Search

The fruit of Antidesma bunius has both medicinal and edible properties. In previous studies, the fruit extract of A. bunius showed anti-proliferation activity on breast cancer cells, but its functional components and anti-tumor mechanism are still unclear. In this research, the main active components of A. bunius fruits (detected by UHPLC-MS/MS) and the corresponding targets were analyzed by network pharmacology method, and its interactions were verified by molecular docking to explore the possible tumor suppressor mechanisms. A total of 24 active chemical components were screened from fruits extract of A. bunius，and 44 targets genes were intersected with breast cancer, among them, AKT1, ESR1, EGFR, EP300, ERBB2 and AR were the top core targets．The GO enrichment of target genes mainly involved processes of cellular lipid metabolism, response to hormones, tube development, and KEGG pathway analysis centers in cancer pathways present in breast, pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer．The flavonoids in the fruits of A. bunius showed strong binding to the core targets by molecular docking analysis. These results strongly suggest that the flavonoids in the fruit of A. bunius can inhibit proliferation of breast cancer through multiple targets, mainly by ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways. El fruto de Antidesma bunius tiene propiedades medicinales y comestibles. En estudios anteriores, el extracto de fruta de A. bunius mostró actividad antiproliferativa en las células de cáncer de mama, pero sus componentes funcionales y mecanismo antitumoral aún no están claros. En esta investigación se analizaron los principales componentes activos de los frutos de A. bunius (detectados por UHPLC-MS / MS) y las dianas correspondientes mediante el método de farmacología en red, y se verificaron sus interacciones mediante acoplamiento molecular para explorar los posibles mecanismos supresores de tumores. Se seleccionaron un total de 24 componentes químicos activos del extracto de frutas de A. bunius, y 44 genes diana se cruzaron con el cáncer de mama, entre ellos, AKT1, ESR1, EGFR, EP300, ERBB2 y AR fueron los principales objetivos principales. de los genes diana involucraban principalmente procesos de metabolismo de lípidos celulares, respuesta a hormonas, desarrollo de tubos y centros de análisis de la vía KEGG en las vías del cáncer presentes en el cáncer de mama, páncreas y pulmón de células no pequeñas．Los flavonoides en los frutos de A. bunius mostraron fuertes unión a los objetivos centrales mediante análisis de acoplamiento molecular. Estos resultados sugieren fuertemente que los flavonoides en la fruta de A. bunius pueden inhibir la proliferación del cáncer de mama a través de múltiples dianas, principalmente por las vías ERK y PI3K-AKT.

Spray drying is a rapid, continuous, cost-effective, reproducible, and scalable process for reducing the moisture content of a fluid material into a solid powder. To improve this process in juice powder production, automation can be applied to increase efficiency and productivity. Hence, fuzzy logic is used in this study as a control system in the spray-drying process of concentrated liquid bignay juice into juice powder, where the inlet temperature and carrier agent concentrations affecting the properties of the juice powder, such as moisture content and product yield, are considered. The proposed fuzzy system can provide feedback to the control variables, inlet temperature, and carrier agent concentration based on the moisture content and product yield of the juice powder.

Chinese laurel fruit (Antidesma bunius (L) Spreng) can be used as a natural dye due to anthocyanin content which produces red colour at a low pH (1-3). This study aimed to determine changes in the quality of the natural dyes powder from chinese laurel fruit (Antidesma bunius (L) Spreng) during storage time by using accelerated method. Production of chinese laurel fruit extracts was done with distilled water + 3% citric acid with a ratio of 1:3 and the addition of maltodextrin as much as 15%. Natural dyes powder from chinese laurel fruit packaged with PP plastic and stored at temperatures 28°C, 35°C and 55°C to observe the changes of total anthocyanin and its colour during storage. Changes in the quality of the natural dyes powder laurel fruit during storage were due to the presence of pigments from anthocyanins which are degraded by heat. So that the total anthocyanin and the color of te natural coloring powder of laurel fruit decreased. Characteristics of analysis of natural dyes powder at the beginning of storage time (H0) showed moisture content of 2.53%, total anthocyanin of 56.24 mg anthocyanin/100 g dye powder, vitamin of C 12.54 mg anthocyanin/ 100 g dye powder, water solubility of 73.90%, total titrated acid of 8.04%, and red colour. Dye powder stored in 28°C showed less quality decreasing and longer shelf life compared to that stored in temperature 35°C and 55°C . The shelf life of natural dyes product from chinese laurel fruit that stored in 28°C, 35°C, and 55°C were 241 days, 101 days, and 14 days, respectively. Keywords: antidesma bunius (L) Spreng, anthocyanin, chinese laurel fruit, natural dye powder, accelerated method

