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Aporphines are a class of alkaloids mostly reported in Magnoliids. The genus Annona, Annonaceae, presents great structural diversity of these compounds. Chemical investigation of leaves from Annona crassiflora Mart. resulted in the identification of an undescribed aporphine alkaloid, which was named as crassiflorine, in addition to six known analogues: anonaine, annoretine, xylopine, tetrahydropalmatrubine, litseglutine B, and stephalagine. The structure of crassiflorine was established through 1D and 2D NMR data in combination with HREIMS and IR analyses. The cytotoxic activity for all tested compounds was marginal (IC50 > 30 μM) against breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines.

Marolo is a fruit typical of the Brazilian Savanna that is highly appreciated for its exotic flavour, nutritional value and sensory attributes. This study aimed to assess the quality of fresh-cut marolo by checking for possible changes in physical, chemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics during cold storage (12 days at 0°C, 5°C and 10°C). Firmness varied based on storage time; the fruit softened on the 8th day and then increased in hardness until the end of the study. The lowest storage temperatures reduced the darkening rate of this product. No variations in the levels of soluble solids (12.7 to 14.6°B) or total phenolics (741.06 to 1295.21 mg. GAE.100g-1) were observed. Fruits stored at 10 °C showed an increase in titratable acidity after the 5th day and an increase in pH on the 10th and 12th days. Increases in the soluble pectin (156 to 265.73 mg.100g-1) and total pectins (>1.000 mg.100g-1) were noted. No significant difference was observed in the count of the total and thermotolerant coliforms, and the growth of filamentous fungi and yeasts decreased after storage at 0°C and 5°C after the 5th day. Storage at 5 °C for 5 days was found to be the most efficient set of conditions for maintaining the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of marolo.

The objective of this study was to determine the desorption isotherms and isosteric heat of Annona crassiflora Mart. seeds, using Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz’s Bayesian information criterion (BIC) to assist in the choice of the nonlinear regression model. The desorption isotherms were determined by indirect static method and water activity was obtained using the instrument HygroPalm; the product was put in the device in B.O.D. chamber set at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C. Several nonlinear regression models were fitted to the experimental data by the Gauss-Newton method. The desorption isotherms of Annona crassiflora Mart. seeds can be represented by the models of Chung-Pfost, Copace, Modified GAB, Modified Henderson, Modified Oswin, Sabbah and Sigma Copace. However, the Sigma Copace model showed better fit to the experimental data, with lower AIC and BIC values, being chosen to represent the desorption isotherms of Annona crassiflora Mart seeds. Isosteric heat increased with decreasing moisture content, requiring a greater amount of energy to remove water from seeds, with values ranging from 2541.64 to 2481.56 kJ kg-1, for the moisture content range from 5.69 to 14.93% on a dry basis.

Dyes are widely used in many industrial sectors, many contain harmful substances to human health, and their release into the environment entails several environmental problems, generating a major worldwide concern as water resources are increasingly limited. The development of cheap and efficient biosorbents that remove these pollutants is of utmost importance. In this study, powdered seeds of the araticum fruit (Annona crassiflora) were used in the biosorption of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions and simulated textile effluents. Through the characterization techniques, it can be observed that the material presented an amorphous structure, containing an irregular surface composed mainly by groups containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. CV biosorption was favored at the natural pH of the solution (7.5) for a dosage of 0.7 g L−1 of araticum seed powder. The pseudo-second-order model was the most suitable to represent the biosorption kinetics in the removal of the CV. Biosorption capacity reached equilibrium in the first minutes at the lowest concentrations, and, at the highest, after 120 min. The equilibrium data were well represented by the Langmuir model, with a maximum biosorption capacity of 300.96 mg g−1 at 328 K. Biosorption had a spontaneous and endothermic nature. In the treatment of a simulated effluent, the biosorbent removed 87.8% of the color, proving to be efficient. Therefore, the araticum seeds powder (ASP) can be used as a low-cost material for the treatment of colored effluents containing the crystal violet (CV) dye.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been reported as results of increased oxidative stress. Consequently, the search for new antioxidant and anti-glycating agents is under intense investigation. Plant-derived procyanidins have previously demonstrated anti-glycation properties. Thus, this study aimed to isolate procyanidins from Annona crassiflora fruit peel, a species from the Brazilian Savanna, and investigate their antioxidant and anti-glycation effects. Free radical scavenging and quenching properties, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), AGEs, protein carbonyl and thiol groups, lipid peroxidation, crosslinked AGEs, as well as glycated catalase activity, were analyzed. In addition, in silico assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity was carried out. The procyanidins-enriched fraction, named here as F7, showed high antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities, with inhibitory activities against lipid peroxidation, and AGEs and ROS formation. In addition, there were reductions in AGEs-induced crosslinks and protein carbonyls and protective effects against oxidation of thiol groups and glycated-catalase. ADMET predictions of F7 showed favorable absorption and distribution, with no hepatotoxicity or mutagenicity. Together, our results support the anti-glycation activities of the procyanidins-enriched fraction from A. crassiflora, and suggest that these effects are triggered, at least in part, by scavenging free radical and dicarbonyls intermediates.

