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Zusammenfassung Fragestellung Diese explorative Studie untersucht die Situation der Säuglings‑, Kinder- und Jugendlichen- (SKJ) Psychotherapien während der Covid-19 Pandemie in Österreich. Methodik 23 psychodynamisch arbeitende Psychotherapeut*innen nahmen an einer Online-Umfrage teil, die quantitative und qualitative Daten generierte. Offene Fragen zu subjektiv wahrgenommenen Veränderungen wurden mithilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Insgesamt sank die Anzahl an Psychotherapien insbesondere bei den Säuglings- und Kleinkind-Psychotherapien. Die Zahl der Kinder und Jugendlichen-Psychotherapien nahm zunächst ab, stieg nach dem ersten Lockdown aber an. Große Nachfrage wurde zuletzt vor allem bei Jugendlichenpsychotherapien wahrgenommen. Anpassungsleistungen an sich ändernde Bedingungen und Settings erforderten große Flexibilität der Psychotherapeut*innen, die mit Fortschreiten der Pandemie zunehmend an ihre Belastungsgrenzen kamen. Befragte beobachteten eine Zunahme an Symptomen sowie einen gestiegenen Bedarf an Eltern- und Vernetzungsarbeit mit Institutionen. Schlussfolgerungen Tele-Psychotherapie kann vor allem mit jüngeren Kindern Präsenztherapie nicht ersetzen. Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Unterversorgung dieser Zielgruppe hin. Dies, sowie die beobachtete Zunahme an Symptomen bei älteren Kindern und Jugendlichen, ist gesellschaftspolitisch und gesundheitsökonomisch ein großes Thema und erfordert dringend einen weiteren Ausbau der Versorgungsnetzwerke.

This study aimed to assess patient numbers and the format in which psychotherapy was delivered by Austrian psychotherapists during different time points of the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore psychotherapists` experiences on pandemic-associated changes in their psychotherapeutic work as well as their wishes for support in their professional activities. Three cross-sectional online surveys were conducted between March 2020 and May 2022. The total number of participating psychotherapists was n = 1547 in 2020, n = 238 in 2021, and n = 510 in 2022. The number of patients treated was highest in 2022 and lowest at the beginning of the pandemic (p < 0.001). During the lockdown in 2020, only 25.0% of patients were treated in personal contact. This proportion increased in the following years, reaching 86.9% in 2022 (p < 0.001). After a substantial increase in the proportion of patients treated via the telephone and internet during the first lockdown, both proportions decreased during the pandemics’ second and third year (p < 0.001). However, a larger proportion of patients were treated via the internet in 2022 compared to pre-pandemic times (p < 0.001). Psychotherapists reported that the pandemic affected mainly the setting in which psychotherapy was provided (29.6%), the working conditions and workload (27.1%), as well as the demand for psychotherapy (26.9%). About one-third of psychotherapists expressed support wishes for their psychotherapeutic work. Results suggest that the pandemic went along with a partial shift in the provision of psychotherapy towards psychotherapy via the internet but not the telephone. The increase in patient numbers and psychotherapists` reports of increased workload suggest a rise in the demand for mental health care during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

ZusammenfassungDie Vorgaben des „Social Distancing“ während der Corona-Pandemie stellten Angebote der psychosozialen Versorgung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Familien, die traditionell auf persönlichem Kontakt beruhen, in der Durchführung vor neue Herausforderungen. In dieser qualitativen Studie wurde zu drei Erhebungszeitpunkten zwischen März und Oktober 2020 untersucht, wie sich die Pandemie speziell auf diese Angebote ausgewirkt hat und wie Mitarbeiter*innen und Führungspersonen psychosozialer Einrichtungen die Arbeit unter den veränderten Gegebenheiten erlebten. Ihre Arbeitssituation wird unter Zuhilfenahme der Konzepte des Arbeitskraftunternehmers und der Vulnerabilität untersucht. Es werden zwei Themenfelder vorgestellt, die sich in der Analyse der ersten beiden Erhebungszeiträume als zentral erwiesen haben: Das Spannungsfeld zwischen dem Schutz der eigenen Gesundheit und der Versorgungssicherheit für Klient*innen und das Belastungserleben von Praktiker*innen in Zusammenhang mit stark veränderten Arbeitsrealitäten in der Sozialen Arbeit und der eigenen Betroffenheit von der Corona-Pandemie. Deutlich wird das Bestreben der Fachkräfte, trotz schwieriger Rahmenbedingungen unterstützende Angebote während der Krise aufrechtzuerhalten. Es zeigen sich aber auch die Belastung und Überforderung der Praktiker*innen im Feld und es wird ersichtlich, dass adäquate Rahmenbedingungen sowohl zur Stärkung der psychosozialen Versorgung generell wie auch für die Bewältigung gesellschaftlicher Krisen notwendig sind.

