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Il seguente articolo propone di ripensare e ampliare il concetto di «specismo» come norma sacrificale. Il concetto cardine sul quale tale norma si sviluppa è quello di «specie» la cui connotazione politico/performativa è oscurata dalla presunta oggettività di un lessico scientifico. Nelle seguenti pagine viene dunque proposta una decostruzione di tale concetto e infine suggerita una modalità alternativa con cui opporsi alla macchina specista: l’antispecismo del comune., The following article proposes to reframe and develop the concept of «speciesism» as a sacrificial norm. The hinge around which this norm is developed is that of «species» whose political/performative connotation is obscured by the supposed objectivity of a scientific lexicon. Therefore, the following pages propose a deconstruction of such a concept and suggest an alternative way to oppose the speciesist machine: the anti-speciesism of the common.

Le film réalisé par Marina de Van sur un scénario de Bertrand Santini est une adaptation globalement fidèle du conte de Perrault « Le petit Poucet ». Les auteurs du film ont exploré sa richesse fantasmatique, notamment à travers la figure régressive de l’ogre, support symbolique de multiples transgressions (anthropophagie, inceste, pédophilie). Leur lecture met en lumière l’atemporalité du conte tout autant qu’elle l’ancre dans la modernité, en tissant des rapprochements entre plusieurs types de violence, dont la violence contre les animaux, qui emblématise celle du monde d’aujourd’hui. Partant d’une comparaison avec deux adaptations antérieures du conte (Le Petit Poucet de Michel Boisrond puis celui d’Olivier Dahan), l’étude s’intéresse à la tension entre naturalisme et stylisation qui travaille ce film, y compris dans les scènes où le merveilleux est convoqué, et analyse le jeu de cache-cache que le film entretient avec le conte. The film directed by Marina de Van on a script by Bertrand Santini is an overall faithful adaptation of Perrault’s tale “Le petit Poucet”. The authors of this film explored the fantasmatic dimension of the tale, especially through the regressive character of the ogre, symbolic support of multiple transgressions (anthropophagy, incest, paedophilia). Weaving connections between several types of violence, including against animals which exemplifies the violence of today’s world, this original and powerful adaptation highlights the timelessness of the tale and it anchors it in modernity. Starting from a comparison with two previous adaptations of the tale (Michel Boisrond’s, then Olivier Dahan’s “Le Petit Poucet”), this study is interested in the tension between naturalism and stylization at work in this last adaptation, including in the scenes where the marvelous is summoned, and analyzes the game of hide-and-seek that the film maintains with the tale.

Analysis of the debate on the issue of animal rights in three dialoguing philosophical perspectives: speciesism, anti-speciesism and non-speciesism. The objective is to analyze each of these aspects, without the intention of exhausting any of them, from three paradigmatic thinkers: Carl Cohen, Tom Regan and Peter Singer. The investigation is developed taking as an entry point for the debate the proposal of Carl Cohen who denies that animals have rights, but defends that humans have responsibilities towards animals. Next, Tom Regan's conception as a litigant to the previous one is presented, since he not only criticizes Carl Cohen's speciesism but also states that non-human animals are beings that have rights by sharing gender properties, among which, to be able to feel pain and have emotions like humans. Finally, the ideas of non-speciesism are presented through Peter Singer's thinking, both in terms of the thesis of the moral necessity of guaranteeing rights to animals, and of basing human and animal relationships on practical ethics. This is done not only because of the philosophical dialogue between these authors regarding the object (animals have or do not have rights), but also because of the philosophical adherence to utilitarianism, although each one has a different conception of what is meant by “very common". It is believed that Peter Singer's perspective is the one that best meets the expectations of contemporary society, which not only have to balance ingrained habits (such as a meat-based diet and scientific experiments using animals) with the political demands of new social agents (including veganism), in terms of thinking about the new interfaces of modern law, including the possibility of including animals in this debate. Finally, it is argued that from the path proposed by Peter Singer it is possible to keep the dialogue open, think about the exceptions that the issue demands and carry out the project of including the issue of animal rights in the contemporary philosophical debate. Nenhuma Análise do debate sobre a questão dos direitos dos animais em três perspectivas filosóficas dialogantes: especismo, antiespecismo e não-especismo. Objetiva-se analisar cada uma dessas vertentes, sem a intenção de exaurir nenhuma delas, a partir de três pensadores paradigmáticos: Carl Cohen, Tom Regan e Peter Singer. Desenvolve-se a investigação tomando como ponto de entrada para o debate a proposta de Carl Cohen que nega que os animais tenham direitos, mas defende que os humanos têm responsabilidades para com os animais. Em seguida, apresenta-se a concepção de Tom Regan como litigante à anterior, uma vez que não apenas critica o especismo de Carl Cohen como também afirma que os animais não-humanos são seres que detêm direitos por compartilharem propriedades de gênero, dentre as quais, poderem sentir dor e terem emoções como os humanos. Por fim, apresentam se as ideias do não-especismo por meio do pensamento de Peter Singer, tanto no tocante à tese da necessidade moral de garantir direitos aos animais, quanto na de fundamentar as relações humanos e animais na ética prática. Procede-se assim não apenas em virtude do diálogo filosófico entre esses autores quanto ao objeto (animais possuem ou não direitos), mas, igualmente, em virtude da adesão filosófica ao utilitarismo, embora cada qual tenha uma concepção distinta do que se entenda por “bem comum”. Acredita-se que a perspectiva de Peter Singer seja aquela que melhor atende as expectativas da sociedade contemporânea que não apenas têm que dosar hábitos arraigados (como a dieta à base de carne e as experimentações científicas usando animais) com as demandas políticas dos novos agentes sociais (incluindo o veganismo), quanto a pensar as novas interfaces do direito moderno, incluindo a possibilidade de incluir os animais neste debate. Defende-se, por fim, que a partir da via proposta por Peter Singer é possível manter o diálogo aberto, pensar as exceções que a questão demanda e levar adiante o projeto de incluir a questão dos direitos dos animais no debate filosófico contemporâneo.