The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome. In recent decades, a reduction in rainfall has indicated an extension of the dry season. Among the many native species of the Cerrado of the Annonaceae family and used in folk medicine, Annona crassiflora Mart. has fruits of high nutritional value and its by-products are sources of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids. The aim of the study was to investigate how water stress impacts the production of alkaloids. The study was carried out in a nursery, and the knowledge was flood, field capacity and drought. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidant enzymes, total soluble sugars, starch, reducing sugars, sucrose, total alkaloids and liriodenine were analyzed. We observed that plants subjected to drought had an increase in the production of total alkaloids and liriodenine, without a reduction in photosynthetic metabolism. Plants kept under drought and flood conditions dissipated higher peroxidase activity, while catalase was higher in flooded plants. Starch showed the highest concentration in flooding plants without differing from drought plants, the lowest trehalose concentrations were found in both drought and flooding plants. The drought stimulated the synthesis of total alkaloids and liriodenine without reducing the primary metabolism, which suggests adaptation to Cerrado conditions.

Plant species from Annonaceae are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various cancer types. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative potential of an alkaloid and acetogenin-rich fraction from the fruit peel of Annona crassiflora in HepG2 cells. A liquid-liquid fractionation was carried out on the ethanol extract of A. crassiflora fruit peel in order to obtain an alkaloid and acetogenin-rich fraction (AF-Ac). Cytotoxicity, proliferation and migration were evaluated in the HepG2 cells, as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vinculin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. In addition, intracellular Ca2+ was determined using Fluo4-AM and fluorescence microscopy. First, 9 aporphine alkaloids and 4 acetogenins that had not yet been identified in the fruit peel of A. crassiflora were found in AF-Ac. The treatment with 50 μg/mL AF-Ac reduced HepG2 cell viability, proliferation and migration (p < 0.001), which is in accordance with the reduced expression of PCNA and EGFR levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AF-Ac increased intracellular Ca2+ in the HepG2 cells, mobilizing intracellular calcium stores, which might be involved in the anti-migration and anti-proliferation capacities of AF-Ac. Our results support the growth-inhibitory potential of AF-Ac on HepG2 cells and suggest that this effect is triggered, at least in part, by PCNA and EGFR modulation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. This study showed biological activities not yet described for A. crassiflora fruit peel, which provide new possibilities for further in vivo studies to assess the antitumoral potential of A. crassiflora, especially its fruit peel.

The adequacy of the best storage temperature for fruits and vegetables is an essential measure that helps in maintaining quality and extending shelf life. In this sense, this work aimed to study the influence of temperature on the quality of the marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart) “in natura”, where the fruits were washed, sanitized with 1,216 µM hypochlorite solution, and stored at 4 different temperatures (0, 6, 12, and 20 ° C) controlling the relative humidity (80 to 90%). The parameters color L*a*b*, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, firmness, total and soluble pectins, enzymes (pectinamethylesterase and polygalacturonase), and vitamin C were analyzed at different storage times. The maximum storage period was 8 days for fruits kept at 0 and 6 °C. The use of higher temperatures (12 and 20 °C) resulted in a shorter storage time (6 and 4 days, respectively). We found that the color parameter L*a*b* was not influenced by time and temperature during the process, while firmness and soluble solids were affected only by temperature. On the other hand, the parameters pH, titratable acidity, total and soluble pectin, enzymes (pectinamethylesterase and polygalacturonase), and vitamin C were influenced by both temperature and storage time (p

