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1. Double emulsions prepared by two–step emulsification: History, state-of-the-art and perspective

Author: Wei Yu, Shukai Ding, Thierry F. Vandamme, Christophe A. Serra, Nicolas Anton, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Conception et application de molécules bioactives (CAMB), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Systèmes Fonctionnels, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Drug Compounding, Microfluidics, Pharmaceutical Science, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Drug Carriers, 0303 health sciences, Polymer, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Drug Liberation, Pharmaceutical Preparations, chemistry, Scientific method, Volume fraction, Drug delivery, Nanoparticles, Particle, Pharmaceutics, Emulsions, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Abstract: Attractive interest on double emulsions comes from their unique morphology, making them general multifunctional carriers able to encapsulate different hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules in the same particle. Over the past century, two different types of methods were followed to prepare double emulsions for pharmaceutics applications, so-called "one-step" and "two-step" processes. The two-step approach, consisting in two different emulsifications successively performed, allows the optimal and more efficient formulations due to simplicity of principle and controllability of the process. In this review, focused on the formulation of double emulsions by two-step process, we recount the historical development of this approach, along with the state-of-the-art, including a discussion on the role of the formulation parameters, surfactants, amphiphilic polymers, interface stabilization, volume fraction, and so forth, on the final formulation stability, morphology and properties as drug delivery system. Discussion was also extended to polymeric microparticles and nanoparticles made by solvent diffusion, on the basis of double emulsions made by two-step process, along with literature review on the impact of different formulation and processing parameters. In addition, the properties of the polymers used in the microparticles matrix (molecular weight, chemical nature) potentially impacting on the ones of the microparticles formed (drug release kinetics, stability, morphology), were also discussed. Finally, the future trends in double emulsions application were addressed, emphasizing some new advances made in the emulsifications method as potentially able to open the range of applications, for example to nanoscale with spontaneous emulsification or low energy microfluidic emulsification.
Published: 2019

2. Antibiotic resistance in Vietnam: moving towards a One Health surveillance system

Author: Flavie Goutard, Quentin Pauchard, Thanh Ngo Trung, Marion Bordier, Dien Thi Nguyen, Nicolas Fortané, Aurélie Binot, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales (IRISSO), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Process management, Antibiotic resistance, 030106 microbiology, Context (language use), L73 - Maladies des animaux, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, one health, surveillance, stakeholder analysis, antibiotic resistance, Stakeholder Participation, Health care, Medicine, Stakeholder analysis, Animals, Humans, Qualitative Research, One health, Government, Surveillance, business.industry, Corporate governance, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Stakeholder, International community, Drug Resistance, Microbial, lcsh:RA1-1270, One Health, Vietnam, Population Surveillance, business
Abstract: Background The international community strongly advocates the implementation of multi-sectoral surveillance policies for an effective approach to antibiotic resistance, in line with the One Health concept. To comply with these international recommendations, the Vietnamese government has issued an inter-ministerial surveillance strategy for antibiotic resistance, including an integrated surveillance system. However, one may question the ability and willingness of surveillance stakeholders to implement the collaborations required. To assess the feasibility of operationalising this strategy within the national context, we explored the role of key stakeholders in the strategy, as well as their abilities to comply with it. Methods We conducted a qualitative approach based on an iterative stakeholder mapping and analysis, in three distinct steps: (1) a description of the structure of the national surveillance strategy (literature review, key informant interviews); (2) an analysis of the key stakeholders’ positions regarding the strategy (semi-structured interviews); (3) the identification of factors influencing the operationalisation of the collaborative surveillance strategy (comparison of data collected at the first and second steps). Results The mapping of the surveillance system, as well as the characterisation of key stakeholders according to organisational and functional attributes, underlined that inter-sectoral surveillance initiatives do exist, but that the organisation of the national surveillance system remains highly silo-oriented. Based on stakeholder perspectives, we identified seven factors that may influence the implementation of the One Health strategy at national level: governance and operational frameworks, divergence of institutional cultures, level of knowledge, technical capacities, allocation of resources, conflicting commercial interests and influence of international partners. Conclusions The study suggests that the operationalisation of the collaborative surveillance strategy requires the full adhesion of stakeholders and the provision of appropriate resources. Based on these findings, we have proposed a guidance framework together with recommendations to move towards a more suitable governance and operational model for One Health surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Vietnam. To lever and promote successful inter-sectoral collaboration, a participatory “learning by doing” process could be applied to guide, frame and mentor stakeholders through the identification of appropriate levels of collaboration, depending on the expected positive impacts on the value of surveillance.
Published: 2018

3. 3D supramolecular self-assembly of [60]fullerene hexaadducts decorated with triarylamine molecules

Author: Nicolas Giuseppone, Eric Buhler, Mounir Maaloum, Jean-François Nierengarten, Thi Minh Nguyet Trinh, Emilie Moulin, Odile Gavat, Thomas Ellis, Guillaume Fleith, Laboratoire de chimie moléculaire (LCM), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Substances naturelles/chimie moléculaire, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Ecole européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux [Strasbourg]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'innovation moléculaire et applications (LIMA), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Fullerene, Materials science, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, 010405 organic chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Supramolecular chemistry, Nanowire, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, Grafting, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Molecule, Self-assembly
Abstract: A clickable fullerene hexa-adduct scaffold has been functionalized with twelve triarylamine subunits. The light-triggered self-assembly of this molecular unit leads to 3D honeycomb-like structures with inner pores of around 10 nm diameter. Multiple grafting of triarylamine subunits onto a hard-core C60 unit increases the dimensionality of the self-assembly process by reticulating the 1D nanowires typically obtained from the supramolecular polymerization of triarylamine monomers.
Published: 2018

4. Proteinuria during dengue fever in children

Author: Anavaj Sakuntabhai, Veasna Duong, Anne-Claire Andries, Sowath Ly, Arnaud Tarantola, Paul F. Horwood, Julien Cappelle, Alexandra Kerleguer, Philippe Dussart, Sivuth Ong, Philippe Buchy, Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Génétique fonctionnelle des Maladies infectieuses - Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GlaxoSmithKline, Glaxo Smith Kline, The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007/2011) under Grant Agreement n° 282 378, European Project: 282378,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-single-stage,DENFREE(2012), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Urine, Disease, MESH: Dengue, MESH: Hospitalization, L73 - Maladies des animaux, urologic and male genital diseases, Dengue fever, Dengue, dipstick, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Child, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Prospective cohort study, Créatinine, Proteinuria, biology, 000 - Autres thèmes, General Medicine, UPCR, urine, 3. Good health, Hospitalization, Flavivirus, Infectious Diseases, Area Under Curve, Creatinine, Female, medicine.symptom, Cambodia, Infection, urine electrophoresis, Enfant, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Creatinine, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Proteinuria, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Diagnostic, MESH: Humans, Protéinurie, business.industry, MESH: Cambodia, Dipstick, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Prospective Studies, MESH: Male, Surgery, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Électrophorèse, MESH: Biomarkers, MESH: Area Under Curve, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, proteinuria, business, MESH: Female, Biomarkers
Abstract: International audience; OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to investigate proteinuria occurring during dengue disease in children and assess if measurement of this parameter can help physicians in the clinical management of patients.METHODS:Proteinuria was assessed by dipstick and quantified by urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) in samples from patients hospitalized with a confirmed dengue infection and in healthy controls.RESULTS:The dipstick tested positive in 42.9% of the patients presenting at hospital with dengue versus 20.0% in healthy controls. UPCR increased during the critical phase of the disease; peaking one week after fever onset then decreasing as the patients recovered. Patients with warnings signs or severe dengue were more likely to present with proteinuria detected by UPCR at the time of hospital admission compared to patients without warning signs. The sensitivity of this marker, however, was limited as only 16.1% of the patients with warning signs had proteinuria.CONCLUSIONS:Urine dipstick and UPCR do not seem to be very valuable for the triage of the patients at the time of the initial consultation but the observation of a decrease of the UPCR during the course of the illness appears to indicate an evolution towards recovery.
Published: 2017

5. A new method for the formulation of double nanoemulsions

Author: Andrey S. Klymchenko, Shukai Ding, Mériem Er-Rafik, Halina Anton, Wei Yu, Thierry F. Vandamme, Salman Akram, Christophe A. Serra, Nicolas Anton, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Conception et application de molécules bioactives (CAMB), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Systèmes Fonctionnels, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biophotonique et Pharmacologie (CNRS UMR 7213), Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie - UMR 7213 (LBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Aqueous solution, Micrometer scale, Chemical substance, Nanostructure, Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Homogenization (chemistry), 0104 chemical sciences, Microscopy, Emulsion, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Science, technology and society
Abstract: Double emulsions are very attractive systems for many reasons; the most important of these are their capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules simultaneously in a single particle and their potentiality to protect fragile hydrophilic molecules from the continuous phase. Double emulsions represent a technology that is widely present down to the micrometer scale; however, double nanoemulsions, with their new potential applications as nanomedicines or diagnosis agents, currently present a significant challenge. In this study, we propose an original two-step approach for the fabrication of double nanoemulsions with a final size below 200 nm. The process consists of the formulation of a primary water-in-oil (w1/O) nanoemulsion by high-pressure homogenization, followed by the re-emulsification of this primary emulsion by a low-energy method to preserve the double nanostructure. Various characterization techniques were undertaken to confirm the double structure and to evaluate the encapsulation efficiency of a small hydrophilic probe in the inner aqueous droplets. Complementary fluorescence confocal and cryo-TEM microscopy experiments were conducted to characterize and confirm the double structure of the double nanoemulsion.
Published: 2017

6. Fabrication of polystyrene-encapsulated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles via batch and microfluidic-assisted production

Author: Giovanni Piero Pepe, Giovanni Ausanio, Lucia Sansone, Chiara Taddei, Christophe A. Serra, Vincenzo Iannotti, Michele Giordano, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Taddei, C., Sansone, L., Ausanio, G., Iannotti, V., Pepe, G. P., Giordano, M., and Serra, C. A.
Subjects: Materials science, Fabrication, Polymers and Plastics, Microfluidics, Composite number, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Batch, Magnetite, chemistry.chemical_compound, Synthesis, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Miniemulsion, chemistry, Microfluidic, Polystyrene, 0210 nano-technology, Iron oxide nanoparticles
Abstract: The magnetic properties of nanoparticles make them ideal for use in various applications, especially in biomedical applications. Herein, we describe the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in polystyrene (PS) using two methods: a conventional batch and microfluidic synthesis. In particular, we present a simple synthesis method of magnetic composite nanoparticles, based on the use of a microfluidic elongational flow method in a continuous-flow apparatus where magnetite particles are embedded in a polystyrene matrix. Compared to conventional batch synthesis, microfluidics-based synthesis enables precise reaction control, enhanced mixing and rapid chemical reactions, allowing flow synthesis of particles in a controllable, sustainable, and cost-saving manner that is attractive to industry. The composite particles show a high encapsulation of magnetite nanoparticles, but with an inhomogeneous size distribution; instead, the sample obtained with microfluidic approach shows a homogenous composite particle size distribution although the magnetite content is lower compared to the miniemulsion batch methods.
Published: 2019

7. Surfactant Micelles Enable Metal-Free Spirocyclization of Keto-Ynamides and Access to Aza-Spiro Scaffolds in Aqueous Media

Author: Beltran, Frederic, Vela Gonzalez, Andrea Victoria, Knaub, Tatiana, Schmutz, Marc, Krafft, Marie-pierre, Miesch, Laurence, Krafft, Marie Pierre, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique des Substances Naturelles (LCOSN), Laboratoire de RMN et de biophysique des membranes (UMR 7177), Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulations Moléculaires (MSM), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, [CHIM.ORGA] Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry
Abstract: International audience; Micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant allow the spirocyclization of keto-ynamides in an aqueous medium without recourse to transition-metal catalysis, enabling access in water to naturally-occurring aza-spiro compounds with potential in drug discovery. The reaction was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), which determined the morphology and change in size of the micelles before and after incorporation of the substrate and achievement of 5-endo-dig cyclization inside the micelles.
Published: 2019

