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Caragana korshinskii kom. (CKK) waste, a common forestry byproduct in northwest of China, presents challenges in its transformation into alternative ruminant feed due to its initial nutritional limitations and unappealing palatability. Conventional strategies, such as ensiling and fungalbased solid-state fermentation (SSF) cannot effectively address this issue in practice. Herein, a two-stage bioaugmentation (TBA) process was devised, leveraging the benefits of ensiling and SSF. During the anaerobic ensiling phase, CKK waste was inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP1, effectively suppressing potential animal pathogens such as Aspergillus and Nocardiopsis while enriching the material with potential probiotics like Pediococcus and Lactiplantibacillus, reaching an abundance of 95.7%. In the subsequent aerobic SSF stage, the ensiled CKK underwent inoculation with the white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus F17, which became enriched to 87.9%. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis identified Irpex as the key taxon, possessing an extensive redox enzyme system that led to the improvement in nutrient composition, reduction of astringent phenolic substances, and mitigation of mycotoxins. As a result, the crude protein content of the CKK increased by 39.2%, while lignin, total phenolic substances, and tannic acid content decreased by 24.4%, 52.2%, and 51.4%, respectively. The mycotoxin levels, including aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, and vomitoxin, were rendered negligible, confirming the safety. Overall, this study demonstrates the TBA strategy can successfully transform challenging and unpalatable CKK waste into a nutrient-enriched and safe mycelium-based bioproduct, thereby enabling the valorization of a previously underutilized forestry resource as a promising alternative feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the main sources of plant protein, it is important to improve the protein digestibility of legumes. Faced with population growth and increasing environmental pressures, it is essential to find a green approach. Germination meets this requirement, and in the process of natural growth, some enzymes are activated to make dynamic changes in the protein itself; at the same time, other substances (especially anti-nutrient factors) can also be degraded by enzymes or their properties (water solubility, etc.), thereby reducing the binding with protein, and finally improving the protein digestibility of beans under the combined influence of these factors The whole process is low-carbon, environmentally friendly and safe. Therefore, this paper summarizes this process to provide a reference for the subsequent development of soybean functional food, especially the germination of soybean functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

菜籽饼粕营养丰富，但含抗营养因子。为降低菜籽饼粕中抗营养因子，提高菜籽饼粕的利用率，促进其规模化开发利用，介绍了菜籽饼粕中的营养物质、抗营养因子含量，并从单菌发酵、混菌发酵、菌酶协同发酵等发酵菌株，以及液态发酵和固态发酵、一步发酵和分步发酵等发酵工艺方面综述了菜籽饼粕抗营养因子降解的研究进展，探讨了发酵前后菜籽饼粕营养特性的变化，展望了未来菜籽饼粕微生物发酵技术的研究方向。微生物发酵技术可显著降低菜籽饼粕中的抗营养因子，提高其饲用价值，具有广阔的发展空间。今后应从加强宣传推广、选育性能优越的菌株、优化发酵工艺等方面出发促进菜籽饼粕微生物发酵技术的发展。Rapeseed cake and meal is rich in nutrients, but contains anti-nutritional factors. In order to reduce the content of anti-nutritional factors in rapeseed cake and meal, improve the utilization rate of rapeseed cake and meal, and promote its large-scale development and utilization, the nutrient and anti-nutritional factors in rapeseed cake and meal were introduced, and the research progress on the degradation of anti-nutritional factors in rapeseed cake and meal from the perspectives of single strain fermentation, mixed strain fermentation, strain and enzyme synergistic fermentation, as well as liquid and solid state fermentation, one-step and step-by-step fermentation processes were reviewed. The changes in the nutritional properties of rapeseed cake and meal before and after fermentation were discussed, and the future research direction of the microbial fermentation technology of rapeseed cake and meal was anticipated. Microbial fermentation technology could significantly reduce the anti-nutritional factors in rapeseed cake and meal and improve its feeding value, which had a broad development space. In the future, the development of microbial fermentation technology for rapeseed cake and meal should be promoted by strengthening publicity and promotion, selecting and breeding strains with superior performance, and optimizing the fermentation process.

旨在揭示弱酸高盐法提取菜籽蛋白的潜力，以脱脂低温压榨菜籽饼为原料，MgCl2溶液为提取液，采用弱酸高盐法提取菜籽蛋白，采用单因素实验研究提取温度、提取pH、提取时间、提取液浓度及料液比对菜籽蛋白提取率的影响，采用正交实验进行菜籽蛋白的弱酸高盐法提取工艺优化，并比较弱酸高盐法菜籽蛋白与碱提酸沉法菜籽蛋白在抗营养因子（植酸、硫苷和单宁）含量与感官特性（气味、色泽）上的差异。结果表明：弱酸高盐法提取菜籽蛋白的最佳工艺条件为提取温度50 ℃、提取pH 6.5、提取时间150 min、提取液浓度150 mmol/L、料液比1∶ 30，在最佳工艺条件下菜籽蛋白提取率为（48.00±1.12）%，纯度为（73.99±2.87）%；弱酸高盐法菜籽蛋白的单宁含量为（0.90±0.06）%，植酸含量为（0.04±0.01）%，未检测出硫苷，色泽为浅黄色，各指标明显优于碱提酸沉法菜籽蛋白。弱酸高盐法作为一种温和的工艺在菜籽蛋白提取方面具有较好的开发潜力和应用前景。To reveal the potential of extracting rapeseed protein by weak acid and high salt method, with defatted low-temperature pressed rapeseed cake as raw material, MgCl2 solution as extracant, the protein was extracted by weak acid and high salt method. The effects of extraction temperature, extraction pH, extraction time, extractant concentration and material-liquid ratio on rapeseed protein extraction rate were studied by single factor experiment, and then orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the extraction conditions. The differences of anti-nutritional factors (phytic acid, glucosinolate and tannin)content and sensory characteristics (smell and color) between rapeseed protein extracted by weak acid and high salt method and alkali extraction and acid precipitation method were further studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions for extracting rapeseed protein with weak acid and high salt method were as follows: extraction temperature 50 ℃, extraction pH 6.5, extraction time 150 min, MgCl2 solution concentration 150 mmol/L, and material-liquid ratio 1∶ 30. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of rapeseed protein was (48.00±1.12)%, and the purity was (73.99±287)%. The tannin and phytic acid contents of rapeseed protein obtained by this method were (0.90±006)% and (0.04±0.01)%, respectively, no glucosinolate was detected, and the color was light yellow. Each index was obviously better than that of rapeseed protein prepared by alkali extraction and acid precipitation method. Weak acid and high salt method, as a mild process, has good development potential and application prospect in rapeseed protein extraction.

