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The two studies reported in this paper aimed to present and discuss both the validation of the Work-Home Culture (WHC) scale (Dikkers et al., Work & Stress, 21(2), 155–172, 2007) in the Italian context (Study 1), and a relational model that links the WHC to subjective well-being via the mediation of three facets of the work-home interface: work-family conflict, work-family enrichment and work-family balance (Study 2). Heterogeneous samples of workers from different organisations took part in the cross-sectional studies. Substantial support was provided for the robustness of the factorial structure of the 18-item WHC scale with five factors (three support dimensions and two hindrance dimensions). Individuals’ perceptions of a supportive WHC that characterises the organisation they work for – particularly with respect to work-family issues and the use of family-friendly benefits – turned out to be positively associated with work-family enrichment and balance. Only organisational time demands, which is a hindrance dimension, was associated with work-family conflict. Moreover, our findings suggest that WHC is significantly associated with subjective well-being and that this association is largely indirect – through the facets of work-family interface – rather than direct. The results of the two studies represent a relevant achievement from the perspective of conducting future research using this measure in different socio-cultural environments and ad hoc interventions in the fields of organisational psychology and occupational health.

This paper describes an investigation of student perceptions of the cognitive and affective capabilities of four robots that have a decreasing degree of morphological human likeness. We showed and illustrated the robots (i.e., InMoov, Padbot, Joy Robot and Turtlebot) to 62 students. After showing the students each of these robots, and explaining their main features and capabilities, we administered a fill-in questionnaire to the students. Our main hypothesis was that the perception of a robot’s cognitive and affective capabilities varied in correspondence with their appearance and in particular with their different degree of human likeness. The main results of this study indicate that the scores attributed to the cognitive and emotional capabilities of these robots are not modulated correspondingly to their different morphological similarity to humans. Furthermore, overall, the scores given to all of these robots regarding their ability to explicate mental functions are low, and even lower scores are given to their ability to feel emotions. There is a split between InMoov, the robot which has the highest degree of human likeness, and all of the others. Our results also indicate that: (1) morphological similarity of a robot to humans is not perceived automatically as such by observers, which is not considered a value in itself for the robot; and (2) even at lower levels of robot–human likeness, an uncanny valley effect arises but is quite mitigated by curiosity.

Lo studio esplora il ruolo del rimpianto anticipato nella teoria del comportamento pianifica-to (Theory of Planned Behaviour, TPB; Ajzen, 1991) applicata al consumo di frutta come snack. Il modello ipotizzato estende la TPB con l'inclusione del comportamento passato e del rimpianto anticipato. Gli obiettivi principali sono: a) testare se il rimpianto anticipato migliori il potere predittivo della TPB, anche dopo aver considerato il comportamento passato; b) analiz-zare se il rimpianto moderi la relazione tra intenzione e comportamento. Lo studio è stato con-dotto in due fasi, a distanza di due settimane. Nella prima fase, il questionario strutturato online includeva le misure dell'intenzione e dei suoi antecedenti e item per rilevare il comportamento passato e il rimpianto anticipato. Nella seconda è stato rilevato il comportamento di consumo di frutta fresca come snack nelle due settimane precedenti. Ha partecipato allo studio un campione di convenienza di 361 studenti universitari italiani. I risultati ottenuti mediante le analisi di re-gressione mostrano che comportamento passato e rimpianto anticipato migliorano la capacità della TPB di prevedere sia l'intenzione sia il comportamento futuro. Inoltre, il rimpianto mode-ra l'effetto dell'intenzione sul comportamento, che è significativo solo quando il rimpianto è elevato. In conclusione, i risultati supportano l'importanza di considerare il rimpianto anticipa-to nella previsione delle intenzioni di mettere in atto questo comportamento alimentare salutare e l'utilità di far leva su questa reazione affettiva per rinforzare il legame intenzione-comportamento.

In robotics, a field of research still populated by prototypes, much of the research is made through videos and pictures of robots. We study how the highly human-like robot Sophia is perceived through a YouTube video. Often researchers take for granted in their experiments that people perceive humanoids as such. With this study we wanted to understand to what extent a convenience sample of university students perceive Sophia’s human-likeness; second, we investigated which mental capabilities and emotions they attribute to her; and third, we explored the possible uses of Sophia they imagine. Our findings suggest that the morphological human-likeness of Sophia, through the video, is not salient in the Sophia’s representations of these participants. Only some mental functions are attributed to Sophia and no emotions. Finally, uses of Sophia turned out to be connected to the gender stereotypes that characterize stereotyped women’s professions and occupations but not completely.

