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Cellulose diacetate (CDA) and triacetate (CTA) were derived from Egyptian cotton to fabricate reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The Pphase inversion method was utilized for the production of CDA-based membranes. Comprehensive characterization of these membranes involved structural, morphologial, and hydrophilic property analyses through techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. NMR spectra indicated a degree of substitution of 2.9 for CTA and 2 for CDA. The resulting RO membrane demonstrated a water flux of 6.1 L/[m.sup.2]*h and a salt rejection of 90.3%. Annealing led to an enhanced top layer with reduced defects and macrovoids in the support layer. Moreover, grafting the RO membranes with 15 wt% of 2-acrylamidopropane-2-methyl sulphonic acid improved salt rejection to 96.2% and water flux to 8.7 L/[m.sup.2]*h. These findings underscore the significant performance enhancements achieved through both annealing and grafting processes in RO membranes. KEYWORDS cellulose triacetate acetate, cotton, desalination, phase inversion, sustainable, 1 | INTRODUCTION The issue of water scarcity has reached a critical level in Egypt, where per capita water availability is diminishing. (1) Additionally, the undervaluation of Egyptian cotton compounds [...]

Highlights The mechanical properties of short carbon fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 (CF‐PA6) components formed by fused filament fabrication (FFF) are significantly affected by the process parameters of additive manufacturing and heat treatment. In this study, the effects of printing speed, carbon fiber aspect ratio, and annealing temperature on fiber orientation were investigated by observation of single‐layer‐single‐fiber samples. Furthermore, a two‐stage annealing process was proposed to increase the tensile modulus of CF‐PA6 based on the correlation analysis results between the degree of fiber alignment and the variation of tensile modulus. According to the calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient, the tensile modulus was highly correlated with the degree of fiber alignment under different printing speeds and fiber aspect ratios. The variation in tensile modulus and fiber orientation was also consistent when the annealing temperature was lower than the crystallization temperature. Conversely, the variation of tensile modulus and fiber orientation were opposite, as the annealing temperature was higher than the crystallization temperature because of the influence of crystallinity. Through increasing the degree of fiber alignment and crystallinity of the parts, the proposed two‐stage annealing method could increase the tensile modulus of the parts to 9.0 GPa, which was 16.81% higher than that of single‐temperature annealing. The effects of annealing temperature, carbon fiber aspect ratio and printing speed on fiber orientation were illustrated. The relationship between the degree of fiber alignment and the variation of tensile modulus was established. The proposed two‐stage annealing method, considering fiber orientation and crystallinity, significantly increased the tensile modulus of CF270‐PA6 parts from 7.7 to 9.0 GPa. The quantitative analysis of the fiber orientation is realized by the statistical analysis of the plane fiber orientation angle of the single‐layer‐single‐fiber sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevailing practice advocates pre–oxidation of electrospun Fe–salt/polymer nanofibers (Fe–salt/polymer Nf) before pyrolysis as advantageous in the production of high–performance FeOx@carbon nanofibers supercapacitors (FeOx@C). However, our study systematically challenges this notion by demonstrating that pre–oxidation facilitates the formation of polydispersed and large FeOx nanoparticles (FeOx@CI−DA) through "external" Fe3+ Kirkendall diffusion from carbon, resulting in subpar electrochemical properties. To address this, direct pyrolysis of Fe–salt/polymer Nf is proposed, promoting "internal" Fe3+ Kirkendall diffusion within carbon and providing substantial physical confinement, leading to the formation of monodispersed and small FeOx nanoparticles (FeOx@CDA). In 1 M H2SO4, FeOx@CDA demonstrates ~2.60× and 1.26× faster SO42− diffusivity, and electron transfer kinetics, respectively, compared to FeOx@CI−DA, with a correspondingly ~1.50× greater effective surface area. Consequently, FeOx@CDA exhibits a specific capacity of 161.92 mAhg−1, ~2× higher than FeOx@CI−DA, with a rate capability ~19 % greater. Moreover, FeOx@CDA retains 94 % of its capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles, delivering an energy density of 26.68 Whkg−1 in a FeOx@CDA//FeOx@CDA device, rivaling state–of–the–art FeOx/carbon electrodes in less Fe–corrosive electrolytes. However, it is worth noting that the effectiveness of direct pyrolysis is contingent upon hydrated Fe–salt. These findings reveal a straightforward approach to enhancing the supercapacitance of FeOx@C materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of FePtCo ternary alloy with 100 nm thickness have been deposited on an Si substrate using a DC magnetron sputtering system by co-sputtering of Co metal target and Fe40Pt60 alloy target in three different conditions, i.e. as-deposited at room temperature, annealed at 400 °C ${}_{}^ \circ C$ ∘ C , and deposited on the seed- layer. The effects of target sputtering power, leading to different compositions and various deposition conditions on surface roughness of films and magnetic properties, were studied. The average surface roughness of the as-deposited films decreases with the increase in the sputtering power of the Co target. For the annealed and seed-layered films, an increase in Co sputtering power resulted in an increased in roughness. Moreover, the annealed films possess smallerlower roughness due to an increase in the surface mobility. On the other hand, the Cu seed- layer decreases the roughness by preventing the diffusion of the film into the substrate. The room -temperature M-H measurement shows that the films exhibit soft ferromagnetism with coercivity in the order of ${10^3}$ 10 3 A/m and large saturation magnetizationmagnetisation of the order ${10^6}$ 10 6 A/m. The saturation magnetizationmagnetisation decreases with the increase in the sputtering power and is not influenced by the film surface roughness. On the other hand, riseincrease in surface roughness leads to decrease in coercivity of the films. HIGHLIGHTS: Thin films of FePtCo ternary alloy have been deposited by co-sputtering of Co metal target and Fe40Pt60 alloy target. The effects of surface roughness of films on magnetic properties were studied. The room-temperature M-H measurement shows that the films exhibit soft ferromagnetism. The saturation magnetisation decreases with sputtering power and is not influenced by the film surface roughness. On the other hand, increase in surface roughness leads to decrease in coercivity of the films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to exploit the potential of the ball-milling method to create a super-saturated solid solution in an immiscible Cu–Co system. The nanocrystalline binary 50Cu–50Co (at%) and ternary 50Cu–40Co–10Ti (at%) alloys produced by ball milling for up to 50 h and afterwards isothermal annealing are examined for microstructure and magnetic characteristics. Ti addition’s effects on solid solubility of Co in Cu morphology and magnetic