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Infection rates after total ankle replacement (TAR) are known to be greater than those after hip or knee arthroplasty. Swelling after TAR can make wound healing more difficult, which can lead to infection. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to minimize blood loss after surgery, improving healing outcomes. We aim to assess the effect of TXA on blood loss and wound complications in TAR.The research looked retrospectively at patients who had TAR procedures between September 2014 and December 2019. The procedures were done using the anterior approach at a single hospital by two, foot and ankle surgeons. Tranexamic acid was given intraoperatively before the tourniquet was inflated. The surgeons did not use surgical drains. Pre and postoperative hemoglobin levels, outcome scores as well as post-operative complications were all documented.A total of 69 patients were included in the study with 33 of them receiving TXA. With a mean age of 67.2, we had 31 females and 38 males. Tranexamic acid was given in doses ranging from 1 gm to 2 gm. None of the patients required blood transfusions after surgery, and there was no statistically significant difference in pre and postoperative hemoglobin levels between the two groups. In the TXA group, there were fewer wound complications. The TXA group achieved better results compared to the non-TXA group (p=0.0130).Tranexamic acid is safe and effective in lowering postoperative bleeding and preserving hemostasis after deflating the tourniquet, reducing edema and postoperative wound problems such as breakdown and dehiscence.

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent behind the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This virus is a cumulative outcome of mutations, leading to frequent emergence of new variants and their subvariants. Some of them are a matter of high concern, while others are variants of interest for studying the mutational effect. The major five variants of concern (VOCs) are Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.315), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529.*/BA.*). Omicron itself has100 subvariants at present, among which BA.1 (21K), BA.2 (21L), BA.4 (22A), BA.5 (22B), and BA.2.12.1 (22C) are the dominant ones. Undoubtedly, these variants and sometimes their progeny subvariants have significant differences in their spike region that impart them the unique properties they harbor. But alongside, the mutations in their non-spike regions could also be responsible elements behind their characteristics, such as replication time, virulence, survival, host immune evasion, and such. There exists a probability that these mutations of non-spike proteins may also impart epistatic effects that are yet to be brought to light. The focus of this review encompasses the non-spike mutations of Omicron, especially in its widely circulating subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.12.1). The mutations such as in NSP3, NSP6, NSP13, M protein, ORF7b, and ORF9b are mentioned few of all, which might have led to the varying properties, including growth advantages, higher transmission rate, lower infectivity, and most importantly better host immune evasion through natural killer cell inactivation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion prevention, host protein synthesis disruption, and so on. This aspect of Omicron subvariants has not yet been explored. Further study of alteration of expression or interaction profile of these non-spike mutations bearing proteins, if present, can add a great deal of knowledge to the current understanding of the viral properties and thus effective prevention strategies.

Therapeutic role of antioxidant against lipid profile and lipoprotein (choline) was observed by the different researchers, but clinical evidences required about the use of antioxidant vitamins against the lipoproteins. Patients with clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) confirmed by standard diagnostic techniques were followed. Newly or recently, diagnosed case subjects were recruited wherever possible. At least 120 cases, subjects both male and female with CVD were selected from a local hospital. Four groups developed on the base of antioxidant therapy and blood samples were collected at zero day, 20 days, 40 days and 60 days. vitamins C and E are the major dietary cellular and lipid antioxidants, respectively; we found no evidence to support the use of vitamin or antioxidant supplements in the reduction of mortality. However, they are helpful in the management of prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of storage time and temperature on physicochemical and sensory properties and to measure the spoilage of pasteurized fluid milk stored at different temperatures via nanoparticles on pasteurized fluid milk. The mean values for pH of milk samples decreased (from 6.81 to 6, 5.46, and 4.37), acidity increased (10%, 21%, and 35%), fat contents decreased (13%, 24%, and 32%), protein contents decreased (7%, 18%, and 24%), lactose contents decreased (5%, 7%, and 12%), and total free fatty acids increased (14%, 19%, and 27%) respectively at 4°C, 7°C, and 10°C. Similarly, the score of sensory parameters like aroma, taste, and overall acceptability decreased 16%, 23%, and 45%; 31%, 43%, and 52%; and 33%, 42%, and 53% respectively in linear pattern along with increasing the time and temperature. The L* values were non-significantly changed or decreased with mean values of 64.82 ± 0.08 to 64.13 ± 0.07 at 4°C and significantly with 64.81 ± 0.03 to 63.87 ± 0.07 and 64.77 ± 0.02 to 61.43 ± 0.05 at 7°C and 10°C respectively at 0–19th day of milk storage. During storage, the pasteurized milk stored at all temperatures 4°C, 7°C, and 10°C showed that a* value non-significantly decreased from 48.69 ± 0.18 to 48.63 ± 0.18, 48.74 ± 0.14 to 48.57 ± 0.11, and 48.68 ± 0.18 to 47.97 ± 0.07 respectively. Values of b* decreased non-significantly at 4°C and 7°C with the values of −17.56 ± 0.23 to −18.58 and −17.54 ± 0.25 to −19.85 ± 0.85 but significantly decreased at 10°C from −17.56 ± 0.23 to −43.22 ± 0.11. The results suggested that pasteurized milk can be kept for 17–19 days at 4°C but this shelf life drastically reduced at 7°C and 10°C. Color of nanoparticles was significantly changed from pink to dark blue from 14th day of storage onwards to the end at 10°C. Conclusively, nanoparticles can be used for the rapid and at the post-spoilage measurement of pasteurized milk.

