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The concept of modularity in neuropsychology remains a topic of significant debate, especially when considering complex, non-innate, hyper-learned, and adaptable modular systems. This paper critically examines the evolution of cognitive modularity, addressing the challenges of integrating foundational theories with recent empirical and theoretical developments. We begin by analyzing the contributions of Sternberg and Fodor, whose foundational work established the concept of specialized, encapsulated modules within cognitive processes, particularly in the domains of perception and language. Building on this, we explore Carruthers’ theory of massive modularity, which extends the modular framework to broader cognitive functions, though we reject its application to central amodal systems, which are overarching and resistant to modularization. We also evaluate recent discoveries, such as mirror neurons and the neural reuse hypothesis, and their implications for traditional modularity models. Furthermore, we investigate the dynamic interactions between the Default Mode Network (DMN), Central Executive Network (CEN), and Salience Network (SN), highlighting their roles in shifting between automatic and controlled states. This exploration refines existing theoretical models, distinguishing innate systems, genetically predisposed ones, and those hyper-learned through working memory, as exemplified by the three-level model of Moscovitch and Umiltà. We address the blurred boundary between domain-specific and domain-general systems, proposing modular versus non-modular states—indexed by automaticity and mandatoriness—as key discriminators. This systematization, supported by empirical literature and our own research, provides a more stable framework for understanding modular systems, avoiding interpretive confusion across varying levels of complexity. These insights advance both theoretical understanding and practical applications in cognitive science.

Our study examined the complex relationships among reading performance (decoding, comprehension) and language, visuo-spatial, and attentional control abilities in 115 Italian-speaking children. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct clusters of participants showcasing quantitative differences in decoding skills, including word, pseudo-word, text reading speed and accuracy. Then, we used this classification to investigate group differences in a variety of linguistic, working memory, and visuo-spatial tasks, as well as in reading comprehension skills, by means of multivariate and univariate tests. Our results reveal significant links between reading proficiency and several key factors: language skills, visuo-spatial abilities, and attentional control. These findings illuminate the nuanced impact of domain-general processes that govern a series of linguistic and visuo-perceptive subcomponents during reading tasks. Additionally, using dominance analysis, predictors of written text comprehension were identified. Our findings suggest that effective reading comprehension relies on a synergistic interplay of adequate reading speed, attentional control, working memory, and verbal fluency, accounting for 23% of the explained variance. This study highlights the multifaceted nature of reading proficiency and suggests that a broader perspective is necessary to fully understand reading development and support its improvement.

This study focused on evaluating the application of digital tools with features of gamification, aims to evaluate the efficacy, in terms of motivation, engagement and improvement of crucial life skills, reading and writing abilities. The training involved children who attended the Primary School both with typical development and Special Educational Needs (SEN), in particular Specific Learning Disorders. Statistically significant differences emerged – before and after the training – highlighting improvements in the reading and writing abilities in all groups analysed. There was no statistical effect regarding the mediation of motivation on final learning performances; however, children reported high engagement and fun in the gamified activity. In conclusion, this strategy it can be a useful implementation both in the school and in the clinical environment to improve reading and writing abilities, also in children with SEN. L’uso della gamification per il potenziamento delle abilità di letto-scrittura nella Scuola Primaria. Questo studio ha come obiettivo quello di valutare l’efficacia, in termini di motivazione, coinvolgimento e potenziamento di alcune importanti life skills, quali la letto-scrittura, dell’utilizzo di strumenti digitali con caratteristiche di gamification. La presente ricerca ha coinvolto bambini frequentanti la Scuola Primaria sia a sviluppo tipico che con Bisogni Educativi Speciali (BES), in particolare Disturbi Specifici dell’Apprendimento. Sono emerse differenze statisticamente significative – prima e dopo il training – evidenziando dei miglioramenti nelle abilità di letto-scrittura in tutti i gruppi indagati. Non sono emersi degli effetti significativi di mediazione della motivazione sulle performance finali, ma i bambini hanno riportato un elevato coinvolgimento e gradimento dell’attività gamificata. In conclusione, tale strategia può essere un’utile implementazione all’interno dell’ambito scolastico e clinico per potenziare le abilità di letto-scrittura, anche in bambini con BES.