characteristics of the systems were evaluated using cutting-edge techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analyzer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and superconducting quantum interference device. The thermodynamic stability of the solutions was assessed using DTA measurement at temperatures ranging from 450 to 650°C. The magnetic value of the ternary alloy after annealing increased up to 550°C before declining to 650°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermillion (reddish-orange) emitting Sm3+-doped Gd2O3 nanophosphors with colour purity of 99% have been successfully synthesized by using a facile low-temperature solution combustion method. The influence of Sm3+ concentration and annealing temperature on structural and optical properties has been studied in detail. The XRD studies confirm that the as-synthesised samples crystallize in multiphase, while a cubic phase is formed by annealing the samples at a temperature above 773 K. An FTIR study was carried out for compositional analysis. Diffuse reflectance profiles were used to measure the bandgap energies and the values were observed to be around 5 eV. Spherical-shaped morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy image. Upon UV excitation of 260 nm, typical emission of Sm3+ ion associated with 4G5/2 → 6HJ transitions (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2, 11/2) are seen, with the major emission peak being at 610 nm. The optimal doping concentration is 1 wt%. The lifetime value is about 0.75 ms. The CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram is used to specify the luminescence colour of the prepared samples. The colour coordinates range within the reddish-orange region, and the CCT value is less than 5000 K. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Sm3+ into Gd2O3 as a dopant holds promise for serving as reddish-orange emitting phosphor for warm white applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase constituents of AlxNi2−xCoCrFe (x = 0.25−1.75) alloys were thermodynamically calculated and experimentally investigated. The experimental results indicate that when 0.5 ≤ x < 1.0, the as-cast AlxNi2−xCoCrFe alloys consist of fcc + B2 phase, with the volume fraction of fcc phase decreasing as the Al content increases. When x ≥ 1.0, the as-cast alloys contain only the B2 phase. After 1000 °C annealing, large bcc blocks precipitate in the alloy Al1.25Cr0.75CoFeNi, with an increase Al content in the B2 phase. After 800 °C annealing, very fine B2 and or σ particles precipitated from the as-cast fcc phase when 0.5 ≤ x < 1.0, and Al-poor bcc phase precipitated from the as-cast B2 phase. Moreover, the hardness of the as-cast or 800 °C annealed AlxNi2−xCoCrFe alloys increased linearly with increasing Al content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium oxide(ZrO2) is an important ceramic material characterized by a wide optical bandgap, low optical losses, high dielectric constant, excellent physical and structural properties, high coefficient of thermal expansion and chemical stability. This paper reports the synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles by the sol–gel method using ZrO(NO3)2 as the zirconium precursor and ammonia solution (25%) as the precipitating agent. The pH value of the sol and the annealing temperature strongly influence the morphology and size of nanoparticles. In the present work, the sol pH was varied from 8 to 11 and the nanoparticles obtained were annealed in the temperature range of 400–700°C. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the nanoparticles were investigated using x-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. The results demonstrate that the stable t-ZrO2 phase starts appearing above 400°C, with nanoparticle size varying in the range of 15–22 nm. The optimal size of ZrO2 nanoparticles (15.65 nm) was obtained at a pH value of 9 and an annealing temperature of 500°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying shrinkage during ambient pressure drying of silica gels is made reversible by preventing condensation reactions of surface silanol groups via surface modification. This partial recovery of the gel volume and structure is referred to as the spring-back effect (SBE) and enables the production of monolithic silica aerogels by evaporative drying. The SBE is sometimes completed by annealing at mild temperatures. Similarities between drying-related deformations and deformations induced by mechanical stimuli suggest analogous underlying mechanisms. While the causes of drying shrinkage are relatively well-known, it remains unclear how the relaxation of the structure by drying and annealing occurs across the different length scales. Here we show a complete structural recovery of silica aerogels at the macro- and nano-scale enabled by annealing. We propose that residual deformations after drying and mechanical compression are caused by the entanglement of silica clusters that can be unraveled by annealing at 230 °C. The deformation under loading is interpreted as two different re-arrangement mechanisms for dry and annealed gels, by the sliding of the silica clusters along the loading direction and by the compression of large pores beyond the fractal structure, respectively. Our results demonstrate how the shape and structure of silica aerogels can be restored and controlled by thermal activation, broadening the various applications of these materials. We also emphasize how tuning silica gels to promote a two-step SBE by annealing can pave the way toward the production of larger monolithic aerogels by APD. Highlights: Two-step spring-back of silica aerogels upon annealing at 230 °C. Residual solvent and silica cluster entanglement hinder full re-expansion. Annealed aerogels show a near-zero Poisson's ratio during compression. Interpretation of fractal dimension evolution during deformation of mesoporous materials. Annealing allows full recovery of macro- and nano-structure, highlighting programmable nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe2O3 thin films were deposited on alumina substrates by using the physical vapor deposition technique “RF magnetron sputtering”. The impact of the thermal treatment on the structural, optical and morphological properties was systematically investigated. The results of the structural characterizations reveal that the elaborated thin films present a main peak whichcorresponds to the crystalline plane (104) of the hematite (α-Fe2O3). Furthermore, the Raman spectra confirm the existence of the hematite phase of the iron oxide. UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis of Fe2O3 thin films before and after annealing shows that the transmittance increases with heat treatment. Moreover, the heat treatment at 500∘C significantly improves the absorption coefficient α, extinction coefficient k, refractive index n, and the band gap of Fe2O3 thin films. Furthermore, a spinel polarization change was found to be responsible for the ferrobehavior of Fe2O3 thanks to the lattice crystallinity enhancement. The density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the magnetic properties are very sensible to any induced strain in the Fe2O3 lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InGaN, a group‐III nitride semiconductor, is expected to be widely used in the field of optoelectronics, owing to its excellent physical properties. However, InGaN has various limitations. This study reports