With the development of educational robotics, teachers of secondary and high school frequently request clear indications on which type of robot is most effective for strengthening students’ mental schemes on the robot. This paper investigates whether using crafts and recycled materials or structured materials to build robots is more effective in terms of pupils’ cognition in educational robotics. Some scholarship argues that using crafts and recycled materials to build a robot from scratch is more effective than using structured materials. The design of the educational research applied here, and in which we tested this hypothesis, included two different robotics activities, carried out in Italy with two classes of secondary school. In the first, we asked the students to build a robot from scratch using crafts and recycled materials, while in the other we asked the students to build a robot from structured materials. These two activities were preceded and followed by the completion, by students, of the same questionnaire about knowledge of mechanics, manual skills, conceptualization of robots, and beliefs about the robotization of everyday life machines, which were the learning outcomes identified in this study according to the concept of constructive alignment and outcome-based education. Results show that building a robot from scratch increases pupils’ knowledge and manual skills, while building a robot with structured materials increases their awareness of the robotization of machines. Thus, current scholarship’s approach is only partially confirmed. To conclude, although pupils’ appreciation involves equally both these robotics activities, each of these outlines a specific educational outcome.

Given that today 60% of Internet traffic is generated by bots, ‘CAPTCHA’ (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) tests that are supposedly impossible to be done by robots have been introduced. What are the cognitive and emotional effects of these tests on Internet users? Does this request to demonstrate they are not a robot affect users’ identity as human beings? To answer these questions, we selected two groups (117 and 116 respondents, respectively). An online questionnaire that differed only in the task was proposed: we asked the first group to complete some CAPTCHA tests, and the second group to complete some logic tests. In addition to other questions in both versions, we introduced the TLX scale (NASA). Preliminary results show that CAPTCHA execution is associated with feelings of alienation and that the user’s self-perception of humanity is influenced by the execution of the two different types of test.

The main aim of the study was to test a two-wave longitudinal prediction model for the consumption of at least three portions of fruit per day, that was grounded on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991), extended with measures of past behavior and self-identity as a healthy eater. Self-identity is defined as a salient part of the self-concept specifically relates to a desirable behavior, such as, in this case, healthy eating. A second aim of the study was to test the invariance of the proposed model in two samples of Italian university students (n = 208) and no-student adults (n = 321). At time 1 the questionnaire was made up of measures of TPB constructs, with the addition of past consumption and self-identity as a healthy eater. Both the affective and evaluative components of attitude were assessed. At time 2, only the target behavior was surveyed. After checking both adequacy of the measurement model and reliability estimates, data were analyzed via structural equation modelling that returned good fit indices. Results showed that intention was positively associated with subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, self-identity and past behavior. Altogether, they explained 78% of the intention variance in the student group, and 81% in the adult group. After controlling for intention, past behavior – but not self-identity – was significantly related to the self-reported behavior, and the model explained 69% and 62% of behavior variance, respectively. Multi-sample analysis supported model invariance across the two groups. Results and their possible applications are presented and discussed.

Background Leadership and perceived organizational support inspire trust in the leader and in the organization. Consequently, these aspects may contribute to a reduction in job burnout among nurses and, in the end, of the intention on their part to leave the hospital. It is crucial to develop models in order to simultaneously test the correlations between these relevant psychosocial variables, so that complexity of the nursing work environment may be better understood. Objectives We expected to give support to and to further corroborate results in the literature linking perceived leadership style – and particularly servant leadership – perceived organizational support, trust in the leader and in the organization, job burnout among nurses and their subsequent intention to leave the hospital. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Two Italian large size public hospitals. Participants Two samples including both graduates and non-graduates members of the nursing staff. Overall mean age was equal to 42.06 years while the general mean for tenure was 12.99 years. Data were collected in 2012. Methods A regression model with latent variables was tested via structural equation modeling using LISREL. The multi-sample procedure was also applied in order to test invariance of results between the two samples. Results Servant leadership was positively associated with trust in the leader and perceived organizational support was positively associated with trust in the organization. Trust in the leader and trust in the organization displayed a negative correlation with the emotional exhaustion and cynicism factors of job burnout, and a positive correlation with the professional efficacy factor. Furthermore, trust scores mediated the effects of servant leadership and perceived organizational support on job burnout factors. The cynicism factor was negatively associated with intention to leave the organization and it also mediated the effects of both trust in the leader and servant leadership on intention to leave. On the other hand, trust in the organization turned out to be directly and negatively related to intention to leave. Conclusions Servant leadership and perceived organizational support showed their relevance in the nursing setting. The role of trust in the leader, trust in the organization and job burnout factors as mediating variables received support. Interestingly enough, the higher the cynicism score the higher the intention to leave the hospital. The results achieved may have practical implications not only for recruitment and training of nurse managers but also for hospital management.

