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Keloids are defined as the formation of collagen-rich scar tissue extending beyond the original lesion. Not all keloids respond to conventional treatment with intralesional triamcinolone injections. Recurrence of keloids after primary excision is reported in almost 100% of cases and should therefore always be followed by adjuvant treatment. Currently, consensus on preferred adjuvant treatment in relation to keloid excision is lacking. This study seeks to systematically review evidence on the efficacy of adjuvant treatments in relation to keloid excision. A systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed. Titles, abstracts, and articles were screened and sorted according to defined inclusion- and exclusion criteria. Each study was evaluated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, OCEBM, Levels of Evidence by two independent authors. Seven studies were eligible. Adjuvant treatment methods included intralesional triamcinolone injection, radiotherapy, silicone gel, pressure therapy, verapamil hydrochloride and 5-fluorouracil. While all the included studies reported promising results, two studies showed that minimizing dosages when treating with radiotherapy or triamcinolone should be considered to avoid adverse events. However, a high risk of bias was found in all the included studies.

Studies on pregnancy and birth outcomes in women with psoriasis are scarce and the findings inconsistent. The effect of maternal psoriasis and its severity on the risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes was examined. A cross-national population-based cohort study was performed using prospectively collected data from Denmark and Sweden. Singleton births in women with psoriasis were identified in the national health registers between April 2007 and December 2012 and classified according to disease severity. Lifestyle factors, co-morbidity, pregnancy and birth outcomes were evaluated. A total of 8,097 births were identified in 6,103 women with psoriasis and 964 births in 753 women with psoriatic arthritis. Increased risk of gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, elective and emergency caesarean delivery was found in women with psoriasis. The risks were higher for women with severe psoriasis, who also had an increased risk of pre-term birth and low birth weight. Pre-conception counselling to improve maternal, pregnancy and birth outcome is encouraged.

Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to provide passive immunity against respiratory syncytial virus. It is prescribed to children at high risk for severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus. However, little is known about the risk of the immune-mediated diseases atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis after palivizumab exposure. Our objective was to investigate whether exposure to palivizumab was associated with atopic dermatitis, asthma, or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in childhood. This was a cross-national population-based cohort study including data from 769,523 Danish children born 1 January 1999–31 December 2010 and 581,742 Swedish children born 1 July 2005–31 December 2010. Since palivizumab is only indicated for children at the highest risk, sub-cohorts of preterm children, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and children with hemodynamic significant heart disease were defined. Of the 1,351,265 children included, 1192 (0.09%) were exposed to palivizumab. An increased risk of asthma after palivizumab exposure was observed in the total birth cohort (hazard ratio [HR] 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–1.68) and in the sub-cohort of preterm children (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.07–1.44). However, post hoc analyses using the propensity score to balance confounding factors found no increased risk of asthma in preterm children (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.56–1.48). No increased risks of atopic dermatitis (HR 1.18; 95% CI 0.94–1.48) or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (HR 1.14; 95% CI 0.92–1.42) were observed. Exposure to palivizumab neither increased the risk of atopic disease nor protected against asthma.

Background and objectiveLive vaccines may have beneficial non-specific effects. We tested whether the live measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine compared with the non-live diphtheria–tetanus–acellular-pertussis–inactivated-polio–Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV-Hib) vaccine as the most recent vaccine was associated with less childhood asthma and fewer acute hospital contacts for childhood asthma among boys and girls.MethodsThis study is a nationwide register-based cohort study of 338 761 Danish children born between 1999 and 2006. We compared (i) the incidence of first-registered childhood asthma based on hospital contacts and drug prescriptions and (ii) the incidence of severe asthma defined as acute hospital contacts for childhood asthma between the ages of 15 and 48 months among children whose last received vaccine was three doses of DTaP-IPV-Hib and then MMR with children whose last received vaccine was three doses of DTaP-IPV-Hib.ResultsFor boys, following the recommended vaccine schedule of MMR after DTaP-IPV-Hib3 compared with DTaP-IPV-Hib3 as the last received vaccine, MMR was associated with 8.1 (95% confidence interval 3.9–12.3) fewer childhood asthma cases per 1000 boys, corresponding to 10% (5–15%) reduction in the cumulative incidence of childhood asthma. MMR, when given last, was also associated with 16.3 (95% confidence interval 12.7–20.0) fewer acute hospital admissions for childhood asthma per 1000 boys, corresponding to a 27% (22–31%) reduction in the cumulative incidence. No associations were seen for girls.ConclusionMMR may have a protective effect against childhood asthma for boys. This calls for an understanding of whether non-specific effects of vaccines can be used to optimize our vaccine programmes.