face‐to‐face annealing (FFA) using vapor‐phase and in‐plane mass transport to improve the surface flatness of an InGaN template. InGaN layers are grown on a GaN template that is grown on a c‐plane sapphire substrate using metal–organic vapor‐phase epitaxy. NH3‐assisted FFA is performed at 1050 °C for 20 min, causing V‐pits to vanish from the InGaN template despite their initial density of 3.3 × 108 cm−2. The surface condition of the lower InGaN layer is worse than that of the upper InGaN layer due to the FFA‐induced upward mass transport from the lower layer, thereby eliminating the V‐pits. Compositional analysis of the upper layer through Auger electron spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy reveals In peaks despite high‐temperature annealing, thus confirming the presence of InGaN. The results of this study offer possibilities for future InGaN crystal growth and InGaN‐based device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report herein a versatile method for synthesis of nickel-based inorganic compounds (i.e., Ni–O, Ni–S, Ni–Se, and Ni–P) from one basic nickel-cyanide-bridged coordination polymer (Ni-CP) flakes via a straightforward one-step annealing operation. Thus obtained Ni-based cocatalysts have been loaded over TiO 2 via facile incipient impregnation method to investigate performance towards H 2 production via H 2 O splitting reaction. Among examined compounds, the optimized 0.5Ni-P@TiO 2 exhibited the best photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen generation rate of 7.32 mmol h−1 g−1 compared with pristine TiO 2 (0.086 mmol h−1 g−1). While the 4Ni–Se@TiO 2 has revealed the strongest durability with cumulative hydrogen amount of 48.6 mmol g−1 upon a 5-h reaction, which is 81-fold higher than TiO 2 at identical conditions. On the other hand, Ni–S, Ni–P, and Ni–O, impregnated with 0.5 wt% of titania, show 13, 46, and 49-fold enhancement in evolved H 2 amount higher than the bare titanium dioxide. Additionally, the mixtures have been investigated again through photo-electrochemical measurements confirming the outperforming performance of Ni–P@TiO 2 (0.5% wt). The processed synthesis methodology is economical and easy opening a door to synthesizing various transition metal compound/semiconductor composites for efficient water photocatalytic hydrogen generation. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen extracted from water considered as a future fuel because of its sustainability and cleanliness. • The problem of huge energy required to split H–OH bond in water can be overcome through. • Among several approaches to produce green hydrogen from water, photocatalysis is the completely sustainable and eco-friendly approach. • Herein, we synthesized four nickel compounds from one parent Ni-CP, and investigated their influence on titania photocatalytic properties via water-splitting reaction. • 0.5Ni-P@TiO 2 composite provided the highest HGR (7.3 mmol h−1 g−1) with excellent electrical characteristics, while 4Ni–Se@TiO 2 composite gave the highest cumulative H 2 amount (48.6 mmol g−1), which indicated its distinguished stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of annealing on the mechanical properties, intergranular corrosion (IGC) properties, and microstructure of Al–Mg–Zn alloys is studied. The results show that with the increase of annealing temperature, the strength of the alloy decreases, the elongation increases, and the corrosion resistance firstly increases and then decreases. The alloy exhibits a high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties when the annealing treatment is 270 °C for 2 h. Meanwhile, the IGC mass loss value is less than 15 mg cm−2. In addition, the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation are 416, 250 MPa, and 16.0%, respectively. The T‐Mg32(Al, Zn)49 phases are directly precipitated when annealing at 270 °C for 2 h. After sensitization, T phase gradually grows and coarsens. When the alloy is annealing at 400 °C for 2 h, a part of T phase gradually dissolves in the Al matrix. After sensitization, the Mg atoms with higher supersaturation gradually diffuse to grain boundary by bulk diffusion due to the low dislocation density and form a thin precipitate film, which deteriorates the corrosion resistance of the alloy. The details of corrosion mechanism analysis are as follows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is known to exhibit slow crystallization. Therefore, post‐process annealing is often performed, at which structure change is inevitable. In this paper, the structure development during annealing of PLA containing N,N′‐ethylenebis(12‐hydroxystearamide) (EBHS) is studied using extruded strands. First, EBHS, which acts as a nucleating agent, is dissolved in molten PLA, and then segregates with a fibrous shape during cooling. Next, the PLA containing EBHS is extruded, which causes EBHS fibers in the strand to orientate with the flow direction. When the strand is annealed at 100°C, amorphous PLA chains initially lose their orientation. Then, the chain orientation in the PLA strand develops because of transcrystallization from the surface of EBHS fibers that are aligned with the flow direction. As a result, the Hermans orientation function increases from 1.8 × 10−3 (before annealing) to 6.0 × 10−3 (after annealing). Moreover, the annealed PLA/EBHS strand shows less shrinkage (0.80 ± 0.19%) than the annealed PLA strand (2.04 ± 0.27%). The promotion of PLA chain orientation induced by the presence of aligned EBHS fibers can be used to control the structure and dimensional change of PLA products during annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of annealing at a temperature of 980°C on the microstructure, phase composition, and microhardness of the additively manufactured TiNi-based material has been investigated. TiNi billets were produced using dual-wire electron beam additive manufacturing by simultaneous deposition of titanium and nickel wires. The typical morphology of dendritic microstructure changes from the bottom to the top of the asbuilt billet and is characterized by large dendritic blocks in the bottom part and thin dendrites in the central and upper parts. According to the data of scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM EDS) analysis and the phase diagrams, dendrites and interdendritic regions consist of a mixture of TiNi + TiNi3 and TiNi + Ti2Ni phases, respectively, but the data of X-ray analysis confirm the presence of the Ti3Ni4 phase as well. Annealing contributes to the partial dissolution of large dendrites in the bottom part of the billet, increase of the thin dendrite sizes, and smoothing of their forms. The data of SEM EDS analysis and XRD both testify that the multiphase mixture of different phases tends to transform into a single-phase TiNi structure during annealing, but this transformation is incomplete. All these factors lead to the increase of microhardness of the annealed samples from ≈5 GPa for the as-built specimen to ≈7 GPa for the 8-h annealed specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reports the synthesis of conductive MOFs (Metal-organic frameworks) of the type NBu4M(DHBQ)1.5 (M = Ni2+, Cu2+, and Co2+; DHBQ = 2,5- dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) and their subsequent incorporation in PVP-based electrospun mats (EMs). The MOFs and MOF-modified EMs were carbonized to fabricate nanostructured metal oxide/carbon nanomaterial (MO/CNM). The synthesized and carbonized