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Introduction:DCC is a common practice with several benefits. The benefits of DCC are decreased risk of anemia, less incidence of periventricular leukomalacia, less incidence of NEC. This study tries to compare the effect of different duration of delayed cord clamping on serum bilirubin, hematocrit and hemodynamic status of a neonate. Material and method:A prospective study was done over a span of one year comprising of 150 full term neonates. After obtaining consent prior before delivary females who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to 3 groups.For group 1 the cord was clamped at a duration of 30 sec, 60 sec for group 2 and 120 sec for group 3. Exact time of delayed clamping was recorded using a stop watch. Serum bilirubin and hematocrit level and parameters like respiratory rate, pulse rate, capillary refill time and temperature was assessed at day three. Results: Group 1 showed a mean hematocrit % of 41.51 (SD 10.28). Group 2 showed mean hematocrit % of 45.11 (9.4) and mean hematocrit % of group 3 was 45.64 (8.37).

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed\ud countries. CVD is produced by atherosclerotic lesions that reduce arterial lumen size through\ud plaque formation and arterial thickening. This decreases blood flow to the heart and frequently\ud manifests in severe hemodynamic complications like myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. A\ud drug delivery system (DDS) is a clinical methodology (formulation or device) which enables the\ud introduction of a therapeutic substance into the body and improves its efficacy and safety by\ud controlling the rate, time, and place of release of drugs in the body. Drug delivery technologies\ud modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution and elimination for the benefit of improving\ud product effectiveness and patient convenience and compliance. The review explores extensively\ud hemodynamic aspects of the cardiovascular system and diseases which can be treated via nanodrug delivery with a comprehensive overview of research efforts in these areas. Nanomedicine is\ud an expeditiously growing science in which biomaterials (drugs) engineered at the nanoscale are\ud implemented to enhance therapeutic performance and improve patient treatments. Among the\ud many other diverse applications of nanomaterials in medicine (e.g. bio-UIRtribology, tissue repair,\ud orthopaedic implants etc), nano-drug delivery systems have emerged as among the most\ud promising. This technology has evolved into a significant platform for delivering successfully\ud remedial agents to diseased sites with substantially greater target control, precision and\ud sophistication. By greatly increasing site specificity, lowering toxicity and target-oriented \ud 2\ud delivery, nanotechnological drug delivery (“nano-pharmacodynamics”) has consistently achieved\ud very impressive consistency, benefits and has aided massively in the fight against potentially lethal\ud haemotological diseases. Recently, nanomedicine has embraced an even wider range of\ud applications including the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, diabetes\ud regulation, sterilization, cancer and tumour inhibition, rheumatic fever mitigation etc. The current\ud review presents a comprehensive appraisal of nano-drug delivery systems, simulation with\ud engineering methods, types of nanodrugs and their effectiveness. The excellent targeting properties\ud attainable with magnetic nanoparticles as engineering pharmacodynamic agents, in particular,\ud offers huge potential in the treatment of many complex hemodynamic disorders. Furthermore, the\ud present review summarizes the efficiency of drug carrier nanoparticles in mitigating the adverse\ud effects of stenosed blood vessels and outlines other future potential uses for nano-drugs in\ud biomedical applications.

The present study considers two-dimensional mathematical modelling of non-Newtonian nanofluid hemodynamics with heat and mass transfer in a stenosed coronary artery in the presence of a radial magnetic field. The second-grade differential viscoelastic constitutive model is adopted for blood to mimic non-Newtonian characteristics and blood is considered to contain a homogenous suspension of nanoparticles. Vogel’s model is employed to simulate the variation of blood viscosity as a function of temperature. The governing equations are an extension of the Navier-Stokes equations with linear Boussinesq’s approximation and Buongiorno’s nanoscale model (which simulates both heat and mass transfer). The conservation equations are normalized by employing appropriate non-dimensional variables. It is assumed that the maximum height of the stenosis is small in comparison with the radius of the artery and furthermore that the radius of the artery and length of the stenotic region are of comparable magnitude. To study the influence of vessel geometry on blood flow and nano-particle transport, variation in the design and size of the stenosis is considered in the domain. The transformed equations are solved numerically by means of the finite element method based on the variational approach and simulated using the FreeFEM++ code. A detailed grid-independence study is included. Blood flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics are examined for the effects of selected geometric, nanoscale, rheological, viscosity and magnetic parameters i.e. stenotic diameter (d), viscoelastic parameter (), thermophoresis parameter (Ni), Brownian motion parameter (Nb) and magnetic body force parameter (M) at the throat of the stenosis and throughout the arterial domain. The velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration fields are also visualized through instantaneous patterns of contours. An increase in magnetic and thermophoresis parameters is found to enhance the temperature, nanoparticle concentration and skin-friction coefficient. Increasing Brownian motion parameter is observed to accelerate the blood flow. Narrower stenosis significantly alters the temperature and nano-particle distributions and magnitudes. The novelty of the study relates to the combination of geometric complexity, multi-physical nanoscale and thermomagnetic behaviour and also the simultaneous presence of bio-rheological behaviour (all of which arise in actual cardiovascular heat transfer phenomena) in a single work with extensive visualization of the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics. The simulations are relevant to diffusion of nanodrugs in magnetic targeted treatment of stenosed arterial disease.