Araticum (Annona crassiflora) fruits have relevant characteristics for industrialization, a characteristic aroma and a slightly acidic flavor, with relevant amounts of vitamins A, C, B1 and B2. The objective of this study was to fit different mathematical models to the experimental data, evaluate the effective diffusion coefficient and determine the activation energy for the araticum epicarp subjected to different drying conditions. The epicarps of araticum fruits were dried at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. Midilli, Logarithmic and Two Terms models can be used to represent the drying of araticum epicarp, and the Two Terms model was selected according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwarz’s Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The linear model satisfactorily represented the effective diffusion coefficient as a function of drying temperature. In the evaluation of enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy, both enthalpy and entropy tend to decrease when temperature increases. The higher the temperature used for drying of araticum epicarp, the lower the value of diffusivity, i.e., the lower the resistance to water removal.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-05-01 Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Universidade Estadual Paulista This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and the effects of Ama-zonian pulp fruits consumption, such as araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata), abiu grande (Pouteria caim-ito), araticum (Annona crassiflora), biri-biri (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), and yellow mangosteen (Garcinia xanthochymus), on hematologic, metabolic, renal, and hepatic function parameters in Wistar rats (n = 10 rats/group). The pulp of abiu had the highest levels of soluble solids, sugars, and pH. Biri-biri pulp had the highest levels of ascorbic acid and total titratable acidity, and a low pH. The araticum pulp had higher (p ≤ 0.05) ash content, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity than the pulp of other analyzed fruits. No significant increase in hematocrit, nor reduction of blood glucose, plasma cholesterol, and serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (TGP), creatinine, and urea was observed in experimental groups relative to the control group of rats after the consumption of fruits pulp. The intake of abiu and araticum pulps promoted a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in total leukocytes of the experimental groups as compared to the control group and only the intake of araticum significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) triglyceride blood levels in rats (99.50 mg/dL). The regular consumption of biri-biri pulp for 30 days significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (TGO) levels in rats (116.83 U/L) compared to the control group (98.00 U/L). More researches are needed to generate knowledge about these promising Amazonian fruits, supporting the native fruit production, in addition to promoting health in the population and sustainability in the Amazon region. Department of Health Science Federal University of Grande Dourados Highway Dourados/Itahum, Km 12—Unit II Department of Engineering and Food Technology São Paulo State University, R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265—Jardim Nazareth Medical School Federal University of Roraima, Avenida Capitão Ene Garcês, n◦2413—Aeroporto Department of Engineering and Food Technology São Paulo State University, R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265—Jardim Nazareth

Plant species from Annonaceae are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various cancer types. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative potential of an alkaloid and acetogenin-rich fraction from the fruit peel ofAnnona crassiflorain HepG2 cells. A liquid-liquid fractionation was carried out on the ethanol extract ofA. crassiflorafruit peel in order to obtain an alkaloid and acetogenin-rich fraction (AF-Ac). Cytotoxicity, proliferation and migration were evaluated in the HepG2 cells, as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vinculin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. In addition, intracellular Ca2+was determined using Fluo4-AM and fluorescence microscopy. First, 9 aporphine alkaloids and 4 acetogenins that had not yet been identified in the fruit peel ofA. crassiflorawere found in AF-Ac. The treatment with 50 µg/mL AF-Ac reduced HepG2 cell viability, proliferation and migration (p< 0.001), which is in accordance with the reduced expression of PCNA and EGFR levels (p< 0.05). Furthermore, AF-Ac increased intracellular Ca2+in the HepG2 cells, mobilizing intracellular calcium stores, which might be involved in the anti-migration and anti-proliferation capacities of AF-Ac. Our results support the growth-inhibitory potential of AF-Ac on HepG2 cells and suggest that this effect is triggered, at least in part, by PCNA and EGFR modulation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. This study showed biological activities not yet described forA. crassiflorafruit peel, which provide new possibilities for furtherin vivostudies to assess the antitumoral potential ofA. crassiflora, especially its fruit peel.

Cervical cancer is the third most common in Brazilian women. The chemotherapy used for the treatment of this disease can cause many side effects, then, to overcome this problem, new treatment options are necessary. Natural compounds represent one of the most promising sources for the development of new drugs. In this study, 13 different species of 6 families from the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation biome were screened against human cervical cancer cell lines (CCC). Some of these species were also evaluated in one normal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The effect of crude extracts on cell viability was evaluated by a colorimetric method (MTS assay). Extracts from Annona crassiflora, Miconia albicans, Miconia chamissois, Stryphnodendron adstringens, Tapirira guianensis, Xylopia aromatica, and Achyrocline alata showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values &lt, 30 μg/mL for at least one CCC. A. crassiflora and S. adstringens extracts were selective for CCC. Mass spectrometry (Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (ESI FT-ICR MS)) of A. crassiflora identified fatty acids and flavonols as secondary compounds. One of the A. crassiflora fractions, 7C24 (from chloroform partition), increased H2AX phosphorylation (suggesting DNA damage), PARP cleavage, and cell cycle arrest in CCC. Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and oleic acid were bioactive molecules identified in 7C24 fraction. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating bioactive molecules from natural sources for developing new anti-cancer drugs.