8. A prospective study on the incidence of dog bites and management in a rural Cambodian, rabies-endemic setting

Author: Aurélia Ponsich, Flavie Goutard, San Sorn, Arnaud Tarantola, Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (AVSF), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, Veterinary medicine, Attack rate, MESH: Dogs, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Rural Population, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Child, Rural, MESH: Animals, Prospective Studies, MESH: Incidence, Child, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Middle Aged, Incidence, Vaccination, Contrôle de maladies, 000 - Autres thèmes, MESH: Infant, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Rabies, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Gestion du risque, Chien, MESH: Disease Management, Rage, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Rabies, Humans, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, Dog bite, Insect Science, Parasitology, MESH: Female, Demography, L73 - Maladies des animaux, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Interquartile range, Bites and Stings, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective cohort study, MESH: Aged, Incidence (epidemiology), MESH: Infant, Newborn, Disease Management, Middle Aged, MESH: Bites and Stings, Prospective, Infectious Diseases, Female, Cambodia, Zone rurale, Adult, Asia, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Young Adult, Dogs, Maladie de l'homme, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Transmission des maladies, Morsure, business.industry, MESH: Cambodia, Infant, Newborn, MESH: Vaccination, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, Biting, Enquête pathologique, business
Abstract: International audience; Rabies circulates intensely in Cambodia, mainly affecting rural populations. We conducted a prospective study to estimate the baseline incidence of potentially infective dog bites in rural villages of Siem Reap province, Cambodia. The study was conducted in a convenience sample of 844 families totaling 1779 persons in four villages. The study collected data in a total of 802.3 person-years. Trained village health workers (VHW) exhaustively documented consecutive dog bites at the end of each month. Between May 15th and November 15th, 2011, a total of 40 attacks (43 bites; 1.07 bites per attack) were notified by 39 persons (50% female; one suffered two distinct incidents) to VHW. The all-age attack rate for bites over this 6-month period was 2.3% (CI95%: 1.7-3.1%), with a global incidence rate estimated at 4.84 bites/100 person-years (CI95%: 3.5-6.6). The mean age in bite victims was 20.8±18.9years (median 12.5; interquartile range 6-36; range 1-63). The dog was identified in 39 (97.5%) of cases, being the household dog in 9 (22.5%) of cases. Bites were classified as severe (WHO Category III-broken skin with bleeding) in 33 (82.5%) of cases with a severe dog bites incidence estimated at 4/100 person-years (CI95%: 2.8-5.6). The bites involved the hand or face in 1 (2.5%) case each (both Category III). In 20 incidents (50%), only rice was applied to the wounds. There were no suspected or confirmed human rabies deaths during the study period but one dog died after biting (2 others were lost to follow-up and 14 were put down by their owner). Our study documented an extremely high incidence of dog bites in of rural Cambodian adults and children. Adapted control policies for canine vaccination are urgently needed.
Published: 2016

9. Catalyst synthesis by continuous coprecipitation under micro-fluidic conditions: Application to the preparation of catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO 2 /H 2

Author: Ovidiu Ersen, Anne-Cécile Roger, Christophe A. Serra, Laetitia Angelo, Maria Girleanu, Ksenia Parkhomenko, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Chemistry, Coprecipitation, Inorganic chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Micro fluidic, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemical engineering, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Methanol, 0210 nano-technology, Space velocity
Abstract: A new method of synthesis based on micro-fluidic continuous coprecipitation has been used to prepare CuO-ZnO-ZrO 2 catalyst. The catalytic behavior was then investigated for CO 2 hydrogenation into methanol and compared with a CuO-ZnO-ZrO 2 catalyst prepared by classical coprecipitation and with the same amount of Cu 0 (30%). The novel synthesis method allows a better repeatability and homogeneity of the catalyst which leads to the best methanol productivity of 486 g MeOH kg cata −1 h −1 at 280 °C under 50 bar and a GHSV of 10,000 h −1 .
Published: 2016

10. Development of a novel portable miniaturized GC for near real-time low level detection of BTEX

Author: Vincent Person, Rouba Nasreddine, Stéphane Le Calvé, Christophe A. Serra, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Analytical chemistry, PID controller, 02 engineering and technology, BTEX, 01 natural sciences, Ethylbenzene, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Benzene, Instrumentation, Detection limit, Chromatography, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Detector, Metals and Alloys, Repeatability, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Volumetric flow rate, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: This paper reports on the development and optimization of a miniaturized GC/PID system dedicated to BTEX monitoring in near-real time conditions at ppb level. The system consists of a 6-ports valve, a capillary column and a mini-photoionization detector (PID), its final weight is around 4 kg. The system operates at very low flow rate (lower than 4 mL min−1) irrespective of the carrier gas used. The device is controlled through homemade software which provides instrument control and real-time chromatograms collection. The system's performance was studied and optimized with two different carrier gases, namely hydrogen and nitrogen. The optimal experimental conditions of BTEX separation was determined according to the calculated H.E.T.P. and the total analysis time for a single run which was set to a maximum of 10 min. Using the optimal conditions, the detection limit, stability and repeatability of the analytical system were assessed. A detection limit of 1 ppb was found for benzene and toluene with both carrier gases and less than 3 ppb for other compounds of the family. A slight advantage in terms of separation was found with hydrogen especially for ethylbenzene and xylenes using the defined experimental conditions.
Published: 2016

11. Portable novel micro-device for BTEX real-time monitoring: Assessment during a field campaign in a low consumption energy junior high school classroom

Author: Vincent Person, Rouba Nasreddine, Christophe A. Serra, Coralie Schoemaecker, Stéphane Le Calvé, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Engineering, Spectrum analyzer, Continuous operation, business.industry, School classroom, 010401 analytical chemistry, Environmental engineering, Time resolution, Natural ventilation, 02 engineering and technology, BTEX, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, law, Ventilation (architecture), [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business, Field campaign, General Environmental Science
Abstract: A novel micro-device was deployed during an indoor field campaign to validate and demonstrate its ability to highlight rapid changes of atmospheric BTEX concentrations. The field campaign was carried out in a junior high school recently built respecting the thermal regulation of 2005 and equipped with a modern ventilation. BTEX concentrations were continuously measured using the novel micro-device and a commercial analyzer for two weeks during the winter holidays, both operating with a time resolution of 10 min. Toluene appeared to be the major VOC inside the investigated classroom. Its concentration varied between 1 and 18 ppb and was strongly correlated with the room ventilation status. This latter was partially programmed to mimic the school period. In order to compare the efficiency of the ventilation with natural ventilation, the windows were opened for 1 h when the ventilation was OFF. In all tested conditions, the toluene concentrations measured with our new micro-device were in very good agreement with those provided by the commercial BTEX analyzer. In addition, punctual short calibrations were performed during the campaign for both instruments (after 4 days and 9 days). Results showed that our micro-GC was more stable (gap less than 15% after 9 days) while the commercial analyzer required regular calibrations because of the loose of 60% of its sensitivity after 9 days of continuous operation. Therefore, our micro-device, of about 3 kg and fully controlled by homemade software, appears to be suitable to monitor BTEX concentrations higher than 1 ppb in near real time.
Published: 2016

12. Optofluidic fluorescence cell for the detection of low concentration toxic gases

Author: Alaa Allouch, Christophe A. Serra, S. Le Calvé, Maud Guglielmino, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and ANR-11-ECOT-0013,CAPFEIN,réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air INtérieur(2011)
Subjects: Microfluidics, Cell, Formaldehyde, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials Chemistry, medicine, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, Volume concentration, Chromatography, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Metals and Alloys, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Toxic gas, Fluorescence, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, medicine.anatomical_structure, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: This paper shows the development of a new microfluidic cell for the detection of fluorescent compounds at sub-μg L −1 concentrations. The microfluidic cell is calibrated for the detection of Formaldehyde through its reaction with Fluoral P which produces the fluorescent DDL (3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine). After a comparison with a commercialized fluorescence cell, the microfluidic cell was found to be much better in terms of volume, sensitivity, renewing time and price.
Published: 2018

13. Insectivorous bat reproduction and human cave visitation in Cambodia: a perfect conservation storm?

Author: Thona Lim, Thavry Hoem, Julien Cappelle, Neil M. Furey, Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP), Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Fauna and Flora International [Cambridge, UK], and Harrison Institute
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Male, Insecta, Time Factors, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Maternal Health, Social Sciences, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, Cultural Anthropology, Geographical Locations, Endocrinology, Sociology, Pregnancy, Reproductive Physiology, Chiroptera, Bats, Medicine and Health Sciences, Human Activities, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mammals, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Geography, Ecology, Reproduction, Eukaryota, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Built Structures, Religion, Caves, Vertebrates, Taphozous melanopogon, Engineering and Technology, Female, Seasons, L20 - Écologie animale, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Cambodia, Research Article, Conservation of Natural Resources, Religious Faiths, Asia, Structural Engineering, Population, Foraging, Southeast asian, 010603 evolutionary biology, Reproductive synchrony, Cave, Species Specificity, Animals, Humans, Lactation, Buddhism, education, geography, Endocrine Physiology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Insectivore, Eulipotyphla, Hipposideros larvatus, Feeding Behavior, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Anthropology, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Pregnancy, Animal, Women's Health, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q
Abstract: Cave roosting bats represent an important component of Southeast Asian bat diversity and are vulnerable to human disturbance during critical reproductive periods (pregnancy, lactation and weaning). Because dramatic growth of cave tourism in recent decades has raised concerns about impacts on cave bats in the region, we assessed the reproductive phenology of two insectivorous species (Hipposideros larvatus sensu lato and Taphozous melanopogon) at three caves in Cambodia for 23 months in 2014–2016 and evaluated human visitation to these sites between 2007 and 2014. Despite the differing foraging strategies employed by the two taxa, the temporal consistency observed in proportions of pregnant, lactating and juvenile bats indicates that their major birth peaks coincide with the time of greatest cave visitation annually, particularly for domestic visitors and namely during the Cambodian new year in April. They also reflect rainfall patterns and correspond with the reproductive phenology of insectivorous cave bats in Vietnam. These findings were predictable because 1) insect biomass and thus food availability for insectivorous bats are optimal for ensuring survival of young following this period, and 2) the Khmer new year is the most significant month for religious ceremonies and thus domestic cave visitation nationally, due to the abundance of Buddhist shrines and temples in Cambodian caves. While the impact of visitor disturbance on bat population recruitment cannot be empirically assessed due to lack of historical data, it is nonetheless likely to have been considerable and raises a conservation concern. Further, because growing evidence suggests that insectivorous cave bats exhibit reproductive synchrony across continental Southeast Asia where countless cave shrines are heavily frequented during April in Theravada Buddhist countries (e.g., Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos), our results may have wider applicability in the region. We consequently advocate for increased emphasis on sustainable cave management practices in Cambodia and further investigations to determine whether our findings present a broader concern for cave bat conservation in Southeast Asia.
Published: 2018

14. Reduction kit, reducing composition and use of said kit and composition

Author: Edouard, David, Lefebvre, Laurent, Jierry, Loic, Ritleng, Vincent, Kelber, J, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'innovation moléculaire et applications (LIMA), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, COA
Published: 2018

15. Formation of microdroplets in Newtonian and shear thinning fluids flowing in coaxial capillaries: Numerical modeling

Author: S. A. Vagner, Stanislav Patlazhan, Christophe A. Serra, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: History, Materials science, Shear thinning, 010405 organic chemistry, Numerical modeling, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, eye diseases, 0104 chemical sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, Volumetric flow rate, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Shear rate, Viscosity, Rheology, Newtonian fluid, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Coaxial, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The peculiarities of the Newtonian droplets formation in a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid from coaxial capillaries are studied by means of numerical modeling. As a non-Newtonian medium, a shear thinning fluid is considered whose viscosity decreases with the increase of the shear rate according to the Carreau?Yasuda rheological model. It is shown that in the case of a Newtonian continuous fluid, the calculated sizes of the droplets decrease with an increase of the ratio of the flow rates in the outer and inner capillaries which is in a good agreement with experimental data. On the other hand, for the shear thinning continuous medium, droplet sizes become significantly larger than those for the Newtonian fluid. Besides, in the latter case, the droplet sizes weakly depend on the ratio of flow rates of the continuous and dispersed fluids.
Published: 2018

16. How much does direct transmission between pigs contribute to Japanese Encephalitis virus circulation? A modelling approach in Cambodia

