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Introducción: El aumento del Aloe Vera como materia prima en la industria, ha conllevado a una alta generación de residuos. Los altos contenidos de clorofila contenidos en la cascara puede ser extraídos con solventes y ser aplicados como colorantes en los procesos de agroindustria de tipo alimentaria. Objetivo: Extraer clorofila en forma de oleorresina por medio de solventes a partir de las cáscaras de sábila (Aloe barbadensis). Metodología: Se usaron tres solventes (acetona, etanol y tetracloruro de carbono) para la extracción de la clorofila contenida en la cascara de Aloe Vera, mantenido los parámetros fijos de concentración, volumen, velocidad de centrifugado, densidad óptica, temperatura y tiempo de almacenamiento, comparando el contenido de clorofila total y el poder antioxidante por los métodos ABTS y DPPH, los cuales analizan la capacidad de atrapar radicales libres que son los responsables de la degradación oxidativa (DPPH - 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazil), con los datos de capacidad antioxidante obtenidos de una muestra comercial. Resultados: Comparando el contenido total de clorofila obtenido con los diferentes solventes, se encontró que el valor más alto fue 155,8 mL/g utilizando acetona, siendo este el mejor solvente extractivo, la prueba de poder antioxidante fue de 13826 mL equivalente de Trolox por 100 gramos de materia prima y 18125 mg eq. Trolox/100g. Conclusiones: La clorofila en forma de oleorresina extraída de las cáscaras de sábila con acetona presenta los mejores resultados comparado con el uso de etanol y tetracloruro de carbono como solventes.

Introduction: Fibroepithelial lesions of the breast (FEL) are heterogeneous lesions ranging from fibroadenomas (FA) to phyllodes tumors (PT). FEL with cellular stroma are diagnostic challenges on core needle biopsy (CNB) as it is difficult to distinguish cellular FA from PT. The purpose of this study was to determine the features of FEL on CNB that may be predictive of PT, the upstage rate to PT after excision, and the outcomes of those who did not undergo excision., Methods: Overall, 305 patients with FEL on CNB between 2009 and 2019 were identified from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Presentation, imaging, and pathology were evaluated., Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 43.8 years. Pathology on CNB included 97 cases of FEL favoring FA, 19 cases of FEL favoring PT, 3 cases of FEL versus pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, and 186 cases of FEL not otherwise specified. Following CNB, 96 (31.5%) patients were observed, 158 (51.8%) patients had an excisional biopsy, 48 (15.7%) patients underwent segmental mastectomy, and 3 (1.0%) patients underwent a mastectomy. The upgrade rate from FEL on CNB to PT upon excision was 25.8%. PT on final pathology was more commonly seen when the CNB identified stromal overgrowth, necrosis, and diagnosis of FEL favoring PT. On multivariable analysis, a final diagnosis of PT was associated with age >50 years, larger tumor size >2 cm, stromal overgrowth, and ≥1 mitoses/10 high power fields (HPF) on CNB. Patients who were observed had smaller tumors compared with those who underwent excision., Conclusion: In this 10-year single-institution experience of FEL, the upstage rate to PT was 25.8%. Excision of FEL is recommended. Furthermore, the observation of lesions appeared to be safe in select cases, specifically in patients with smaller tumor size., (© 2021. Society of Surgical Oncology.)

Background: Cancer Program Practice Profile Reports (CP3R) metrics were released by the Commission on Cancer to provide standards for high-quality care. One metric is the recommendation of combination chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy (CIT) within 120 days of diagnosis for women under 70 with AJCC T1cN0M0 or Stage IB-III HER2+ or hormone receptor negative breast cancer ([Multi-agent chemotherapy] MAC). Our study assesses national concordance rates for MAC and CIT., Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried from 2004-2014., Results: 122,045 patients met criteria, of whom treatment for 101,800 (83.4%) patients was concordant with MAC and CIT. Treatment concordance increased from 75.7% in 2004 to 89.5% in 2014. For HER2+ patients, use of CIT treatment downtrended with progression of pathological stage, from 70.1% (stage I) to 58.1% (stage III). Mean overall survival of patients whose treatment was concordant with MAC and CIT was longer than that of patients who were non-concordant (146.6 vs 143.8 months, P <.01). On Cox regression, there was a survival benefit for concordant patients who were treated at academic hospitals (HR .89, 95% CI 0.802-.976) and had private insurance (HR .76, 95% CI 0.65-.89)., Conclusion: Compliance with MAC and CIT has improved over the past decade and is associated with a significant improvement in overall survival.