This paper addresses the moderating role of locomotion - a functional and fundamental dimension of self-regulation - in the relationship between job insecurity and subjective well-being.A group of 205 adult Italian workers took part in the research by filling out an anonymous questionnaire that included measures of job insecurity, locomotion, satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect.Results showed that job insecurity was positively related to negative affect and negatively related to life satisfaction and positive affect.Locomotion was positively related to life satisfaction and positive affect and acted as a moderator only in the case of the link between job insecurity and negative affect. This means that when perceived insecurity is high, negative affect is lower for respondents scoring high versus low on locomotion. Results and suggestions for future studies are presented and discussed.L’articolo presenta i risultati di uno studio sul ruolo moderatore della ‘locomozione’ (locomotion) – una dimensione funzionale fondamentale della regolazione individuale della condotta – nella relazione che esiste tra insicurezza lavorativa e benessere soggettivo. Un gruppo di 205 adulti lavoratori italiani ha preso parte alla ricerca compilando un questionario anonimo che includeva misure di insicurezza lavorativa, locomozione, soddisfazione per la vita, affettività positiva e negativa. I risultati hanno mostrato l’esistenza di una relazione positiva tra insicurezza lavorativa e affettività negativa e di una relazione negativa tra insicurezza lavorativa e affettività positiva. Inoltre, la locomozione è risultata essere positivamente correlata alla soddisfazione per la vita e all’affettività positiva e ha agito come moderatore solo nel caso della relazione esistente tra insicurezza lavorativa e affettività negativa. Pertanto, quando l’insicurezza lavorativa è percepita come elevata, coloro che mostrano i punteggi più elevati sulla scala di locomozione sperimentano un livello più basso di affettività negativa rispetto a coloro che, sulla medesima scala di locomozione, ottengono punteggi più bassi. I risultati, unitamente ad alcuni suggerimenti per applicazioni e studi futuri, vengono presentati e discussi.

Using the Schwartz Value Model as a basis, the meaning of the value item, honor (sense of honor) was explored in eight samples in Finland ( N = 1877) and in five comparable samples of 15- to 17-year-old adolescents in Estonia, Finland, Italy, Russia, and Switzerland ( N = 1788). In Finland, honor was a self-enhancement value in all age and occupational groups, although its importance varied widely. An identical pattern was found for Estonian adolescents, but for Swiss adolescents honor was both a self-enhancement and a conservation value and for Italian and Russian adolescents, a pure conservation value. Male adolescents had higher regard for honor than female adolescents in Finland, Russia, and Switzerland, but no sex differences were found in Estonia, Italy or in the Finnish adult samples. In all adolescent samples, honor was associated with work-related values (e.g., hard work, conscientiousness).

This paper aimed to investigate three issues. First, the validation of the multi-dimensional Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) within the Italian context. Second, to enhance insight into the degree of servant leadership behaviour displayed by Italian leaders in organizational settings. Third, to support the fact that in Italy, too, servant leadership is positively correlated to leadership integrity, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour while it is negatively correlated to cynicism towards one’s own work. A sample of about 800 adults, males and females, currently employed in profit and non-profit organizations, took part in the study. The factorial structure of SLS found support, and the survey showed satisfactory psychometric properties and reliability. Servant leadership expressed by Italian leaders turned out to be lower than in The Netherlands and in the UK. SLS scores were positively associated with leadership integrity, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour, and negatively associated for cynicism.

China is the primary market for the mobile phone (with almost 700 million of these devices) and one of the world's leading countries in ICT production. Inside Mainland China, the capital Beijing and the other coastal industrialized towns have been the first to adopt and appropriate the mobile phone. Until now a certain amount of qualitative research has been devoted to the study of ICTs in China. However, quantitative studies are scarce. Here we present the results of a research based on empirical data specifically focused on mobile communication and carried out in Beijing. A structured questionnaire was personally administered to 487 respondents. This study investigates mobile phone use, its implementation in public spaces, attitudes towards its increasing complexity, opinions on its advantages and disadvantages, and its status in comparison to other technologies of information, communication and mass media in the capital of Mainland China. One main result of this study is that a very positive image of the mobile phone among our respondents was accompanied by only two disadvantages: its being a threat to privacy and its presenting the logistical problem that there is no obvious means to carry it. This latter concern should send a strong message to the fashion industry: the diffusion of the mobile phone has worsened the problem of how to wear these ''little essential objects'', which up to now still continues to be unresolved.