Author: Veasna Duong, Véronique Chevalier, Didier Fontenille, Julien Cappelle, Alpha Oumar Diallo, Raphaël Duboz, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, Swine, Epidemiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Sus scrofa, Basic Reproduction Number, lcsh:Medicine, Disease Vectors, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Mosquitoes, law.invention, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Pig Models, Seroepidemiologic Studies, law, Medicine and Health Sciences, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mammals, Encephalitis Virus, Japanese, Swine Diseases, Multidisciplinary, Eukaryota, Animal Models, Markov Chains, Insects, Culex, Infectious Diseases, Serology, Transmission (mechanics), Experimental Organism Systems, S50 - Santé humaine, Vertebrates, Cambodia, Monte Carlo Method, Encephalitis, Research Article, Asia, Arthropoda, 030231 tropical medicine, Mosquito Vectors, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Models, Biological, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Humans, Encephalitis, Japanese, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Japanese encephalitis, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, Vector-Borne Diseases, Species Interactions, 030104 developmental biology, Amniotes, People and Places, lcsh:Q, Basic reproduction number, Field conditions
Abstract: Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of human encephalitis throughout Asia and the Pacific. Although JE is a vector-borne disease, it has been demonstrated experimentally that transmission between pigs can occur through direct contact. Whether pig-to-pig transmission plays a role in the natural epidemiological cycle of JE remains unknown. To assess whether direct transmission between pigs may occur under field conditions, we built two mathematical models of JE transmission incorporating vector-borne transmission alone or a combination of vector-borne and direct transmission. We used Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to estimate the parameters of the models. We fitted the models to (i) two serological datasets collected longitudinally from two pig cohorts (C1 and C2) during two periods of four months on a farm on the outskirts of Phnom-Penh, Cambodia and to (ii) a cross-sectional (CS) serological survey dataset collected from 505 swine coming from eight different provinces of Cambodia. In both cases, the model incorporating both vector-borne and direct transmission better explained the data. We computed the value of the basic reproduction number R0 (2.93 for C1, 2.66 for C2 and 2.27 for CS), as well as the vector-borne reproduction number Rpv and the direct transmission reproduction number Rpp. We then determined the contribution of direct transmission on R0 (11.90% for C1, 11.62% for C2 and 7.51% for CS). According to our results, the existence of pig-to-pig transmission is consistent with our swine serological data. Thus, direct transmission may contribute to the epidemiological cycle of JE in Cambodia. These results need to be confirmed in other eco-climatic settings, in particular in temperate areas where pig-to-pig transmission may facilitate the persistence of JE virus (JEV) during cold seasons when there are no or few mosquitoes.
Published: 2018

17. Supramolecular organization of a H-bonded perylene bisimide organogelator determined by transmission electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and polarized infra-red spectroscopy

Author: David Djurado, David Maurin, Patrick Hermet, Jean-Louis Bantignies, Martin Brinkmann, Morgane Diebold, Laure Biniek, Philippe J. Mésini, Alexandru Sarbu, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
Subjects: education.field_of_study, Materials science, Population, Supramolecular chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Infrared spectroscopy, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Crystallography, Electron diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 0210 nano-technology, education, Columnar phase
Abstract: An organogelator based on a N,N′-substituted H-bonding perylenebisimide (PBI-C10) self-assembles to form either a green J-type (form I) or a red H-type (form II) aggregate structure. The molecular packing of both polymorphs was determined from a combination of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (low dose electron diffraction and high resolution), Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and polarized infrared spectroscopy. To that aim, highly oriented films have been prepared by mechanical rubbing at controlled film temperature and DFT calculations were performed to identify representative vibrational IR bands and their associated polarizations. H-Bonding between amides generates either a rectangular columnar phase (form I) in the dried gel or a hexagonal packing of supramolecular 21/1 helices with a long period of 97 A (form II) in annealed thin films. In aligned films of form I, polarized FTIR spectroscopy helps determine the orientation of both intermolecular H-bonds and the PBI core with respect to the substrate. In form II, PBI-C10 molecules assemble into pairs to form off-centered 21/1 helices whose helical axis is made of strongly H-bonded amides. TEM investigations show that three 21/1 helices are packed in a frustrated trigonal structure formed by H-bonding. The Form I → Form II transformation implies a redistribution of a single population of strong intra-columnar H-bonds between amides in form I to a mixture of strong and weak H-bonds in the supramolecular helices, the strong H-bonds forming the spine of the helices.
Published: 2017

18. Fabrication of Uniform Ce/Eu Oxide Microparticles by a Microfluidic Co-Sol-Gel Process as an Analog Preparation of MA-Bearing Ceramic Nuclear Fuel Particles

Author: Tong Song, Cao-Fei Fu, Christophe A. Serra, Xiang Li, Ya-Ting Yang, Da-Qiao Meng, Zhenqi Chang, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Materials science, Fabrication, Nuclear fuel, Nuclear transmutation, 020209 energy, Oxide, Radioactive waste, Nanotechnology, Minor actinide, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, visual_art, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Ceramic, 0210 nano-technology, Sol-gel
Abstract: The transmutation concept of minor actinide (MA)–bearing nuclear fuel plays an important role in managing highly radioactive waste. A facile route combining the sol-gel process and microfluidic tec...
Published: 2015

19. A side-by-side capillaries-based microfluidic system for synthesizing size- and morphology-controlled magnetic anisotropy janus beads

Author: Zhenqi Chang, Christophe A. Serra, Xiang Li, Lin-Jun Wu, Jun Wei, Ya-Ting Yang, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Microfluidics, Aqueous two-phase system, Nanotechnology, Janus particles, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Magnetic anisotropy, Mechanics of Materials, Magnetic nanoparticles, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Janus, Anisotropy
Abstract: With two segments having different chemical or physical properties, janus particles have gained widespread attention in recent years. A fast assembly–disassembly side-by-side capillaries-based microfluidic system was designed for rapid and easy generation of janus particles with magnetic anisotropic properties. Two immiscible organic phases, among which one contained magnetic particles, were emulsified by a stream of an aqueous phase into janus droplets formed at capillaries’ tips and transported after break-up by the continuous aqueous phase in an outlet tubing. Then upon downstream UV irradiation, droplets were hardened into solid janus microparticles containing magnetic particles in one of their two segments. By changing the flow rates of organic and aqueous phases, not only the overall size of janus particles but also the relative volume of the two hemispherical segments could be controlled. Generated janus particles were proved having magnetic anisotropy by their forced-driven rotation in an external magnetic field, which makes them potentially interesting materials in chemical and biomedical applications.
Published: 2015

20. Potentially Zoonotic Helminthiases of Murid Rodents from the Indo-Chinese Peninsula: Impact of Habitat and the Risk of Human Infection

Author: Praphaiphat Siribat, Kittipong Chaisiri, Serge Morand, Alexis Ribas, Mahidol University [Bangkok], Institute of Infection and Global Health [University of Liverpool, UK], University of Liverpool, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Santé publique, Moniliformis moniliformis, Interactions biologiques, Rodent Diseases, Zoonosis, Raillietina, Echinostoma, Zoonoses, Bandicota, Prevalence, Rodent, biology, Mus, Hymenolepis diminuta, Facteur du milieu, Thailand, Variation saisonnière, Habitat, Infectious Diseases, Laos, S50 - Santé humaine, Female, Seasons, Helminthiasis, Animal, Cambodia, zoonose, Hymenolepis nana, Plagiorchis, food.ingredient, Helminthe, Évaluation du risque, Microbiology, Lao PDR, food, Helminths, Virology, parasitic diseases, Helminth, Animals, Humans, Couverture végétale, Ecosystem, Rattus, Original Articles, biology.organism_classification, Muridae, Enquête pathologique, Helminthose, Rongeur
Abstract: International audience; In this study, we report the potential rodent-borne zoonotic helminths in wild-caught murid rodents from four categorized habitats-forest, nonflooded land, irrigated land, and human settlement in seven localities of Thailand, Cambodia, and Lao PDR. Out of 2478 rodent samples, 735 (29.7%) were infected by at least one of the following zoonotic helminth species: Echinostoma malayanum, Echinostoma ilocanum, Plagiorchis muris, Raillietina spp., Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana, Cyclodontostomum purivisi, and Moniliformis moniliformis. Raillietina spp. showed the highest prevalence (13.8%), followed by H. diminuta (8.6%), H. nana (6.7%), and C. purvisi (1.0%). Habitat affected the intensity of helminth infection in murid rodent hosts. Specific habitats favoring each zoonotic helminth species are discussed in relation to the risk of human infection. Season and host maturity influenced intensity of total zoonotic helminths, but there was no influence of host gender. However, in terms of individual helminth species, female rodents were more infected by E. malayanum, E. ilocanum, and C. purvisi than males. Among the rodent species, Rattus tanezumi seems to play the most important role as a reservoir by hosting seven zoonotic heminth species. This rat is ubiquitously found in all types of the habitats, suggesting that it can act as an important bridge species, carrying parasites across different habitats.
Published: 2015

21. Seroepidemiological Study of Interepidemic Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection among Persons with Intense Ruminant Exposure in Madagascar and Kenya

Author: Gray, Gregory C., Anderson, Benjamin D., LaBeaud, A. Desirée, Heraud, Jean-Michel, Fèvre, Eric M., Andriamandimby, Soa Fy, Cook, Elizabeth A. J., Dahir, Saidi, De Glanville, William A., Heil, Gary L., Khan, Salah U., Muiruri, Samuel, Olive, Marie-Marie, Thomas, Lian F., Merrill, Hunter R., Merrill, Mary L. M., Richt, Juergen A., Duke University [Durham], Stanford University, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), University of Liverpool, International Livestock Research Institute [CGIAR, Nairobi] (ILRI), International Livestock Research Institute [CGIAR, Ethiopie] (ILRI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Ministry of Health, University of Edinburgh, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Kansas State University
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Rift Valley Fever, MESH: Kenya, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Antibodies, Viral, MESH: Madagascar, Young Adult, MESH: Risk Factors, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Neutralization Tests, Risk Factors, Zoonoses, MESH: Rift Valley Fever, Madagascar, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Epidemics, MESH: Epidemics, MESH: Adolescent, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Humans, MESH: Neutralization Tests, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, MESH: Adult, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Articles, Ruminants, Middle Aged, Rift Valley fever virus, Kenya, MESH: Male, MESH: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin M, MESH: Ruminants, MESH: Young Adult, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Rift Valley fever virus, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, MESH: Zoonoses, MESH: Female, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract: International audience; In this cross-sectional seroepidemiological study we sought to examine the evidence for circulation of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) among herders in Madagascar and Kenya. From July 2010 to June 2012, we enrolled 459 herders and 98 controls (without ruminant exposures) and studied their sera (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and IgM through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and plaque reduction neutralization test [PRNT] assays) for evidence of previous RVFV infection. Overall, 59 (12.9%) of 459 herders and 7 (7.1%) of the 98 controls were positive by the IgG ELISA assay. Of the 59 ELISA-positive herders, 23 (38.9%) were confirmed by the PRNT assay (21 from eastern Kenya). Two of the 21 PRNT-positive study subjects also had elevated IgM antibodies against RVFV suggesting recent infection. Multivariate modeling in this study revealed that being seminomadic (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1–15.4) was most strongly associated with antibodies against RVFV. Although we cannot know when these infections occurred, it seems likely that some interepidemic RVFV infections are occurring among herders. As there are disincentives regarding reporting RVFV outbreaks in livestock or wildlife, it may be prudent to conduct periodic , limited, active seroepidemiological surveillance for RVFV infections in herders, especially in eastern Kenya.
Published: 2015

