A REVIEW ON RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN THE HEMODYNAMICS OF NANO-DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed\ud countries. CVD is produced by atherosclerotic lesions that reduce arterial lumen size through\ud plaque formation and arterial thickening. This decreases blood flow to the heart and frequently\ud manifests in severe hemodynamic complications like myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. A\ud drug delivery system (DDS) is a clinical methodology (formulation or device) which enables the\ud introduction of a therapeutic substance into the body and improves its efficacy and safety by\ud controlling the rate, time, and place of release of drugs in the body. Drug delivery technologies\ud modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution and elimination for the benefit of improving\ud product effectiveness and patient convenience and compliance. The review explores extensively\ud hemodynamic aspects of the cardiovascular system and diseases which can be treated via nanodrug delivery with a comprehensive overview of research efforts in these areas. Nanomedicine is\ud an expeditiously growing science in which biomaterials (drugs) engineered at the nanoscale are\ud implemented to enhance therapeutic performance and improve patient treatments. Among the\ud many other diverse applications of nanomaterials in medicine (e.g. bio-UIRtribology, tissue repair,\ud orthopaedic implants etc), nano-drug delivery systems have emerged as among the most\ud promising. This technology has evolved into a significant platform for delivering successfully\ud remedial agents to diseased sites with substantially greater target control, precision and\ud sophistication. By greatly increasing site specificity, lowering toxicity and target-oriented \ud 2\ud delivery, nanotechnological drug delivery (“nano-pharmacodynamics”) has consistently achieved\ud very impressive consistency, benefits and has aided massively in the fight against potentially lethal\ud haemotological diseases. Recently, nanomedicine has embraced an even wider range of\ud applications including the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, diabetes\ud regulation, sterilization, cancer and tumour inhibition, rheumatic fever mitigation etc. The current\ud review presents a comprehensive appraisal of nano-drug delivery systems, simulation with\ud engineering methods, types of nanodrugs and their effectiveness. The excellent targeting properties\ud attainable with magnetic nanoparticles as engineering pharmacodynamic agents, in particular,\ud offers huge potential in the treatment of many complex hemodynamic disorders. Furthermore, the\ud present review summarizes the efficiency of drug carrier nanoparticles in mitigating the adverse\ud effects of stenosed blood vessels and outlines other future potential uses for nano-drugs in\ud biomedical applications.