MOFs (MO/CNMs) and MOF-modified PVP EMs (MO/CNM EMs) were subjected to morphological, microstructural, and electrochemical characterization. Morphological analysis indicated a more uniform dispersion of networked nanomaterial on carbonization of MO/CNM EMs than MO/CNMs. Microstructural analysis revealed the successful formation of MOFs using metallic salts and DHBQ and the subsequent incorporation of MOFs in PVP-based EMs. Raman spectra and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX) also indicated the presence of corresponding metal oxide in the respective MO/CNMs and MO/CNM EMs. However, MOF-Cu-loaded PVP-based EMs could not be fabricated due to the limited dispersion of whisker-like Cu-MOF in PVP-based precursor solution resulting in repeated needle clogging. The uniaxial tensile strength of PVP-based EMs was observed to deteriorate with MOF loading, however, MOF-Ni exhibited comparatively higher elongation-at-break (~ 12%) than PVP-based EMs. Further, electrochemical characterization indicated MOF-Ni and MOF-Ni EM-based electrodes to exhibit comparatively better electrochemical performance than respective MOF-Co and MOF-Cu-based electrodes. Therefore, the study demonstrates the synthesis and development of uniformly dispersed metal oxide-based carbon nanomaterial using PVP-based EMs for designing engineered nanostructured materials for targeted drug delivery, sensor, and energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effects of annealing on the phase and chemical composition, surface morphology, structure, substructure, and optical properties of SnS films obtained using the nanoink spraying method based on a suspension of nanoparticles. SnS nanoparticles were synthesized in an aqueous ammonia solution using triethanolamine. After the ink was applied to the glass substrates, the samples were annealed at 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C for 30 min in a mixture of argon and oxygen atmosphere. Thin layers of tin sulfide were studied using energy-dispersive EDX, X-ray diffraction analysis, SEM microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical spectroscopy. The films are nanocrystalline and contain an orthorhombic SnS phase. In the films annealed at a temperature Ta ≥ 450 °C, tin oxide was detected diffractometrically. These studies also explored the determination of the main structural parameters of the films, such as the texture, period of the crystal lattice, sizes of the coherent scattering regions, and the level of microdeformations depending on the annealing temperature. The optimal conditions for the annealing of the films were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), a relatively new class of materials, have attracted significant attention in materials science owing to their unique properties and potential applications. High entropy stabilizes the phase of a solid solution over a wide range of chemical compositions, yielding unique properties superior to those of conventional alloys. Therefore, this study analyzed the microstructure and electrochemical behavior of HEAs (Cantor) to evaluate their corrosion resistance, according to their manufacturing process (casting, cold rolling, and annealing). The microstructural morphologies and sizes were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction. The electrochemical behavior was examined using open circuit potential measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization tests, and critical pitting temperature measurements using a potentiostat. The casting process formed a nonuniform microstructure (average grain size = 19 μm). The cold rolling process caused the formation of fine grains (size = 4 μm). A uniform microstructure (grain size > 151 μm) was formed after heat treatment. The corrosion resistance of the HEAs was determined from the passivation layer formed by Cr oxidation. These microstructural differences resulted in variations in the electrochemical behavior. Microstructural and electrochemical analyses are crucial because HEAs have diverse potential applications. Therefore, this study contributes to future improvements in HEA manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-carbon steel revealed the presence of ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-martensite microstructures after being subjected to different thermomechanical routes. These routes involved two distinct stages: 1) reheating hot-rolled steel at 1473 K, followed by cooling via step quenching, intermediate quenching, and furnace cooling, and 2) cold rolling and subsequently annealing at 873 K for 2 and 8 h. The quenching schedules finally developed a ferrite-martensite structure with different martensitic morphology, whereas furnace cooling promotes a ferrite-pearlite structure. The prolonged annealing assists in carbide precipitation from deformed ferrite-martensite microstructure while pre-existing carbides coarsen after 8 h of annealing in furnace-cooled specimens. The sudden phase disintegration contributes to the changes in the recrystallized kinetics and evolution of precipitates, tailoring the final grain size. Additionally, the development of textures after cold rolling and annealing is studied through the emergence of α and γ fiber in BCC phase. Finally, detailed microscopic technique has been employed to correlate the overall tensile response of the investigated samples with their interrelated microstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the Cu coating prepared by low-pressure cold spraying, the Cu coating was annealed at different temperatures. The microstructure of Cu coating without and with annealing was experimentally investigated. Annealing at the appropriate temperature would make mutual diffusion polymerization between the Cu atoms, and the porosity in the coating decreases from 0.39 to 0.05% when the annealing temperature is 773 K. Meanwhile, annealing promotes recrystallization and grain growth of Cu coating. However, the excessive annealing temperature will make the grain grow abnormally, so that the tiny oxides that originally existed at the interface move along the grain boundaries and gather together, thus forming a larger spherical oxide. The results of the coating immersion experiments show that the corrosion rate of the Cu coating after annealing was reduced from 91.98 to 49.06 MPY compared to the coating without annealing, which is due to the reduced porosity of the coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin film was deposited by direct current (DC) sputtering onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate as the seed layer at an oxygen partial pressure of 8 × 10−4 mbar. A simple solvothermal method involving tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6), ethanol (C2H5OH), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used to synthesize vertically stacked nanoscale WO3 hierarchical structures on WO3 seed-layered FTO. After the deposition process, the FTO samples with nanostructures were subjected to annealing in air at 400°C for 4 h. After annealing, the surface morphology, structural characteristics, and optical and electrochromic properties of the grown nanostructures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. From the XRD analysis, all the diffraction patterns were ascribed to a monoclinic phase. The SEM analysis showed that films grown with 5 μL HCl had a nanoflower structure compared to the films grown with 0 μL HCl and 20 μL HCl. The nanoflower-structured