22. Dimensional analysis of a novel low-pressure device for the production of size-tunable nanoemulsions

Author: Christophe A. Serra, René Muller, Ines Souilem, Michel Bouquey, Yves Holl, Christophe Sutter, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Pressure drop, Environmental Engineering, Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, Flow (psychology), Mixing (process engineering), Analytical chemistry, Mechanics, Process variable, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Viscosity, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Shear flow, Scaling, Biotechnology, Dimensionless quantity
Abstract: A novel low pressure device was used to generate nanoemulsions of methyl methacrylate. This device is based on a strong elongational flow known to be more efficient than the shear flow for dispersive mixing. The influence of process parameters (pressure drop number of cycles, number and size of holes) and composition parameters (monomer fraction, surfactant concentration, etc) on droplet size has shown that the average droplet size can be tailored in the range 30–200 nm by adjusting these parameters. The objective of the present paper is to find correlations that relate the obtained droplet size to the studied process and composition parameters. This model is based on a dimensional analysis using the Buckingham theorem in order to determine appropriate dimensionless numbers. This approach represents a first step for scaling up the device besides giving a set of parameters allowing to achieve a given droplet size. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 23–30, 2015
Published: 2014

23. Drivers of foot and mouth disease in cattle at wild/domestic interface: insights from farmers, buffalo and lions

Author: Andrew J. Loveridge, Michel De Garine-Wichatitsky, Brent Stapelkamp, Alexandre Caron, Vladimir Grosbois, David W. Macdonald, Marion Valeix, Eve Miguel, Hervé Fritz, Florian Nicod, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Ecologie quantitative et évolutive des communautés, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Wet season, Ungulate, space use, Wildlife, L73 - Maladies des animaux, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Dry season, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Foot-and-mouth disease, biology, business.industry, National park, Ecology, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 010601 ecology, Geography, herding practices, human–wildlife coexistence, networks, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Africa, Livestock, interspecific contacts, business, Protected area, Biodiversity Research
Abstract: Humans live increasingly in the proximity of natural areas, leading to increased interactions between people, their livestock and wildlife. Aim: We explored the role of these interactions in the risk of disease transmission (foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)) between cattle and the African buffalo (the maintenance host) and how a top predator, the lion, may modulate these interactions. Location: The interface of Hwange National Park (HNP) and surrounding communal lands, Zimbabwe Method: We combined a longitudinal serological cattle survey for FMD, GPS-collar data and cattle owners’ interviews during 4 seasons in 2010-11. Results: Overall FMD incidence in cattle was low, but showed a peak during the rainy season. The incidence dynamic was significantly explained by cattle incursion into the protected area ( i.e. buffer zone of 3km inside HNP) and not by contacts with buffalo or contacts among cattle. These results suggest that FMD virus either survives in the environment or is transmitted by other ungulate groups or species. The analysis of incursion frequency in the buffer suggests that (i) buffalo and cattle are avoiding each other up to two months after one species track and that (ii) lions make frequent incursions in the buffer few days to few weeks after buffalo had used it, whereas buffalo did not use areas occupied by lions. Lions could thus reduce the spatio-temporal overlap between cattle and buffalo in the interface, which could contribute to the low level of FMD incidence. Main conclusions: During the rainy season, traditional herding practices push cattle away from growing crops near villages into the HNP but not during the dry season, suggesting that cattle owners may decide to rely on lower quality resources in the communal land in the dry season to avoid the risks of infection and/or predation in the HNP. This study highlights the complex dynamics that operates at human/livestock/wildlife interfaces.
Published: 2017

24. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and infrastructure for its diagnosis in Madagascar: implication for the WHO’s elimination strategy

Author: Jean-Pierre Ravalohery, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Jean-Michel Heraud, Christophe Rogier, Seta Andriamamonjy, Tsarasoa Malala Andrianinarivomanana, Iony Manitra Razanajatovo, Marie-Marie Olive, Yusuke Shimakawa, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This study was supported in part by funds raised by the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Human field work was funded by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar (Internal Project through the ZORA (ZOonoses, Rodent, and Arboviruses) project and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Cooperative Agreement #U51/IP000327), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, HBsAg, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Population rurale, Santé publique, 0302 clinical medicine, Residence Characteristics, Seroepidemiologic Studies, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Analyse du risque, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Aged, 80 and over, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 000 - Autres thèmes, 1. No poverty, virus diseases, Middle Aged, Hepatitis B, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, Hépatite, Infection, Research Article, Genre humain, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, World Health Organization, Sérologie, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Environmental health, Madagascar, Humans, Seroprevalence, Aged, Hepatitis, Niveau de vie, Éradication des maladies, business.industry, Technique immunologique, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Morbidité, medicine.disease, Virology, digestive system diseases, Socioeconomic Factors, Enquête pathologique, DNA, Viral, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Biostatistics, Rural area, business
Abstract: Background WHO developed a global strategy to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030 and set target to treat 80% of people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection eligible for antiviral treatment. As a first step to achieve this goal, it is essential to conduct a situation analysis that is fundamental to designing national hepatitis plans. We therefore estimated the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, and described the existing infrastructure for HBV diagnosis in Madagascar. Methods We conducted a stratified multi-stage serosurvey of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in adults aged ≥18 years using 28 sentinel surveillance sites located throughout the country. We obtained the list of facilities performing HBV testing from the Ministry of Health, and contacted the person responsible at each facility. Results A total of 1778 adults were recruited from the 28 study areas. The overall weighted seroprevalence of HBsAg was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.6–8.6). Populations with a low socio-economic status and those living in rural areas had a significantly higher seroprevalence of HBsAg. The ratio of facilities equipped to perform HBsAg tests per 100,000 inhabitants was 1.02 in the capital city of Antananarivo and 0.21 outside the capital. There were no facilities with the capacity to perform HBV DNA testing or transient elastography to measure liver fibrosis. There are only five hepatologists in Madagascar. Conclusion Madagascar has a high-intermediate level of endemicity for HBV infection with a severely limited capacity for its diagnosis and treatment. Higher HBsAg prevalence in rural or underprivileged populations underlines the importance of a public health approach to decentralize the management of chronic HBV carriers in Madagascar by using simple and low-cost diagnostic tools. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4630-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017

25. Assessing the performance of remotely-sensed flooding indicators and their potential contribution to early warning for leptospirosis in Cambodia

Author: Philippe Buchy, Arnaud Tarantola, Sopheak Hem, Sopheak Sorn, Julien Ledien, Julien Cappelle, Rekol Huy, Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, National Center of Parasitology ( CNM ), National Malaria Center [Phnom Penh], Vaccines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques ( Agirs ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ), Rongeurs Sauvages – Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations, INRA, VetAgro Sup ( USC1233/RS2GP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Center of Parasitology (CNM), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Rongeurs Sauvages, Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations - UR 1233 (RS2GP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: MESH: Remote Sensing Technology, Epidemiology, MESH: Risk Assessment, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MESH : Leptospirosis, Chi Square Tests, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, MESH: Early Diagnosis, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Analyse du risque, Odds Ratio, South east asia, lcsh:Science, MESH: Models, Theoretical, Leptospira, Warning system, MESH: Floods, Inondation, MESH: Leptospirosis, Leptospirosis, Bacterial Pathogens, [ SDV.MHEP.MI ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Geography, Medical Microbiology, Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Modèle mathématique, Statistics (Mathematics), Leptospirose, Disease Surveillance, Microbiology, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, Humans, Surveillance épidémiologique, Statistical Methods, Microbial Pathogens, Statistical Hypothesis Testing, MESH: Humans, Bacteria, MESH : Seasons, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH : Cambodia, lcsh:R, MESH : Humans, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Modèle de simulation, Models, Theoretical, medicine.disease, Tropical Diseases, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Early Diagnosis, Relative risk, Remote Sensing Technology, lcsh:Q, Regression tree model, Mathematics, Bacterial Diseases, Identification, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, Fevers, [ SDV.MP.BAC ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, L73 - Maladies des animaux, MESH : Early Diagnosis, Remote Sensing, Geographical Locations, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Flooding, Zoonoses, Medicine and Health Sciences, 030212 general & internal medicine, MESH : Risk Assessment, Multidisciplinary, biology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Flooding (psychology), Infectious Diseases, Seasons, Pathogens, indicateur, Cambodia, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Wet season, Asia, Infectious Disease Control, Télédétection, 030231 tropical medicine, Research and Analysis Methods, MESH : Remote Sensing Technology, Diagnostic Medicine, Environmental health, medicine, MESH : Models, Theoretical, MESH: Cambodia, biology.organism_classification, MESH : Floods, MESH: Odds Ratio, Floods, 13. Climate action, Infectious Disease Surveillance, People and Places, Earth Sciences, MESH : Odds Ratio, Hydrology, MESH: Seasons
Abstract: International audience; Remote sensing can contribute to early warning for diseases with environmental drivers, such as flooding for leptospirosis. In this study we assessed whether and which remotely-sensed flooding indicator could be used in Cambodia to study any disease for which flooding has already been identified as an important driver, using leptospirosis as a case study. The performance of six potential flooding indicators was assessed by ground truthing. The Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was used to estimate the Risk Ratio (RR) of being infected by leptospirosis when exposed to floods it detected, in particular during the rainy season. Chi-square tests were also calculated. Another variable-the time elapsed since the first flooding of the year-was created using MNDWI values and was also included as explanatory variable in a generalized linear model (GLM) and in a boosted regression tree model (BRT) of leptospirosis infections, along with other explanatory variables. Interestingly, MNDWI thresholds for both detecting water and predicting the risk of leptospirosis seroconversion were independently evaluated at -0.3. Value of MNDWI greater than -0.3 was significantly related to leptospirosis infection (RR = 1.61 [1.10-1.52]; χ2 = 5.64, p-value = 0.02, especially during the rainy season (RR = 2.03 [1.25-3.28]; χ2 = 8.15, p-value = 0.004). Time since the first flooding of the year was a significant risk factor in our GLM model (p-value = 0.042). These results suggest that MNDWI may be useful as a risk indicator in an early warning remote sensing tool for flood-driven diseases like leptospirosis in South East Asia.
Published: 2017

26. Functionalizing Nanoemulsions with Carboxylates: Impact on the Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics in Mice

Author: Mayeul Collot, Sidy Mouhamed Dieng, Caroline Bouillot, Thierry F. Vandamme, Andrey S. Klymchenko, Christophe A. Serra, Mériem Er-Rafik, Mohamed F. Attia, Nicolas Anton, Marc Schmutz, Conception et application de molécules bioactives (CAMB), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Systèmes Fonctionnels, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biophotonique et Pharmacologie (CNRS UMR 7213), Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie - UMR 7213 (LBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Biodistribution, Polymers and Plastics, Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biomaterials, Mice, Pharmacokinetics, Lipid droplet, Materials Chemistry, Animals, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Maleic Anhydrides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Drug Carriers, Chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Lipids, 0104 chemical sciences, Targeted drug delivery, Biophysics, Surface modification, Emulsions, Nanocarriers, 0210 nano-technology, Drug carrier, Biotechnology
Abstract: Efficiency of drug administration is related to the inhibition of adverse effects, and can be improved by drug targeting through lipid nanocarriers encapsulation. Targeting technology generally goes along with the nanocarrier functionalization that can be surface modification and/or ligand grafting. The great advantage of nanoemulsions is their loading capability and the possibilities to encapsulate several entities in a single droplet, however, the decoration of the lipid droplets with strongly anchored reactive functions is challenging. This study proposes a reliable and innovative method to functionalize lipid droplets, based on the lipophilic polymer poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene), solubilized in the droplet core, and able to hydrolyze at the oil/water interface. Interfacial chemistry and physicochemical properties of nanodroplets are characterized. In vitro studies reveal that the presence of carboxylates at interface has a strong impact on the interactions with cells, as the internalization of functionalized droplets is much higher than control ones. This difference is confirmed with longitudinal computed tomography studies in mice after i.v. administration, strongly impacting the pharmacokinetics and biodistributions. This work establishes the proof-of-concept of a new method for functionalizing lipid droplets and demonstrates that surface modification can have a significant impact on their interaction with cells, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution.
Published: 2017