Treatment with biologic pharmaceuticals may be associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated disease. Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to provide passive immunity against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Palivizumab is primarily used in preterm children known to be immunologically immature. The long-term effect of palivizumab in terms of autoimmune diseases has not yet been investigated.Our objective was to investigate whether exposure to palivizumab was associated with the development of autoimmune diseases in children.This was a population-based cohort study including data from 769,523 Danish children born between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2010 and data from 581,742 Swedish children born between 1 July 2005 and 31 December 2010.Of the 1,351,265 children included, 1192 (0.09 %) were exposed to palivizumab. Nine cases of autoimmune disease were diagnosed among palivizumab-exposed children during the period of observation. Among the children exposed to palivizumab, one child in Denmark developed inflammatory bowel disease; in Sweden, children developed juvenile arthritis (one child), diabetes mellitus (two children), celiac disease (four children), and inflammatory bowel disease (one child). The risk of autoimmune disease was not significantly increased after palivizumab exposure (hazard ratio adjusted for age and country: 1.54; 95 % confidence interval 0.80-2.95).The risk of autoimmune disease was not increased after palivizumab exposure. Given the small number of incident cases of autoimmune disease observed, this finding should be interpreted with caution.

Background The incidence of atopic dermatitis, wheezing, asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis have been increasing. Register-based studies are essential for research in subpopulations with specific diseases, and facilitate epidemiological studies to identify causes and evaluate interventions. Algorithms have been developed to identify children with atopic dermatitis, asthma or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis using register information on disease-specific dispensed prescribed medication and hospital contacts, but the validity of the algorithms has not been evaluated. The present study validated the algorithms versus gold standard deep telephone interviews with the caretaker about physician-diagnosed atopic dermatitis, wheezing, asthma, or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the child. Methods The algorithms defined each of the three atopic diseases using register-based information on disease specific hospital contacts and/or filled prescriptions of disease specific medication. Confirmative answers to questions about physician-diagnosed atopic disease were used as the gold standard for the comparison with the algorithms, resulting in sensitivities and specificities and 95% confidence intervals. The interviews with the caretaker of the included 454 Danish children born 1997-2003 were carried out May-September 2015; the mean age of the children at the time of the interview being 15.2 years (standard deviation 1.3 years). Results For the algorithm capturing children with atopic dermatitis, the sensitivity was 74.1% (95-% confidence interval: 66.9-80.2%) and the specificity 73.0% (67.3-78.0%). For the algorithm capturing children with asthma, both the sensitivity of 84.1% (78.0-88.8%) and the specificity of 81.6% (76.5-85.8%) were high compared with physician-diagnosed asthmatic bronchitis (recurrent wheezing). The sensitivity remained high when capturing physician-diagnosed asthma: 83.3% (74.3-89.6%), however, the specificity declined to 66.0% (60.9-70.8%). For allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, the sensitivity was 84.4% (78.0-89.2) and the specificity 81.6% (75.0-84.4). Conclusion The algorithms are valid and valuable tools to identify children with atopic dermatitis, wheezing, asthma or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on a population level using register data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Malignant adnexal carcinomas of the skin are rare but associated with high propensity for local recurrence, and for some of the distinct subgroups they are known to metastasize regionally or distant. Biopsy is necessary for correct diagnosis, as the lesions cannot be separated from other tumour types entirely on their clinical appearance. The histologic diagnosis is troublesome, and the lesions are often mistaken for their benign counterpart, basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. The lesions are treated with surgery. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may play a role in treatment, although the evidence is limited.