Fruto nativo do Cerrado, o Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) é muito consumido in natura. Devido a sua sazonalidade a aplicação de tecnologias de processamento são alternativas que garantem o aumento de sua vida útil, e consequentemente agrega valor econômico, entre elas, uma das formas mais aceitas pelos consumidores, é a transformação dos frutos em doces. Diante disso, o conhecimento da composição nutricional, bem como o desenvolvimento da tabela de composição nutricional de acordo com a legislação é de grande importância. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo aproveitar a polpa do Araticum na forma de doce em pasta com substituições da pectina usada comercialmente por albedo de maracujá, e ainda avaliar a qualidade nutricional de formulações, com foco na inserção do fruto no mercado consumidor. Para o processamento, foi utilizado um delineamento experimental 2³ com 11 ensaios e 3 variáveis independentes (ácido cítrico, polpa/açúcar e albedo de maracujá). Foi procedida a informação nutricional das formulações de acordo com as legislações vigentes e dispostas em tabelas de composição nutricional. As formulações apresentaram baixo valor calórico, valores estes, menores do que aqueles encontrados para doces comerciais, o que amplia as possibilidades de consumo do produto, como na alimentação escolar.

Many food plants in Brazil possess technological potential that might well increase their economic value. Fruits found in the Cerrado biome are considered a good source of bioactive substances, mainly phenolic compounds, which makes them important functional foods. However, only the most promising species can present competitive potential as final products. Further knowledge concerning the importance of species found in the Cerrado might help preserve the biome, a positive ecological impact. This chapter provides information concerning Cerrado fruits and highlights the species presenting technological potential. Species such as Anacardium occidentale L. (caju), Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequi), Dipteryx alata Vog. (baru), Eugenia dysenterica DC. (cagaita), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangaba), Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (buriti), Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) Berg (jabuticaba), Psidium guajava L. (goiaba), and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (sucupira) are among the food plants described here. Bringing light to these plant species helps provide economic perspectives and can contribute to preservation of the Cerrado biome.