Aim of the present study was to determine the In-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of E. globulus leaves against common multidrug resistant poultry pathogens. Phytochemical analysis through HPLC revealed that kaempeferol (7.315min) followed by querecetin (6.655min) and myrecetin (3.655min). Percent area of kaempeferol (6826.88%) was highest, followed by myrecetin (5516.22%) and querecetin (163.748%). Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extract of E. globulus leaves through GCMS showed highest retention time (min) α-pinene (20.43) and α-terpineol (20.15) accompanied by spathulenol (11.97), piperitone (11.04). The ethanolic extracts of E. globulus leaves showed a highest zone of inhibition against S. pullorum SP6; 20.64± 2.08, E. coli SE 12; 19.75± 2.83, C. perfringens type A (CPM38-01); 19.46± 2.02. The highest level of MIC of E. globulus noted were against S. gallinarum S22; 133.37±53.294, S. gallinarum S1; 130.20±45.10, S. gallinarum S4; 129.47±24.182, S. gallinarum S3; 126.83±72.392. In conclusion, the study confirmed that the ethanolic extract of E. globulus is composed of active ingredients having antibacterial activity and can be referred as an alternate to antibiotics.

The present study evaluated raw milk samples from dairy farms and urban areas in Lahore District, Pakistan, for the measurement of chemical composition, presence of adulterants, total microbial, and heavy metals loads. Measurements of chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the raw milk samples collected from urban areas showed the following mean values of 2.76 ± 0.29, 2.62 ± 0.18, 1.27 ± 0.08, 7.13 ± 0.30, 6.46 ± 0.26, and 0.47 ± 0.02 for lactose, fat, protein, total solids, pH, and ash, respectively, while milk samples collected from dairy farms achieved the mean values of 4.82 ± 0.32, 5.02 ± 0.39, 3.36 ± 0.18, 13.19 ± 0.66, 6.67 ± 0.27, and 0.75 ± 0.05 for lactose, fat, protein, total solids, pH, and ash, respectively. Mean values of total plate count were 5.21 ± 0.28 CFU/ml for urban areas raw milk samples and 4.67 ± 0.27 CFU/ml for the dairy farm milk samples. Heavy metal mean concentrations for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in urban areas milk samples from milk shop were 0.024 ± 0.005, 0.021 ± 0.006, 1.22 ± 0.25, 2.42 ± 0.57, and 0.044 ± 0.006 ppm, respectively. Conclusively, strategies should be adopted in order to prevent the heavy metal contamination in milk to further minimizes the health risks associated with heavy metal consumption.