The school textbook is a cultural artefact capable of conveying a particular cultural and social imagery that clearly affects the attitudes of teachers and learners towards disability. This paper presents an exploratory-descriptive study that aims to investigate the attitudes of primary school teachers towards the representation of disability within the school textbook. Correlation between attitudes and teaching qualifications and experience were also sought. For this purpose, a questionnaire was constructed starting from macro-themes that emerged from semi-structured interviews during the previous qualitative phase. Findings have shown that teachers, while aware of the low educational value of the textbook and the scarcity of images and texts related to disability, have positive attitudes towards inclusive representation, use and design of materials related to special needs. Finally, teachers with the specialization for support activities were found to have more positive attitudes towards the representation and management of materials representing the reality of disability. Rappresentazione della disabilità nei libri di testo: gli atteggiamenti degli insegnanti della scuola primaria. Il libro di testo scolastico costituisce un artefatto culturale che veicola un particolare immaginario destinato ad influenzare le percezioni di insegnanti e alunni. L’articolo presenta uno studio esplorativo-descrittivo che mira ad investigare gli atteggiamenti dei docenti nei confronti della rappresentazione della disabilità all’interno dei libri di testo scolastici. A tale scopo è stato costruito un questionario ad hoc a partire dai macro-temi emersi dalle interviste semi-strutturate durante la precedente fase qualitativa. La ricerca mostra che gli insegnanti, pur consapevoli dello scarso valore educativo del libro di testo e della scarsità di immagini e testi relativi alla disabilità, hanno atteggiamenti positivi nei confronti della rappresentazione inclusiva e delle competenze personali nella gestione di materiali relativi alla realtà dei bisogni speciali. Gli insegnanti in possesso della specializzazione per le attività di sostegno, infine, tendono ad avere atteggiamenti più positivi nei confronti della rappresentazione della e dell’utilizzo di immagini e testi disabilità all’interno dei libri di testo rappresentanti la disabilità.

Background. Autism Spectrum Disorder is often associated with deficits in executive functions (EFs), which is contributing significantly to individuals with ASD’s difficulties in conducting an independent life, particularly considering social skills. Technologies offer promising opportunities to structure EF intervention programs for children on the autistic spectrum. Methods. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies of EF interventions delivered to children and young people (up to 23 years old) with a diagnosis of ASD. A special focus was dedicated to document the effectiveness of computerized and non-computerized cognitive training on (1) EFs and on (2) ASD symptomatology and social skills. Of 2601 studies retrieved, 19 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results. Most of the interventions identified were effective in enhancing EFs and reducing symptoms in children and young people with ASD. Limited evidence is available on their generalization to untrained skills (i.e., social abilities) as well as long-term effects. Conclusions. There is growing evidence for overall effectiveness of EF training, particularly when computerized. However, caution should be taken when interpreting these findings owing to methodological limitations, the minimal number of papers retrieved, and a small samples of included studies.

The transition to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic uncovered criticalities in the participation of students with special educational needs. The BESt-DaD project responded to these difficulties by developing a user-friendly online platform aimed at accommodating these students' neurocognitive profiles, ultimately promoting inclusion. Together with the platform, specific adapted activities and personalized digital didactic materials were designed, and a training program was implemented to support teachers in using BESt-DaD's tools and functionalities. The effectiveness of BESt-DaD platform and the associated teacher training program were evaluated by questionnaires. Results showed that teachers who participated in the project appreciated the platform's accessibility and its positive effect on learner motivation and classroom interactions. Moreover, the "ad hoc" training motivated teachers to revise their educational-teaching methods with an inclusive approach. Although developed for distance learning, the BESt-DaD can be integrated into face-to-face teaching to promote the participation and inclusion of students with special educational needs.

Modern technology progresses at an incredibly fast pace. With personal computers, mobile phones, tablets, and the Internet, technology is used in all spheres, affecting our daily lives greatly. Educational games are also taking advantage of the technological process, for example, many useful apps are available for children. Gaming and educational opportunities have expanded because of the development of tablets and smartphones. Teachers have the opportunity to combine physical and electronic objects when creating education materials, so they are not confined to the use of traditional physical objects. Storytelling remains one of the oldest teaching methods for children: the development of technology has given impetus to the creation of tangible digital storytelling, which combines programs with physical objects, creating a single field for learning. Creating stories in which a child can interact with his/her peers has also provided new opportunities for inclusion and cooperation in young children. Indeed, the increased use of speakers, videos, pictures, and other tools that can help to quickly create and easily adapt objects for children with various backgrounds has fostered inclusive teaching. This paper will consider the evolution of the storytelling practice, focusing specifically on tangible digital storytelling and its benefits in young children.