ZusammenfassungIm Jugendalter stehen Menschen vor einer Reihe an Entwicklungsaufgaben und biographischen Herausforderungen. Nicht immer fühlen sich die Jugendlichen den Problemen gewachsen, die dieser Lebensabschnitt mit sich bringt und so kommt es mitunter zu erheblichen psychischen Belastungen sowie zu Konflikten und Krisen. Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat die Situation junger Menschen zusätzlich verschärft, die mehr als andere Altersgruppen von den Auswirkungen der Lockdown-Beschränkungen betroffen sind. Dazu zählen insbesondere Einsamkeit, soziale Isolation und Zukunftsängste. Aus unterschiedlichen Gründen finden Jugendliche oft keinen oder erst spät Zugang zu psycho-sozialer Unterstützung. Niederschwellige Hilfsangebote sind derzeit rar und decken den vorhandenen Bedarf nicht ab. Wir stellen in diesem Paper die Plattform OPEN vor, über die Jugendliche online, anonym und kostenlos mit geschulten und supervidierten jugendlichen Peer-Begleiter_innen in Kontakt treten und sich über ihre Probleme austauschen können.

Access to psychotherapy is still limited by various barriers, and little is known about the facilitating circumstances. This study aims to assess self-reported barriers and facilitators to psychotherapy utilisation in private practice and how these access factors relate to psychotherapy goals as formulated by patients. The dataset consists of 21 face-to-face semi-structured interviews with patients treated by psychotherapists in private practice in Austria. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis, including a frequency count of the number of codings to analyse relations between categories. A critical external barrier theme was unaffordable psychotherapy and confusion about how the Austrian funding system works. A negative experience with psychotherapy prior to the current one, such as not being understood and answered well enough by one’s therapist, was a frequently reported internal barrier. Individuals who faced more internal barriers and more external facilitators in seeking therapy, such as moral support from significant others and professionals, formulated less elaborate treatment goals. Although the study was carried out amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic played a minor role in patients’ self-reported barrier and facilitator themes.

Adolescents suffer severely from the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using qualitative content analysis, this study examined open-ended responses to a survey on the mental health of school students in Austria in February 2021. A representative sample (n = 214) was drawn from a total survey sample of 3052 adolescents aged 14–20. The analysis revealed several areas of concern, including school-related concerns, concerns about restrictions, self-related concerns, and interpersonal problems. School-related concerns associated with distance learning were mentioned most frequently. Compared with research conducted at the beginning of the pandemic, it appeared that concerns about educational and professional futures increased. The analysis also indicated young people’s most important sources of support, such as social contacts, recreational activities, attitudes and abilities, distraction, and escape. Of concern is the proportion of young people citing maladaptive coping strategies and the reluctance to seek professional support. Ideas for practice-oriented measures were developed from the study results, such as embedding youth-led peer interventions in traditional mental health services.

The mental health of school students has been severely impacted by the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study used a mixed methods approach to assess students’ mental health and examine their wishes for support to improve their psychological well-being. We further investigated gender and age group differences in the amount of clinically relevant mental health problems and the roles that mental health and gender had on desired support. Between April and May 2022, a total of 616 Austrian students aged between 14 and 20 participated in a cross-sectional online survey (77.4% female; 19.8% male; 2.8% non-binary) assessing wishes for support regarding mental well-being and mental health indicators (depression: PHQ-9; anxiety: GAD-7; insomnia: ISI; stress: PSS-10; eating disorders: SCOFF; alcohol abuse: CAGE). A wish for support was expressed by 46.6% of the students. Qualitative content analysis revealed that the two most important categories of desired support types were “professional help” and “someone to talk to”. The group of students with a wish for support in general significantly more often showed clinically relevant depression, anxiety, insomnia, eating disorders, or high stress symptoms. Students that wished for professional help significantly more often exceeded the cut-off for clinically relevant depression, anxiety, and high stress. Those who wished for someone to talk to significantly more often exceeded the cut-off for clinically relevant eating disorders. The results indicate a great need for support for young people’s mental health problems and that this need is even more urgent for students.