Due to increased demand for common feedstuffs such as corn, soybean and fish meals for poultry diets, the search for alternative sources of energy and protein for feed production could help to reduce production costs in the commercial poultry industry. Camelina sativa might be considered a new source of protein, energy and n-3 fatty acids (FA) in poultry diets. The oil content of camelina seeds (CS) is about 35 to 40%. Approximately 50% of this oil is composed of polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, camelina meal (CM) has 16% crude fat. The major n-3 FA of CS and CM is α-linolenic acid (about 30%) which is considered to be nutritionally important. The oil contains other bio-active compounds such as γ-tocopherol, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Camelina seeds and meal can produce 6258 and 5110 kcal/kg of gross energy, 245–292 and 315–398 g/kg crude protein and 248 and 127 g/kg crude fibre, respectively. However, CS and CM contain 21.77 and 28.08 μmol/g glucosinolates and 12.10 and 12.93 TIU /mg trypsin inhibitors, respectively as anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) that can affect poultry performance adversely. Overall, dietary inclusion of camelina products will supply energy and protein for bird, enhance the antioxidant capacity and lipid stability of poultry products and provide health-promoting n-3 FA and tocopherol rich-foods to humans. However, raw CS contains some ANFs, and its maximum safe level (MSL) is 5% meal or seed, and 2% oil for all type of birds. Hence, it is necessary to establish suitable techniques for removing anti-nutritional factors from CS and increase its MSL in poultry diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the main sources of plant protein, it is important to improve the protein digestibility of legumes. Faced with population growth and increasing environmental pressures, it is essential to find a green approach. Germination meets this requirement, and in the process of natural growth, some enzymes are activated to make dynamic changes in the protein itself; at the same time, other substances (especially anti-nutrient factors) can also be degraded by enzymes or their properties (water solubility, etc.), thereby reducing the binding with protein, and finally improving the protein digestibility of beans under the combined influence of these factors The whole process is low-carbon, environmentally friendly and safe. Therefore, this paper summarizes this process to provide a reference for the subsequent development of soybean functional food, especially the germination of soybean functional food.

为给膨化大豆粉相关产品的开发和应用提供参考，根据生产实践经验，总结了在无抗大环境下膨化大豆粉的生产加工技术、关键设备和关键指标控制，并对膨化大豆粉在仔猪、奶牛、水产和家禽饲料中的应用研究情况进行了综述。原料大豆经除杂、破碎、粉碎、调质、膨化、冷却、干燥、破碎等工艺生产膨化大豆粉，膨化大豆粉生产关键设备包括原料破碎机、锤片式粉碎机、调质器、膨化机、翻板冷却器、成品破碎机等。膨化大豆粉关键指标为抗营养因子（脲酶活性0.01～0.03 U/g）、氢氧化钾蛋白质溶解度（75%~80%）、脂肪（17%～20%）、粗蛋白质（35%～39%）、水分（≤12%）、颗粒度（0.85 mm筛网过筛率≥90%）等，可通过调节工艺参数和加工工艺等方式，控制关键指标。膨化大豆粉可用于仔猪、奶牛、水产、家禽的饲料中，具有促进消化吸收、提高生产性能等优点。综上，膨化大豆粉生产工艺简单，同时对提高养殖经济效益具有十分重要的意义。In order to provide reference for the development and application of extruded soybean powder products, the processing technology of extruded soybean powder in non-resistant environment, key equipments and key control indicators were summarized according to the practical experience of production.In addition, the applications of extruded soybean powder in piglets, dairy cows, poultry and aquatic feed were overviewed. Extruded soybean powder was produced by the process of impurity removal, crushing, grinding, conditioning, extruding, cooling, drying and crushing. The key equipments of the extruded soybean powder production included raw material crusher, hammer mill, conditioner, extruder, flip plate cooler, finished product crusher and other equipment. The key indicators of extruded soybean powder were mainly anti-nutritional factors (urease activity 0.01-0.03 U/g), KOH nitrogen solubility index(75%-80%), fat (17%-20%), crude protein (35%-39%), moisture (≤12%), and particle size (0.85 mm screen passing rate ≥90%), which could be controlled by adjusting production process and process parameters. Extruded soybean powder could be used in the feed of piglets, dairy cows, aquatic products and poultry, which had the advantages of promoting digestion and absorption, improving production performance. In summary, the production process of extruded soybean powder is simple, and it has a very important significance for improving the economic benefits of breeding.