Annonaceae é uma importante família fonte de alcaloides bioativos. Como parte de nossa investigação em curso à procura de novos compostos bioativos, o extrato etanólico das cascas do fruto de Annona crassiflora foi investigado. Este extrato foi submetido a extração líquido-líquido, obtendo-se uma fração alcaloidal bioativa. Esta fração foi cromatografada utilizando cromatografia em coluna seguida por separações em HPLC. O alcaloide purificado foi submetido à espectrometria de massa de alta resolução com ionização em electrospray e impacto de elétrons, e por espectroscopia de RMN utilizando as técnicas de 1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC e análise HMBC-N, para se obter a molécula isolada denominada de estefalagina, que pertence à classe dos alcaloides aporfínicos. A estefalagina foi avaliada como potente inibidora da lipase pancreática (LP), através de um ensaio in vitro utilizando ensaio cinético de p-nitrofenil palmitato como substrato. A estefalagina apresentou atividade inibidora contra LP (CC50 8,35 μg.mL-1) e baixa citotoxicidade, sugerindo assim a este composto um potencial agente anti-obesidade. Este estudo foi o primeiro a relatar o isolamento do alcaloide estefalagina a partir da casca da fruta A. crassiflora. Annonaceae family is an important source of bioactive alkaloids. As part of our ongoing research looking for new bioactive compounds, the ethanol extract from barks of Annona crassiflora fruit was investigated. This extract was subjected to liquid−liquid extration, yielding a bioactive alkaloidal fraction. This fraction was chromatographed using column chromatography followed by HPLC separations. The purified alkaloid was subjected to high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and electron impact, and NMR spectroscopy using 1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and HMBC-N analysis, to afford the stephalagine which belong to aporphine class of alkaloids. The stephalagine was evaluated as pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitor that was performed by an in vitro kinetic assay using p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate. The stephalagine showed inhibitory activity against PL (CC50 8.35 μg.mL–1) and low citotoxicity, thereby suggesting this compound as a potential anti-obesity agent. This study was the first to report the isolation of stephalagine alkaloid from the bark of A. crassiflora fruit. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-13 Foundation for Support to the Development of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul State (FUNDECT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to the emergence of resistant populations ofPlutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), hindering its control and causing economic damage to brassica production. Thus, in order to seek control alternatives, this study aimed at assessing the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts ofSchinus terebinthifolius(Anacardiaceae),Annona coriacea(Annonaceae),Annona crassiflora(Annonaceae), andSerjania marginata(Sapindaceae) on the life cycle ofP. xylostella. Cabbage leaf discs were immersed in the treatments at a concentration of 10mg/mL and given daily to the larvae. Larval and pupal duration and survival, pupae weight, the longevity of males and females, number and survival of eggs, incubation period, and days of oviposition parameters were evaluated. All extracts differed significantly from the control in terms of larval and pupal duration, pupal survival, and pupae weight. All the extracts prolonged the larval and pupal period ofP. xylostella. OnlyA. coriaceadid not differ significantly from the control in terms of larval survival, and the highest larval mortality was observed in the treatment withS. marginata(50%). Pupal survival, pupae mass, oviposition period, and egg survival were reduced in all treatments with ethanolic extracts. The treatments withAnnonaandS. marginataspecies have reduced the number of eggs. Treatments withS. terebinthifoliusandS. marginatahave reduced the incubation time of eggs. Thus, the treatments with ethanolic plant extracts act on the life cycle ofP. xylostellanegatively impacting the biological parameters evaluated. Fed Univ Grande Dourados, Fac Biol & Environm Sci, Lab Insect Plant Interact, Rodovia Dourados Itahum,Km 12, Dourados, MS, Brazil Fed Univ Grande Dourados, Fac Agr Sci, Lab Vegetables Prod, Rodovia Dourados Itahum,Km 12, Dourados, MS, Brazil Fed Univ Grande Dourados, Biol Control Lab, Fac Biol & Environm Sci, Rodovia Dourados Itahum,Km 12, Dourados, MS, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Fac Agron Sci, Dept Vegetal Prod, Phytosanit Def,Lab Social Insects Pest, Rua Jose Barbosa Barros, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Fed Univ Southern Bahia UFSB, Technosci & Innovat Training Ctr, Technosci & Innovat Training Ctr CFTCi, Itabuna Access Highway,Km 39, Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Fac Agron Sci, Dept Vegetal Prod, Phytosanit Def,Lab Social Insects Pest, Rua Jose Barbosa Barros, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Foundation for Support to the Development of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul State (FUNDECT): 71/711.130/2018 CNPq: 304302/2015-5

The addition of values to native fruits through studies that enable the various ways of harnessing them becomes an important strategy in the preservation process. In this sense the objective of this study was the physical and chemical characterization of the seed (peel, seeds, and pulp) as well as its oil derived from marolo fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart.) The analyses proximate composition, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity, vitamin C concentration, total carotenoids, β–carotenes, iodine index, peroxide index, refraction, saponification, saponifiable matter, fatty acid profile, water activity, color, and rheology were studied. The peel of marolo seed was proved to be rich in carbohydrates, antioxidant substances and vitamin C. The seeds, in turn, presented high content of lipid, proteins and vitamin C. The oil extracted from marolo seed presented low refraction index, peroxides index, and unsaponifiable matter, besides a high content of vitamin C and unsaturated fatty acid compared with soybean oil, in addition to the presence of antioxidant compounds. Through the study, the feasibility of using by-products from processing of marolo seeds as a source of oils with high nutritional content was concluded. La adición de valores a las frutas nativas a través de estudios que permiten las diferentes formas de aprovecharlas se convierte en una estrategia importante en el proceso de conservación. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue la caracterización física y química de la semilla (cáscara, semillas y pulpa), así como su aceite extraído de la semilla del marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.). Los análisis de composición proximal, pH, acidez titulable, actividad antioxidante, concentración de vitamina C, carotenoides totales, β-carotenos, índice de yodo, índice de peróxido, refracción, saponificación, materia saponificable, perfil de ácidos grasos, agua, color y reología. La cáscara de la semilla de marolo era rica en carbohidratos, antioxidantes y vitamina C. Las almendras, a su vez, tenían un alto contenido de lípidos, proteínas y vitamina C. El aceite extraído de la semilla de marolo mostró un bajo índice de refracción, índice de peróxido y materia insaponificable, además del alto contenido de vitamina C y ácidos grasos insaturados en comparación con el aceite de soja, además de la presencia de compuestos antioxidantes. A través del estudio, se concluyó la factibilidad de utilizar subproductos del procesamiento de las semillas del marolo como fuente de aceites con alto contenido nutricional. A agregação de valores às frutas nativas por meio de estudos que possibilitem as diversas formas de aproveitá-las torna-se uma estratégia importante no processo de preservação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização física e química da amêndoa (casca, sementes e polpa), bem como seu óleo extraído da amêndoa do marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.). As análises de composição proximal, pH, acidez titulável, foram estudados atividade antioxidante, concentração de vitamina C, carotenóides totais, β – carotenos, índice de iodo, índice de peróxido, refração, saponificação, matéria saponificável, perfil de ácidos graxos, atividade da água, cor e reologia. A casca da amêndoa de marolo mostrou-se rica em carboidratos, substâncias antioxidantes e vitamina C. As amêndoas, por sua vez, apresentaram alto teor de lipídios, proteínas e vitamina C. O óleo extraído da semente de marolo apresentou baixo índice de refração, índice de peróxidos, e matéria insaponificável, além de alto teor de vitamina C e ácidos graxos insaturados em comparação ao óleo de soja, além da presença de compostos antioxidantes. Por meio deste estudo, conclui-se a viabilidade de utilização de subprodutos oriundos do processamento da semente do marolo como fonte de óleos com alto teor nutricional.