The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors for hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in Danish children.This is a population-based cohort study with follow-up till 24 months of age. A total of 421,943 Danish children were divided into 5 groups based on gestational age (23-32, 33-35, 36, 37-41 and 42-45 weeks).In adjusted Cox regression models, chronic disease, asthma hospitalization before the RSV infection and siblings were associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for RSV infection in all children independent of gestational age. Plurality was associated with a decreased risk in children born between 23 and 36 weeks of gestation, whereas young maternal age, maternal asthma, single parenthood, maternal smoking, being born small for gestational age, Caesarian section, male gender and day care were associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for RSV infection in term children. In postterm children, young maternal age, male sex, being born small for gestational age and maternal smoking were associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for RSV. Asthma hospitalization before the RSV infection and siblings were associated with the highest measures of increased risk of hospitalization for RSV infection independent of gestational age.By 5 groups of gestational age, we provide estimates of the effects of 12 different factors, which can be regarded as add-on risk factors to those already known to increase the risk of hospitalization for RSV infection. Our study may help clinicians to precisely assess the risk profile in the individual child.

Gunnar Bergman,1,2,* Ann Hærskjold,3,* Lone Graff Stensballe,3 Helle Kieler,2 Marie Linder2 1Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, 2Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3The Child and Adolescent Clinic 4072, The Danish National University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Epidemiological research is facilitated in Sweden by a history of national health care registers, making large unselected national cohort studies possible. However, for complex clinical populations, such as children with congenital heart disease (CHD), register-based studies are challenged by registration limitations. For example, the diagnostic code system International Classification of Diseases, 10th version (ICD-10) does not indicate the clinical significance of abnormalities, therefore may be of limited use if used as the sole parameter in epidemiological research. Palivizumab is indicated as a prophylactic treatment against respiratory syncytial virus infections in children with hemodynamically significant CHD. Aim: The aim of the study reported here was to develop and validate an algorithm to identify children with hemodynamically significant CHD according to recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis in register-based research. Methods: By using a strategy of combining criteria for age at diagnosis, diagnostic codes, surgical procedure codes, and dispensing records, we created an algorithm to define the specific cases with hemodynamically significant CHD in which palivizumab could be advocated according to recommendations. Results: The algorithm identified 928 children with hemodynamically significant CHD in the Swedish birth cohort born July 1, 2005 to December 31, 2010. A sensitivity (95% confidence interval) of 80% (70–88) for the algorithm was found by analyzing 121 children identified through local hospital data who were treated with palivizumab within a defined region and study period. The positive predictive value was estimated by medical record review in a random sample of 34 cases identified by the algorithm. In 79% (62–91) of these cases, the children were regarded as having hemodynamically significant CHD according to the recommendations for treatment with palivizumab. Conclusion: It was possible to identify a subgroup of children with hemodynamically significant CHD using an epidemiological approach and an algorithm with high validity. Our results will enable well-powered national cohort studies of individuals with complex clinical conditions such as hemodynamically significant CHD. Keywords: epidemiology, population-based registries, algorithm, national cohort studies, complex clinical conditions, palivizumab

Background and objective: Hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and asthma share common determinants, and meta-analyses indicate that children delivered by caesarean section (CS) are at increased risk of asthma. We aimed to investigate whether birth by CS is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for RSV illness. Methods: This was a population-based national register-based cohort study, conducted between January, 1997 and June, 2003, which included all children born in Denmark and all hospitalizations for RSV disease in them from 0 to 23 months of age. We used Cox regression with adjustment for prematurity, asphyxia, birthweight, multiple births, single parenthood, maternal smoking during pregnancy, older siblings and asthma diagnoses up to 2 weeks before hospitalization for RSV infection, to compare the effects of acute or elective CS versus vaginal delivery, on subsequent hospitalization for RSV disease. A test for homogeneity was used to assess for effect over time. Results: 399,175 children with 10,758 hospitalizations for RSV illness were included; 31,715 were born by acute CS and 30,965 by elective CS. Adjusted hazard ratios for hospitalization for RSV infection in children born by acute CS and by elective CS were 1.09 (1.01-1.17) and 1.27 (1.19-1.36), respectively. The effect of elective CS remained unchanged throughout the first 2 years of life (P = 0.53), whereas the effect of acute CS was only present in the second year of life (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Delivery by caesarian section is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for RSV infection. This effect continues at least throughout the first 2 years of life.