Existing computational fluid dynamics studies of blood flows have\ud demonstrated that the lower wall stress and higher oscillatory shear index might be the cause\ud of acceleration in atherogenesis of vascular walls in hemodynamics. To prevent the chances of\ud aneurysm wall rupture in the saccular aneurysm at distal aortic bifurcation, clinical biomagnetic\ud studies have shown that extra-corporeal magnetic fields can be deployed to regulate the blood\ud flow. Motivated by these developments, in the current study a finite element computational\ud fluid dynamics simulation has been conducted of unsteady two-dimensional non-Newtonian\ud magneto-hemodynamic heat transfer in electrically conducting blood flow in a bifurcated artery\ud featuring a saccular aneurysm. The fluid flow is assumed to be pulsatile, non-Newtonian and\ud incompressible. The Carreau-Yasuda model is adopted for blood to mimic non-Newtonian\ud characteristics. The transformed equations with appropriate boundary conditions are solved\ud numerically by employing the finite element method with the variational approach in the\ud FreeFEM++ code. Hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics are elucidated in detail for the\ud effects of key non-dimensional parameters i. e. Reynolds number (Re = 14, 21, 100, 200),\ud Prandtl number (Pr = 14, 21) and magnetic body force parameter (Hartmann number) (M =\ud 0.6, 1.2, 1.5) at the aneurysm and throughout the arterial domain. The influence of vessel\ud geometry on blood flow characteristics i. e. velocity, pressure and temperature fields are also\ud visualized through instantaneous contour patterns. It is found that an increase in the magnetic\ud parameter reduces the pressure but increases the skin-friction coefficient in the domain. The temperature decreases at the parent artery (inlet) and both the distant and prior artery with the\ud increment in the Prandtl number. A higher Reynolds number also causes a reduction in velocity\ud as well as in pressure. The blood flow shows different characteristic contours with time\ud variation at the aneurysm as well as in the arterial segment. The novelty of the current research\ud is therefore to present a combined approach amalgamating the Carreau-Yasuda model, heat\ud transfer and magnetohydrodynamics with complex geometric features in realistic arterial\ud hemodynamics with extensive visualization and interpretation, in order to generalize and\ud extend previous studies. In previous studies these features have been considered separately and\ud not simultaneously as in the current study. The present simulations reveal some novel features\ud of biomagnetic hemodynamics in bifurcated arterial transport featuring a saccular aneurysm\ud which are envisaged to be of relevance in furnishing improved characterization of the\ud rheological biomagnetic hemodynamics of realistic aneurysmic bifurcations in clinical\ud assessment, diagnosis and magnetic-assisted treatment of cardiovascular disease.

The numerical study presents a two dimensional mathematical modelling and computational simulation of blood flow in a stenosed coronary artery in the presence of magnetic field. Blood flow model is considered based on second grade fluid flow and heat transfer with the suspension of nanoparticles. Vogel’s model is employed for viscosity of blood as a function of temperature. In order to complete our model, the variability in design and size of stenosis is considered. The finite element method is used to solve the transformed conservation equations numerically in conjunction of variational approach and FreeFEM++. The results show that an increase in the thermophoresis parameter (\( N_{t} \)) decreases the velocity while the increment in the Brownian motion parameter (\( N_{b} \)) increases the velocity in the whole domain. An increase in \( N_{t} \) and Brownian motion parameter (\( N_{b} \)), there is an increase in temperature values and nanoparticles concentration at the throat of the stenosis and as well as in the remaining domain. These properties changes in the domain by changing the shapes and designs of the stenosis in the domain.