films showed a higher cathodic peak current (−2.22 mA), diffusion coefficient (5.43 × 10−9 cm2/s), and coloration efficiency (23.6 cm2/C). The increased electrochromic characteristics were attributed to the nanostructured films, which enhanced the diffusion of H+ ions by providing a large surface area during the charge transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, rhenium (Re) based ohmic contacts to GaN have been studied for their low resistivity, smooth surface morphology, and sharp edge acuity at low annealing temperatures. In this work, we discuss the evolution of surface microstructures for Re‐Al‐Ni‐Au ohmic contacts on n‐GaN as a function of Re layer thickness and annealing temperature. For all Re thicknesses, the Al and Ni segregate into agglomerates that increase in size with increasing annealing temperature. These agglomerates are surrounded by Al‐Au films. Along with the underlying Re layer, they form different crystallographic phases of Re‐Al‐Ni, Al6Re, AlAu2, and Al2Au5. This, along with the formation of Re‐N phases at the metal‐semiconductor interface leads to low resistivity ohmic contacts on n‐GaN. Investigating the evolution of the contact microstructure is an important step in understanding the behavior of the Re‐based ohmic contact system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates damage monitoring and fracture toughness characterization of additively manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) embedded with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under dynamic mode-I fracture loading conditions. A novel modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) setup along with high-speed imaging is used to understand the crack dynamics. Electrically conductive CNTs embedded ABS nanocomposite is referred to as ABS-EC in this study. A modified four-probe resistivity measurement technique is utilized to understand the piezo-resistance response of ABS-EC. The effect of four infill line orientations (0°, 90°, ±45°, and 0°/90°) on quasi-static and dynamic mode-I fracture toughness and damage sensing characteristics are studied. Results reveal that the infill line orientations have a significant impact, where with ± 45° configurations demonstrating superior dynamic fracture toughness (2.54 MPa-m1/2) due to the kinking of the crack along the + 45°/−45° direction and the 90° orientations exhibiting weaker interfaces. Real-time observations of crack dynamics validate these findings, emphasizing the role of filament alignment in determining crack pathways and fracture behavior. Among the four infill line orientations, 0°/90° shows the highest (500%) peak piezo-resistance response, whereas the 90° orientation shows the lowest (95%). Moreover, convection oven annealing is explored, where substantial improvement in static fracture toughness (226% increase) for ABS is observed. However, annealing did not enhance the fracture toughness of ABS-EC because CNTs acted as a barrier to restrict the polymer's molecular chain movement for rearranging the porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Cr coating was prepared by induction heating and pack-cementation chromizing on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Then, the cold-rolling deformation and annealing treatment were introduced to refine the coarse matrix grains caused by pack-chromizing and improve the overall performance of 304 austenitic stainless steel. The phase composition, element distribution, and microstructure of the coating were carefully characterized. The microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the coating were tested. The results show that the Cr coating with a thickness of 100 μm is mainly composed of a (Cr,Fe)23C6, (Cr,Fe)7C3, and α-Fe-Cr solid solution. After the cold-rolling deformation and subsequent annealing treatment, the grains are significantly refined and the Cr coating is divided into two layers, consisting of carbon-chromium compounds such as Cr23C6, Cr7C3, Cr2C, and Cr3C2 in the surface layer and a Fe-Cr solid solution in the subsurface layer. The cold-rolling deformation and annealing treatment significantly improved the microhardness and wear resistance of the coated sample, and the corrosion resistance was also better than that of the uncoated sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation behaviour of iron-based 316L stainless steel was investigated in the temperature range of 700 to 1000 °C. The test specimens in the shape of plates were produced by selective laser melting. After fabrication, the samples were sandblasted and then annealed in air for different periods of time (0.5, 2, 8, 32 h). Under the influence of temperature and time, stainless steels tend to form an oxide layer. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, and X-ray diffraction were employed to analyse the composition of this layer. Notably, a thin oxide layer primarily composed of (Fe-Cr) formed on the surface due to temperature effects. In addition, with increasing temperature (up to 1000 °C), the oxide of the main alloying elements, specifically Mn2(Fe-Cr)O4, appeared alongside the Fe-Cr oxide. Furthermore, the samples were subjected to conversion X-ray (CXMS) and conversion electron (CEMS) Mössbauer spectroscopy. CXMS revealed a singlet with a decreasing Mössbauer effect based on the surface metal oxide thickness. CEMS revealed the presence of Fe3+ in the surface layer (0.3 µm). Moreover, an interesting phenomenon occurred at higher temperature levels due to the inhomogeneously thick surface metal oxide layer and the tangential direction of the Mössbauer radiation towards the electron detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat treatment is important for optimizing the strength performance and improving the toughness of titanium alloys. In this study, we investigated the impact of three heat treatment methods (β-annealing, double annealing, and solid-solution and aging treatment) on the mechanical properties and fracture morphology of Ti555211 titanium alloy. The results show that after β-annealing treatment, the alloy retains a high strength, while showing almost no ductility, and no yield strength. The alloy after double annealing has a high elongation rate (~54%) and lower strength. After solid-solution and aging heat treatment, the alloy was able to retain both high strength and a certain degree of ductility. The optimal heat-treatment process is solid-solution treatment at 820 °C/2 h and aging at 560 °C/12 h, which results in a maximum tensile strength of 1404 MPa and an elongation rate of 11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-manganese (Cu-Mn) alloys are usually used in resistance materials with a low resistance and low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). In the study, two kinds of electrochemical deposition methods were used to prepare a Cu-Mn structure. Firstly, high conductivity Cu film with preferred (111) orientation was prepared based on the Al thick film as the sacrificial layer by screen printing on the Al2O3 substrate, and then transformed the Al thick film into the Cu thick film by the galvanic displacement reaction at 80 °C for 75 min. Secondly, the electroplating method was used to deposit Mn on the as-replaced Cu film. it could be seen that a high quality and desired Cu-Mn 9:1 ratio could be obtained by depositing at 1.6 V for 10 min in MnCl2 electrolyte with (NH4)2SO4. Sequentially, annealing under normal pressure in reducing the