La resistenza al cambiamento. Validita della versione italiana della scala di oreg (2003) - The aim of the study is to propose the Italian version of the multifactor resistance to change scale (RTC) developed by Oreg (2003), and to examine its psychometric properties. The research was conducted via self-administered questionnaires on a group of 324 adults, men and women, currently employed. Correlations were computed between RTC and measures of personality factors (Big Five), sensation seeking, need for cognitive closure, emotional control, cognitive abilities, and political orientation. Then, the correlation between RTC and social desirability was computed. Moreover, differences in RTC scores between sub-groups with a different amount of change experiences were analysed. Finally, via multiple regression analysis, the best predictors of RTC were identified. RTC factorial structure, made up of four first-order factors and a single second-order factor, was supported by confirmatory factor analysis results. The internal consistency was also acceptable. RTC measure was negatively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability and openness (Big Five), sensation seeking, and emotional control. The correlation between RTC and need for cognitive closure was high and positive. The correlation between RTC and social desirability was week and negative, and no correlations at all resulted between RTC, cognitive ability and political orientation. Participants with a high number of change experiences had a lower RTC scores when compared with those with a low number of change experiences. Finally, need for cognitive closure was the most important predictor of resistance to change score.

Subsequently, with the recent wave of industrialization, China has become the “factory” of the globalized world. The modernization of this country, however, is not confined to the provision of production at a low added value: It also entails technological appropriation and innovation. In particular, China represents the biggest world market for mobile phones and will soon dominate the Internet market. In this country, the total number of mobile and fixed-line subscribers exceeds 750 million, and the total number of Internet users is more than 162 million. The present study focuses on how, after a decade of mobile phone use, the inhabitants of Beijing evaluate the changes in the social and communicative sphere as a result of the introduction of the mobile phone. In this paper, we present some results of a quantitative research, specifically focused on mobile communication. Based on face-to-face questionnaires administered to a convenient sample of 487 respondents, this study addresses the following research questions: After a decade of mobile phone use, how do Chinese people perceive the importance of this device? To what extent do the adoption and use of mobile phones increase or decrease social connectivity in contemporary China? To what extent does the use of mobile phones in everyday life enhance or reduce the communications – do they make you feel closer to or more distant from other people? What are the variables that predict users’ attitudes toward mobile phones in China?

The paper presents a short version of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scale. The results of two studies are described. In the first one, conducted on a sample of 363 university students, the short version is developed by means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which supported a two dimensions solution. The two dimensions have been labelled as “authoritarian aggression and submission” and “conservatism”. Different issues concerning the factorial structure are tested and discussed. Subsequently, the relationships between authoritarianism, subtle and blatant prejudice towards Islamic immigrants in Italy, and participants’ political orientation are examined. Compared to conservatism the authoritarian aggression and submission dimension is more strongly associated to prejudice and right-wing political orientation. In the second study, carried out on a sample of 201 adults, the validity of the short version is successfully supported. Differences due to gender, age, and level of education are also examined.

The aim of this paper is to investigate if, and how, mobile phone use is associated with space. In particular, we considered three spatial dimensions, such as the size of the place of residence, the macro-region and the country. We drew the data from a telephone survey designed by us and sponsored by Telecom Italia. The survey was administered in 2009 and conducted on representative samples of the populations of five European countries (Italy, France, Spain, UK and Germany) (N = 7255). Several interesting results emerged. One of these is that there seems to be no longer an association between the volume of use of the mobile phone and the urban environment, but only with the sophistication of its use. On the contrary, the fixed telephone is more intensively used by urbanites. The macro-region assumes a new strength regarding the use of the mobile phone: some macro-regions reoriented themselves towards the mobile phone or the landline phone (like the south of Spain), while others are developing both, such a...

Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.

This research aims to analyse the super-ordinate goals motivating the decision to save and to represent the hierarchical structure of the linkages between these goals. The participants (97 British adults) provided personal reasons why they wanted to save, after which they explained why these reasons were important, and were then asked to give further justifications. Fifteen salient goals were identified and found to function hierarchically. At the bottom of the hierarchy are more concrete goals (“Purchase”, “Holidays” or “Money availability”) while at the top are more abstract goals (“Self-esteem”, “Self-gratification”). In the intermediate position are goals which channel the more concrete towards the more abstract. The hierarchical goal structure is analysed by network analysis.