Glutamine has been used to improve intestinal development and immunity in fish. We previously found that dietary glutamine enhances growth and alleviates enteritis in juvenile hybrid groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). This study aimed to further reveal the protective role of glutamine on glycinin-induced enteritis by integrating transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic trial diets were formulated: a diet containing 10% glycinin (11S group), 10% glycinin diet supplemented with 2% alanine-glutamine (Gln group), and a diet containing neither glycinin nor alanine-glutamine (fishmeal, FM group). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate hybrid grouper groups for 8 weeks. The analysis of intestinal transcriptomic and proteomics revealed a total of 570 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 169 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the 11S and FM comparison group. Similarly, a total of 626 DEGs and 165 DEPs were identified in the Gln and 11S comparison group. Integration of transcriptome and proteome showed that 117 DEGs showed consistent expression patterns at both the transcriptional and translational levels in the Gln and 11S comparison group. These DEGs showed significant enrichment in pathways associated with intestinal epithelial barrier function, such as extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, tight junction, and cell adhesion molecules (P < 0.05). Further, the expression levels of genes (myosin-11, cortactin, tenascin, major histocompatibility complex class I and II) related to these pathways above were significantly upregulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels (P < 0.05). The microRNA results showed that the expression levels of miR-212 (target genes colla1 and colla2) and miR-18a-5p (target gene colla1) in fish fed Gln group were significantly lower compared to the 11S group fish (P < 0.05). In conclusion, ECM-receptor interaction, tight junction, and cell adhesion molecules pathways play a key role in glutamine alleviation of hybrid grouper enteritis induced by high-dose glycinin, in which miRNAs and target mRNAs/proteins participated cooperatively. Our findings provide valuable insights into the RNAs and protein profiles, contributing to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism for fish enteritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to uncover the current knowledge on using bioconverted agricultural byproducts in the chicken diet and the impact of these byproducts on performance, product quality, and health status. Agricultural and agro-industrial activities generate thousands of tons of byproducts. Converting these agricultural byproducts into valuable entities would be an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and viable part of byproduct management. Upon recycling to make new products, the process contributes to socio-economic value and maintaining environmental health and paves the way for realizing energy security and a circular economy. The current paper identifies that solid-state fermentation has attracted more research attention than other fermentation counterparts because it requires minimal moisture, good oxygen availability, cheap media, low wastewater generation, low cost, a low processing scheme, low energy demand, and high productivity. This paper illustrates the role of proteolytic and lignin-degrading enzymes present in bacteria and fungi in the bioconversion process of complex polymers into smaller molecules of amino acids and simple sugar with a profound improvement in the palatability and bioavailability of agricultural products. In addition, the paper gives more detailed insights into using bioconverted agricultural products in chickens to improve performance, product quality, gut microbiota and morphology, and chicken welfare. In conclusion, the bioconversion of agricultural byproducts is an encouraging endeavor that should be supported by governments, research centers, universities, and non-governmental entities to improve the productivity of animal source foods by ensuring environmental sustainability and expanding food security efforts for national development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soymilk was subjected to high pressure processing (HPP) at different pressure levels (300–600 MPa) and time (5, 15 and 25 min) intervals. After the HPP treatment, a mild reduction was observed in soymilk pH and conductivity values; however, a sudden surge in the protein content (17.34±0.10 mg/ml) was recorded at 600 MPa (5 min) treatment. When soymilk proteins were evaluated for their structural changes, FTIR (amide regions), CD spectra, and UV inflorescence showed the positive responses and as the result, soy Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) antigen binding ability reduced from 100% to 44.39±8.50% at 300 MPa (5 min). However, prolong exposure at 300 MPa had a negative effect on allergenicity. Nevertheless, HPP treatment reduced the lipoxygenase (100.00% to 68.13±12.80%) and trypsin inhibitor (100.00% to 91.30±1.45%) activities. In addition, the treatment also slightly altered the viscosity, whiteness, and volatile aroma components of soymilk after HPP treatment. Principal component analysis revealed that among 22 selected volatiles, only those belong to PC1 and PC2 caused 68% variance in aroma changes. Overall, HPP treatment reduced allergenicity, trypsin inhibitor activity and lipoxygenase activity without modifying the soymilk nature. Further, it also reduced the beany flavor inducing hexanal volatile content after the treatment.

AbstractThe need to ensure availability of locust beans when off-season forms the basis of this study. The study investigated the drying characteristics, nutritional composition and some anti-nutritional contents of dried locust beans. Fermented locust beans were dried at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 90°C. The moisture contents of the fermented locust seeds were determined at different time intervals between 0 and 480 min. Lower moisture content was achieved in a shorter drying time at higher temperature. The dried locust bean samples had lower moisture contents (12.36–12.76%) compared to control sample (38.76%). Higher drying temperature resulted in low ash content of the samples but increased the fibre, fat and protein content of the samples. The dried samples had low mineral contents compared to the fresh sample, which was used as control. The most abundant mineral in the samples were found to be calcium and zinc. No significant difference was observed in the titratable acidity and the pH of the locust bean samples at varying drying temperature. Increase in temperature resulted to a reduction in the antioxidant, phenolic composition and the anti-nutritional properties of the dried locust bean samples. Panelists preferred samples dried at lower temperature (50°C and 60°C compared with the samples dried at high temperature. The study concluded that locust bean should be dried using a carefully selected temperature to avoid negative impacts on the nutrients of the beans.