Research on phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity testing of the ethanol extract of buni leaves (Antidesma bunius L. Spreng) has been carried out. This study aims to identify secondary metabolite compounds contained in buni leaf plants to see the activity of the ethanol extract of buni leaves using the DPPH method. Buni leaves were extracted in 96% ethanol by maceration method, then evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The results of thick extract were screened for phytochemicals such as phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids using a qualitative color test method and carrying out antioxidant activity using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with Vitamin C as a comparison. The results showed that the ethanol extract of buni leaves contained phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids as well as IC50 Vitamin C of 5.22 ppm which is classified as a very strong antioxidant, while the IC50 of buni leaves ethanol extract is lower at 61, 8 ppm which is classified as a strong antioxidant

Metabolic syndrome has become one of the major health issues worldwide. Cider beverages have several functional properties for health, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. In this study, we formulated cider beverages from bignay fruits (Antidesma bunius), identified their compounds, and evaluated their functional effects for metabolic syndrome protection. Ciders were produced from the aqueous extract of bignay fruit powder, fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Acetobacter xylinum for 3, 7, and 14 days. Compound identification in bignay ciders was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activity was done by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, while enzymatic inhibitory assays were tested against lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). GC/MS profiling showed that most bignay ciders contained major organic acids and amino acids. All ciders exerted high antioxidant activity (>60%). Bignay ciders fermented from A. xylinum demonstrated significant inhibition (>90%) against lipase and α-glucosidase activities. However, ciders had no functional effect on a-amylase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. These data suggest that bignay ciders may have potential as functional beverages with antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects for management of metabolic syndrome.

In this research, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the ethanolic (EtOH) extract of bignay (Antidesma bunius) fruit on the viability of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by CCK-8 assay. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 219 μg/mL after the cells were treated with EtOH extract for 72 hours. The EtOH extract was sequentially extracted by petroleum ether (PET), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (nBuOH). Among them, the EtOAc fraction showed higher anti-proliferative activity than the other fractions. Wound healing experiment showed the EtOAc fraction inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells and significantly delayed the transition of the G1 to S phase compared to control. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that in addition to citric acid and phenolic acids (3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, aspirin, fertaric acid), EtOH extract of bignay fruit contains active ingredient like coumarin, genistin, amentoflavone, and luteolin 7-galactoside. The anti-proliferation activity of amentoflavone against MDA-MB-231 cells was also confirmed.

The aim of the study is to assess the acute oral toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng [Bignay] in ICR mice in accordance to OECD guideline 423. Single doses of Bignay fruit extracts ranging from 500 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg, as well as a vehicle control, were given orally and monitored for 14 days. We observed that there is no mortality or adverse effects after treatment of mice indicating that Bignay extracts are safe for use in laboratory animals. Behavioral, respiratory, and neurologic changes, as well as changes in body weight, food and water consumption, did not occur during the experimental period. Hematological- (total-red and -white blood cells) and biochemical-profile analysis (alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) remained within normal concentrations in treated mice regardless of sex. The morphology of visceral organs in all treated mice was typical in appearance when stained with H&E. It is assumed that the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg and there is no mortality at the maximum dose used (2000 mg/kg). We have also determined the active components of dried Bignay by headspace GC–MS and by phytochemical analysis of ethanolic Bignay extracts. We have identified 16 compounds by GC–MS and 10 secondary metabolites. In this study, the assessment of extracted Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng fruits [Bignay] on the value of safety measures in mice is described.