atmosphere was done to make the Cu and Mn interdiffusion into the alloy phase. Both x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman confirmed that annealing at 900 °C in a nitrogen-hydrogen (95/5) atmosphere could extremely reduce the possibility of manganese oxidation and showed promising electrical properties including of the low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR = 150 ppm) with resistivity of 1000 μΩ-cm, which are comparable to that of CuMn deposited by sputtering in vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of cryorolling (CR), hot rolling (HR), and different annealing temperatures on the microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion performance of AA4343/AA3003/AA4343 laminated sheets are studied. Compared with the HR samples, the microstructure of the CR samples presents a significant decrease in the size of elongated grains and significantly large second‐phase particles Al(Mn, Fe)Si in the AA3003 alloy. Grains in CR samples subjected annealing at 200–300 °C become finer. Increasing to 400–550 °C, the grains begin to grow, and the Si is diffused into the core layer. A comparison of HR and CR processing reveals a significant increase in the yield strength from 153 to 209 MPa and the ultimate tensile strength from 168 MPa to 217 MPa of the laminated sheet. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements and immersion tests are conducted to assess the corrosion morphology. After being immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution for two weeks, the clad surface of the laminated sheet exhibits uniform corrosion products and pitting corrosion, which shows the pitting corrosion depth of the CR sample improved compared to the HR sample. The study suggests that both CR and annealing can be useful for enhancing the mechanical properties, and corrosion morphology of laminated sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optoelectronic synapses with fast response, low power consumption, and memory function hold great potential in the future of artificial intelligence technologies. Herein, a strategy of annealing in oxygen ambient at different temperatures is presented to improve the optoelectronic synaptic behaviors of acceptor-rich ZnO (A-ZnO) microtubes. The basic synaptic functions of as-grown and annealed A-ZnO microtubes including excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) conversion, and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), were successfully emulated. The results show that the annealing temperature of 600 °C yields high figures of merit compared to other annealed A-ZnO microtubes. The 4-fold and 20-fold enhancement dependent on the light pulse duration time and energy density have been achieved in the 600 °C annealed A-ZnO microtube, respectively. Furthermore, the device exhibited a PPF index of up to 238% and achieved four cycles of "learning-forgetting" process, proving its capability for optical information storage. The free exciton (FX) and donor–acceptor pair (DAP) concentrations significantly influenced the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) behavior of A-ZnO microtubes. Therefore, the LTM response can be controlled by the adjustment of numbers, powers, and interval time of the optical stimulation. This work outlines a strategy to improve the EPSC response through defect control, representing a step towards applications in the field of optoelectronic synaptic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was dedicated to the detailed characterization of the microstructural changes and the phase analysis of the interfaces formed in explosive welding of multilayered Ti Gr.1/A1050 clads. The significant effect of the detonation source localization on the microstructure of the welded materials interfaces after collision, and consequently on the diffusion processes induced by the elevated temperature was showed. Annealing process at 550 °C for series of time intervals of the Ti/Al clad allowed to determine the growth mechanism of the Al3Ti phase formed along particular interfaces. Moreover, the microstructure observations and calculations evidenced different growth mechanisms related to the localization of the Ti/Al interface in respect to the detonation source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled soda-lime glass powder is a sustainable material that is also often considered a filler in cement-based composites. The changes in the surface properties of the glass particles due to the treatments were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical spectroscopy. We have found that there is a relatively high level of carbon contamination on the surface of the glass particles (around 30 at.%), so plasma technology and thermal annealing were tested for surface cleaning. Room temperature plasma treatment was not sufficient to remove the carbon contamination from the surface of the recycled glass particles. Instead, the room temperature plasma treatment of recycled soda-lime glass particles leads to a significant enhancement in their room temperature photoluminescence (PL) by increasing the intensity and accelerating the decay of the photoluminescence. The enhanced blue PL after room-temperature plasma treatment was attributed to the presence of carbon contamination on the glass surface and associated charge surface and interfacial defects and interfacial states. Therefore, we propose blue photoluminescence under UV LED as a fast and inexpensive method to indicate carbon contamination on the surface of glass particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) viz., annealing, normalizing and quenching was assessed regarding its effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welded Hastelloy C-276/Monel 400 dissimilar sheets. The weld zone (WZ) microstructures of the different PWHT specimens exhibit finer dendrite grains along with Crrich carbides and Ni-rich oxide precipitates. The weld joints subjected to quenching attains near equal microhardness of the as-welded condition. During tensile testing, failures occurred in the WZ for quenched and normalized weld joints, whereas the Hastelloy C-276 fractured in annealed conditions, exhibiting ductile fracture mode. In corrosion studies the WZ of the weld joint subjected to annealing imparted superior corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to study the formation mechanism of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy and how the annealing process affects its corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach: This study involved immersion experiments, electrochemical experiments and slow strain rate tensile experiments, along with scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction analysis. Findings: The findings suggest that annealing treatment can refine the grain size of AZ31 magnesium alloy to an average of 6.9 µm at 300°C. The change in grain size leads to a change in conductivity, which affects the performance of MAO coatings. The MAO coating obtained by annealing the substrate at 300°C has smaller pores and porosity, resulting in better adhesion and wear resistance. Originality/value: The coating acts as a barrier to prevent corrosive substances from entering the substrate. However, the smaller pores and porosity reduce the channels for the corrosive solution to pass through the coating. When the coating cracks or falls off, the corrosive medium and substrate come into direct contact. Smaller and uniform