The digestibility of soybean meal can be severely impacted by trypsin inhibitor (TI), one of the most abundant anti-nutritional factors present in soybean seeds. TI can restrain the function of trypsin, a critical enzyme that breaks down proteins in the digestive tract. Soybean accessions with low TI content have been identified. However, it is challenging to breed the low TI trait into elite cultivars due to a lack of molecular markers associated with low TI traits. We identified Kunitz trypsin inhibitor 1 (KTI1, Gm01g095000) and KTI3 (Gm08g341500) as two seed-specific TI genes. Mutant kti1 and kti3 alleles carrying small deletions or insertions within the gene open reading frames were created in the soybean cultivar Glycine max cv. Williams 82 (WM82) using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing approach. The KTI content and TI activity both remarkably reduced in kti1/3 mutants compared to the WM82 seeds. There was no significant difference in terms of plant growth or maturity days of kti1/3 transgenic and WM82 plants in greenhouse condition. We further identified a T1 line, #5-26, that carried double homozygous kti1/3 mutant alleles, but not the Cas9 transgene. Based on the sequences of kti1/3 mutant alleles in #5-26, we developed markers to co-select for these mutant alleles by using a gelelectrophoresis-free method. The kti1/3 mutant soybean line and associated selection markers will assist in accelerating the introduction of low TI trait into elite soybean cultivars in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry industry has been and is still suffering considerable challenges because of the increasing price of soybean meal. Therefore, it is imperative to find alternative, high-quality plant protein sources. Peanut meal (PNM), a by-product of peanut oil extraction, is abundant in crude protein (40.1–50.9%), making it a potential plant protein source. However, nutritional and non-nutritional limitations are detrimental to its application in poultry diets, such as an imbalance in amino acid composition, phytate and the risk of aflatoxins pollution. As a processing technique, solid-state fermentation has been used to reduce phytate and improve the nutrient availability of plant protein sources in the feed industry. It is a promising approach to improving the application of PNM in poultry diets. There are several advantages to the solid-state fermentation of PNM, such as low-cost equipment, high productivity, the stability of the product and the minimization of energy consumption. Currently, there is still a lack of synthesized information on the application of solid-state fermented PNM in poultry. This review summarized the limiting factors for PNM application in poultry feed and the improvement of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional value of plant protein sources so as to evaluate the feasibility of improving the nutritional value of PNM as poultry feed through solid-state fermentation. We hope to shed some light on the selection of protein resources in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C., is called the four‐angled bean or Goa bean, which is an underutilized, non‐conventional, and multipurpose tropical legume cultivated in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea. The objective of this article was to reveal a comprehensive view on the nutritional properties, biochemical compositions, health benefits, processing, and food applications of winged beans. The average moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash content of 138 genotypes of winged bean seeds were found as 9.09 ± 1.73%, 26.81 ± 6.88%, 34.98 ± 4.63%, 18.01 ± 2.27%, 10.24 ± 5.49%, and 4.16 ± 0.41%, respectively. Leaves of winged beans are good sources of vitamins such as vitamin C (14.5–128 mg/100 g), thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin A (5240–20,800 IU), and vitamin E. The seed of winged beans is rich in calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, and copper. The anti‐nutritional factors, namely, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, phytic acid, saponin, tannin, oxalate, and flatulence saccharides of winged bean, were reported to be in the range of 40–99.5 TIU/mg of protein, 86.4–109.6 CIU/mg of protein, 4.09%–9.96%, 0.6%, 0.77%–0.97%, 0.5%, and 0.04%–0.18%, respectively. This bean can prevent diabetes, cancer, and asthma, boost immunity, and promote women's and men's reproductive health. Winged are transformed into consumable form by processing methods such as soaking, cooking, sprouting, fermentation, roasting, and so forth. This bean is processed into traditional products (curries, soup, pickles, etc.) and contemporary products (milk, tofu, tempeh, etc.). Future research should focus on promoting its utilization as an alternative to soybeans toward meeting global food and nutritional security.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The thermal damage of proteins and the presence of anti-nutritional factors seriously affect the quality of hot-pressed rapeseed meal (RSM), thereby limiting its utilization in the feed and food industry. Previously, we developed a co-fermentation method with multi-strains and cellulase that can simultaneously degrade the protein and anti-nutrient components in hot-pressed RSM. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fermentation on the physicochemical properties and nutritional value of hot-pressed RSM. After fermentation, the levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and glucosinolate (GLS) in hot pressed RSM decreased by 41.47% and 77.30%, respectively, and the trichloroacetic acid-soluble protein (TASP) and lysine contents increased by 1007.62% and 65.25%, respectively. During the fermentation process, the extensive hydrolysis of rapeseed protein resulted in a 49.11% yield of peptides < 3K Da, and intensified the umami, saltiness, sweetness, and bitterness of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM). Animal experiments demonstrated that co-fermentation effectively enhances the ileal digestibility of most amino acids in hot-pressed RSM, as well as the deposition of nitrogen and energy, thereby improving the growth of growing pigs. Overall, the co-fermentation with microbes and cellulase is an effective strategy for enhancing the quality of hot-pressed RSM. • Fermentation effectively degraded anti-nutritional factor in rapeseed meal (RSM). • The yield of peptides < 3 KDa in fermented RSM reached 49.11%. • Fermentation improved the digestibility of most amino acids of RSM. • Fermentation improved the nitrogen and energy utilization of RSM. • Fermented RSM improved the body weight gain and feed conversion rate of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work attempted to identify if microalgal biomass can be utilized as an alternative nutrition source in aquaculture feed by analyzing its nutritional value and the anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). The results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa contained high-value nutrients, including essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. The protein content in C. pyrenoidosa reached 52.4%, suggesting that microalgal biomass can be a good protein source for aquatic animals. We also discovered that C. pyrenoidosa contained some ANFs, including saponin, phytic acid, and tannins, which may negatively impact fish productivity. The high-molecular-weight proteins in microalgae may not be effectively digested by aquatic animals. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, proper measures should be taken to pretreat microalgal biomass to improve the nutritional value of a microalgae-based fish diet.

The poultry industry has been and is still suffering considerable challenges because of the increasing price of soybean meal. Therefore, it is imperative to find alternative, high-quality plant protein sources. Peanut meal (PNM), a by-product of peanut oil extraction, is abundant in crude protein (40.1–50.9%), making it a potential plant protein source. However, nutritional and non-nutritional limitations are detrimental to its application in poultry diets, such as an imbalance in amino acid composition, phytate and the risk of aflatoxins pollution. As a processing technique, solid-state fermentation has been used to reduce phytate and improve the nutrient availability of plant protein sources in the feed industry. It is a promising approach to improving the application of PNM in poultry diets. There are several advantages to the solid-state fermentation of PNM, such as low-cost equipment, high productivity, the stability of the product and the minimization of energy consumption. Currently, there is still a lack of synthesized information on the application of solid-state fermented PNM in poultry. This review summarized the limiting factors for PNM application in poultry feed and the improvement of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional value of plant protein sources so as to evaluate the feasibility of improving the nutritional value of PNM as poultry feed through solid-state fermentation. We hope to shed some light on the selection of protein resources in future research.

Soybean agglutinin (SBA) represents the anti-nutritional molecule in soybean. This molecule agglutinates erythrocytes of several animal species. The specific binding of SBA to glycoprotein of the cellular plasma membrane is necessary for SBA to exert its toxic action. The sensitivity of erythrocyte to SBA for various species is different, however, the pathway is unclear. We aimed to optimise the method of extracting erythrocyte membrane (EM) and to analyse the pathway of the different sensitivity of erythrocyte to SBA in three animals species (rabbit as a rodent, pig as an omnivore, and bovine as a ruminant). The method of low osmotic haemolysis was used to extract the EM. To precipitate the EM, we evaluated the purification effects of three lysis bufferes, including NP-40, RIPA (medium) and RIPA (weak). All SBA-specific binding proteins (SSBP) on erythrocyte membranes were conducted using co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) and analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS (Q-E)). The results showed that NP-40 lysis buffer was the most effective than the other two kinds of lysates to extract EM proteins. Functionally, the SSBP of EM could be divided into three categories in each animal, including cytoskeleton proteins, catalytic enzyme proteins and the functional regulatory proteins. The cytoskeleton proteins were the main different expressed proteins among the EM proteins in pig, rabbit than that in bovine, which may be one important reason for the difference of the SBA sensitivity. This research provides basis to reveal the pathway of SBA-induced hemagglutination differences in erythrocytes in different animal species.Highlights We optimised the method of extracting EM to isolate and identify SSBP in different animal species. NP-40 lysis buffer was the most effective than the other two kinds of lysates to extract EM proteins. Cytoskeleton proteins were the main different expressed proteins among the EM proteins in pig, rabbit, and cow.