The present paper analyzes the relation between the measurement of subtle and blatant prejudice proposed by Pettigrew and Meertens in 1995 and the tendency to give socially desirable responses. It also tests whether items that measure subtle prejudice are judged as more socially desirable than those that measure blatant prejudice. Data were obtained from two groups, one of 497 Italian high school students and one of 77 university students. In the first case, the analysis concerns the relation between the prejudice scores and scores on a shortened form of Marlowe and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale. In the second case, we analyzed the social desirability judgments expressed on single items of the Pettigrew and Meertens scales. Analyses indicate that (1) neither Subtle nor Blatant Prejudice scores correlate with the tendency to give socially desirable responses and (2) when the items of the two prejudice scales are placed in order on the social desirability continuum, with very few exceptions the Blatant Prejudice items are situated at the not socially acceptable pole and Subtle Prejudice items at the socially acceptable pole.

In South Tyrol, a multi-ethnic Italian province (Italians, Germans, Ladins) with an autonomous statute, the intergroup attributions expressed by members of the Italian group were examined (relationship: Italians vs. Germans). It was found that, while the stereotypes are more favourable to the ingroup, the attributions are more favourable to the outgroup. The implications of these results for South Tyrol and community relations are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The adoption and diffusion of the mobile phone has been exceptionally rapid in mainland China, especially in its capital Beijing and the coastal industrialized towns. With almost half a billion mobile phones, China has rapidly become the biggest market for this technology and one of the world’s leading nations in the production of information and communication technologies. In the last years also the amount of qualitative research devoted to ICTs in China is increased, while that of quantitative studies is still limited. This chapter describes a quantitative research study, specifically focused on the appropriation and domestication of the mobile phone in China. On the basis of questionnaires that were personally administered to a convenience sample of 487 respondents, the design of this research attempts to answer the following research question: How the relational sphere in China is reshaped by the massive use of the mobile phone? And then are there striking differences between the attitudes, behaviours, and practices associated with mobile phone use in China and in the West? This is a very broad research topic, but in this chapter we confine our examination to the social implications of the mobile phone use on some aspects of the relational sphere. A sample of 487 respondents can hardly provide a basis for generalizations about the Chinese population as a whole. However, the results of this study will serve to indicate the most important patterns of mobile phone use, which would be a fruitful subject for future research. Thus, the data presented here will provide direction for further inquiries into various aspects of mobile phone use in China.

Background: A strong nursing leadership that instills trust in the leader and in the organization is an important component for an effective leadership, particularly for health care organizations, because trust defines the heart of healthcareworkplacesbypromotingpatientsafety,excellenceincare,recruitment,andretentionofthenursingstaff. Purpose: This study aimed to test the impact of perceived empowerment leadership style expressed by the nurse supervisor, nurses’ perceived organizational support, trust in the leader, and trust in the organization on nurses’ job burnout. Methodology/Approach: A group of 273 nurses from an Italian public general hospital took part in a cross-sectional study on a voluntary basis by filling out an anonymous questionnaire. Findings: Empowering leadership was an important predictor of trust in the leader. Trust in the organization was influenced by perceived organizational support and by the Informing dimension of the empowering leadership style. Trust in the leader and trust in the organization showed a negative impact on job burnout and also mediated the effects of some empowering leadership dimensions and perceived organizational support on job burnout. Practice Implications: The central role of trust in health care organizations was corroborated, as well as the beneficial effects of adopting specific features of empowerment leadership behaviors toward the nursing staff. Empowering leadershipcouldbesuccessfullyproposedintrainingprogramsdirectedtonurses’supervisorsandhealthcaremanagers.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the effects of different features of Conservative Ideology, measured via the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Economic Conservatism (EC) scales, on Internal and External casual attributions for poverty and wealth. Participants were a group of 181 university students. Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that EC influenced Internal causal attributions for poverty and wealth positively but influenced the External ones negatively. Of the other measures, only SDO showed a negative effect on External causal attributions. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussed.