[EN] This project consists of a comic entitled ESTO ESTÁ DE MUERTE (THIS TAS- TES LIKE DEATH) that tells the story of the situation that farm animals go through as part of the animal exploitation industry. Using illustrations, the intention has been to expose what happens behind the walls of each slaughterhouse, farm or any place used for the use or com- mercialization of animals as a product.The comic reflects the history of these species, through characters who, by means of their decisions regarding their food, experience what is behind each “product”, going through the production-distribution-consumption rou- te. A mysterious character, always camouflaged with the environment, tries to make consumers understand what happens to these animals and what they have to go through every day in the animal exploitation industry. The objective of this work is to show what goes on behind the consump- tion of food of animal origin and to get a solid base to understand and have the capacity to structure a comic strip.In addition to improving the drawing technique and reinforcing the ana- tomy of the characters and the environment, [ES] Este proyecto consiste en un cómic titulado ESTO ESTÁ DE MUERTE, que cuenta la situación por la que pasan los animales considerados de granja for- mando parte de la industria de explotación animal. Mediante ilustraciones, la intención ha sido exponer lo que ocurre detrás de los muros de cada matadero, granja o cualquier lugar utilizado para el uso o comercialización de los animales como un producto.El cómic refleja la historia de estas especies, a través de personajes que mediante sus decisiones respecto a su alimentación viven lo que hay detrás de cada “producto”, pasando por el recorrido de producción-distribución-consumo. Un personaje misterioso, camuflado siempre con el entorno, intenta ha- cer comprender a los consumidores sobre lo que les sucede a esos animales y por lo que tienen que pasar cada día en la industria de explotación animal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evidenciar lo que sucede detrás del consumo de alimentos de origen animal y conseguir una base sólida en el cómic para entender y tener la capacidad de estructurar una historieta.Además de fortalecer la técnica de dibujo y reforzar la anatomía de los personajes y el entorno.

Nutritional choices are affected by culture, tradition and above all by the narrative we adopt for human history. The article gives an overview of the (pseudo)scientific beliefs, psychological factors and ethical orientations that affect nutritional choices. Among the various food theories today, great importance is given, for example, to the so-called Paleolithic diet, which consists of proposing a dietary model based on blood groups, which are assumed to have developed throughout different periods of the natural evolution of Homo sapiens, which were characterized by peculiar alimentary regimes. Moreover, psychological determinant drivers affect food choices and could lead to pathological eating behaviors (e.g., anorexia, overeating, binge eating). Finally, the ethical aspects of nutrition are closely correlated to vegetarianism, which in turn embraces an anti-speciesist thinking and recognizes the need for humans not to inflict unnecessary suffering on animals. Vegetarianism, anti-speciesism and ecologism often represent different aspects of the same issue: a lifestyle that testifies the need for a change in traditional paradigms, in the interest of humankind and the future of life on our planet. MNiSW grant 261/ WCN/2019/1 “Wsparcie dla Czasopism Naukowych” Vol. 11 No. 2 31 37 3 Ethics in Progress

Le présent article revient sur les positions anti-spécistes de certains poètes chinois. Pour ce faire, l’article aborde brièvement la position des « Trois Enseignements » chinois, à savoir le confucianisme, le taoïsme et le bouddhisme ; avant de poursuivre avec la traduction et le commentaire d’une dizaine de poèmes dont l’écriture s’étale sur plusieurs siècles. This paper aims to put light on the anti-speciesism of some Chinese poets. To this end, this paper briefly introduces how the “Three Doctrines” (Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism) take a stand on this issue. Then, it emphasizes the poets’ point of view through the translation and comment of a dozen of poems written over centuries.