Mulberry leaf is an excellent protein resource that can be used as feed additive for livestock and poultry. Nevertheless, the use of mulberry leaves in animal diets is limited by its protease inhibitors, tannic acid and other anti-nutritional factors. This study systematically analyzed the type and activity of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) from the leaves of 34 mulberry varieties, aiming to reveal the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanism of SPIs. The types and activities of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) and chymotrypsin inhibitors (CIs) exhibited polymorphisms among different mulberry varieties. The highest number of types of inhibitors was detected in Jinshi, with six TIs (TI-1~TI-6) and six CIs (CI-1~CI-6). TIs and CIs exhibited strong thermal and acid–base stability. High-temperature and high-pressure treatment could reduce the activities of TIs and CIs to a certain extent. β-mercaptoethanol treatment could completely abolish TIs and CIs, suggesting that the disulfide bridges were critical for their inhibitory activities. The Maillard reaction could effectively eliminate the inhibitory activities of TI-1~TI-4 and CI-1~CI-4. This study reveals the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanisms of the anti-nutritional SPIs from mulberry leaves, which is helpful to exploit mulberry-leaf food with low-activity SPIs, promote the development and utilization of mulberry-leaf resources in animal feed and provide reference for mulberry breeding with different functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tannins are a group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely present in plant region and possess various biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, etc. Tannins have traditionally been regarded as "anti-nutritional factor" for monogastric animals and poultry, but recent researches have revealed some of them, when applied in appropriate manner, improved intestinal microbial ecosystem, enhanced gut health and hence increased productive performance. Therefore, tannins are the major research subject in developing natural alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Strong protein affinity is the well-recognized property of plant tannins, which has successfully been applied to ruminant nutrition to decrease protein degradation in the rumen, and thereby improve protein utilization and animal production efficiency. Incorporations of tannin-containing forage in ruminant diets to control animal pasture bloat, intestinal parasite and pathogenic bacteria load are another 3 important applications of tannins in ruminant animals. In conclusion, use of tannins in appropriate manner may help to improve animal performance and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of a novel low trypsin inhibitor soybean (LTI) fed as mash or crumbled pellet form on the productive performance and digestibility in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d. A total of 336 Hybrid Converter turkey poults were allocated in groups of 7 to 6 treatments, each with 8 replicate cages. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with inclusion level of the low trypsin-inhibitor soybean (0, 20, and 40% LTI) and feed form (mash and crumbled pellet). A single batch of feed was mixed for each inclusion level and divided into 2 aliquots: one remaining as mash and the other conditioned at 82°C for approximately 30 s, pelleted and then crumbled. On d 7, 14, and 21 posthatching, BW, and feed intake (FI) were recorded and BW gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. Excreta samples were collected from d 19 to 21 and pooled by cage. At d 21, intestines were excised, pancreas weights recorded (PRW), and ileal contents collected. There were no interactions (linear, P > 0.05) between LTI inclusion and feed form on BW, BWG, FI, or FCR at d 7 or 21. Increasing LTI resulted in a linear reduction in BW at 7, 14, and 21 d (P < 0.006). Poults fed crumbles were significantly heavier at d 21 than those fed mash feed (P < 0.027) with no interaction of LTI level with feed form. FCR was not significantly greater with increasing LTI. However, poults fed crumbles had a better, lower FCR that those fed mash feed from d 0 to 21 (P < 0.018). There was a significant interaction between feed form and LTI level at 14 d (P < 0.031), but not 7 or 21 d. Pancreatic hypertrophy (PRW) increased linearly with increasing LTI (P < 0.001) with a significant linear interaction with feed form (P < 0.001). Poults fed crumbles had less pancreatic hypertrophy. At 21 d of age, dietary fat digestibility (ALD, %) was linearly reduced with increasing LTI (P < 0.001). However, poults fed crumbles had significantly better fat absorption than poults fed mash (91.2 vs. 85.8%) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). AMEn was significantly better for the poults fed crumbles compared to mash (3228 vs. 3132 kcal/kg) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). Based on the results this trial, it is possible to include up to 20% unheated full fat LTI soybeans into poult starter diets after pelleting. Pelleting improves nutrient utilization, allowing for greater incorporation of the LTI soybean in the crumbled diet compared to the mash diet.

The study evaluated the impact of fermentation with Bacillus sp. on the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) and the changes of bacterial community structure during fermentation. High protease-producing strains were screened to degrade SBM macromolecular protein and anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). Unsterilized SBM then underwent an anaerobic solid-state fermentation method to evaluate the effects of fermentation. Results showed that for the nine high-producing protease strains that were screened, acid-soluble protein (ASP) contents in fermented SBM increased, with the highest value found to be 13.48%, which was fermented using strain N-11. N-11 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. N-11 fermentation reduced ANFs such as glycinin and β-conglycinin by 82.38 and 88.32%, respectively. During N-11 fermentation, the bacterial richness and diversity in SBM increased but not significantly. The high-yield protease strain B. subtilis N-11 selected in this experiment improved the nutritional quality of SBM through fermentation, and it can be used for industrial large-scale production.

The replacement of the finite and costly resource fish oil is an important task for aquaculture nutrition. A promising approach could be the use of plant bioactives that may have the potential to influence the metabolism and the synthesis of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). In this study, the two phytochemicals resveratrol (RV) and genistein (G) were investigated for their effects on fish growth, nutrient utilization and body nutrient composition alongside their effects on whole body fatty acid (FA) composition. In a feeding trial lasting 8 weeks, rainbow trout (initial BW: 81.4±0.5 g) were held in a recirculating aquaculture system and fed six experimental diets with varying fish oil levels as plain variants or supplemented with 0.3% of dry matter (DM) of either RV or G. The six diets were as follows: diet F4 had 4% DM fish oil, diet F0 had 0% DM fish oil, diets F4+RV, F4+G, F0+RV and F0+G were equal to the diets F4 and F0, respectively, and supplemented with the phytochemicals RV and G. The feeding of the F0+RV diet resulted in reduced feed intake, growth rate and slightly reduced whole body lipid levels. At the same time, the amount of polyunsaturated FA and the n-3/n-6 ratio were significantly increased in whole body homogenates of rainbow trout fed diet F0+RV in comparison to the F0 control. The feeding of the F0+G diet led to reduced feed intake, slightly increased protein utilization but did not significantly affect the whole body FA composition. Overall, feeding the fish oil-free diet supplemented with the phytochemicals resulted in more pronounced effects on fish performance and FA composition than the single factors per se (dietary fish oil level or phytochemical). Present data indicate that G might not be of profitable use for trout nutrition. In terms of FA composition, RV could be a potentially useful complement for fish oil. However, the impairment of growth and performance parameters as observed in the present study discourages its use in trout diets.