The effects of maturity (green-unripe, red-ripe, and purple-fully ripe) and heat treatment (blanching at 90±5°C for 2 mins and steaming at 105±5°C for 5 mins) on the antioxidant content and activity of Philippine bignay (Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng cv. ‘common’) flesh and seeds were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, aluminum chloride assay, and pH differential technique, respectively, and the antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results showed that the antioxidant content and activity of bignay increased with maturity. Fully ripe flesh and seeds were found to have the highest antioxidant content and activity regardless of the heat treatment applied. The TPC (8.06±0.15 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g), TFC (8.10±0.06 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g), TAC (4.07±0.03 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (CGE)/L extract), and antioxidant activity (ABTS 10.37±0.04 , DPPH 9.60±0.10, FRAP 24.37±0.53 Trolox equivalents (TE)/g) of fully ripe seeds were superior when blanched. On the other hand, the TPC (40.73±0.04 mg GAE/g), TFC (31.54±0.15 mg QE/g), TAC (20.93±0.12 mg CGE/L extract), of fully ripe flesh were superior when not heat-treated while its antioxidant activity (ABTS 34.19±0.19, DPPH 14.01±0.02, FRAP 87.78±1.22 (TE)/g) was highest when blanched but did not vary significantly compared to unheated samples. This study suggested that bignay ‘common’ variety was a good source of antioxidants particularly the flesh at fully ripe stage. Blanching had shown to enhance its antioxidant activities.

Eighteen extracts of six medicinal plants of Meru Betiri National Park (Jember, Indonesia) were studied for their anti-diabetic potency as well as their antioxidant activities (DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were also determined. Total phenols and flavonoid content increased with polarity order, from hexane, ethyl acetate to methanol extracts. Similar pattern resulted in antioxidant activity testing. Ethyl acetate extract of Antidesma bunius, methanol extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Lunasia amara possessed higher α-amilase inhibition compared to standard inhibitor, acarbose. Moreover, ethyl acetate extract of Antidesma bunius, methnaol extract of Arcangelisia flava, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lunasia amara and hexane fraction of Merremia mamosa indicated higher α-glucosidase inhibition compared to standard anti-diabetic drug, acarbose. The extracts with higher phenolic and flavonoid content did not always showed higher inhibition activities α-amilase and α-glucosidase. Overall, the six medicinal plants exhibited potent sources for diabetic mellitus medication. Keywords: Antioxidant, Phenolic, Flavonoid, α-amilase inhibitor, α-glucosidase inhibtior, Anti-diabetic, Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesian medicinal plants

Paper description: Antidesma bunius fruit exhibits antioxidant properties. Its anticancer activities remain underexplored. We investigated the effects of Antidesma bunius fruit aqueous extract ( A. bunius ACE) on the redox status, mitochondrial integrity and expression of genes associated with oxidative stress (the state of redox imbalance), and autophagy (a cellular ‘housekeeping’ process) in the colorectal cancer cell line, HCT 116. A. bunius ACE reduced the oxidative stress and enhanced mitochondrial integrity of HCT 116 cells, accompanied by upregulation of genes associated with oxidative stress and autophagy. These changes point to a potential anti-cancer mechanism and underscore the therapeutic potential of A. bunius fruits. Abstract: Antidesma bunius fruit was previously shown to exhibit antioxidant properties, but its anticancer activities remain underexplored . We hypothesized that the phytochemicals in this fruit can influence mitochondrial integrity and can modulate stress-responsive genes in cancer cells. The present study investigated the effects of A. bunius fruit aqueous crude extract ( A. bunius ACE) on the viability, redox status, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) using a colorectal cancer cell line, HCT 116. The expression of key genes associated with oxidative stress and autophagy was also determined. Treatment of cells with A. bunius ACE resulted in a ~27% reduction in viability, coupled with a marked decrease in oxidative stress index by ~59%. This was accompanied by the upregulation of NRF2 and NRF2 -dependent genes. MTP increased ~3-fold in response to A. bunius ACE. The expression of BECLIN1 , ATG5 , and LC3 genes also increased. Our results indicate that the phytochemicals in A. bunius fruits enhance mitochondrial integrity and modulate the expression of stress-responsive genes, which may be responsible for the mitigation of oxidative stress in cancer cells. These alterations may be involved in the cascade of events leading to cancer cell death effected by A. bunius . https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS200703037B Received: July 3, 2020; Revised: August 24, 2020; Accepted: August 25, 2020; Published online: August 27, 2020 How to cite this article: Benigno SJ, Oyong G, Licayan JJ, Sumayao R Jr. Antidesma bunius aqueous crude extract promotes cell death via modulation of redox-sensitive and autophagy-associated genes in HCT 116 human-derived colorectal cancer cells. Arch Biol Sci. 2020;72(3):433-43.