This special issue devoted to anti-speciesism collects essays which examine different branches of modern and contemporary studies on the status of non-human animals and the role that cognitive progress should play in our ability to abandon the idea that something is uniquely human, analyzing at the same time the difficult relationship between the inclusion of other animals and the law.

This paper aims to put light on the anti-speciesism of some Chinese poets. To this end, this paper briefly introduces how the “Three Doctrines” (Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism) take a stand on this issue. Then, it emphasizes the poets’ point of view through the translation and comment of a dozen of poems written over centuries., Le présent article revient sur les positions anti-spécistes de certains poètes chinois. Pour ce faire, l’article aborde brièvement la position des « Trois Enseignements » chinois, à savoir le confucianisme, le taoïsme et le bouddhisme ; avant de poursuivre avec la traduction et le commentaire d’une dizaine de poèmes dont l’écriture s’étale sur plusieurs siècles.

This article draws on 22 interviews with Italian anti-speciesists to develop a sociological account of the quest for ethical consistency in the animal rights movement. The essay analyzes three relevant consequences of the search for consistency—identity extension, social segregation, and self-transformation—and discusses their impact on the activists’ lives. Consistency appears as both a source of self-gratification and a burden. On the one hand, self-gratification results from a sense of moral pride and the certainty of fighting for a just cause. On the other hand, the pursuit of a consistent lifestyle is highly demanding in terms of time and energy, and can have negative effects on the activist’s relationships with family and peers. While the paper adopts an individual-level perspective, it also examines how the findings might relate to vegan mobilization. It is argued that the findings might be generalizable to activists in other countries who face similar challenges.

International audience

Consécutivement aux avancées de l’éthologie (l’animal pense, souffre, se projette même dans le futur), aux données de l’anthropologie (l’animal, dans de nombreuses sociétés, est considéré comme un sujet à part entière) et aux déductions de la philosophie (s’il est un sujet, il a donc des droits), nous assistons aujourd’hui à une révision de la frontière homme/animal. Cette remise en cause, illustrée par des ouvrages comme Animal liberation (1975) de Peter Singer, a des effets collatéraux : en « libérant » les animaux elle dédouane aussi, et rend donc représentable, toute une série de fantasmes liés à la sexualité entre espèces différentes. Concevable sur un plan logique, cette révolution pose des problèmes d’ordre symbolique. Les rumeurs rattachées aux pratiques zoophiles, avec leur cortège de traumatismes, de maladies et autres « sanctions » (naturelles et surnaturelles) nous rappellent que l’abolition des différences, sur le plan de l’imaginaire, a des effets catastrophiques : loin d’assurer la paix, elle engendre le désordre et alimente les conflits., Following advances in ethology, leading to the idea that animals think, suffer and even make plans for the future ; data from anthropology, showing how many societies regard animals as individuals in their own right ; and deductions of philosophy, whereby if an animal counts as an individual then it has rights, the human/animal boundary is experiencing vast changes. This questioning, illustrated by works such as Animal Liberation (1975) by Peter Singer, has collateral effects : by « liberating » animals, other barriers are also broken down and thus a whole range of fantasies about inter-species sex can be imagined. Although logically conceivable, this revolution poses problems of a symbolic nature. Speculation about bestial practices, with their associated ensemble of injuries, diseases and other « punishments » (natural and supernatural) remind us that the removal of imaginary differences has catastrophic effects : far from ensuring peace, it creates disorder and fuels conflicts., Consecuencia de las avances en la etnología (el animal piensa, sufre, incluso se proyecta en el futuro), de los datos de la antropología (el animal, en muchas sociedades, es considerado como un sujeto de pleno derecho) y de las reflexiones filosóficas (si hay un sujeto, lógicamente tiene derechos), actualmente asistimos a una revisión de la frontera hombre/animal. Este cuestionamiento, ilustrado por obras como Animal Liberation de Peter Singer, ha causado efectos colaterales : al « liberar » a los animales, se libera también, y por lo tanto se vuelven representables, a toda una serie de fantasmas ligados con la sexualidad entre especies diferentes. Concebible en el plan lógico, esta revolución provoca problemas de tipo simbólico. Los rumores relacionados con las prácticas zoófilas, con su cortejo de traumas, enfermedades y otras « sanciones » (naturales y sobrenaturales) nos recuerdan que la abolición de las diferencias, al nivel imaginario, tiene efectos catastróficos : lejos de asegurar la paz, se engendra el desorden y se alimentan los conflictos.