The sexual spread of the araticum has some limiting factors caused by the dormancy of its seeds. Thus, research involving different techniques of propagating it becomes necessary. Given the above, the objective was to estimate the effect of different doses of indolbutyric acid (IBA), types of cuttings and substrates on the adventitious rooting of araticum. Six tests were carried out evaluating the factors: time of collection; doses of indolbutyric acid; substrates; and cuttings of different consistencies, size, and number of leaves. In experiments with surviving cuttings, the number of leaves and shoots per cut was evaluated; percentage of live cuttings; callus stakes; rooted cuttings; root system length; number of roots per cuttings; and mass of fresh and dry matter of the root system. In the araticum, the time of year is one of the main factors that affect the percentage of live cuttings, with calluses, and rooted; and the semi-hardwood consistency of the cuttings are more viable for their propagation by the cutting method., La propagación sexual del araticum tiene algunos factores limitantes causados por la latencia de sus semillas. Por lo tanto, la investigación que involucra diferentes técnicas de propagación se hace necesaria. Dado lo anterior, el objetivo era estimar el efecto de diferentes dosis de ácido indolbutírico (IBA), tipos de esquejes y sustratos sobre el enraizamiento adventicio del araticum. Se llevaron a cabo seis pruebas para evaluar los factores: tiempo de recolección; dosis de ácido indolbutírico; sustratos; y esquejes de diferentes consistencias, tamaño y número de hojas. En experimentos con esquejes sobrevivientes, se evaluó el número de hojas y brotes por corte; porcentaje de esquejes vivos; estacas de callos; esquejes enraizados; longitud del sistema raíz; número de raíces por esquejes; y masa de materia fresca y seca del sistema radicular. En el araticum, la época del año es uno de los principales factores que afectan el porcentaje de esquejes vivos, con callos y enraizados; y la consistencia semi-madera dura de los esquejes es más viable para su propagación por el método de corte., A propagação sexuada do araticum apresenta alguns fatores limitantes causados pela dormência das suas sementes. Assim, tornam-se necessárias pesquisas que envolvam diferentes técnicas de propagá-lo. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se estimar o efeito de diferentes doses de ácido indolbutírico (AIB), tipos de estacas e substratos no enraizamento adventício de araticum. Foram realizados seis ensaios avaliando os fatores: época de coleta; doses de ácido indolbutírico; substratos; e estacas de diferentes consistências, tamanho, e quantidade de folhas. Nos experimentos com estacas sobreviventes avaliaram-se o número de folhas e brotos por estaca; porcentagem de estacas vivas; estacas com calo; estacas enraizadas; comprimento do sistema radicular; número de raízes por estacas; e massa de matéria fresca e seca do sistema radicular. No araticum a época do ano constitui-se como um dos principais fatores que interferem na porcentagem de estacas vivas, com calos, e enraizadas; e a consistência semilenhosa das estacas são mais viáveis para a sua propagação pelo método de estaquia.