grains have better corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite in two commercial stainless steels, 15-5PH and M-154, was studied. In this work, a new approach combining hot deformation and additional post-treatment was investigated and compared with conventional annealing heat treatments for the dissolution of δ-ferrite. The results showed the acceleration in the dissolution of δ-ferrite using the new methodology. Samples from each steel were subjected to conventional annealing heat treatments at 1000 °C and 1150 °C, with soaking times of 1, 2, and 3 h. A second set of samples was subjected to hot compression experiments at 900 °C, under different strain rates, followed by post-processing heat treatments at 1000 °C and 1150 °C, while keeping the holding time constant for 10 min. Advanced microstructural characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) were employed to investigate δ-ferrite dissolution in terms of changes in area fraction and chemical composition. The results indicated a strong correlation between the dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite and the processing parameters. In addition, thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc software (version 2021.2.87071-368) were used to assess the diffusion of elements during the dissolution of δ-ferrite as a function of temperature and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure evolution during the cold rolling and subsequent annealing of Alloy 800H was investigated. Two distinct rolling methods, unidirectional rolling and cross-rolling, were introduced. Cracks were observed in the cross-rolled plates, while such cracks did not appear in the unidirectionally rolled plates, which indicated better ductility during the unidirectional rolling process. The difference between the two different rolling methods was explained by the evolution of Schmit factors during the deformation. A higher volume fraction of large, deformed grains was observed in the cross-rolled plates than in the unidirectionally rolled plates. Abnormal grain growth was observed in the cross-rolled specimens after annealing while no abnormal grain growth was seen in the unidirectionally rolled ones. In addition, the recrystallization occurred faster in plates from unidirectional rolling than from cross-rolling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we quantify the relationship between microphase segregation and local structure development in thermoplastic polyurethanes. Samples were prepared with varying ratios of 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) to polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) and annealed at temperatures Ta between RT–140 °C for 20 h each. Distinct populations of smaller and larger ordered domains are distinguished by pair distribution function analysis. The intermediate‐range order of nanoscale hard domains in the paracrystalline state (form I) is directly extracted and characterized. The results suggest that form I of the MDI‐BDO:PTHF system presents a conformational and packing order similar to the form III structure, typically obtained from stretching/annealing, but with limited spatial coherence of 3–7 nm. Heating above Tg of the hard segments is necessary to achieve a substantial structural response from the annealing treatment. Increasing Ta promotes purification of the soft phase via microphase segregation, coalescence of the hard blocks, and growth of paracrystalline phase, while a minority fraction of longer‐range ordered domains left over from production remains relatively constant. We observe a composition‐dependent decrease in the average nearest‐neighbor distance that can be correlated with the greater number of CC, CN, and CO bonds with increased hard segment content. A non‐linear deviation in the trend is observed to correlate with sample densification. The mechanical and thermal behavior of the samples is intimately tied to the segregation state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an alternating aging-annealing process for enhancing strength and ductility of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy, we further investigated the effects of different annealing parameters on the microstructure and texture of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy. The results show that the alloy underwent static recrystallization during the annealing process, and the recrystallization ratio and recrystallized grain size increased with increasing annealing temperature and annealing time. During the period, the transition from low-angle grain boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries within the deformed grains and the encroachment of recrystallized grains on the deformed grains were the main recrystallization mechanisms, dislocations were consumed, and the residual stresses were reduced. In addition, after annealing at different temperatures for 5 h, a rare earth (RE) texture with the orientation approximately between [2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 4]//ED and [2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 2]//ED was found in all samples, except for the weakened strongly extruded texture. We focused on this phenomenon and found that the strength of the RE texture gradually increased with longer annealing time at 420 °C. The formation of this texture was related to the selective growth of grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, a facile ion-solution spraying strategy was employed for one-step fabrication of CsPbBr3 perovskite thin films under atmosphere. The dependences of sample properties on annealing parameters (toleration temperature and duration time) were investigated in detail. As the results suggested, the sample prepared at 200 °C for 15 min featured better properties than others. The sample displayed a cubic phase with good crystallinity, a dense and compact morphology, a bandgap energy of 2.289 eV, and an average decay lifetime of 55.536 ns. Furthermore, the sample presented a Br-rich state, which was favorable for the carrier behavior and structure stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties, texture transformation, and mechanism of Al–Cu–Mn alloy during annealing were studied using three-dimensional orientation distribution function (ODF), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the increase in yield strength after annealing at 200 °C is due to the decrease in the proportion of P and M textures and the increase in the proportion of Goss texture. The increase in the change rate of mechanical properties observed during annealing at 250 and 350 °C can be attributed to the higher proportion of M and P textures and the reduced proportion of Goss textures. Among them, the proportion of M texture increased significantly, and the Goss texture decreased significantly after annealing at 350 °C. This is because the structural energy density (Ev) value of the Goss texture is higher than that of the M texture at 250 °C and 350 °C. The Goss texture is in an unstable state of high energy order. The deformed Goss texture is unstable at high temperatures, leading to conversion into M and other textures. The EBSD and TEM analysis revealed that the hardness is mainly related to the change in dislocation density. When the annealing temperature is increased from 250 to 350 °C, the hardness is significantly reduced from 62 HV to 52 HV, and the dislocation density is reduced from 4.0 × 1014 ρ/m−2 to 2.4 × 1014 ρ/m−2.