27. Exploring the diversity of blood-sucking Diptera in caves of Central Africa

Author: Nicolas Berthet, Gael Darren Maganga, Diego Ayala, Nil Rahola, Davy Jiolle, Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe, Xavier Allene, Patrick Yangari, Mathieu Bourgarel, Eric-Maurice Leroy, Christophe Paupy, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Zoonoses virales et MTN (MIVEGEC-VIROZ), and Biologie des infections virales: Emergence, DIFfusion, Impact, Contrôle, Elimination (EDIFICE)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Identification, Phlebotominae, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Ceratopogonidae, Espèce, 0302 clinical medicine, Dynamique des populations, Longitudinal Studies, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Enquête, biology, Ecology, Anopheles, Culicoides, Biodiversity, humanities, Culex, Caves, Vecteur de maladie, Medicine, Biodiversité, Caverne, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Piégeage des animaux, food.ingredient, Biotope, Science, 030231 tropical medicine, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, food, Cave, parasitic diseases, Animals, Gabon, Uranotaenia, Piège lumineux, geography, Diptera, fungi, L60 - Taxonomie et géographie animales, Species diversity, biology.organism_classification, Insect Vectors, Culicidae, 030104 developmental biology, Hématophagie, Psychodidae
Abstract: Caves house pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In Africa, previous studies identified mosquitoes, sand flies and biting midges as the main potential vectors of cave-dwelling pathogens. However, to understand their involvement in pathogen spillover, it is crucial to characterize their diversity, community composition and dynamics. Using CDC light traps, we collected hematophagous Diptera in six caves of Gabon during one-shot or longitudinal sampling, and investigated their species diversity and dynamics in relation with external rainfall. Overall, we identified 68 species of mosquitoes, sand flies and biting midges, including 45 new records for Gabon. The dominant species were: Uranotaenia nigromaculata, Anopheles smithii s.l., Culex. rima group and Culex quasiguiarti for mosquitoes, Spelaeophlebotomus gigas and Spelaeomyia emilii for sand flies and the Culicoides trifasciellus group and Culicoides fulvithorax for biting midges. The survey revealed that species assemblages were cave-specific and included mainly troglophilous and trogloxenous species. Both diversity and abundance varied according to the cave and sampling time, and were significantly associated with rainfall. These associations were modulated by the cave specific environmental conditions. Moreover, the presence of trogloxenous and troglophilous species could be of high significance for pathogen transfers between cave and epigeous hosts, including humans.
Published: 2017

28. Numerical determination of shear stress relaxation modulus of polymer glasses

Author: Ivan Kriuchevskyi, Olivier Benzerara, J. Baschnagel, Hendrik Meyer, J. P. Wittmer, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Materials science, Biophysics, Thermodynamics, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, 01 natural sciences, Shear modulus, 0103 physical sciences, Shear stress, General Materials Science, Shear matrix, 010306 general physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Relaxation modulus, chemistry, Shear (geology), Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), Affine transformation, 0210 nano-technology, Glass transition, Biotechnology
Abstract: Focusing on simulated polymer glasses well below the glass transition, we confirm the validity and the efficiency of the recently proposed simple-average expression $G(t) = \mu_A - h(t)$ for the computational determination of the shear stress relaxation modulus $G(t)$. Here, $\mu_A = G(0)$ characterizes the affine shear transformation of the system at $t=0$ and $h(t)$ the mean-square displacement of the instantaneous shear stress as a function of time $t$. This relation is seen to be particulary useful for systems with quenched or sluggish transient shear stresses which necessarily arise below the glass transition. The commonly accepted relation $G(t)=c(t)$ using the shear stress auto-correlation function $c(t)$ becomes incorrect in this limit., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1711.00725
Published: 2017

29. Reconstruction of Rift Valley fever transmission dynamics in Madagascar: estimation of force of infection from seroprevalence surveys using Bayesian modelling

Author: Annelise Tran, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Mihaja Rakotoarinoro, Lalaina Arivony Nomenjanahary, Marie-Marie Olive, Véronique Chevalier, Jean-Michel Heraud, Christophe Rogier, Vladimir Grosbois, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), This study was supported by funds raised by (i) CIRAD (ii) the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES, grant # 131163/00) (iii) the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar and Institut Pasteur International Network (Grant Dedonder Clayton). Cattle study of 2008 was supported in part by funds raised by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Central Emergency Response Fund of the United Nations. Cattle study of 2014 was funded by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar (Internal Project)., Solofoharivelo, Marie Chrystine, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, Rift Valley Fever, Force of infection, L73 - Maladies des animaux, law.invention, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Seroepidemiologic Studies, MESH: Viral infection, Rift Valley fever, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Multidisciplinary, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Épidémiologie, Geography, Transmission (mechanics), [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Infection, Modèle mathématique, MESH: Ecological epidemiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Bayesian probability, Mosquito Vectors, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Article, Sérologie, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Madagascar, Seroprevalence, Animals, Transmission des maladies, Estimation, Outbreak, Modèle de simulation, Bayes Theorem, medicine.disease, Rift Valley fever virus, 030104 developmental biology, Increased risk, Culicidae, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Cattle, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: The force of infection (FOI) is one of the key parameters describing the dynamics of transmission of vector-borne diseases. Following the occurrence of two major outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Madagascar in 1990–91 and 2008–09, recent studies suggest that the pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) transmission differed among the four main eco-regions (East, Highlands, North-West and South-West). Using Bayesian hierarchical models fitted to serological data from cattle of known age collected during two surveys (2008 and 2014), we estimated RVF FOI and described its variations over time and space in Madagascar. We show that the patterns of RVFV transmission strongly differed among the eco-regions. In the North-West and Highlands regions, these patterns were synchronous with a high intensity in mid-2007/mid-2008. In the East and South-West, the peaks of transmission were later, between mid-2008 and mid-2010. In the warm and humid northwestern eco-region favorable to mosquito populations, RVFV is probably transmitted all year-long at low-level during inter-epizootic period allowing its maintenance and being regularly introduced in the Highlands through ruminant trade. The RVF surveillance of animals of the northwestern region could be used as an early warning indicator of an increased risk of RVF outbreak in Madagascar.
Published: 2017
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30. Economic factors influencing zoonotic disease dynamics : demand for poultry meat and seasonal transmission of avian influenza in Vietnam

Author: Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Thang D. Phan, Guillaume Fournié, Alexis Delabouglise, Ton Dinh Vu, Marc Choisy, Marie-Isabelle Peyre, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Institut Vétérinaire Tropical [Liège], Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire [Liège], Royal Veterinary College [London], and University of London [London]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, Climate, medicine.disease_cause, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Poultry, Disease Outbreaks, 0403 veterinary science, Zoonoses, Cluster Analysis, Socioeconomics, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, grippe aviaire hautement pathogène, Geography, Ecology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Commerce agricole, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Épidémiologie, Vietnam, Medicine, Livestock, Seasons, zoonose, Meat, 040301 veterinary sciences, Science, Population, E70 - Commerce, commercialisation et distribution, Wavelet Analysis, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, education, Consumption (economics), E21 - Agro-industrie, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, business.industry, Outbreak, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, 030104 developmental biology, Influenza in Birds, Poultry meat, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: While climate is often presented as a key factor influencing the seasonality of diseases, the importance of anthropogenic factors is less commonly evaluated. Using a combination of methods – wavelet analysis, economic analysis, statistical and disease transmission modelling – we aimed to explore the influence of climatic and economic factors on the seasonality of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in the domestic poultry population of Vietnam. We found that while climatic variables are associated with seasonal variation in the incidence of avian influenza outbreaks in the North of the country, this is not the case in the Centre and the South. In contrast, temporal patterns of H5N1 incidence are similar across these 3 regions: periods of high H5N1 incidence coincide with Lunar New Year festival, occurring in January-February, in the 3 climatic regions for 5 out of the 8 study years. Yet, daily poultry meat consumption drastically increases during Lunar New Year festival throughout the country. To meet this rise in demand, poultry production and trade are expected to peak around the festival period, promoting viral spread, which we demonstrated using a stochastic disease transmission model. This study illustrates the way in which economic factors may influence the dynamics of livestock pathogens.
Published: 2017

31. In situ polymerization of styrene into a PMMA matrix by using an extensional flow mixing device: A new experimental approach to elaborate polymer blends

Author: Rigoberto Ibarra-Gómez, François Xavier Pierrot, Michel Bouquey, René Muller, Christophe A. Serra, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, Mixing (process engineering), 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Styrene, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, 020401 chemical engineering, chemistry, Polymerization, Materials Chemistry, Particle, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Polymer blend, 0204 chemical engineering, Composite material, In situ polymerization, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The present work consisted in the in situ polymerization of a liquid monomer (styrene) into a melt polymer matrix (PMMA) as an innovative method to prepare polymer blends at fine dispersions. That was possible by using an original mixing/reactor device called RMX®, which significantly develops extensional flow, greatly enhancing the mixing efficiency. Resultant morphology was characterized by TEM and average particle sizes were obtained by means of image analysis. A high distributive efficiency was observed at very fine dispersed phase morphology, tens of nanometers in diameter, in fact, in the absence of compatibilizing agents. It was found, by comparing self (thermal) and peroxide-initiated systems, that morphology strongly depends on the balance between polymerization rate and monomer diffusion into the polymer matrix (as enhanced by PMMA solubility into styrene) during mixing. Finally, a comparison of morphology between compounds prepared by reactive blending and those elaborated by conventional melt mixing was done.
Published: 2017

32. An integrative eco-epidemiological analysis of West Nile virus transmission

Author: Tran, Annelise, L'Ambert, G., Balança, G., Pradier, S., Grosbois, V., Balenghien, Thomas, Baldet, T., LECOLLINET, S., Leblond, Agnès, Gaidet-Drapier, N., Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Groupement d'Intérêt Public Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien, Partenaires INRAE, Entente Interdépartementale pour la Démoustication du Littoral Méditerranéen, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Hôte, Système d'information géographique, Dynamique des populations, geographic information system, arboviral transmission, virus diseases, Épidémiologie, spatial epidemiology, West Nile virus, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Modèle mathématique, Gestion du risque, camargue, Sérologie, modelling, disease ecology, Transmission des maladies, Flavivirus, Migration animale, Distribution spatiale, Modèle de simulation, Oiseau, Animal sauvage, nervous system diseases, Culicidae, Southern France, Écologie animale, Cheval
Abstract: International audience; West Nile disease, caused by the West Nile virus (WNV), is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease affecting humans and horses that involves wild birds as amplifying hosts. The mechanisms of WNV transmission remain unclear in Europe where the occurrence of outbreaks has dramatically increased in recent years. We used a dataset on the competence, distribution, abundance, diversity and dispersal of wild bird hosts and mosquito vectors to test alternative hypotheses concerning the transmission of WNV in Southern France. We modelled the successive processes of introduction, amplification, dispersal and spillover of WNV to incidental hosts based on host-vector contact rates on various land cover types and over four seasons. We evaluated the relative importance of the mechanisms tested using two independent serological datasets of WNV antibodies collected in wild birds and horses. We found that the same transmission processes (seasonal virus introduction by migratory birds, Culex modestus mosquitoes as amplifying vectors, heterogeneity in avian host competence, absence of 'dilution effect') best explain the spatial variations in WNV seroprevalence in the two serological datasets. Our results provide new insights on the pathways of WNV introduction, amplification and spillover and the contribution of bird and mosquito species to WNV transmission in Southern France.
Published: 2017

33. Microfluidic preparation of yolk/shell ZIF-8/alginate hybrid microcapsules from Pickering emulsion

Author: Chongqing Wang, Lixiong Zhang, Yingjie Zhao, Wei Liu, Changfeng Zeng, Christophe A. Serra, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Aqueous solution, General Chemical Engineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Polyethylene glycol, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Controlled release, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Pickering emulsion, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Polymerization, Chemical engineering, PEG ratio, Rhodamine B, Environmental Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Dissolution
Abstract: We develop a facile method to fabricate yolk/shell and multi-yolk/shell ZIF-8/alginate hybrid microcapsules by first forming yolk/shell W/O ZIF-8 Pickering emulsions containing sodium alginate in water, followed by sodification of alginate to form the hybrid shell. Polymerization induced phase separation of a polyethylene glycol aqueous and acrylamide aqueous solution is used to form the yolk, and droplet coalescence is used to form multi-yolks. We examine the preparation conditions to obtain a stable ZIF-8 W/O Pickering emulsion. Further, these ZIF-8 Pickering emulsions can be converted to ZIF-8/alginate hybrid microcapsules with both hollow and yolk/shell structures by adding small amount of sodium alginate in the PEG solution, based on our finding that ZIF-8 can gelate sodium alginate. The ZIF-8/alginate hybrid microcapsules exhibit controlled release ability for Rhodamine B, with the yolk/shell one showing a lower dye release percentage. Furthermore, the release rate can be accelerated in an acid condition, resulting from the dissolution of ZIF-8.
Published: 2017