Annona crassiflora is a medicinal species and source of food with little information about its nutritional requirements during the initial phase. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate liming, phosphate fertilization and its interaction in A. crassiflora seedlings. The experiment was in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replications in a randomized block design. The base saturations were: 8.3%, 25%, 50% and 75% and phosphorus: 0 mg dm-3, 100 mg dm-3, 200 mg dm-3 and 400 mg dm-3. The variables evaluated were biometrics, biomass and nutritional analysis. The species responded to the factors in isolation, and the increase in base saturation levels and phosphorus doses promoted significant effects for biometric variables, biomass, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. The saturation level promoted the best results, being 75% base saturation, while the highest phosphorus dosage was 400 mg dm-3.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Outra Agência This study aimed to chemically characterize the pulps of the tropical fruits araticum (Annona crassiflora), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), coquinho azedo (Butia capitata), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), and cajá (Spondias mombin), with a focus on antioxidant potential and microminerals. Calcium levels in the Araticum pulp are 9.35 mg/100 g and the iron content was 4.78 mg/100 g. In cagaita pulp, the calcium content was 15.35 mg/100 g and magnesium content was 66.00 mg/100 g. The iron content present in coquinho pulp was 11.47 mg/100 g and in cagaita it was 11.53 mg/100 g. The extracts with the highest contents of total phenolic compounds were araticum (433.80 mg GAE/g) and coquinho (173.5 mg GAE/g). Araticum pulp had the highest antioxidant potential because it had the lowest EC50 (0.04 mg/mL). The results presented here demonstrate the great potential of the fruits of the Cerrado in terms of rich mineral nutrients and bioactive compounds. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar quimicamente as polpas das frutas tropicais araticum (Annona crassiflora), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), coquinho-azedo (Butia capitata), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) e cajá (Spondias mombin), com foco no potencial antioxidante e nos microminerais. O nível de cálcio na polpa de Araticum foi de 9,35 mg/100 g e o teor de ferro foi de 4,78 mg/100 g. Na polpa de cagaita, o teor de cálcio foi de 15,35 mg/100 g e o de magnésio, 66,00 mg/100 g. O teor de ferro presente na polpa de coquinho foi de 11,47 mg/100 g e na polpa de cagaita foi de 11,53 mg/100 g. Os extratos com os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos totais foram araticum (433,80 mg GAE/g) e coquinho (173,5 mg GAE/g). A polpa de araticum mostrou o maior potencial antioxidante, pois apresentou a menor EC50 (0,04 mg/mL). Os resultados encontrados demonstram o grande potencial dos frutos do Cerrado em termos de nutrientes minerais ricos e compostos bioativos.

The Brazilian Cerrado has native species with great potential for oil extraction, which can be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Several studies have shown the feasibility of replacing the solvent hexane industrially used in vegetable oil extraction. The hexane as solvent shows high yield and selectivity of oil extraction, however, this can be harmful to human health and the environment, it is necessary to develop cleaner and economically viable technologies. In this paper, the oil extraction of marolo and soursop seeds was evaluated using different solvents (acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and hexane), and three different techniques (ultrasound, shaker, and Soxhlet) and enzymatic aqueous extraction. The highest extraction yields for all solvents were obtained through Soxhlet extraction. In the Soxhlet extraction, the highest extraction yield was obtained with hexane. When compared to shaker extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction favored the oil extraction from marolo and soursop seeds using hexane, and favored the extraction of soursop oil using acetone. Enzymatic extractions showed low extraction yields (8.82 g/100 g of marolo seeds and 11.15 g/100 g of soursop seeds). The results indicate the potential of solvents and alternative processes in the extraction of oil from Cerrado seeds.

A polyphenol-enriched fraction from Annona crassiflora fruit peel (PEF-Ac) containing chlorogenic acid, epi-catechin, procyanidins B2 and C1, quercetin-glucoside, kaempferol, and caffeoyl-glucoside was investigated for its anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and profibrogenic potential in the healing of cutaneous wounds. Four wounds were performed on the back of C57 mice and the lesions were treated with the vehicle (Vaseline and lanolin) and PEF-Ac at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% for 4 and 7 d. Neutrophils and macrophages activities were evaluated indirectly by the activity of myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glycosaminidase, angiogenesis was evaluated by hemoglobin dosing and vessel count in histological sections, and collagen deposition was assessed from histological sections stained with picrosirius red. PEF-Ac demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, with reduced activities of neutrophil and macrophage in the cutaneous wounds. In addition, there was an increase in the synthesis of types I and III collagen, as well as in the percentage of wound closure, mainly after 4 d of treatment. On the other hand, PEF-Ac did not present an effective pro-angiogenic activity. A. crassiflora fruit peel showed anti-inflammatory and profibrogenic properties, indicating a promising natural source of bioactive molecules for treatment of cutaneous wounds.