The objective of this thesis is to develop a new way of thinking about the theory and practice of human rights to accommodate the demands of vegans for basic moral rights for nonhuman animals. The work firstly outlines the ways in which the claims of vegans, under the right to freedom of thought and conscience, are largely unsupported by existing human rights because they are typically outweighed by the wider interests of the majority. Drawing on the work of Emmanuel Levinas, the thesis considers arguments that ground the nature of vegan claims in the ethics of alterity. It specifically utilises the argument that the basis of human rights recognises ethical responsibility to the precarious, mortal other. Upendra Baxi cautiously supports the application of Levinas’ philosophy to the ethics of law, and there is a slowly growing body of literature in this regard. This thesis is the first human rights work to show that Levinas’ ethics of alterity can also be applied to nonhuman others, and that human rights arguments can include claims that the avoidable suffering of nonhuman animals is a human rights wrong. The argument developed within this thesis allows a reconceptualisation of the human rights demands of vegans as claims representing a well-established ethical regard for nonhumans. Looking to Levinas’ ethics of alterity not only illustrates a new approach to human rights litigation to accommodate vegans but also grounds the protection of other animals and allows for a reconceptualisation of the very idea of human rights.

Quando le rappresentazioni e le simbologie animali ridimensionano e mettono in discussione lo statuto umano, ci si trova di fronte al passaggio dal “teriomorfismo” alla “questione animale”. Ciò significa che, da semplici tropi, le figure animali divengono operatori epistemologici che forzano un ripensamento dell’antropocentrismo e mettono in luce i limiti dello specismo. Le raccolte di poesie “Macello” (2004) e “La Morte Moglie” (2013) di Ivano Ferrari sono, all’interno della letteratura italiana, tra i più recenti ed intensi esempi di questo passaggio dal teriomorfismo alla questione animale. Queste poesie costituiscono un diario in presa diretta del periodo che Ivano Ferrari ha trascorso come operaio al mattatoio di Belfiore, presso Mantova. La sua scrittura testimonia le tensioni presenti nel rapporto umano-animale quando questi, fuori e dentro il mattatoio, diventano rispettivamente carnefice e vittima, svelando anche i profondi legami tra crudeltà verso l’animale (interspecifica) e crudeltà verso l’umano (intraspecifica). I componimenti di Ferrari mostrano inoltre come, proprio nell’inumanità dello spazio del mattatoio, sia possibile un contatto con l’animale che riduce la distanza tra specie causata dall’antropocentrismo., When animal representations and symbols reconfigure and challenge human status, we are then confronted with a transition from theriomorphism to the so-called Animal Question. This means that, from simple tropes, animal figures become epistemological operators that force a reconsideration of anthropocentrism and highlight the limits of speciesism. Ivano Ferrari’s poetry collections “Macello” (2004) and “La morte moglie” (2013) are, within Italian literature, among the most recent and intense examples of this shift from theriomorphism to the Animal Question. The poems constitute a type of diary of the period Ferrari spent working in the abattoir in Belfiore, near Mantua. His writing bears witness to the tensions present in the relationship between humans and animals when, inside and outside of the slaughterhouse, they become respectively executioner and victim, revealing even the profound links between cruelty to the animal (interspecific) and cruelty to the human (intraspecific). Ferrari’s compositions also show how, precisely in the inhumane space of the slaughterhouse, contact with the animal is possible, contact that reduces that distance between species caused by anthropocentrism., Cuando las representaciones y símbolos de animales reconfiguran y cuestionan el estatus de lo humano, nos enfrentamos a la transición del teriomorfismo a la llamada Cuestión Animal. Esto significa que las figuras animales pasan de ser simples tropos a operadores epistemológicos que fuerzan una reconsideración del antropocentrismo y resaltan los límites del especismo. Los poemarios “Macello” (2004) y “La morte moglie” (2013) de Ivano Ferrari se encuentran, dentro de la literatura italiana, entre los ejemplos más recientes e intensos de este cambio del teriormofismo hacia la Cuestión Animal. Los poemas constituyen un tipo de diario del periodo que Ferrari pasó trabajando en el matadero en Belfiore, cerca de Mantua. Su escritura da testimonio de las tensiones contemporáneas en la relación entre humanos y animales cuando, dentro y fuera del matadero, estos se vuelven verdugo y víctima respectivamente, revelando inclusive los profundos vínculos entre crueldad hacia los animales (inter-específico) y crueldad al humano (intra-específico). Las composiciones de Ferrari también muestran cómo, precisamente en el espacio inhumano del matadero, el contacto con lo animal es posible, un contacto que reduce la distancia entre las especies causado por el antropocentrismo.