34. Effect of blend ratio and elongation flow on the morphology and properties of epoxy resin-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blends

Author: Sabu Thomas, Christophe A. Serra, C. Sarath Chandran, Michel Bouquey, René Muller, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Diglycidyl ether, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, General Chemistry, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Epoxy, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallinity, chemistry, law, Phase (matter), visual_art, Materials Chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Polymer blend, Crystallization, Composite material, Elongation
Abstract: The effect of processing conditions on the morphology of polymer blends is a topic of tremendous practical interest especially for thermoset–thermoplastic blends. The effect of blend ratio and the nature of the flow field (shear flow vs. elongation flow) on the morphology is followed here using blends of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT). Morphology of the blends prepared by the conventional melt mixing technique is compared with that prepared by using an elongation mixer (RMX device invented by Muller et al.). The blends prepared by the elongation mixer showed excellent transparency and higher storage modulus at room temperature than the conventional mixer. In the case of samples prepared by the RMX device Tg of the epoxy phase has been shifted to lower temperatures indicating a molecular level mixing between PTT and DGEBA. However the conventional melt mixed samples showed only a marginal shift in Tg to low temperatures indicating that the system is not as miscible as that prepared by the RMX device. The use of RMX device for thermoset–thermoplastic blends is novel and no work has been reported in this relation. The properties of the blends were strongly affected by the composition and the crystallization of the semicrystalline PTT phase. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1679–1688, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Published: 2014

35. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Continuous Microflow: Effect of Process Parameters

Author: Dhiraj K. Garg, Yannick Hoarau, Michel Bouquey, Dambarudhar Parida, Rigoberto Ibarra Gomez, Christophe A. Serra, René Muller, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Atom-transfer radical-polymerization, Organic Chemistry, Dispersity, Analytical chemistry, Methacrylate, Shear rate, Reaction rate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Polymer chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Microreactor
Abstract: We report on the synthesis of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in tubular microreactors. Different process parameters, temperature, pressure, and shear rate, were considered to accelerate the reaction. Increase in temperature induced a faster reaction, but controlled nature of ATRP decreased past a threshold value that can be increased up to 95 °C by reducing the residence time. Positive effect of pressure was observed since significant increases in monomer conversion (+12.5 %) and molecular weight (+5,000 g/mol) were obtained. Moreover, polydispersity index was found to decrease from 1.52 at normal pressure to 1.44 at 100 bars. Benefit of pressure was more visible in smaller reaction space (smaller tube diameter). Finally, shear rate has quite an influence on the early stage of the polymerization and is expressed by an increase in the reaction rate. However, the effect was dimed for long residence times.
Published: 2014

36. Domesticated animals and human infectious diseases of zoonotic origins: Domestication time matters

Author: K. Marie McIntyre, Matthew Baylis, Serge Morand, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University [Bangkok], Institute of Infection and Global Health [University of Liverpool, UK], and University of Liverpool
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Santé publique, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, 01 natural sciences, Domestication time, Domestication, Interactions biologiques, Human disease, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Zoonoses, Analyse du risque, MESH: Animals, MESH: Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Zoonotic diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, 0303 health sciences, Infectious disease transmission, Transmission (medicine), Comparative analysis, Animal domestique, Parasite, Vecteur de maladie, Infectious Diseases, C30 - Documentation et information, S50 - Santé humaine, Animals, Domestic, Network analysis, MESH: Zoonoses, zoonose, Bétail, Microbiology (medical), Wildlife, Zoology, MESH: Disease Transmission, Infectious, Biology, Agent pathogène, 010603 evolutionary biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Maladie de l'homme, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Genetics, Domesticated animals, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, Domestic, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Molecular Biology, Transmission des maladies, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Disease Reservoirs, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Humans, Host (biology), Research findings, Animal de compagnie, Biological dispersal, Danger pour la santé
Abstract: International audience; The rate of emergence for emerging infectious diseases has increased dramatically over the last century, and research findings have implicated wildlife as an importance source of novel pathogens. However, the role played by domestic animals as amplifiers of pathogens emerging from the wild could also be significant, influencing the human infectious disease transmission cycle. The impact of domestic hosts on human disease emergence should therefore be ascertained. Here, using three independent datasets we showed positive relationships between the time since domestication of the major domesticated mammals and the total number of parasites or infectious diseases they shared with humans. We used network analysis, to better visualize the overall interactions between humans and domestic animals (and amongst animals) and estimate which hosts are potential sources of parasites/pathogens for humans (and for all other hosts) by investigating the network architecture. We used centrality, a measure of the connection amongst each host species (humans and domestic animals) in the network, through the sharing of parasites/pathogens, where a central host (i.e. high value of centrality) is the one that is infected by many parasites/pathogens that infect many other hosts in the network. We showed that domesticated hosts that were associated a long time ago with humans are also the central ones in the network and those that favor parasites/pathogens transmission not only to humans but also to all other domesticated animals. These results urge further investigation of the diversity and origin of the infectious diseases of domesticated animals in their domestication centres and the dispersal routes associated with human activities. Such work may help us to better understand how domesticated animals have bridged the epidemiological gap between humans and wildlife.
Published: 2014

37. Processing of nanocomposites PLA/graphite using a novel elongational mixing device

Author: René Muller, Jérôme Rondin, Rigoberto Ibarra-Gómez, Christophe A. Serra, Michel Bouquey, Fatima Hassouna, David S. Ruch, Valérie Toniazzo, Yamna El Mouedden, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Materials science, Nanocomposite, Polymers and Plastics, Mixing (process engineering), 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Dynamic mechanical analysis, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Exfoliation joint, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polylactic acid, chemistry, Rheology, Materials Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Particle size, Graphite, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Expanded graphite (EG) was added to polylactic acid (PLA) and then fully mixed in a novel elongational mixing device (RMX) to obtain PLA/EG nanocomposites. The operation of the new mixer device is based on the induced multiple passages of material (by means of reciprocating pistons) at different flow speeds through a short capillary die, thus creating convergent/divergent elongational flows. Highly homogeneous materials were obtained at all mixing conditions and particle size ranged from hundred to several hundreds of nanometers. Also, X-ray diffractograms showed different intensity of the characteristic peak of EG (3% wt/wt EG was kept constant), suggesting partial exfoliation. Furthermore, the molecular weight of processed neat PLA samples was assessed in order to correlate the PLA degradation to morphology and reinforcement mechanisms in the nanocomposites, as a function of the RMX parameters. As well, final flow properties of neat PLA and EG compounds were obtained by dynamic rheology. Thermo-mechanical degradation of PLA was found to play a major role in the rheology of mixing. On the other hand, PLA nanocomposites presented a storage modulus between 20 and 40% higher than neat PLA. Finally, morphology comparison between the RMX and an internal mixer, at the same mixing energy input, demonstrated a higher dispersive mixing efficiency for the RMX. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:214–222, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Published: 2014

38. Synthesis of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene pendant and norbornene random co-polymers via ring opening metathesis

Author: Bob C. Schroeder, Iain McCulloch, Craig Combe, Laure Biniek, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Benzothiophene, Ruthenium catalyst, General Chemistry, Polymer, Metathesis, Ring (chemistry), 3. Good health, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Imide, Undecane, Norbornene
Abstract: 2-Octyl-7-(11-(cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylicimide)undecane)[1]benzothienopheno[3,2-b] benzothienophene (1) was synthesised and co-polymerised with varying amounts of 1-decyl(cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylic) imide (2) or norbornene, using a ruthenium catalyst, to produce a series of random co-polymers.
Published: 2014

39. Mécanismes de transmission du virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift à Madagascar

Author: Olive, Marie-Marie, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Montpellier, Véronique Chevalier, and Jean-Michel Héraud
Subjects: Facteur de risque, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Madagascar, Dynamique de transmission, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Transmission dynamic, Risk factor, Rift Valley fever, Transmission mechanism, Mécanisme de transmission
Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans. Its complex eco-epidemiology involves several species of vectors, hosts and transmission routes. These particularities allowed the circulation of RVF virus (RVFV) in a variety of ecosystems involving different transmission and emergence mechanisms. Indeed, the RVFV has affected contrasted eco-regions in Africa, Arabian Peninsula and South-West Indian Ocean islands, including Madagascar.Madagascar is considered as a continent island due to its ecological diversity and its endemicity level of the flora and the fauna. In particular, the variation of the Malagasy ecosystems (semi-arid in the south, humid and cold in the highlands, humid and warm in the north-west and per-humid in the east) has an impact in their presence and /or the relative abundance of some mosquito species. Madagascar was heavily affected by RVF in 1990-91 and 2008-2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease.Thus considering the diversity of RVF eco-epidemiological cycles and the variety of Malagasy ecosystems, we hypothesized that, in Madagascar, the mechanisms of transmission would be different according to these ecosystems. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to understand the mechanisms and the dynamics of transmission of RVFV in the different ecosystems. The second objective was to determine the mechanisms of emergence of RVFV and if it would be necessary and possible to predict the emergence of RVFV outbreaks according to the ecosystems.Firstly, we analyzed both cattle and human serological data performed at the national level using generalized linear mixed models to identify the environmental and behavioral factors associated with RVF transmission in both cattle and human. Secondly, we reconstructed the dynamic of transmission of RVF in the different Malagasy ecosystems. Seroprevalence data of cattle of known age were fitted using Bayesian hierarchical models to estimate the annual force of infection from 1992 to 2014. Thirdly, to understand the biological process link to the mechanisms of transmission at the national scale, we investigated the fine scale mechanisms of transmission of RVFV in pilot area of an at-risk region. We, thus, performed both longitudinal entomological and serological surveys between 2015 and 2016, in order to describe the seasonal transmission of RVFV among ruminants and its association with the dynamics of RVFV potential vectors.Our results showed that the northwestern part of Madagascar is an at-risk region for RVFV transmission. On one hand, it is characterized by high cattle densities associated with humid, floodplain and irrigated areas suitable for RVFV potential vector like Anopheles and Culex species. On the other hand, RVFV had probably circulated intensively in the region during the 1992-2007 inter-epizootic period and its transmission increased suddenly in 2007-08, almost concomitantly with the first outbreaks recorded in 2008. Finally, RVFV was still circulated in the northwestern region at low level, 6 years after the last epidemic. This circulation is likely due to vectorial transmission favoring by the abundance of several potential vectors of RVFV in this pilot region.Finally, our better understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of RVFV throughout Madagascar allowed us to propose hypothesis of transmission in different ecosystems of Madagascar and consequently refine strategies for RVF surveillance and prevention.; La Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (VFVR) est une arbovirose zoonotique affectant principalement les ruminants et les humains. Son éco-épidémiologie complexe implique de nombreuses espèces de vecteurs, d'hôtes et de voies de transmission. Ainsi, différents mécanismes de transmission et d'émergence sont impliqués dans la circulation du virus de la FVR (VFVR) et ceux-ci dans des écosystèmes contrastés d'Afrique, de la Péninsule Arabique et des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien, dont l'île de Madagascar.Par sa superficie, sa grande diversité éco-climatique et sa faune et flore endémique, Madagascar est considérée comme une île continent. On y retrouve, en effet, des écosystèmes variés plus ou moins favorables aux moustiques : semi-arides dans le sud-ouest, humides et froids sur les hautes terres centrales, per-humide dans l'est et humides et chaud dans le nord-ouest. Madagascar a été affectée par deux épidémies de FVR en 1990-91 puis 2008-09. Une étude menée lors de la dernière épidémie a montré que le virus avait largement diffusé dans l'île de façon hétérogène.Compte tenu de la complexité des mécanismes de transmission de la FVR et de la diversité des écosystèmes de Madagascar, nous avons supposé que cette hétérogénéité spatiale était due à des mécanismes de transmission et d'émergence qui variaient en fonction des écosystèmes de l'île. Ainsi, le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse étaient de déterminer les mécanismes et les dynamiques de transmission de la FVR inhérents aux différents écosystèmes de Madagascar. Le second objectif a été d'identifier les mécanismes d'émergence de la FVR à Madagascar et de déterminer s'il sera possible, et nécessaire, de prédire cette émergence à l'échelle des écosystèmes.Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse deux enquêtes sérologiques nationales, l'une bovine (2008) et l'autre humaine (2011-13) ont, premièrement, été analysées par un modèle linéaire mixte généralisé afin d'identifier les facteurs environnementaux et comportementaux favorables à la circulation du virus chez les bovins et les humains. Deuxièmement, deux enquêtes sérologiques bovines, l'une réalisée en 2008 et l'autre en 2014, ont été analysées pour reconstruire la dynamique de transmission de la FVR dans les différents écosystèmes de l'île. Cette reconstruction a été réalisée à partir de données de séroprévalence et d'âge inclues dans un modèle Bayésien hiérarchique pour estimer la force d'infection annuelle de 1992 à 2014. Enfin, afin de faire le lien biologique avec les résultats des travaux menés à une échelle nationale et de décrire les mécanismes de transmission à une échelle fine, des enquêtes longitudinales entomologiques et sérologiques ont été réalisées entre 2015 et 2016 dans un écosystème à risque. Et ceci, afin de décrire la transmission saisonnière du VFVR chez les ruminants associée à la dynamique de transmission des vecteurs potentiels.Nos résultats ont montré que la région du nord-ouest de l'île est une région à risque de transmission. D'une part, elle est constituée d'environnements associant une forte densité de bovins à des zones humides, inondables et irriguées, favorables aux espèces d'Anopheles et Culex. D'autre part, le VFVR semble avoir circulé de façon relativement intense lors de la période inter-épizootique de 1992 à 2007, puis sa transmission a soudainement augmenté en 2007-2008, ce qui est concomitant avec l'apparition des foyers de FVR en 2008. Pour finir, 6 ans après l'épidémie de FVR à Madagascar, le virus semble toujours circuler à bas bruit dans la région. Cette circulation étant probablement due à une transmission vectorielle favorisée par l'abondance de vecteurs potentiels dans la région.Les résultats de ces différents travaux nous ont permis de présenter des hypothèses de transmission dans les différents écosystèmes de l'île et ainsi de proposer des stratégies de surveillance, de prévention et de lutte contre la FVR adaptées au contexte de Madagascar.
Published: 2016