The nutritional potential of twelve wild edible plants of Hassan district was botanically identified and analysed for their nutritional and antinutritional values. The present study showed that the crude protein varied from 0.26±0.05 g/100 g to 5.88±0.55 g/100 g for different plant species. Vitamin C was high and found to have a maximum content in fruits of Gardenia latifolia (71.2±1.7 mg/100 g), Buchanania lanzan (47.34±1.33 mg/100 g), and Canthium parviflorum (21.7±1.18 mg/100 g). In contrast, the tubers of Aponogeton echinatus has rich in carbohydrates (26.50±0.34 g/100 g). In the various wild edible plants, the energy content ranged from 83 to 158.3 kcal/100 g. Also, the minerals quantified in the fruit Grewia tiliifolia contained a fair amount of potassium (1179.6±8.35 mg/100 g) followed by calcium in Canthium parviflorum (356.2±3.75 mg/100 g), phosphorus in Buchanania lanzan (263.7±4.63 mg/100 g). We also examined at total phenolic contents, which ranged from 13.30.88 mg/100 g to 582.31.45 mg/100 g in fruits of Grewia tiliifolia and tubers of Dioscorea pentaphylla, as well as anti-nutritional factors like oxalate, which was present lowest in the fruit of Buchanania lanzan (7.8±0.72 mg/100 g). The findings show that the wild edible plants used were a good source of nutrients and could be used as a nutrition source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean agglutinin (SBA) represents the anti-nutritional molecule in soybean. This molecule agglutinates erythrocytes of several animal species. The specific binding of SBA to glycoprotein of the cellular plasma membrane is necessary for SBA to exert its toxic action. The sensitivity of erythrocyte to SBA for various species is different, however, the pathway is unclear. We aimed to optimise the method of extracting erythrocyte membrane (EM) and to analyse the pathway of the different sensitivity of erythrocyte to SBA in three animals species (rabbit as a rodent, pig as an omnivore, and bovine as a ruminant). The method of low osmotic haemolysis was used to extract the EM. To precipitate the EM, we evaluated the purification effects of three lysis bufferes, including NP-40, RIPA (medium) and RIPA (weak). All SBA-specific binding proteins (SSBP) on erythrocyte membranes were conducted using co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) and analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS (Q-E)). The results showed that NP-40 lysis buffer was the most effective than the other two kinds of lysates to extract EM proteins. Functionally, the SSBP of EM could be divided into three categories in each animal, including cytoskeleton proteins, catalytic enzyme proteins and the functional regulatory proteins. The cytoskeleton proteins were the main different expressed proteins among the EM proteins in pig, rabbit than that in bovine, which may be one important reason for the difference of the SBA sensitivity. This research provides basis to reveal the pathway of SBA-induced hemagglutination differences in erythrocytes in different animal species. We optimised the method of extracting EM to isolate and identify SSBP in different animal species. NP-40 lysis buffer was the most effective than the other two kinds of lysates to extract EM proteins. Cytoskeleton proteins were the main different expressed proteins among the EM proteins in pig, rabbit, and cow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaf is an excellent protein resource that can be used as feed additive for livestock and poultry. Nevertheless, the use of mulberry leaves in animal diets is limited by its protease inhibitors, tannic acid and other anti-nutritional factors. This study systematically analyzed the type and activity of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) from the leaves of 34 mulberry varieties, aiming to reveal the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanism of SPIs. The types and activities of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) and chymotrypsin inhibitors (CIs) exhibited polymorphisms among different mulberry varieties. The highest number of types of inhibitors was detected in Jinshi, with six TIs (TI-1~TI-6) and six CIs (CI-1~CI-6). TIs and CIs exhibited strong thermal and acid–base stability. High-temperature and high-pressure treatment could reduce the activities of TIs and CIs to a certain extent. β-mercaptoethanol treatment could completely abolish TIs and CIs, suggesting that the disulfide bridges were critical for their inhibitory activities. The Maillard reaction could effectively eliminate the inhibitory activities of TI-1~TI-4 and CI-1~CI-4. This study reveals the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanisms of the anti-nutritional SPIs from mulberry leaves, which is helpful to exploit mulberry-leaf food with low-activity SPIs, promote the development and utilization of mulberry-leaf resources in animal feed and provide reference for mulberry breeding with different functions.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the increasing demand for high-quality and high fiber-yielding cotton (Gossypium spp.), research into the development of stress-resilient cotton cultivars has acquired greater significance. Various biotic and abiotic stressors greatly affect cotton production and productivity, posing challenges to the future of the textile industry. Moreover, the content and quality of cottonseed oil can also potentially be influenced by future environmental conditions. Apart from conventional methods, genetic engineering has emerged as a potential tool to improve cotton fiber quality and productivity. Identification and modification of genome sequences and the expression levels of yield-related genes using genetic engineering approaches have enabled to increase both the quality and yields of cotton fiber and cottonseed oil. Herein, we evaluate the significance and molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of cotton agronomic traits under both normal and stressful environmental conditions. In addition, the importance of gossypol, a toxic phenolic compound in cottonseed that can limit consumption by animals and humans, is reviewed and discussed. • Biotic and abiotic stress have a significant impact on cotton yield and productivity. • Gossypol is a poisonous phenolic chemical and cottonseed anti-nutrient. • Genetic engineering has helped increase cotton fiber and cottonseed oil quality and yields by identifying and modifying gene sequences and expression levels. • Research done to date on ways to lower gossypol levels in cotton seeds are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of the finite and costly resource fish oil is an important task for aquaculture nutrition. A promising approach could be the use of plant bioactives that may have the potential to influence the metabolism and the synthesis of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). In this study, the two phytochemicals resveratrol (RV) and genistein (G) were investigated for their effects on fish growth, nutrient utilization and body nutrient composition alongside their effects on whole body fatty acid (FA) composition. In a feeding trial lasting 8 weeks, rainbow trout (initial BW: 81.4±0.5 g) were held in a recirculating aquaculture system and fed six experimental diets with varying fish oil levels as plain variants or supplemented with 0.3% of dry matter (DM) of either RV or G. The six diets were as follows: diet F4 