Multiple matings result in varying paternity share based on mating interval and order. Thus, assessing the effect of mating interval and order on patterns of sperm usage and paternity is crucial. We designed consecutive and delayed double-mating experiments to investigate paternity variation in ladybird, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), using two distinct morphs of the species as phenotypic markers of paternity. The time to commence mating, copulation duration and reproductive output were recorded. The morphs of the offspring from the two setups were taken as a measure of paternity accumulated by the males. The time to commence mating decreased for the second mating in the consecutive mating treatment, while the reverse was observed in the delayed mating treatment. Consecutive double matings reduced the mating duration. Fecundity increased when second mating occurred after a few days, though percent egg viability remained unaffected. The second male accrued higher paternity (P2 = 0.61) than the first male (P1 = 0.39) in the consecutive mating treatment, while in the delayed mating treatment, the overall paternity share of the first 0.49 (P1) and last male was equal 0.51 (P2). Thus, our study revealed that both mating order and the time interval between successive matings regulate the male paternity share. This finding is reported for the first time in this ladybird species.

Information about mating status can be used to decide about whether to invest resources in mating with a particular partner. In the present study, we evaluated mate choice in relation to the mating experience of males and females ofMenochilus sexmaculatus. We subjected both unmated and multiply mated males and females to different mate choice trials. The mating experience of the adults includes unmated, once-mated, twice-mated and multiply mated. The mate choice trials revealed that unmated adults were preferred over mated adults by both unmated and multiply mated partners. This preference for unmated partners also had consequences for mating behaviour and reproductive output. Unmated and multiply mated females commenced mating with unmated males earlier. In addition, unmated and multiply mated males invested more time in copula with unmated females. Moreover, females mated with unmated males were more fecund than those mated with previously mated males. This suggests that mating experience of mates may influence mating and reproductive behaviour in this species.

Two-dimensional rheological laminar hemodynamics through a diseased tapered artery with a\ud mild stenosis present is simulated theoretically and computationally. The effect of different\ud metallic nanoparticles homogeneously suspended in the blood is considered, motivated by drug\ud delivery (pharmacology) applications. The Eringen micropolar model has been deployed for\ud hemorheological characteristics in the whole arterial region. The conservation equations for\ud mass, linear momentum, angular momentum (micro-rotation), and energy and nanoparticle\ud species are normalized by employing suitable non-dimensional variables. The transformed\ud equations are solved numerically subject to physically appropriate boundary conditions using\ud the finite element method with the variational formulation scheme available in the FreeFEM++\ud code. A good correlation is achieved between the FreeFEM++ computations and existing\ud results. The effect of selected parameters (taper angle, Prandtl number, Womersley parameter,\ud pulsatile constants, and volumetric concentration) on velocity, temperature, and microrotational (Eringen angular) velocity has been calculated for a stenosed arterial segment. Wall\ud shear stress, volumetric flow rate, and hemodynamic impedance of blood flow are also\ud computed. Colour contours and graphs are employed to visualize the simulated blood flow\ud characteristics. It is observed that by increasing Prandtl number (Pr), the micro-rotational\ud velocity decreases i.e., microelement (blood cell) spin is suppressed. Wall shear stress\ud decreases with the increment in pulsatile parameters (B and e), whereas linear velocity\ud increases with a decrement in these parameters. Furthermore, the velocity decreases in the\ud tapered region with elevation in the Womersley parameter (α). The simulations are relevant to\ud transport phenomena in pharmacology and nano-drug targeted delivery in hematology.