40. The Influence of Urbanization Modes on the Spatial Circulation of Flaviviruses within Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Author: Daouda Kassie, Roch K. Dabiré, Florence Fournet, Zoé Vaillant, Aude Meunier-Nikiema, Anna Roudot, Gérard Salem, Stéphane Rican, Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire Espace, Santé et Territoires (LEST), Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces (LADYSS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre population et développement (CEPED - UMR_D 196), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), L'Equipe Santé et Territoires (LEST), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)
Subjects: Male, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, lcsh:Medicine, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Gestion des déchets, Logistic regression, infectious diseases, Santé publique, Dengue fever, urban health, Dengue, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental protection, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Analyse du risque, Facteur de risque, Prevalence, Flavivirus Infections, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, education.field_of_study, biology, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, Flavivirus, Geography, arboviruses, S50 - Santé humaine, Child, Preschool, Emerging infectious disease, Female, L20 - Écologie animale, Enfant, Zone urbaine, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Urbanisation, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Maladie de l'homme, Ville, Environmental health, Urbanization, West Africa, Burkina Faso, Population urbaine, medicine, Seroprevalence, Humans, Surveillance épidémiologique, education, Retrospective Studies, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Spatial Analysis, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Infant, health inequalities, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Logistic Models, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: International audience; Dengue is an emerging infectious disease of global significance. Although this virus has been reported for a long time, its significance within the burden of diseases in West Africa is not obvious, especially in Burkina Faso. Our objective was to evaluate flavivirus presence in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and the link between anti-flavivirus antibody seroprevalence and urbanization modes. A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted and 3015 children were enrolled from Ouagadougou districts with different types and degrees of urbanization (with/without equipment and high/low building density). Flavivirus (FLAV) IgM MAC-ELISA and FLAV indirect IgG ELISA were performed. Associations between FLAV IgG presence (sign of past infection) and various independent variables were assessed using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The apparent prevalence of past flavivirus infections among the enrolled children was 22.7% (95% CI: 22.4-26.7) (n = 685). Eleven children (0.4%; 95% CI: 0.61-2.14) were positive for FLAV IgM, indicating active transmission. Factors associated with flavivirus infection were identified among the enrolled children (age, sex), householders (educational level, asset index) and in the environment (building density, water access, waste management and house appearance); however, they showed great variability according to the city districts. The water access modality did not significantly influence FLAV IgG positivity. Conversely, apparently good practices of waste management had unexpected consequences (increased risk related to municipal dumpsters). Given the scale of ongoing urbanization and the spread of arboviral diseases, close collaboration between health and city stakeholders is needed.
Published: 2016

41. UV-Free Microfluidic Particle Fabrication at Low Temperature Using ARGET-ATRP as the Initiator System

Author: Rudolf Zentel, Tristan Hessberger, Christophe A. Serra, Lukas B. Braun, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Fabrication, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, General Chemical Engineering, Microfluidics, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Polymer, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Poly(methyl methacrylate), 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Chemical engineering, visual_art, Particle-size distribution, Polymer chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Particle, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Published: 2016

42. Design of a Novel Axial Gas Pulses Micromixer and Simulations of its Mixing Abilities via Computational Fluid Dynamics

Author: Stéphane Le Calvé, Florian Noël, Christophe A. Serra, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), univOAK, Archive ouverte, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, [SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery, Flow (psychology), Microfluidics, Mixing (process engineering), Analytical chemistry, Micromixer, 02 engineering and technology, Computational fluid dynamics, multi-stage micromixer, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Article, modelling, gas mixing, pulsed flow, modular micromixer, Calibration, lcsh:TJ1-1570, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Inert gas, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Volumetric flow rate, 13. Climate action, Control and Systems Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Following the fast development of microfluidics over the last decade, the need for methods for mixing two gases in flow at an overall flow rate ranging from 1 to 100 NmL&middot, min&minus, 1 with programmable mixing ratios has been quickly increasing in many fields of application, especially in the calibration of analytical devices such as air pollution sensors. This work investigates numerically the mixing of pure gas pulses at flow rates in the range 1&ndash, 100 NmL&middot, 1 in a newly designed multi-stage and modular micromixer composed of 4 buffer tanks of 300 &micro, L each per stage. Results indicate that, for a 1 s pulse of pure gas (formaldehyde) followed by a 9 s pulse of pure carrier gas (air), that is a pulses ratio of 1/10, an effective mixing up to 94&ndash, 96% can be readily obtained at the exit of the micromixer. This is achieved in less than 20 s for any flow rate ranging from 1 to 100 NmL&middot, 1 simply by adjusting the number of stages, 1 to 16 respectively. By using an already diluted gas bottle containing 100 ppm of a given compound in an inert gas same as the carrier gas, concentrations ranging from 10 to 90 ppm should be obtained by adjusting the pulses ratio between 1/10 and 9/10 respectively.
Published: 2019

43. Dispersive mixing efficiency of an elongational flow mixer on PP/EPDM blends: Morphological analysis and correlation with viscoelastic properties

Author: Jérôme Rondin, René Muller, Christophe A. Serra, Philippe Sonntag, Michel Bouquey, Grégory Martin, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: Polypropylene, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Polymer science, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Viscoelasticity, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Rheology, chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Copolymer, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Elasticity (economics), Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Polypropylene and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (PP/EPDM) blends were melt compounded in a new mixing device, designed in our laboratory under the trademark of RMX®, which predominantly generates elongational flows. Dispersion of the EPDM minor phase in PP was carried out in both RMX® and in an internal mixer (Haake Rheomix 600) at equivalent specific mixing energies and the resultant morphologies obtained by SEM were analyzed and compared. A better dispersive mixing efficiency of the RMX® mixer, i.e., lower Dn and Dv of the dispersed EPDM phase was observed. The impact of elongational flow was more pronounced for blends having a high viscosity ratio p, indicating an enhanced droplet break-up mechanism, which was attributed to the combination of high shear rates inside the mixing element and important elongational flows in the convergent/divergent zones. The morphology of the blends was correlated with their linear viscoelastic properties by using the Palierne model. Very good agreement was found for the PP/EPDM 80/20 blends but for higher EPDM content, the Palierne model failed to describe the rheological behavior, which was attributed to percolation of the minor phase with increasing the concentration. Higher elasticity at low frequencies was observed for blends processed in the RMX®, which was attributed to a higher generated interfacial area. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1444–1457, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Published: 2013

44. Portable, miniature, fast and high sensitive real-time analyzers: BTEX detection

Author: Christophe A. Serra, Stéphane Le Calvé, Alaa Allouch, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and ANR-11-ECOT-0013,CAPFEIN,réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air INtérieur(2011)
Subjects: 010401 analytical chemistry, Metals and Alloys, 02 engineering and technology, BTEX, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, High sensitive, 01 natural sciences, Ethylbenzene, World health, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Materials Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Benzene, Real time analysis, Instrumentation
Abstract: BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) are among the most dangerous VOCs (volatile organic compounds) emitted into the atmosphere. Since they have carcinogenic effects, World Health Organization (WHO) has set minimum exposure levels for living and working areas. In order to respect these levels, real-time and easily transportable analyzers are needed. This paper reviews recent colorimetric-based portable devices for high sensitive and real time BTEX analysis.
Published: 2013

45. Transportable, fast and high sensitive near real-time analyzers: Formaldehyde detection

Author: Maud Guglielmino, Stéphane Le Calvé, Christophe A. Serra, Alaa Allouch, Pierre Bernhardt, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and ANR-11-ECOT-0013,CAPFEIN,réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air INtérieur(2011)
Subjects: Consumables, Formaldehyde, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, High sensitive, 01 natural sciences, World health, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials Chemistry, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Process engineering, Instrumentation, Volume concentration, business.industry, Chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Parts-per notation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Environmental chemistry, Gas chromatography, 0210 nano-technology, business, International agency
Abstract: Formaldehyde is a colorless gas emitted into the indoor environment by furniture and many other sources. In 2006, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified formaldehyde as carcinogen to humans even at low concentrations. The World Health Organization (WHO) determined a guideline value of 82 ppb (parts per billion). Standard analysis based on sampling and then gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are off-line methods and are considered to be time-consuming and cumbersome, in addition to their large sizes, weights, high cost in terms of both equipment and consumables. This review reports the developments made over the last decade toward the realization of portable, high sensitive and real-time formaldehyde analyzers.
Published: 2013

46. Practices associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza spread in traditional poultry marketing chains: Social and economic perspectives

Author: Sirichai Wongnarkpet, François Roger, Weerapong Thanapongtharm, Pascal Bonnet, Christian Ducrot, Chaithep Poolkhet, Virginie Baritaux, Mathilde Paul, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques ( Agirs ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ), Unité de recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale ( UEA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité de recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UEA), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Unité de Recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UR EpiA)
Subjects: Epidemiology, Pauvreté, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Politique sanitaire, Disease perception, L73 - Maladies des animaux, medicine.disease_cause, 0403 veterinary science, 0302 clinical medicine, INFECTION, MESH : Socioeconomic Factors, MESH: Animals, Marketing, health care economics and organizations, 2. Zero hunger, Food security, Enquête, Santé animale, Environnement socioéconomique, MESH: Chickens, 1. No poverty, Contamination biologique, H5N1, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Poultry farming, Thailand, MESH : Influenza in Birds, MESH : Marketing, Infectious Diseases, MESH : Chickens, Q03 - Contamination et toxicologie alimentaires, Circuit de commercialisation, Viande de volaille, VIETNAM, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, MESH: Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, 040301 veterinary sciences, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Supply chain, E70 - Commerce, commercialisation et distribution, Small-scale farming, MESH : Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, 030231 tropical medicine, Petite exploitation agricole, 03 medical and health sciences, FARMS, MESH: Influenza in Birds, medicine, Animals, Humans, Influenzavirus aviaire, MESH: Marketing, Social determinants of health, MESH: Thailand, Value chain, Transmission des maladies, MESH: Humans, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Poverty, business.industry, MESH : Humans, L70 - Sciences et hygiène vétérinaires - Considérations générales, Animal health policies, MESH : Thailand, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Socioeconomic Factors, Influenza in Birds, Insect Science, RISK-FACTORS, BACKYARD, Parasitology, MESH : Animals, Business, Élevage de volailles, Rural area, Chickens
Abstract: International audience; In developing countries, smallholder poultry production contributes to food security and poverty alleviation in rural areas. However, traditional poultry marketing chains have been threatened by the epidemics caused by the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) virus. The article presents a value chain analysis conducted on the traditional poultry marketing chain in the rural province of Phitsanulok, Thailand. The analysis is based on quantitative data collected on 470 backyard chicken farms, and on qualitative data collected on 28 poultry collectors, slaughterhouses and market retailers, using semi-structured interviews. The article examines the organization of poultry marketing chains in time and space, and shows how this may contribute to the spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in the small-scale poultry sector. The article also discusses the practices and strategies developed by value chain actors facing poultry mortality, with their economic and social determinants. More broadly, this study also illustrates how value chain analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms associated with the spread of epidemics in rural communities.
Published: 2013