Phyllodes tumors (PT) are rare fibroepithelial neoplasms that are classified as benign, borderline, or malignant. Patients with PT diagnosed between 2009 and 2019 were identified from a prospectively maintained single institutional database. 76 patients with PT were included; 47 (61.8%) were benign, 9 (11.8%) were borderline, and 20 (26.3%) were malignant. The mean age at diagnosis was 52. Surgical treatment of benign PT included excisional biopsy in 31 (66.0%) patients, segmental mastectomy in 15 (31.9%), and mastectomy in 1 (2.1%). Among patients with borderline PT, operative management was excisional biopsy in 4 (44.4%) and segmental mastectomy in 5 (55.6%). Of those with malignant PT, 7 (35.0%) were treated with excisional biopsy alone, 9 (45.0%) had lumpectomy (segmental mastectomy), and 4 (20.0%) underwent mastectomy. Malignant PT had a higher rate of necrosis compared to borderline or benign PT (25.0% vs 0% vs 4.3%, P = .016). Four patients had recurrent PT. Final positive margins were associated with recurrence ( P = .044). The median overall follow-up time was 86.3 months (range 1.5-1414.1 months), and no deaths occurred among patients with malignant PT. Overall, recurrence rates of PT are low but may be increased by presence of positive margins.

Background: Omission of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is accepted for patients with one or two positive sentinel nodes, and studies are focusing on clinically node-positive patients who have been downstaged with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Evidence is lacking for patients with positive nodes who undergo surgery upfront. These patients are assumed to have a higher burden of nodal disease such that ALND remains the standard of care., Methods: Patients who underwent ALND for breast cancer between 2010 and 2019 at the authors' institution were retrospectively identified. Those with clinical N1 disease were included in the study. Patients who received NAC and those who had surgery for sentinel node positive disease or axillary recurrence were excluded. Clinical and pathologic factors associated with nodal stage were evaluated., Results: Of 111 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 61.3% had a palpable node on exam, and 41.4% ultimately had pN1 disease. Most of the tumors were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (91.5%), and 21.7% of the tumors were invasive lobular cancers. Lobular histology, tumor size, and metastasis size were associated with higher nodal stage. In the multivariable analysis, the patients with nodal metastasis larger than 10 mm had significantly lower odds of having pN1 disease (odds ratio 0.12; 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.69; p = 0.02). In a subset analysis of patients with palpable nodes, tumor size and histology remained significantly associated with nodal stage., Conclusion: More than 40% of breast cancer patients with clinically positive nodes had minimal nodal disease (pN1) at surgery. Additionally, palpable nodes on exam did not predict higher nodal stage. A subset of patients with clinically positive nodes may be identified who can potentially be spared the morbidity of ALND.

Ferns are the closest sister group to all seed plants, yet little is known about their genomes other than that they are generally colossal. Here, we report on the genomes of Azolla filiculoides and Salvinia cucullata (Salviniales) and present evidence for episodic whole-genome duplication in ferns-one at the base of 'core leptosporangiates' and one specific to Azolla. One fern-specific gene that we identified, recently shown to confer high insect resistance, seems to have been derived from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Azolla coexists in a unique symbiosis with N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria, and we demonstrate a clear pattern of cospeciation between the two partners. Furthermore, the Azolla genome lacks genes that are common to arbuscular mycorrhizal and root nodule symbioses, and we identify several putative transporter genes specific to Azolla-cyanobacterial symbiosis. These genomic resources will help in exploring the biotechnological potential of Azolla and address fundamental questions in the evolution of plant life.