had 4% DM fish oil, diet F0 had 0% DM fish oil, diets F4+RV, F4+G, F0+RV and F0+G were equal to the diets F4 and F0, respectively, and supplemented with the phytochemicals RV and G. The feeding of the F0+RV diet resulted in reduced feed intake, growth rate and slightly reduced whole body lipid levels. At the same time, the amount of polyunsaturated FA and the n-3/n-6 ratio were significantly increased in whole body homogenates of rainbow trout fed diet F0+RV in comparison to the F0 control. The feeding of the F0+G diet led to reduced feed intake, slightly increased protein utilization but did not significantly affect the whole body FA composition. Overall, feeding the fish oil-free diet supplemented with the phytochemicals resulted in more pronounced effects on fish performance and FA composition than the single factors per se (dietary fish oil level or phytochemical). Present data indicate that G might not be of profitable use for trout nutrition. In terms of FA composition, RV could be a potentially useful complement for fish oil. However, the impairment of growth and performance parameters as observed in the present study discourages its use in trout diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine and compare the digestible (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in yellow-dent corn, three low-tannin white sorghum cultivars and three high-tannin red sorghum cultivars when fed to growing pigs. Forty-two barrows (34.8 ± 3.1 kg bodyweight) were housed in metabolic crates and allotted to one of seven diets with six pigs per diet in a completely randomised design. The seven diets were formulated to contain 969 g/kg of corn or one of the six sorghum cultivars as well as 31 g/kg vitamin and minerals. Faeces and urine were collected for 5 days following a 7-day adaptation period. The DE and ME were lower (P < 0.05) for red sorghum than for corn while the values for corn were lower (P < 0.05) than those obtained for white sorghum. The ATTD of GE for pigs fed corn was higher (P < 0.05) than for pigs fed red sorghum but was lower (P < 0.05) than the ATTD of GE for pigs fed white sorghum. Tannin had a high negative correlation with DE and ME (both, r = –0.99; P < 0.01) and the ATTD of GE (r = –0.92; P < 0.01). The DE, ME and ATTD of GE were positively correlated with CP (P < 0.05), and negatively with kafirin/CP and phenols (P < 0.05). However, tannin was negatively correlated with CP (r = –0.85; P < 0.05), or positively with kafirin/CP (r = 0.88; P < 0.01) and phenols (r = 0.77; P < 0.05). Therefore, tannin content in sorghum may be the main anti-nutritional factor. The overall results of this study indicate that low-tannin white sorghum varieties are superior to high-tannin red sorghum varieties for use as an energy source in diets fed to growing pigs, and high-tannin red sorghum varieties should be incorporated into pig diets to ease the demand pressure on corn only if favourably priced in terms of their DE and ME values. It is necessary to accurately evaluate the effective energy in different types of sorghum grain to formulate diets economically and effectively. The effective energy of low-tannin white and high-tannin red sorghum was compared, and low-tannin white sorghum contains more effective energy than high-tannin red sorghum. Therefore, less supplemental energy will be needed when diets are formulated for pigs based on low-tannin white than high-tannin red sorghum varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, to recover proteins and minimize anti-nutritional factor (ANF) levels in soybean wastewater, a novel quick-shearing system was used to obtain homogeneous electrostatic complexes between soybean whey protein (SWP) and a high concentration (4%, w/v) of polysaccharide. During processing, protein recovery and trypsin inhibitory activity loss induced by complexing with sulfated and carboxylated polysaccharides were investigated as function of polysaccharide type, pH, protein to polysaccharide mass ratio, and the physical state (solid, liquid). The removal of 80% of ANF levels and recovery of 90% of proteins were achieved using solid sulfated polysaccharides. Large amounts of particle complexes were observed for sulfated polysaccharides as compared to carboxylated polysaccharides by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A 100-kDa polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane was effective in recovering proteins (80%) from ι -carrageenan/SWP complexes, and a small amount of loss of the polysaccharides was observed for each cycle. Highlights • A quick-shearing system was used to obtain homogeneous protein-polysaccharide complexes. • The removal of 80% of ANF levels and recovery of 90% of proteins were achieved. • ι -CG/SWP and DS/SWP complexes formed large particles observed by CLSM. • Lab-scale ultrafiltration (100 kDa cut-off) was effective in recovery of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamine has been used to improve intestinal development and immunity in fish. We previously found that dietary glutamine enhances growth and alleviates enteritis in juvenile hybrid groupers ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ ). This study aimed to further reveal the protective role of glutamine on glycinin-induced enteritis by integrating transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic trial diets were formulated: a diet containing 10% glycinin (11S group), 10% glycinin diet supplemented with 2% alanine-glutamine (Gln group), and a diet containing neither glycinin nor alanine-glutamine (fishmeal, FM group). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate hybrid grouper groups for 8 weeks. The analysis of intestinal transcriptomic and proteomics revealed a total of 570 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 169 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the 11S and FM comparison group. Similarly, a total of 626 DEGs and 165 DEPs were identified in the Gln and 11S comparison group. Integration of transcriptome and proteome showed that 117 DEGs showed consistent expression patterns at both the transcriptional and translational levels in the Gln and 11S comparison group. These DEGs showed significant enrichment in pathways associated with intestinal epithelial barrier function, such as extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, tight junction, and cell adhesion molecules ( P < 0.05). Further, the expression levels of genes ( myosin-11 , cortactin , tenascin , major histocompatibility complex class I and II ) related to these pathways above were significantly upregulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels ( P < 0.05). The microRNA results showed that the expression levels of miR-212 (target genes colla1 and colla2 ) and miR-18a-5p (target gene colla1 ) in fish fed Gln group were significantly lower compared to the 11S group fish ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, ECM-receptor interaction, tight junction, and cell adhesion molecules pathways play a key role in glutamine alleviation of hybrid grouper enteritis induced by high-dose glycinin, in which miRNAs and target mRNAs/proteins participated cooperatively. Our findings provide valuable insights into the RNAs and protein profiles, contributing to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism for fish enteritis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 He, Dong, Yang, Liu, Zhang, Xie, Chi and Tan.)