47. Evidence of reduced individual heterogeneity in adult survival of long-lived species

Author: Péron, G, Gaillard, JM, Barbraud, C, Bonenfant, C, Charmantier, A, Choquet, R, Coulson, Timothy, Grosbois, V, Loison, A, Marzolin, G, Owen-Smith, N, Pardo, D, Plard, F, Pradel, R, Toïgo, C, Gimenez, O, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodémographie évolutive, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Department of Zoology [Oxford], Wildlife Conservation Research Unit [Oxford], University of Oxford-University of Oxford, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), School of Animal, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, CNERA Cervidés Sanglier, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), University of Oxford [Oxford]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: comparative analyses, Chamois, random-effect models, Capra ibex, Biologie animale, Chevreuil, L52 - Physiologie animale - Croissance et développement, life-history evolution, mixture models, individual differences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Capture-recapture, L10 - Génétique et amélioration des animaux, Longévité, Cycle de développement, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Analyse comparative, L20 - Écologie animale, Pagodroma nivea, vertebrates, Analyse de séries chronologiques
Abstract: The canalization hypothesis postulates that the rate at which trait variation generates variation in the average individual fitness in a population determines how buffered traits are against environmental and genetic factors. The ranking of a species on the slow-fast continuum - the covariation among life-history traits describing species-specific life cycles along a gradient going from a long life, slow maturity, and low annual reproductive output, to a short life, fast maturity, and high annual reproductive output - strongly correlates with the relative fitness impact of a given amount of variation in adult survival. Under the canalization hypothesis, long-lived species are thus expected to display less individual heterogeneity in survival at the onset of adulthood, when reproductive values peak, than short-lived species. We tested this life-history prediction by analysing long-term time series of individual-based data in nine species of birds and mammals using capture-recapture models. We found that individual heterogeneity in survival was higher in species with short-generation time (< 3 years) than in species with long generation time (> 4 years). Our findings provide the first piece of empirical evidence for the canalization hypothesis at the individual level from the wild.
Published: 2016

48. Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Author: Julien Cappelle, Veasna Duong, Véronique Chevalier, Didot Budi Prasetyo, Philippe Dussart, Rithy Choeung, Philippe Buchy, San Sorn, Sivuth Ong, Borin Peng, Lida Kong, Maud Yakovleff, Arnaud Tarantola, Raphaël Duboz, Long Pring, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Royal University of Agriculture, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, National Veterinary Research Institute [Phnom Penh], GlaxoSmithKline, Glaxo Smith Kline, and This study was undertaken in the framework of the ComAcross project with the financial support of the European Union (EuropeAid, INNOVATE contract 315-047). The study was also supported by the SouthEast Asia Encephalitis project which is funded by Aviesan Sud and Fondation Total. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, MESH: Swine Diseases, Swine, Epidemiology, Force of infection, Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Antibodies, Viral, Mosquitoes, Cohort Studies, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Pig Models, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Animals, Public and Occupational Health, Socioeconomics, MESH: Encephalitis, Japanese, MESH: Swine, MESH: Cohort Studies, Geographic Areas, Encephalitis Virus, Japanese, Swine Diseases, Mammals, biology, Geography, Transmission (medicine), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Agriculture, Animal Models, Vaccination and Immunization, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Insects, Culex, Infectious Diseases, Vertebrates, Female, Seasons, Cambodia, Encephalitis, Research Article, Urban Areas, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Livestock, Asia, Arthropoda, Infectious Disease Control, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, MESH: Culex, MESH: Insect Vectors, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Model Organisms, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, Encephalitis, Japanese, MESH: Encephalitis Virus, Japanese, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Viral encephalitis, MESH: Cambodia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, Japanese encephalitis, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Preventive Medicine, MESH: Female, MESH: Seasons, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract: Despite the increased use of vaccination in several Asian countries, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) remains the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. Considered a rural disease occurring mainly in paddy-field dominated landscapes where pigs are amplifying hosts, JE may nevertheless circulate in a wider range of environment given the diversity of its potential hosts and vectors. The main objective of this study was to assess the intensity of JE transmission to pigs in a peri-urban environment in the outskirt of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We estimated the force of JE infection in two cohorts of 15 sentinel pigs by fitting a generalised linear model on seroprevalence monitoring data observed during two four-month periods in 2014. Our results provide evidence for intensive circulation of JE virus in a periurban area near Phnom Penh, the capital and most populated city of Cambodia. Understanding JE virus transmission in different environments is important for planning JE virus control in the long term and is also an interesting model to study the complexity of vector-borne diseases. Collecting quantitative data such as the force of infection will help calibrate epidemiological model that can be used to better understand complex vector-borne disease epidemiological cycles., Author Summary Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. The disease is considered a mainly rural one because it occurs mainly in rural areas dominated by paddy fields where the main mosquito species vector of JEV breed. However, other mosquito species, breeding in urban areas, and a large range of animal hosts can play a role in the transmission of JEV, and JEV could therefore be transmitted in peri-urban and urban areas. Our results show an intensive circulation of JEV in sentinel pigs in a peri-urban area of Phnom Penh Cambodia at two different periods of the year. It shows the potential for JEV to circulate in a large range of landscapes and suggest that JEV control should not be limited to rural areas and that JEV may have the potential to emerge and be and be maintained in new areas.
Published: 2016

49. Quantitative assessment of a spatial multicriteria model for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Thailand, and application in Cambodia

Author: Flavie Goutard, Mathilde Paul, Floriane Roulleau, Annelise Tran, Weerapong Thanapongtharm, François Roger, Davun Holl, Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Unité de Recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UR EpiA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Kasetsart University (KU), National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), and This research was supported by a grant from the 'IDEX-nouveaux entrants' program from the Universite Federale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees.
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], animal diseases, Geographic Mapping, L73 - Maladies des animaux, medicine.disease_cause, Poultry, Disease Outbreaks, 0403 veterinary science, Grippe aviaire, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Environmental protection, Analyse du risque, Influenza A virus, 2. Zero hunger, Disease surveillance, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Aviculture, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, virus diseases, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Thailand, Multiple-criteria decision analysis, Livelihood, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, Geography, Epidemiological Monitoring, Cambodia, Modèle mathématique, 040301 veterinary sciences, Gestion du risque, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Volaille, Article, Decision Support Techniques, 03 medical and health sciences, Analyse quantitative, Influenza, Human, medicine, Animals, Humans, Surveillance épidémiologique, Influenzavirus aviaire, education, Environmental planning, Transmission des maladies, Models, Statistical, Cartographie, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Modèle de simulation, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza in Birds, Decision analysis
Abstract: The Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 (HPAI) virus is now considered endemic in several Asian countries. In Cambodia, the virus has been circulating in the poultry population since 2004, with a dramatic effect on farmers’ livelihoods and public health. In Thailand, surveillance and control are still important to prevent any new H5N1 incursion. Risk mapping can contribute effectively to disease surveillance and control systems, but is a very challenging task in the absence of reliable disease data. In this work, we used spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) to produce risk maps for HPAI H5N1 in poultry. We aimed to i) evaluate the performance of the MCDA approach to predict areas suitable for H5N1 based on a dataset from Thailand, comparing the predictive capacities of two sources of a priori knowledge (literature and experts), and ii) apply the best method to produce a risk map for H5N1 in poultry in Cambodia. Our results showed that the expert-based model had a very high predictive capacity in Thailand (AUC = 0.97). Applied in Cambodia, MCDA mapping made it possible to identify hotspots suitable for HPAI H5N1 in the Tonlé Sap watershed, around the cities of Battambang and Kampong Cham, and along the Vietnamese border.
Published: 2016

50. Integrated Analysis of Environment, Cattle and Human Serological Data: Risks and Mechanisms of Transmission of Rift Valley Fever in Madagascar

Author: Annelise Tran, Vladimir Grosbois, Jean-Pierre Ravalohery, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Jean-Michel Heraud, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Christophe Rogier, Seta Andriamamonjy, Véronique Chevalier, Benoit Durand, Marie-Marie Olive, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This study was supported in part by funds raised by (i) CIRAD (ii) the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, grant # 131163/00) (iii) the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Human field work was funded by the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar (Internal Project through the ZORA (ZOonoses, Rodent and Arboviruses) project and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, and Cooperative Agreement #U51/IP000327). Moreover, this material is based upon work supported by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security under the Center of Excellence of Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases Grant Award Number 2010-ST061-AG0001. Cattle study was supported in part by funds raised by World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Central Emergency Response Fund of the United Nations. The views and conclusions contained in this paper are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either explicit or implicit, of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Analyse du risque, MESH: Cattle Diseases, MESH: Animals, Neglected tropical diseases, Mammals, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, 000 - Autres thèmes, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, Anopheles, Ruminants, 3. Good health, Transmission (mechanics), MESH: Young Adult, Densité de population, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Enzootic, Infectious diseases, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Genre humain, Bétail, Livestock, lcsh:RC955-962, MESH: Culex, Microbiology, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Madagascar, MESH: Humans, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Tropical diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, lcsh:RA1-1270, MESH: Adult, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Africa, Cattle, MESH: Female, MESH: Antibodies, Viral, 0301 basic medicine, RNA viruses, Cattle Diseases, Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Mosquitoes, Serology, Geographical Locations, MESH: Madagascar, law, Zoonoses, Facteur de risque, Bunyaviruses, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Rift Valley Fever, Comportement humain, Rift Valley fever, 2. Zero hunger, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Agriculture, Facteur du milieu, Medical microbiology, Insects, MESH: Cattle, Vecteur de maladie, Vertebrates, Viruses, MESH: Rift Valley fever virus, Seasons, Pathogens, Research Article, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Zone humide, Arthropoda, Distribution géographique, Culex, 030231 tropical medicine, Viral diseases, MESH: Insect Vectors, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Sérologie, Bovines, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, MESH: Environment, Transmission des maladies, Biology and life sciences, Viral pathogens, Morbidité, biology.organism_classification, Rift Valley fever virus, MESH: Male, Microbial pathogens, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract: Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans. Madagascar was heavily affected by RVF in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to optimize the available resources by targeting RVF surveillance in Madagascar. Herein, the objectives of our study were: (i) to identify the environmental factors and areas favorable to RVF transmission to both cattle and human and (ii) to identify human behaviors favoring human infections in Malagasy contexts. Methodology/Principal Findings First, we characterized the environments of Malagasy communes using a Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). Then, we analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at national level using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, with the individual serological status (cattle or human) as the response, and MFA factors, as well as other potential risk factors (cattle density, human behavior) as explanatory variables. Cattle and human seroprevalence rates were positively associated to humid environments (p, Author Summary Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogen that causes a vector-borne tropical disease. The disease affects ruminants and humans and severely impacts the health and economy of affected countries. Madagascar was heavily affected by Rift Valley fever (RVF) in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. Our study aims at identifying environmental and human-related risk factors for RVFV transmission. First, we characterized Malagasy environments according to their putative influence on RVFV mosquito density and population dynamics. Then we statistically analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at a national level with the individual serological status as response, and Malagasy environments previously characterized by climatic and landscape variables as well as other potential risk factors as explanatory variables. Our results identified humid environments of the western, north-western and eastern parts of the island as risky areas. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to focus veterinary surveillance and control of RVFV.
Published: 2016

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