0 and 14 as well as S-NaCl (lmL/rat) three days during weeks 0 to 3, and thereafter placed on basal diet until the end of the experiment. Rats in group 2 in addition received SAC (200 mg/kg body weight) three times per week starting on the day following the first exposure to MNNG and continued until the end of the experimental period. Group 3 animals were given SAC alone as in group 2. Group 4 animals received basal diet and tap water throughout the experiment and served as the untreated control. The animals were sacrificed after an experimental period of 21 weeks. Measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants of the glutathione redox cycle in the stomach tissue, liver and venous blood was used to monitor the chemopreventive potential of SAC. All animals that received MNNG and S-NaCl alone, developed tumours, identified histologically as squamous cell carcinomas. In the tumour tissue, diminished lipid peroxidation was accompanied by increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) and GSH-dependent enzymes, whereas in the liver and circulation, enhanced lipid peroxidation was associated with antioxidant depletion. Administration of SAC suppressed the incidence of MNNG+S-NaCl-induced gastric tumours as revealed by the absence of carcinomas. SAC ameliorated MNNG-induced decreased susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to lipid peroxidation, whilst simultaneously increasing the antioxidant status. In the liver and blood, SAC reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation and significantly enhanced antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naturally occurring dipeptides carnosine and anserine have been proposed to act as antioxidants in vivo. We investigated whether these compounds can act as protective agents able to counteract peroxynitrite-dependent reactions. The results showed that the dipeptides efficiently protect tyrosine against nitration, α1-antiproteinase against inactivation and human low-density lipoprotein against modification by peroxynitrite. Carnosine exerts its protective effect at concentrations similar to those found in human tissues. In addition, some synthetic pseudodipeptides, stucturally related to carnosine but stable to hydrolytic enzymes, possess protective properties against peroxynitrite-dependent damage similar to the natural dipeptides. These pseudodipeptides may represent stable mimics of the biologically active carnosine suitable for pharmacological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated [CO2] has been shown to protect photosynthesis and growth of wheat against moderately elevated [O3]. To investigate the role of ozone exclusion and detoxification in this protection, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Wembley) was grown from seed, in controlled-environment chambers, under reciprocal combinations of [CO2] at 350 or 700 μmol mol-1 and [O3] peaking at < 5 or 60 nmol mol-1, respectively. Cumulative ozone dose to the mesophyll and antioxidant status were determined throughout flag leaf development. Catalase activity correlated with rates of photorespiration and declined in response to elevated [CO2] and/or [O3]. Superoxide dismutase activity was not significantly affected by either condition. Neither ascorbate nor glutathione content was enhanced by elevated [CO2]. In wheat, at moderately elevated [O3], our results show that stomatal exclusion plays a major role in the protective effect of elevated [CO2] against O3 damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]