Ann Haerskjold,1,2 Lonny Henriksen,2 Susanne Way,1 Mikkel Malham,3 Jesper Hallas,4 Lars Pedersen,5 Lone Graff Stensballe1 1The Child and Adolescent Clinic 4072, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2The Research Unit Women's and Children's Health, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; 3Department of Pediatrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; 4Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; 5Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark Background: National prescription databases are important tools in pharmacoepidemiological studies investigating potential long-term adverse events after drug use. Palivizumab is a biological pharmaceutical used as passive prophylaxis against severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus in high-risk children. Objective: To assess the registration of palivizumab in the Danish National Prescription Registry (DNPR) and to examine if palivizumab reimbursement data obtained from the Danish Health and Medicines Authority could serve as a supplement to data from the DNPR. Methods: Registration of palivizumab exposure in the DNPR between 1999 and 2010 was compared to two external data sources: registration of palivizumab exposure in medical records, and palivizumab reimbursement data. Results: During the study period, 182 children with palivizumab exposure were registered in the DNPR. A total of 207 children were registered for palivizumab reimbursement. The sensitivity of palivizumab registration in the DNPR was 26% (20%–34%), and the specificity of no palivizumab registration in the DNPR was 97% (94%–99%), with data from the medical record as the reference. Palivizumab registration sensitivity in reimbursement data was 29% (22%–36%), and the specificity of no palivizumab registration in the DNPR was 97% (94%–99%), with data from the medical record as the reference. Conclusion: Exposure to palivizumab was underestimated in the DNPR. Reimbursement data are a readily accessible data supplement, which only slightly increased the sensitivity of palivizumab registration in the DNPR. Our findings underline the need to improve DNPR information concerning drugs administered in hospitals. Keywords: drug; health register; medical records; respiratory syncytial virus; validation&nbsp

Marie Linder,1 Camilla Byström,1 Helle Kieler,1 Gunnar Bergman,2 Ann Haerskjold3,4 1Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Stockholm-Uppsala Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Child and Adolescent Clinic, Pediatric Department, 4Research Unit Women's and Children's Health, the Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark Background: Register studies are a valuable tool, when monitoring the safety of drugs. The Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (PDR) was established in 2005 and keeps records of all prescribed drugs dispensed in community pharmacies. Drugs prescribed in-hospital are not registered on an individual level, which may hamper the validity of register-based studies on drugs potentially administered in-hospital. Objective: The objective was to assess the ability of the PDR to identify children treated with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab, which is used for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children. Methods: Palivizumab exposure as filled prescriptions recorded in the PDR was assessed by indication of treatment (preterm-born children, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or hemodynamically significant heart disease) and presented as numbers and proportions. For a random sample of children with an indication for treatment and without record of palivizumab exposure in the drug register, numbers and proportions by indication of treatment as noted in medical records were presented. The extent of underreporting in the drug register was estimated by indication for treatment. Results: Through the national health registers, 2,317 children were identified as being at risk for severe infection with RSV infection and 75% had no records indicating palivizumab exposure in the PDR. In a random sample of 176 children at high risk for RSV infection and with no records of palivizumab prescription fills in the PDR, 47% had been treated with palivizumab according to medical records. The PDR underestimated palivizumab treatment with 49% in children born preterm, 42% in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 23% in those with a hemodynamically significant heart disease. Conclusion: Our findings underline the need of improving the information in the Swedish national registers concerning drugs administered in-hospital. Keywords: validation, drug, respiratory syncytical virus, health register, medical records