Antidesma bunius (L.) spreng (Mamao) is widely distributed in Northeastern Thailand. Antidesma bunius has been reported to contain anthocyanins, which possess antioxidant and antihypertensive actions. However, the antidiabetic and antiglycation activity of Antidesma bunius fruit extract has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of anthocyanin-enriched fraction of Antidesma bunius fruit extract (ABE) against pancreatic &alpha, amylase, intestinal &alpha, glucosidase (maltase and sucrase), protein glycation, as well as antioxidant activity. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chromatogram revealed that ABE contained phytochemical compounds such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, ellagic acid, and myricetin-3-galactoside. ABE inhibited intestinal maltase and sucrase activity with the IC50 values of 0.76 &plusmn, 0.02 mg/mL and 1.33 &plusmn, 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ABE (0.25 mg/mL) reduced the formation of fluorescent AGEs and the level of N&epsilon, carboxymethyllysine (N&epsilon, CML) in fructose and glucose-induced protein glycation during four weeks of incubation. During the glycation process, the protein carbonyl and &beta, amyloid cross structure were decreased by ABE (0.25 mg/mL). In addition, ABE exhibited antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) with the IC50 values 15.84 &plusmn, 0.06 &micro, g/mL and 166.1 &plusmn, 2.40 &micro, g/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed an EC50 value of 182.22 &plusmn, 0.64 &micro, g/mL. The findings suggest that ABE may be a promising agent for inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity, reducing monosaccharide-induced protein glycation, and antioxidant activity.

The Box-Behnken design to find the optimum condition for anthocyanin extraction of Buni (Antidesma bunius) fruit powder was applied. Color intensity (CI), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total phenolic content (PC), and antioxidant activity (AA) were the parameters selected to express optimality resulted from the extraction process. The three studied factors were temperature (30-90oC), time (30-90 minutes), and pH of solvent (1-3). The extraction was conducted in a water bath shaker under no light by HCl-acidified water as a solvent with a 1:25 (w/v) powder to solvent ratio. The quadratic model described the effect of factors on CI, TMA, and AA of buni fruit extract, while the linear model suitable for the total phenolic content. All factors influenced the CI and TMA, but time was insignificant for PC and antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). The optimum parameter for extraction was at 68oC for 30 minutes with pH 1 solvent. The 95% confidence interval of CI, TMA, PC, and AA were 40.29 ± 0.91, 555.17 ± 13.34 mg/l, 1084.4 66.845 ± 66.85 mg GAE/l, and 45.00 ± 2.56 % inhibition, respectively. The color and anthocyanin stability test showed that the extract was almost colorless at pH 5-6, but the anthocyanin was relatively stable with half-life 28 and 17.6 days, respectively. At pH 7-8 the stability of purple-blue color and anthocyanin of the extract was extremely low. The half-life of the color and anthocyanin was less than 2 and 10 hours, respectively.

Bignay [Antidesma bunius (L). Spreng] fruit contains an array of polyphenols and information on how these bioactive compounds vary with cultivar type, maturity stage, and process treatment are unclear. Also, the effects of these variations on the lipid-lowering potential of this Philippine indigenous berry have not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid-lowering properties of the fruits of two bignay cultivars as affected by maturity stage and thermal processing. In vitro lipid-lowering assays revealed that both bignay cultivars had appreciable pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, bile acid binding capacity, and cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition, which were comparable to those of the known lipid-lowering agents used as positive controls in this study. Freeze-dried samples of the freshly harvested fruits of both bignay cultivars [i.e., Common Cultivar (CC) and Kalabaw cultivar (KC)] had the highest bile acid binding activity (41.9–45.5% for CC and 43.4–54.0% for KC) for all the three maturity stages implying the beneficial effects of fresh bignay fruits related to lipid metabolism. Steam-blanched fruits had the highest pancreatic lipase inhibition activity (17.8–37.4% for CC and 29.2–39.0% for KC), regardless of maturity stage, while water-blanched samples exhibited the highest cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition (39.6–42.2% for CC and 40.2–47.6% for KC). Thermal processing tended to lower the lipid-lowering properties of the bignay fruits relative to their freeze-dried fresh fruits. Results of this study showed the potential of Philippine bignay fruit as a functional food that may be helpful in the management of dyslipidemia.