This article describes the preparation and solution properties of a series of polyampholytes composed of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (APM) and methacrylic acid (MAA). In particular, conditions were found where the copolymers could be formed with little or no drift in composition over the course of polymerization to quite high conversions. The compositional drift, common to many copolymerizations, was limited by adjusting the reactivity of MAA through control of its degree of ionization (i.e., pH). As revealed by potentiometric measurements and changes in 1H NMR spectra, the solution pH drifted over the course of some polymerizations. This was ascribed to changes in the pKa values of the ammonium and carboxylate groups upon incorporation in the copolymer. The pH drift led to a change in degree of MAA ionization, and hence the relative reactivities of APM and MAA, but this effect could be minimized by using a buffer. Precipitation, which occurred during some polymerizations, could be prevented, in some cases, by the addition of salt or an organic cosolvent. Even in cases where precipitation could not be prevented, it was found that the copolymer was still formed with minimal compositional drift. The solubility of the resulting polyampholytes in aqueous solution was found to depend on their composition, as well as pH, ionic strength and temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 353–365

Body melanisation in insects is polygenic, resulting from genetic polymorphism or phenotypic plasticity, with diverse implications ranging from thermal budgeting to reproductive success. In this study, we assessed the, mate choice, reproductive success, and offspring colouration of typical (T) and melanic (M) morphs of the ladybird Menochilus sexmaculatus paired at three temperatures 15°C, 25°C and 35°C. Mating success of the two morphs and the consequences for offspring fitness and offspring phenotype under these temperature regimes were evaluated. Melanic adults of both sexes achieved significantly higher mating success at 15°C and 25°C, but at 35°C no influence of adult morph on mate selection was observed. Melanic females were more fecund than typical females at all temperatures. Offspring of melanic parents developed faster than those of typicals at 15°C and 25°C, but not at 35°C. Evidence was also found of phenotypic plasticity in colour form at 15°C and 35°C. At 25°C the parents of pure (T) and (M) morphs produced offspring of the same morph. However, low temperature induced partial melanisation among the offspring of typical parents (T). Whereas at 35°C the offspring of (T) parents became paler in colour with very fine zigzag lines on elytra, i.e. they decrease the degree of melanisation. Pure melanics (M) compensated for elevated temperature stress by producing offspring that were either pure melanic but small or large with reduced melanisation. Our results on offspring phenotype variation indicate that the degree of melanism in morphs is a result of environmentally regulated expression of the parental genotype.

Purpose Children with chronic conditions experience medical issues over long-term periods of time which can have lasting emotional and social consequences impacting daily life and functioning. Activities and participation outcomes are needed in order to comprehensively assess child-important health in clinical trials. Our objective was to review the extent to which activity and participation outcomes are included in clinical trials of childhood chronic disease and to determine what trial characteristics are associated with their use. Methods A review of a large clinical trial registration database (clinicaltrials.gov) was conducted over the 2010 calendar year. The measures used to assess primary and secondary endpoints were coded according to the ICF classification system. Trial characteristics that might be associated with activity and participation outcome use such as sponsorship type, intervention type, health condition, whether the trial was focused on pediatric patients, phase of trial and sample size were also extracted and explored with univariable and multivariable regressions. Results Four hundred and ninety-nine trials met inclusion criteria, 495 of which had complete information about hypothesized predictors. Only 36 out of 495 trials included an activity and participation outcome as part of the trial evaluation process. Both univariable and multivariable regression models showed that non-drug trials and late phase of trial (phase IV) showed the strongest likelihood with whether a trial would include an activity and participation outcome. Discussion Most registered clinical trials for children with chronic or ongoing medical conditions do not include a comprehensive approach to health outcomes assessment, especially drug trials and early phase trials. Outcome measures in pediatric clinical trials are lagging relative to World Health Organization standards for comprehensive health evaluation.

Aim: our aims were to (1) describe the conceptual basis of popular generic instruments according to World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of functioning, disability, and health (FDH), and quality of life (QOL) with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as a subcomponent of QOL; (2) map the instruments to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF); and (3) provide information on how the analyzed instruments were used in the literature. This should enable users to make valid choices about which instruments have the desired content for a specific context or purpose. Method: child health-based literature over a 5-year period was reviewed to find research employing health status and QOL/HRQOL instruments. WHO definitions of FDH and QOL were applied to each item of the 15 most used instruments to differentiate measures of FDH and QOL/HRQOL. The ICF was used to describe the health and health-related content (if any) in those instruments. Additional aspects of instrument use were extracted from these articles. Results: many instruments that were used to measure QOL/HRQOL did not reflect WHO definitions of QOL. The ICF domains within instruments were highly variable with respect to whether body functions, activities and participation, or environment were emphasized. Interpretation: there is inconsistency among researchers about how to measure HRQOL and QOL. Moreover, when an ICF content analysis is applied, there is variability among instruments in the health components included and emphasized. Reviewing content is important for matching instruments to their intended purpose