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presence of tannic acid (TA), which is widely distributed in plants, limits the utilization of non-grain feed. Illustrating the toxicity mechanism of TA in animals is important for preventing poisoning and for clinical development of TA. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects and possible action mechanism of TA in porcine intestinal IPEC-J2 cells, as well as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. We investigated the toxic effects of TA in IPEC-J2 cells combining the analysis of TA-induced apoptotic responses and effect on the cell cycle. The results revealed that TA is highly toxic to IPEC-J2 cells. The stress-inducible factors reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine were increased in response to TA. Furthermore, TA suppressed mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced adenosine triphosphate production, and adversely affected B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-9, caspase-3, cytochrome c, cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinases, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, and P53 expression in a dose-dependent manner. We suggest that TA induces the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and S phase arrest in IPEC-J2 cells.

Phytic acid (PA) is considered as an anti-nutritional factor (ANF) present in cereals and legumes and bind to cationic minerals including iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), thus reducing their bioavailability in both ruminants and nonruminants. The present study was aimed at finding the impact of PA on bioavailability of Fe and Zn. Six rice cultivars with contrasting PA were evaluated for total phosphorus (P), PA, Fe, and Zn in brown and processed rice. A significant correlation of PA of brown rice with PA of milled rice ( r = .69) was observed. PA and Zn content were negatively correlated ( r = −.55) in brown rice while no significant correlation was found between PA and Zn in milled rice. The rice cultivar Bindli, with lowest PA (0.82 g/100 g) was found to exhibit high Zn bioavailability, while PB267, with highest PA (2.62 g/100 g) showed low Zn and Fe bioavailability. Practical applications Rice is staple food for millions of people, especially the Asians. Fe and Zn are essential micronutrients required for human growth and development, but the rice grain is deficient in Fe and has only moderate amounts of Zn. The bioavailability of these minerals are impaired by PA which chelates and bind cationic minerals in both ruminants and nonruminants. Screening of rice genotypes with low PA and high minerals bioavailability may be suitable for people suffering from micronutrient malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha protein concentrate (JPC) prepared from jatropha seed cake is toxic due to the presence of phorbol ester and antinutritional factors like tannin, trypsin inhibitor, phytate and non-starch polysaccharides. JPC was detoxified by solid state fermentation (SSF) and a feeding trial of 45 days was conducted to study the response of feeding fermented JPC (FJPC) on growth, haemato-immunological and physiological responses in rohu fingerlings. Seven iso-nitrogenous diets such as control (without JPC or FJPC), J5 (5% JPC), J10 (10% JPC), J20 (20% JPC), FJ5 (5% FJPC), FJ10 (10% FJPC) and FJ20 (20% FJPC) were prepared and fed twice daily. The weight gain and specific growth rate values showed an overall, linear and quadratic trend with similar value recorded in the control and FJ fed groups. Feed efficiency also showed an overall significant effect with a higher feed efficiency value recorded in the control (60.50) group which was similar to FJ (54.21–58.37) fed groups, while JPC fed groups registered the lowest value. The haematological studies showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower red blood cells (RBC) and heamoglobin in all JPC fed groups and 5% FJPC group compared to control and other FJPC groups. The 10% and 20% JPC fed groups showed the highest blood glucose level than any other groups. Serum total protein and albumin followed similar trend as that of RBC and haemoglobin. The highest globulin value were observed in FJ10 group which was significantly different (P < 0.05) to other groups and lowest value was recorded in J20 group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver was higher in J20, while in muscle, J10 and J20 registered the highest value compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Our study revealed that protein concentrate prepared from Jatropha cake cannot be fed directly to rohu without detoxification and solid state fermentation appears to be an ideal approach. Overall, FJPC can be utilized in the diet of rohu at 20% without any detrimental effect on heamato-immunological and physiological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genotype (G), environment (E), and the relationship between G and E on soybean seed anti-nutritional factors (ANF’s) were examined under three different agro-climatic conditions. The field trials were conducted at Maryland, South Carolina and South Dakota using nine region specific genotypes. At each location, the nine genotypes were grown with two planting/sowing dates. Differentially expressed protein spots from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Seven ANF’s corresponding to soybean agglutinin and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor were identified based on the statistical significance levels at p < 0.005. The G and E conditions (planting/sowing season) influences the ANF’s content. This initial study suggests that early sowing reduces the total ANF’s content irrespective of genotypes and their growing locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fermentation can improve the quality of soybean meal by reducing the level of anti-nutrition factors and increasing the content of protein and small peptides. In this study, Bacillus velezensis , Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces boulardii were used for one-step mixed fermentation of soybean meal. The fermentation of soybean meal was carried out in an anaerobic bag using fermentation liquid of strains with maximum protease activity as inoculum and water. The results of process optimization showed that the mixture ratio of B. velezensis : E. faecium : S. boulardii was 37.5%:25%:37.5%. The three microorganisms added together as a mixture. Under the conditions of 55% inoculation with microorganisms mixture, 0.8% acid protease addition, 46 ℃ and 6 days, the quality of fermented soybean meal was significantly improved. The small peptides increased from 4.48% to 47.4%, the TCA solution protein increased from 44.3 g/kg to 255.2 g/kg, the antigenic protein glycinin decreased by 94.37% from 320.12 μg/mL to 18.02 μg/mL, and β-conglycinin decreased by 85.83% from 232.11 μg/mL to 32.89 μg/mL. Other anti-nutritional factors urease, phytic acid and stachystryose all decreased. The result indicated that it was feasible to improve the feed quality of soybean meal by one-step mixed fermentation based on protease activity. Fermentation is the main method to improve the feed quality of soybean meal. Our study revealed that one-step mixed-culture fermentation based on microbial protease activity showed a significant effect on increasing beneficial small peptides, reducing anti-nutrient factors and enhancing palatability of soybean meal. This process simplified the operation of mixed fermentation and could be implemented in solid fermentation system of feed and food industry to improve the beneficial properties of products. • The mixture ratio of Bacillus velezensis : Enterococcus faecium : Saccharomyces boulardii was 37.5%:25%:37.5%. • Inoculum amount of mixture for anaerobic fermentation of soybean meal was 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify secondary metabolite classes of tropical kudzu, perennial soybean and archer legumes through identification by phytochemical screening and confirmation by infrared (IR), ¹H and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy of fractions obtained by organic solvents partition of crude extracts. These analyses allowed for proposing the presence of the following metabolite classes: reducing sugars, saccharides, saponins, cardiac glucosides, terpenes, coumarins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The tannins, saponins, alkaloids, organic acids and flavonoids had special consideration because they are toxic compounds and can affect the animal metabolism.