Introduction: Isolated pure dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is a very rare injury and classified depending on displacement of the metacarpal base. This rare injury is often difficult to recognize and is liable to be overlooked. The purpose of this case report is to present a patient with an isolated dislocation of the fifth CMC joint that was satisfactorily treated with closed reduction and ulnar gutter pop slab. Case Report: A 21-year-old male presented with severe pain on the right carpus following a fall with injury to right hand. There was a mild swelling at fifth CMC joint region and a bony prominence was felt dorsally, little finger presented an abduction deformity, and there was apparent shortening of the fifth ray. A diagnosis of isolated dislocation of fifth CMC dislocation was made based on radiographs. Immediate closed reduction was done in emergency room by applying longitudinal traction and direct pressure on metacarpal base dorsally, reduction was stable and confirmed by postreduction radiographs. Conclusion: Isolated pure dislocation of the fifth CMC joint is very rare injury and is prone to be missed in emergency room and particular attention should be made to diagnose it in polytrauma patients.

Background: Multiple attempts have been conducted to correlate milk keeping quality with chemical, physical or bacteriological parameters. These methods only measure the chemical changes in milk produced by bacteria. Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) is an economic and recent method used to measure both volatile compounds and microbial load in milk, also allowing to keep the quality of the milk product. (2) Methods: The present study was conducted to identify and measure the off-flavoring volatile compounds through gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and the microbial load of pasteurized fluid milk stored at different temperatures, as a possible indicator of its keeping quality. (3) Results: The highest results were obtained to acetone, followed by butanone, pentanal and ethanol. These mean values were significantly enhanced from the 0 to 19th day of storage, at 10 °C. At day 19th, the minimum score for aroma, flavor and overall acceptability were also recorded as 4.33 ± 0.17, 4.02 ± 0.06, 4.00 ± 0.04, respectively. Likewise, maximum values for standard plate count (Log10 CFU 15.54 ± 0.40 mL -1 ) and total psychotroph count (Log10 CFU 11.67 ± 0.30mL -1 ) were reported at 10 °C and 4 °C. (4) Conclusion: HS-SPME/GC-FID methodology revealed to be very sensitive and capable to be applied in volatile compounds quantification in pasteurized milk produced during the storage period at different temperatures. The authors are grateful to the management team at Walmart Superstore, Pullman, Seattle, USA, which provided freshly processed pasteurized milk from Darigold, Inc. They acknowledge Professor Barbara Rasco and Assistant Professor Dr. Shyam S. Sablani (School of Food Sciences, Washington State University, USA) for their valuable suggestions and laboratory supply. They are also grateful to the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan, for granting the International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP) as total funds for this project. Natália Martins would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and “NORTE2020—Northern Regional Operational Program” (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012), and Célia F. Rodrigues for the UID/EQU/00511/2019 Project—Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy—LEPABE financed by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).

Aims and objective of the study is to find ABO blood group association with secretor status in peptic ulcer disease patients. ABO blood grouping by direct agglutination test and secretor status by agglutination inhibition test. 50 controls and 50 endoscopically diagnosed PUD patients were selected. Blood group O is associated with duodenal ulcer but no association with secretor status was found.

Aims and objective of the study is to find ABO and Rh blood groups association with secretor status in patients with hypertension. ABO and Rh blood grouping was done by direct agglutination test and secretor status by agglutination inhibition test. 50 controls and 50 hypertensive patients were selected. No association of ABO and Rh blood group with secretor status was found in patients with hypertension.

Ninety albino rats were selected and were divided into six groups on the basis of different diets given. Control group (I) was fed on synthetic diet and experimental groups (IIA, IIB, IIC, IID and IIE) were fed on 1 mg aspirin, 15mg, 30 mg, 45 mg Nigella Sativa per kg body weight respectively while HE was given 30 mg NS and 1 mg aspirin/kg body wt. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture and Coagulation parameters were done. BT was prolonged in groups taking aspirin only. APTT was reduced significantly in groups taking different concentration of NS when compared with control. Percentage of clot retraction was weak significantly in groups taking aspirin only when comparing with other groups.

Ninety albino rats were selected and were divided into six groups on the basis of different diets given. Control group (1) was fed on synthetic diet and experimental groups (11A, 11B, 11C, 11D and 11E) were fed on 1 mg aspirin, 15mg, 30mg, 45mg Nigella Sativa per kg body weight respectively while 11E was given 30 mg NS and 1 mg aspirin/kg body wt. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture and different tests were done. Bleeding time was shortened significantly in groups taking N.S. when compared with control. BT was prolonged in groups taking aspirin only. APTT was reduced significantly in groups taking different concentration of NS when compared with control. Percentage of clot retraction was weak significantly in groups taking aspirin only when comparing with other groups.