The response of ‘Bignay’ [Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng] to the cutting origins and different levels of plant bio-regulators consist of Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) and Biogroe treatments were investigated by means of 3 x 9 factorial experiment in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using an automated mist propagator. Two hundred sixteen (216) healthy seedlings containing 9 nodes each were used in the study. Results revealed that cutting origins significantly increased shoot length but have no influence on the root number, percent rooting and percent survival. The cuttings originated from the bottom portion of the stem recorded the longest mean in terms of shoot length (12.48 mm) including the highest percent survival and percent rooting (82.41%). Highest mean number of roots were observed on the top cuttings (1.93). Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) and Biogroe treatments on cuttings have no effects on the different parameters evaluated. The interaction effect between cutting origins and IBA/Biogroe treatments significantly increased the percent rooting and percent survival except the shoot length and root number of Bignay cuttings. Overall, the findings inferred that A. bunius can be propagated by any cutting origin derived from the main stem of the donor plants tested. Cuttings can effectively be induced to produce roots and survive and can be economically mass propagated even without the application of different concentrations of IBA and BioGroe.

Buni fruits (Antidesma bunius L.) is one of the plants that contain anthocyanin dyes. This study aims to create and characterize buni fruit extract microcapsules containing anthocyanin using spray drying method. The coating materials used were 5%, 7%, 5%, 5%, and 5% of the maltodextrin. Buni fruit was determined by the total content of anthocyanin and microcapsules obtained by organoleptic characterization, microencapsulation efficiency, particle morphology, and particle size distribution. The total content of anthocyanin from buni fruit extract is 18.14 mg/100g. Microcapsules obtained by variation concentration of pink maltodextrin typical of buni fruit weighing 2.7 g, 3.3 g, 2.3 g, obtained the value of EEC (%) 50, 55, and 59, respectively, on the appearance of SEM form spheries and on PSA particle size distribution 2.5 I¼m, 2.1 I¼m, 2.6 I¼m.

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng and Mollugo oppositifolia L., also known as “bignay” and “malagoso” respectively, are commonly used medicinal plants in the Philippines to treat diabetes. However, the hypoglycemic effect of A. bunius (L.) Spreng and M. oppositifolia L. has not been reported to date. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the fresh and ethanolic extracts of the plants in db/db diabetic male mice. Fresh and ethanolic extracts (12.5 ml/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively) were administered by gavage in db/db mouse, an animal model of diabetes. Blood from the tail snip was used to measure blood sugar levels on days 1 (D1), 8 (D8), 15 (D15), 22 (D22) and 29 (D29). Fresh extract of M. oppositifolia L. caused a significant reduction of blood glucose levels on D22 compared to untreated db/db mice (P < 0.05). On D29, fresh extract of A. bunius (L.) Spreng (P < 0.01), and fresh (P < 0.01) and ethanolic leaf extracts (P < 0.05) of M. oppossitifolia L. caused a significant reduction of blood glucose compared to untreated db/db mice. Fresh and ethanolic extracts of A. bunius (L.) Spreng and M. oppositifolia L. exhibited a significant hypoglycemic activity in db/db mice. Key words: Antidesma bunius L, Spreng, Mollugo oppositifolia L., diabetes, mouse, hypoglycemic.

In the Philippines, the herbal medicinal product (HMP) market is flourishing due to the abundance of pharmacologically important species, and the high level of ethnomedicinal knowledge still widely accepted by the public. As such, herbal products from Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., locally known as bignay, are popular as medicine for various ailments of the circulatory and digestive systems. Though efficacy is guaranteed, the authenticity of the marketed products is still in question as several other herbal plants can provide the said benefits. Similar morphology between wild species also hinders species identification and contributes confusion especially to the general consumer. The authenticity of the marketed HMPs was established by means of DNA barcoding techniques which offers quick and reliable species identification by means of (1) the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) and (2) the establishment of the first Standard Reference Material (SRM) Herbal barcode library for Antidesma spp. A total of 56 gene accessions from matK-psbA-trnH-rbcL sequences of 9 wild Antidesma spp. comprised the SRM which was then used to confirm the identity of 11 randomly sampled bignay-derived HMPs. Following the BLASTn and the SRM (maximum likelihood tree reconstruction) criterion, the subjected sequences revealed that only three of the 11 HMPs were authentic A. bunius-derived products. The other eight HMPs contained substitutes that were either fillers or different herbal medicinal plant not indicated in the product labels. These results indicate that product safety should be reinforced with complete HMP authentication using traditional methods supported by molecular data.