The purpose of the present study was to connect personal values to self-esteem in 14 samples (N = 3612) of pre-professionals, high school students, and adults, from Finland, Russia, Switzerland, Italy, and Estonia. Self-enhancement values (power, achievement) and openness to change values (self-direction, stimulation) were positively, and self-transcendence values (universalism, benevolence) and conservation values (tradition) were negatively related to self-esteem. These direct relations between values and self-esteem were only partly consistent with predictions derived from Maslow's theory of growth and deficiency needs. In samples of pre-professionals, self-esteem was correlated with congruence between personal values and the prevailing values environment. On the group-level, endorsement of achievement and universalism values was more strongly and positively related to self-esteem in samples where these values were considered more important. In contrast, endorsement of self-direction and hedonism values was more strongly and positively related to self-esteem in samples where these values were considered less important. These group-level results are interpreted as suggesting that attainment of culturally significant goals may raise self-esteem, but that high self-esteem may be required for the pursuit of less socially desirable goals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The study is a contribution to the validation of the Motivation to Lead Scale (MTL), recently proposed by Chan and Drasgow (2001) in order to reveal three types of motivation to be a leader. Participants are 624 university and post-degree specialization students, both male and female, who answered self-report structured questionnaires. The factorial structure of the MTL Scale was investigated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and via multi-sample procedures. Following the analyses, the original scale was reduced into a 15-item form with satisfactory reliability. Other analyses showed the existence of correlations between the MTL Scale, the Social Desirability Scale and the McClelland Scales. Results indicate that the MTL Scale can be considered a useful research instrument in social, personality and organizational psychology. Correlations with the Social Desirability and McClelland Scales should be taken into consideration in order to improve and apply the MTL Scale.

A 16-nation study involving 8,360 participants revealed that hostile and benevolent attitudes toward men, assessed by the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1999), were (a) reliably measured across cultures, (b) positively correlated (for men and women, within samples and across nations) with each other and with hostile and benevolent sexism toward women (Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1996), and (c) negatively correlated with gender equality in cross-national comparisons. Stereotype measures indicated that men were viewed as having less positively valenced but more powerful traits than women. The authors argue that hostile as well as benevolent attitudes toward men reflect and support gender inequality by characterizing men as being designed for dominance.

In this study, we develop a theory of Monetary Intelligence, and explore satisfaction with pay and life from the virtuous money smart perspective: In order to enjoy high pay satisfaction and life s...

For a long time now sociologists have spoken of the domestication of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to indicate their process of integration in everyday life. In this paper, we wish to deal with a crucial aspect of this process, which is the domestication of ICTs at the socio-cognitive level. Our aim is to reconstruct how these technologies have been metabolised in the system of social thought, and the way in which they have been integrated conceptually. At the same time, we wish to propose the methodology of social representations as being particularly suitable for investigating the social meaning of telecommunications. In the course of a telephonic survey of a sample of Italian population of 2,100 persons, 210 interviewees were asked to associate two terms with 10 cue words: telecommunications, fax, television, telephone, computer, mobile phone, radio, video-recorder, stereo, newspapers. The associations obtained were analysed by factor analysis of simple correspondences.

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics-dishonesty (corruption). Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost-benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect (dishonesty) may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm-perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level (CEV, Level 1) and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level (CPI, Level 2), collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels (high CEV/high CPI), mixed barrels (low CEV/high CPI or high CEV/low CPI), and bad barrels (low CEV/low CPI) display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities (risk seeking of high probability)-the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities (risk aversion of low probability). CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University The senior author would like to thank Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University and all co-authors' respective institutions for financial support, late Fr. Wiatt Funk, late Prof. Kuan Ying Tang, and Fang Chen Tang for their inspiration, and pay special tribute to Prof. Horia D. Pitariu who passed away on March 25, 2010. WOS:000428611800013 2-s2.0-84955592605

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level (GDP per capita) and micro-level (Z income). We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness (money makes people happy). Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP (rich) entities, high income not only reduces aspirations-Rich, Motivator, and Power, but also promotes stewardship behavior-Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute and appreciation of Achievement. After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels. This notion adds another explanation to managers' low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (risk aversion for gains of high probability) . In low GDP (poor) entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University We would like to thank Editor-in-Chief Alex C. Michalos for his dedication to the Journal of Business Ethics and his encouragement, inspiration, and continuous support of our research projects. The senior author would like to thank Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University and all co-authors' respective institutions for financial support, late Fr. Wiatt Funk and late Prof. Kuan Ying Tang and Fang Chen Tang for their inspiration, and pay special tribute to Prof. Horia D. Pitariu who passed away on March 25, 2010. Adebowale Akande would like to thank Bolanle E. Adetoun, Modupe F. Adewuyi, and Titilola Akande for their assistance. WOS:000428611800012 2-s2.0-84951784975