In this study, 250 blood samples submitted for malaria investigation were studied microscopically for malarial parasites and platelet count. All samples were additionally analyzed for platelet count with automated haematology analyzer. Thirty seven (37) samples were found to be malaria positive microscopically. Out of 37 cases with malaria positive microscopically, thrombocytopenia was observed in 24 (64%) cases of malaria. So there is association of thrombocytopenia with malaria.

Present study was designed to find the association of ABO blood groups with oral cancers. In this study 50 diagnosed cases of oral cancers and 50 healthy controls were selected. ABO blood grouping, complete blood examination was performed in all these subjects. Out of 50 patients 16 were blood group A, 11 group `B`, 8 group `AB` and 15 belong to group `O` as compared to controls who were, 14, 15, 3, 18 for blood groups A, B, AB and O respectively. Conclusions: No relationship is found between Oral Cancers and ABO Blood groups.

Main objective of this research work was to develop yoghurt like fermented dairy product by replacing milk fat with enzymatically transesterified palm olein. Milk fat was replaced with enzymatically transesterified palm olein at different levels, i.e., T1 (1.5% enzymatically transesterified palm olein and 2% milk fat), T2 (2.5% enzymatically transesterified palm olein and 1% milk fat), T3 (3.5% enzymatically transesterified palm olein and 0% milk fat). All these treatments were compared with a control T0 which did not contain any vegetable fat replacement (3.5% milk fat). Yoghurt like fermented dairy product was prepared from buffalo milk and stored for 21 days at 4 °C. The addition of enzymatically transesterified palm olein on physico-chemical analysis and sensory characteristics were determined at the interval of 7 days. Incorporation of palm olein up to T1 level did not have any adverse effect on compositional attributes, pH and acidity of yoghurt like fermented dairy product, flavor, texture and overall acceptability scores.

Objectives: To describe the clinical and neuro-radiological patterns of orbital invasion by the sino-nasal diseases. Study Design: Descriptive, Retrospective study. Period: 2004 to 2009. Subjects and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed fifty four cases of nasal and paranasal sinus diseases invading the orbit. The medical charts were analyzed. The data considered for the study was age, sex, ocular presentation and associated systemic problems of the patients. The neuro-radiological results were correlated with the clinical picture. Results: The age range was from 6 to 85 years (mean 45.5). Male to female ratio was 3.5: 1. The initial clinical presentation was Proptosis (66.66%), disturbance of vision (25.9%), ophthalmoplegia (11.11%), diplopia (9.26%) and ptosis (9.26%). 79.63% patients had inflammatory etiology and 20.4% had neoplastic lesions in the nasal and paranasal sinuses extending into the orbit.

Objectives: To describe the demographic profile, patterns of visual disturbance and imaging studies of patients with Macroadenoma. Design: Retrospectively. Reviewed the clinical charts and neuroradiologic imaging of 125 patients who were diagnosed as cases of Macroadenoma. Duration: 2000 to 2009. Subjects and Methods: 100 patients were selected who had visual disturbances along with Macroadenomas. Age, sex, visual symptoms and other associated systemic problems of these patients were reviewed. The Neuroimaging data (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) was correlated with the clinical picture. The data was analysed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The Descriptive Statistics were calculated for age and MR findings. Results: The age ranged from 9 to 85 years (mean 42.92). Male to female ratio was 1.4: 1. 90% patients had visual disturbances including visual field defects and 10% had ocular motor nerve palsies. Tumour extension on MR studies showed optic chiasma compression in 69% patients, cavernous sinus invasion in 57% and Sphenoidal sinus invasion in 14%. Haemorrhagic foci were seen in 8% and intra tumour necrosis was found in 9% patients. Conclusions: The most common path for the extension of pituitary macroadenomas is towards the optic chiasma. Hence majority of these patients present with visual disturbances. MRI is an excellent aid to see the extent and invasion of Macroadenomas to the surrounding structures.