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a native fruit from Brazilian Cerrado widely used by folk medicine. Nevertheless, the biological effects of its seeds and peel have not been extensively evaluated. We evaluate herein the antioxidant, antiproliferative and healing potential of araticum peel and seeds extracts. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed flavonoids, namely epicatechin and quercetin, as the main compounds in peel and seeds extracts, respectively. These extracts showed high content of phenolic compounds (7254.46 and 97.74 µg/g extract) and, as consequence, high antioxidant capacity. Interesting, the seeds extract was more effective than peel extract against all tested cancer cells, especially on NCI-ADR/RES (multidrug resistant ovary adenocarcinoma) cell line. In the cell migration assay by using HaCaT (keratinocyte), the seeds extract induced migration, while the peel extract showed an inhibitory effect. In this way, phenolic content could be related to antioxidant capacity, but it was not related to antiproliferative and healing effect. The araticum seeds extract showed an interesting response to in vitro biological assay although of its low content of phenolic compounds. Unidentified compounds, such as alkaloids and annonaceous acetogenins could be related to it. Araticum has potential to be used as therapeutic plant especially as antiproliferative and healing drug.

Recently, many researches have become available in order to value agroindustrial waste and by-products through processes that exploit these wastes and transform them into new value-added products. Thus, this study aimed to assess the chemical composition (proximate analysis, mineral profile, pectic substances, carbohydrates), fatty acid profile, and bioactive compounds of two major exotic fruit wastes (seeds), marolo and soursop, largely found in one of the richest Brazilian biomes, the Savannah. Soursop and marolo seeds showed significant fat (295.1 and 311.3 g kg-1 d.b., respectively), protein (149.9 and 188.7 g kg-1 d.b., respectively), and fiber (426.7 and 351.1 g kg-1 d.b., respectively) contents. Marolo seeds were found to be the richest in phenolic compounds (32043.1 mg GAE kg-1 d.b.) and also presented the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (91.25%). The major phenolic compound found in marolo and soursop seeds was rutin. Among the fatty acids found in both seeds, the ones with unsaturated chains were predominant, such as oleic acid (48.54% for marolo, and 40.35% for soursop seeds). The seeds analyzed were found to be sources of Cu and Mg. Marolo and soursop seeds were found to be a good source of nutritional compounds and an alternative to obtain compounds of interest to be used in the development of food produce, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.

Annona crassiflora (Annonaceae) is a protogynous beetle-pollinated savannah tree species, widely distributed in the savannahs of the Cerrado biome. Studies on the mating system and pollen dispersal of protogynous species are very scarce. Here, we used six microsatellite loci to assess the mating system and pollen dispersal of A. crassiflora in a savannah remnant in Central Brazil. We mapped and sampled leaves of 112 adult trees and collected 74 fruits from 20 mother trees (1–4 fruits per plant) to obtain the seeds used (460) for mating system and parentage analyses. Annona crassiflora has predominantly allogamous mating systems, with a high multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.974, SE = 0.011) that did not differ among mother trees (F = 1.32, p = 0.165). However, tm–ts was variable among seed trees, indicating that some seeds were produced by mating among relatives. Our results also showed multiple paternity within fruits. Multilocus correlation of outcrossed paternity was high (rp = 0.302, SE = 0.045), indicating that for each mother tree, the probability that the same pollen donor sired two random sibs was 30.2%, and the mean number of pollen donors per mother tree was high (6.3). We detected a maximum pollen dispersal distance of 360.7 m and an average of 124.3 m (SD = 80 m), but most pollination events (73%) occurred at shorter distances (

Phenolics present in the free, esterified, glycosylated and insoluble-bound forms of araticum pulp, peel and seed were for the first time characterized and quantified using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins and antioxidant activities from araticum fruit followed the order peel > pulp > seed. Overall, insoluble-bound and esterified phenolics were the dominant forms of phenolics from araticum fruit parts and the highest contributors to their antioxidant activities. Extracts were found to contain contrasting levels of phenolics that were specific to each fruit part. From 10 phenolics quantified in araticum fruit, catechin and epicatechin were the major ones from pulp and peel, whereas seed displayed caffeic acid, catechin and epicatechin as its main phenolics. Araticum fruit was found to provide a good source of phenolics, and the full exploitation of this fruit may find applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.