Vaccination is essential to control the COVID-19 pandemic. High vaccination willingness is a key for successful vaccination programs. This study assessed attitudes toward vaccination in Austrian adolescents and determined whether there are differences in vaccination readiness regarding education status, gender and migration background. Two cross-sectional online surveys were conducted from March to July 2021 in apprentices and high school students. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination was rated on a 5-point scale. In total, n = 2006 (n = 1442 apprentices and n = 564 high school students) completed the survey. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination was higher in students compared to apprentices (p

Die Forschungsgruppe D.O.T. – Die offene Tur an der Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversitat befasst sich seit 2018 mit komplexen Interventionen zur Starkung des sozialen Zusammenhalts und des psychischen Wohlbefindens von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Die Forschungsgruppe ist aus einem Citizen-Science-Projekt der Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft entstanden und konnte bereits unterschiedliche Angebote fur Jugendliche etablieren, die teils durch die Involvierung der Zielgruppe selbst entwickelt wurden. Eines der entwickelten Angebote ist das Online Peer Encouragement Network (O.P.E.N.). Hierbei handelt es sich um eine anonyme Onlineplattform fur den Austausch zwischen ausgebildeten, supervidierten Jugendlichen, die Hilfe fur personliche Probleme oder einfach eine gleichaltrige Ansprechperson suchen. Durch die direkte Einbindung der Zielgruppe in die Entwicklung der Plattform wurde sichergestellt, dass die Anwendung an den Bedurfnissen der NutzerInnen orientiert ist. Ein Beispiel fur diese Anpassung ist das Design von O.P.E.N. als Hybridform von Chat und E‑Mail, durch welche eine vertraute Kommunikationsform und die Vorteile der Asynchronitat verbunden werden. Durch O.P.E.N. wird ein niederschwelliger Zugang fur Jugendliche zu Unterstutzungsangeboten geschaffen. Zunachst besteht die Moglichkeit, sich mit ausgebildeten Peers in einem geschutzten Rahmen auszutauschen; bei Bedarf kann an hoherschwellige, psychosoziale Hilfsangebote weitergeleitet werden. Somit unterstutzt O.P.E.N. durch das eigene Angebot und die Uberleitung an weitere psychosoziale Dienstleister die Entwicklung einer Transitionspsychiatrie in der Modellregion Niederosterreich.

The COVID-19 pandemic and containment efforts seem to be particularly challenging for adolescents. This study assessed mental health in high school students 1.5 years after the pandemic began in Austria. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from September to November 2021. Well-being (WHO-5), depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep quality were assessed. A total of 1505 adolescents participated (78% girls). The cut-offs for clinically relevant symptoms were exceeded by 62% girls and 38.1% boys for depression (PHQ-9 score ≥ 11), 49% girls and 29% boys for anxiety (GAD-7 score ≥ 11) and 28% girls and 17% boys for insomnia (ISI score ≥ 15). The prevalence of suicidal ideation (item 9 of the PHQ-9) within the last 2 weeks was 47% in girls and 32% in boys. These data collected in autumn 2021 (the start of the second semester of reopened schools; t2) were compared to data collected in February 2021 (one semester after remote schooling; t1). A matched pairs analysis according to age, gender, region, school type and migration background resulted in a total sample size of N = 2514 adolescents. Results showed small deteriorations in mental health (i.e., well-being, depression, insomnia, suicidal ideation) in girls at t2 compared to t1, and an increase in suicidal thoughts in boys (all p-values

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a variety of burdens for apprentices and, as a result, in a need for resources to deal with them. The present study examined answers to two open-ended questions, which were part of a larger online survey about the burdens and resources during the pandemic from 1442 Austrian apprentices. Data collection took place from 29 March to 18 May 2021. The answers were analyzed with qualitative content analysis and revealed that most apprentices were burdened by pandemic-related restrictions and rules, the impairment of their social life, and in their mental health. In terms of resources, they mostly fell back on their social contacts, especially their friends. Besides their social life, many apprentices also used personal attitudes, leisure activities, and distractions to deal with their stresses. The study sheds light on some of the background reasons for the high psychological distress among apprentices. In order to better support young people in coping with stress, it is recommended to expand preventive and educational mental health measures targeted at apprentices, to facilitate access to low-threshold psychosocial services for young people, and improve financial support for the receipt of these.

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent governmental restrictions have had a major impact on the daily lives of Austrians and negatively affected their mental health. A representative sample of N = 1505 individuals was recruited via Qualtrics® to participate in an online survey between 23 December 2020 and 4 January 2021. A qualitative study design was used to determine the problem areas that emerged since the beginning of the pandemic (question 1), the factors that were the source of the greatest current concern (question 2), the biggest worries when thinking about the future (question 3), and what the most important source of support (question 4) during the pandemic was. The written responses were analyzed using conventional content analysis following a framework for qualitative research and reported in the form of descriptive statistics. Restrictions imposed by the government, sociopolitical developments, work- and health-related issues, and economic disruptions were identified as being the greatest concerns. Conversely, social contacts within and outside the family were the most important source of support, followed by recreational activities and distraction. Greater consideration should be given to psychosocial factors in future decisions to contain the pandemic. More detailed qualitative research, in particular, to collect the personal experience of more vulnerable groups such as young people, women, and the unemployed, is needed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought massive changes in the provision of psychotherapy. To avoid or reduce the risk of infection, many therapists switched from face-to-face sessions in personal contact to remote psychotherapy, i.e., psychotherapy delivered by telephone or videoconferencing. This study examined the attitudes toward and practice of remote psychotherapy among Austrian therapists with a psychodynamic orientation at the onset of the pandemic as well as changes in the therapeutic process that were experienced by the therapists due to switching to a remote setting. A total of 161 therapists with psychodynamic orientation took part in an online survey. The results show that attitudes toward remote psychotherapy changed positively in psychodynamically orientated therapists and most are willing to switch to remote settings, if necessary. However, many therapists reported negative effects of remote psychotherapy and prefer seeing their patients in-person. The strongest changes were experienced with regard to transference/countertransference, the therapeutic process and the intensity of session. The analysis further revealed an overall decrease in the number of patients treated, indicating an undersupply of psychotherapy, at least during the first wave of COVID-19 infection in Austria. In summary, the experience during the first COVID-19 lockdown has led to an increase in remote psychotherapy and more openness toward these treatment modalities among psychodynamically oriented therapists. However, in-person therapy will remain the first choice for most therapists.