Diabetes mellitus, a complex chronic disease that is associated with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) affects millions of people worldwide. This study evaluated the hypoglycemic activities of male and female Antidesma bunius, commonly known as currant tree or bignay, extracts in alloxan-treated ICR mice. In addition, the effects of the treatments on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were determined. Phytochemical screening using standard protocol was performed. Plant extracts (500 mg/kg) were administered orally via gavage for 14 days and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were monitored prior to alloxan-induction on the day of alloxan-induction, and on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days of treatment. Sera were collected on the 14th day to measure the BUN and creatinine levels. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard TLC spray tests. All extracts were found to significantly lower FBG levels compared to the positive (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg) and negative (distilled water) controls (One-way ANOVA, p-value

This research aimed to sought solutions to the growing problems of rice black bugs (Scotinophara coarctata) damaging the rice crops of farmers. This study used an experimental method to determine which solution is effective against rice black bugs. Bignay (Antidesma bunius) leaves were collected, cut, soaked in water, crushed using a mortar and pestle, and extracted using a thin cloth. The extracts of the leaves were then placed in 4 different concentrations in bottles. 6 bugs were soaked in each solution, respectively, but with different periods (3, 5, and 10 min). We found that the extract is lethal towards black bugs since it has anti-bacterial activity, even though it damaged the rice crops. Bignay fruit was intended to be utilized as another variable, but due to the weather, fruits were not yet visible in the Bignay tree. We concluded that the thickness of the solution served as the main reason why the rice black bugs died. The result of this study can be utilized to address the rising problems caused by rice black bugs.

The hallmark of Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is inflammation-induced alveolar-vascular barrier destruction and neutrophilic infiltration that leads to the formation of cytokines and oxygen radicals. The objective of the study is to investigate the protective and toxicological effects of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng [Bignay] in murine model of Lipopolysaccharide E. coli (LPS)-induced ALI and compared with Fluticasone Propionate (FP), a synthetic corticosteroid. We showed that extracted Bignay fruits have high amount of phenols, steroids and flavonoids but insignificant amount of heavy metals and aflatoxins. BALB/c mice of either sex were divided into 4 groups in the ALI mouse model; Group 1: vehicle control; Group 2: LPS alone; Group 3: Bignay + LPS; and Group 4: FP + LPS. Bignay and FP were administered via intraperitoneal injection while LPS was given intra-tracheally. Biomarkers of ALI such as total lung inflammatory cell count, total lung protein content, lung edema and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion were measured 24 hrs after vehicle control or LPS treatment. Compared to vehicle controls, LPS caused significant increased in all measured biomarkers of ALI in samples collected from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and were significantly attenuated by Bignay fruit extract or FP. Pulmonary vascular leakage caused by LPS was also evaluated after injection with Evans blue dye, an indication of lung injury. Extracted Bignay fruits or FP when given to mice 2 hrs after LPS administration substantially decreased the pulmonary vascular leak. Our findings are the first evidence demonstrating the preventive and non-toxic effects of extracted Bignay fruits in a murine model of LPS-induced ALI. The results could be attributed to the presence of active secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols and steroids. It is also evident that extracted Bignay fruits are as effective as FP, well-established steroid, in blocking the biomarkers of ALI caused by LPS.