The high-density Fe-6.5 wt% Si soft magnetic alloy samples were prepared using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. Annealing treatments with different temperatures were employed to promote grain growth. The microstructure, texture and magnetic hysteresis loops were characterized, aiming to investigate the relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties. The as-printed Fe-6.5 wt% Si alloy had weak texture and low density of ordered phases, and was featured by coarse grains in the top-view section and columnar grains in the side-view section. After annealing at 800 °C–1000 °C, the textures were slightly weakened, while the grain growth was not significant. Increasing the annealing temperature to 1100 °C led to abnormal grain growth behaviors. The grains of the as-printed Fe-6.5 wt% Si alloy showed randomly abnormal growth behaviors rather than oriented growth, which may be related to the low stored energy and initial size advantage before annealing. After annealed at 1100 °C for 1 h, the abnormal grain growth and the formation of large Goss ({110}) and Cube ({100}) grains resulted in microstructure coarsening and texture optimization. Thus, the corresponding ring-shaped sample exhibited excellent magnetic performance. The magnetic induction B8 is 1.21 T, the maximum relative permeability is 14.71 × 103 and the core loss P10/50 is 11.69 W/kg.

Magnesium alloys have received a lot of attention in aerospace, automotive, electronic communications and other fields due to their low density, high specific strength and damping performance. However, magnesium alloy sheets prepared by conventional thermomechanical processing usually have a strong basal texture, resulting in poor formability. In this paper, Mg–Mn–Ce alloys with good plastic forming ability were prepared by studying and optimizing the annealing process. Under the low-temperature annealing condition, it can promote the static recrystallization and grain refinement of Mg–Mn–Ce alloy, and also eliminate the internal stress. With the increase of annealing temperature, a large amount of dispersed Mg12Ce as a stable second phase effectively hindered the grain boundary migration, while the nanoscale α-Mn forms a fine second phase to inhibit grain growth, and both of them together greatly stabilize the deformation structure of the alloy, and maintain a good grain organization under the condition of annealing temperature of 300 °C and holding time of 30 min. The present work also improves the Arrhenius constitutive equation for the Mg–Mn–Ce alloy with respect to the degree of deviation, which significantly improves the accuracy of the model in predicting the thermoforming behavior. Meanwhile, to address the shortcomings of the traditional forming method of magnesium alloy, the processing process of spreading the centrifugal casting tube flat is proposed, the forming process is simulated, and the location of easy breakage in the forming process is predicted. These findings provide microanalytical support for the improvement of forming properties of magnesium alloys by annealing.

MOCAF merupakan salah satu olahan berbahan baku ubi kayu yang difermentasi dengan mikroba. MOCAF masih memiliki beberapa kekurangan yaitu swelling power dan kelarutan yang cenderung tinggi, hal tersebut menyebabkan pemanfaatan dan pengaplikasian MOCAF pada industri pangan atau produk pangan kurang maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan suhu dan waktu annealing terhadap sifat fungsional dan kimia MOCAF termodifikasi. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan dua faktor, masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan dua kali pengulangan. Faktor pertama suhu annealing (T) (27, 40, dan 50°C), dan faktor kedua yaitu waktu annealing (L) (0 jam (aktual 15 menit), 8 jam, 16 jam). Parameter yang diamati yaitu swelling power, kelarutan, Water Holding Capacity (WHC), Oil Holding Capacity (OHC), sineresis, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar pati, kadar amilosa, dan kadar amilopektin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan suhu annealing 50°C dengan waktu annealing 16 jam mampu menurunkan swelling power 17,01 (g/g), kelarutan 5,18 g/g, kadar abu 0,41%, WHC 110,79%, OHC 101,28%, sineresis 0,41%, dan amilopektin 48,16%; dan meningkatkan kadar air 10,27%, kadar amilosa 38,83%, dan kadar pati 87,88%. Modifikasi MOCAF menggunakan metode annealing dengan perlakuan perbedaan suhu dan waktu annealing berpengaruh signifikan terhadap semua parameter uji sehingga, MOCAF termodifikasi annealing dapat lebih luas dalam pemanfaatan dan pengaplikasian pada industri pangan atau produk pangan.

Abstract Optoelectronic synapses with fast response, low power consumption, and memory function hold great potential in the future of artificial intelligence technologies. Herein, a strategy of annealing in oxygen ambient at different temperatures is presented to improve the optoelectronic synaptic behaviors of acceptor-rich ZnO (A-ZnO) microtubes. The basic synaptic functions of as-grown and annealed A-ZnO microtubes including excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) conversion, and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), were successfully emulated. The results show that the annealing temperature of 600 °C yields high figures of merit compared to other annealed A-ZnO microtubes. The 4-fold and 20-fold enhancement dependent on the light pulse duration time and energy density have been achieved in the 600 °C annealed A-ZnO microtube, respectively. Furthermore, the device exhibited a PPF index of up to 238% and achieved four cycles of “learning-forgetting” process, proving its capability for optical information storage. The free exciton (FX) and donor–acceptor pair (DAP) concentrations significantly influenced the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) behavior of A-ZnO microtubes. Therefore, the LTM response can be controlled by the adjustment of numbers, powers, and interval time of the optical stimulation. This work outlines a strategy to improve the EPSC response through defect control, representing a step towards applications in the field of optoelectronic synaptic device.