The effect of ohmic heating on bioactive compounds in bignay (Antidesma bunius) fruit juice during ohmic heating were evaluated. The parameters measured were total phenol, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity. Ohmic heating was conducted at 70, 90, and 110 °C, and samples were collected at heating times of 0, 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Electrical conductivity of bignay fruit juice increased linearly with temperature with values ranged from 0.012 S/m at 32 °C to 0.039 S/m at 110 °C. Insignificant change in total phenol was observed, while anthocyanin and flavonoid showed significant degradation and the degradation kinetics followed the first-order kinetic model. The degradation rate constants for anthocyanin ranged from 0.0016 to 0.0213 min-1 with activation energy (Ea) of 63.880 kJ/mol and the degradation rate constants for flavonoid were in the range of 0.0107 to 0.0209 min-1 with activation energy of 18.210 kJ/mol. Antioxidant activities (IC50) obtained from DPPH method ranged from 0.106-0.168 mg/mL while those obtained from ABTS method ranged from 0.131-0.161 mg/mL. The results indicate that anthocyanin and total phenol in bignay fruit juice is much more stable during heating compared to flavonoid.

Antidesma bunius is an edible berry fruit with many benefits, such as natural antimicrobials, anticancer, natural dyes, etc. However, data on chemical content in the fruit is still limited. The purpose of this research is to identify volatile compounds of Antidesma bunius fruit. We extracted and analyzed the A. bunius fruit’s chemical content using GC-MS and HPLC–DAD-ESI-MS methods. Forty-nine compounds representing 99.91% of the total chromatogram’s relative peak area were detected. Antidesma bunius is rich in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and ten other compounds with relative peak area >1%, such as furaldehyde, citric acid and others. We also found 109 compounds tentatively identified through HPLC–DAD-ESI-MS. Antidesma bunius contained HMF, several volatile compounds, organic acid, long-chain fatty acid, and photochromic compound.

Antidesma bunius (L.) spreng (Mamao) is widely distributed in Northeastern Thailand. Antidesma bunius has been reported to contain anthocyanins, which possess antioxidant and antihypertensive actions. However, the antidiabetic and antiglycation activity of Antidesma bunius fruit extract has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of anthocyanin-enriched fraction of Antidesma bunius fruit extract (ABE) against pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal α-glucosidase (maltase and sucrase), protein glycation, as well as antioxidant activity. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chromatogram revealed that ABE contained phytochemical compounds such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, ellagic acid, and myricetin-3-galactoside. ABE inhibited intestinal maltase and sucrase activity with the IC50 values of 0.76 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 1.33 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ABE (0.25 mg/mL) reduced the formation of fluorescent AGEs and the level of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (Nε-CML) in fructose and glucose-induced protein glycation during four weeks of incubation. During the glycation process, the protein carbonyl and β-amyloid cross structure were decreased by ABE (0.25 mg/mL). In addition, ABE exhibited antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) with the IC50 values 15.84 ± 0.06 µg/mL and 166.1 ± 2.40 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed an EC50 value of 182.22 ± 0.64 µg/mL. The findings suggest that ABE may be a promising agent for inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity, reducing monosaccharide-induced protein glycation, and antioxidant activity.

Several studies have documented the hypolipidemic effect of anthocyanin-rich plants in vitro and in vivo. The objective of this study was to elucidate the inhibitory activity of anthocyanin-rich fraction from Thai berries against fat digestive enzymes. The ability of Thai berries to bind bile acid, disrupt cholesterol micellization and the cholesterol uptake into Caco-2 cells was also determined. The content of total phenolics, flavonoid and anthocyanin in Prunus domestica L. (TPE), Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Syzygium nervosum A. Cunn. Ex DC was 222.7–283.5 mg gallic acid equivalents, 91.2–184.3 mg catechin equivalents, and 37.9–49.5 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/g extract, respectively. The anthocyanin-rich fraction of all extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase with the IC50 values of 90.6–181.7 μg/mL and 288.7–455.0 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, all extracts could bind primary and secondary bile acids (16.4–36.6%) and reduce the solubility of cholesterol in artificial micelles (53.0–67.6%). Interestingly, TPE was the most potent extract on interfering the key steps of lipid digestion among the tested extracts. In addition, TPE (0.10–0.50 mg/mL) significantly reduced the cholesterol uptake into Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These results demonstrate a new insight into the role of anthocyanin-rich Thai berry extract on interfering the key steps of lipid digestion and absorption., Thai berries; Dyslipidemia; Anthocyanins; Lipid digestion and absorption; Natural product chemistry; Plant products; Diet; Pharmaceutical science; Natural product; Biochemistry; Alternative medicine; Evidence-based medicine

Bignay fruits are produced from wild trees of Antidesma bunius Spreng which can be found in India, Ceylon, and South East Asia countries. Each mature tree can produce hundreds of kilograms of fruits per year, so this fruit has the potential to be used as a raw material in juice and beverage industries. In addition, recent trends in consumer demand indicates that consumers are more inclined to demand products which can provide health benefits. In order to assess the potential of bignay fruit as a raw material for juice production, it is important to determine the health-promoting bioactive compounds contained in fresh bignay fruit juice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the concentration of bioactive compounds in fresh bignay fruit juice. Results obtained from this study showed that bignay fruit juice contained 1202.5 mg GAE/100 mL of total phenolic, 436.602 mg/100 mL of anthocyanin, 48.931 mg/100 mL of ascorbic acid, and 3.78 mg/100 mL of flavonoid. The scavenging activities obtained from DPPH and ABTS methods were 0.110 mg/mL and 0.126 mg/mL respectively. The above results indicate that bignay fruits contain health-promoting chemical compounds and can be used as a natural source of antioxidants.

Mao fruit [Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng] is an excellent source of anthocyanins, which are flavonoid pigments that provide a number of physiological benefits. Mao is a seasonal fruit and drying its juice has benefits in prolonging its shelf life, facilitating its transportation and extending the usage of mao powder. Freeze drying is a process widely used to produce fruit juice powders that are sensitive to heat in order to maintain their quality. A major problem in drying fruit juice is powder stickiness. In this research, drying carriers (maltodextrin and gum arabic at 25%, 30% or 35%) were added to improve the qualities of mao juice powder. The results showed that the addition of both carriers could improve the physical qualities of mao powders, and as the carrier concentration increased, the physical qualities increased, whereas the bioactivity qualities including the total anthocyanins content (TAC) and antioxidant activities tended to decrease. Powders with maltodextrin had better water solubility index and solubility time values than those of gum arabic. As a result, this work supported maltodextrin at 35% as a drying agent for mao powder production which produced a TAC of 2.63 mg/g and high-performance liquid chromatography determination indicated that the anthocyanins in the mao powder were delphinidin (1.10 mg/g) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (0.78 mg/g), with neither pelargonidin nor malvidin being detected. Keywords: Anthocyanins, Antioxidant, Drying Carrier, Freeze drying, Mao

Ability to perceive the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is inherited via a dominant "taster" allele of the TAS2R38 gene, whereas inability is inherited via a recessive "non-taster" allele. This raises a question: Is the non-taster allele functionless, or does it mediate perception of compounds other than PTC? New evidence supports speculation that it is indeed functional. Associations between TAS2R38 mutations and bitter sensitivity to the tropical berry Antidesma bunius are the inverse of those PTC, suggesting that the non-taster allele enables perception to compounds in the fruit.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of buni-berry ( Antidesma bunius ) extract to increase PON1 mRNA expression in BALB/c mice fed with a high-fat diet. Methods: Twenty, thirty-weeks old male BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into four intervention groups; buni berry extract, simvastatin, control-sick and control-normal groups. All groups received high fat diet, except control-normal group which received control normal-diet. The diets were provided for 12 weeks. Treatments were started in all groups at the same time with the administration of the diets. Mice in buni-berry group were treated with oral buni-berry 300 mg/kgBW/day. In simvastatin group the mice were provided with oral simvastatin 6 mg/kkBW/day. The mice in control-sick and control-normal group were not received additional treatment. The intervention was conducted in 12 weeks. Mice body weight was measured weekly. Blood samples from tails were examined at the baseline and after12 weeks intervention for PON1 mRNA expression. Expression of PON1 mRNA was analysed by quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) . Results: The changes mice body weights during interventions in all groups were not significantly different. PON1 mRNA expression was significantly increase in the buni berry extract group and simvastatin group, while in control-sick group the expression was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Oral administration of 300 mg/kgBW/day of buni-berry extract is effectively increases PON1 expression in BALB/c mice fed with a high fat diet. Key words: Buni-berry extract, Antidesma bunius, PON1 mRNA, Atherosclerosis, High fat diet.