his study assessed the mental health of apprentices during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria and the effect of gender, migration background, work situation, and work sector. An online survey via REDCap was performed with a sample of 1442 apprentices (female: 53.5%, male: 45.4%, diverse: 1.1%, migration background: 28.4%) from 29 March to 18 May 2021. Indicators of mental health were depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), well-being (WHO-5), disordered eating (EAT-8), and insomnia (ISI-7). There was a high prevalence of clinically relevant depression (cut-offs ≥11 for adolescents, ≥10 for adults: 48.3%), anxiety (cut-offs ≥11 for adolescents, ≥10 for adults: 35.4%), insomnia (cut-off ≥15: 27%), and disordered eating (cut-offs ≥2 for men, ≥3 for women: 50.6%). Linear models revealed that apprentices with female and diverse gender, migration background, and unemployed status showed the poorest scores on all mental health measures (all p-values < 0.05) except disordered eating. These findings emphasize the need for intersectional strategies to reduce and prevent adverse mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for apprentices., publishedVersion

Objective First, to investigate how psychotherapists and patients experience the change from in‐person to remote psychotherapy or vice versa during COVID‐19 regarding the therapeutic interventions used. Second, to explore the influence of therapeutic orientations on therapeutic interventions in in‐person versus remote psychotherapy. Method Psychotherapists (N = 217) from Austria were recruited, who in turn recruited their patients (N = 133). The therapeutic orientation of the therapists was psychodynamic (22.6%), humanistic (46.1%), systemic (20.7%) or behavioural (10.6%). All the data were collected remotely via online surveys. Therapists and patients completed two versions of the ‘Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions’ (MULTI‐30) (version 1: in‐person; version 2: remote) to investigate differences between in‐person and remote psychotherapy in the following therapeutic interventions: psychodynamic, common factors, person‐centred, process‐experiential, interpersonal, cognitive, behavioural and dialectical‐behavioural. Results Therapists rated all examined therapeutic interventions as more typical for in‐person than for remote psychotherapy. For patients, three therapeutic interventions (psychodynamic, process‐experiential, cognitive interventions) were more typical for in‐person than for remote psychotherapy after correcting for multiple testing. For two therapeutic interventions (behavioural, dialectical‐behavioural), differences between the four therapeutic orientations were more consistent for in‐person than for remote psychotherapy. Conclusions Therapeutic interventions differed between in‐person and remote psychotherapy and differences between therapeutic orientations in behavioural‐oriented interventions become indistinct in remote psychotherapy.

In this paper we describe and reflect upon the process of setting up the first wave of a complex qualitative longitudinal study with young people in Vienna. We explain the project’s agenda, design, and organizational structure connecting experienced and early career researchers with master’s students. In particular, we describe the tools used to coordinate the research, the challenges and benefits of blending research and teaching, and the materials and strategies we employed to ensure data quality and self-reflexivity. We conclude with reflections upon ethical challenges associated with incorporating marginalized young people into the research within the context of school, especially concerning pseudonymization, informed consent, and hierarchical settings shaping the research.

Supplemental Material, Annex_1_Template_Interviewmemo for Insights From Setting up the First Wave of a Qualitative Longitudinal Study by Mag. Dr. Veronika Wöhrer, MMag. Dr. Andrea Jesser, Barbara Mataloni and Andre Schmidt in International Journal of Qualitative Methods

Durch die Ausweitung qualitativer Forschung gerät die Frage nach dem Umgang mit qualitativen Forschungsdaten immer mehr in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit. Große Archive verfügen mittlerweile über spezialisierte Einrichtungen für die Archivierung qualitativer Daten. Diese erfordern jedoch andere Archivierungsstrategien als quantitative Daten: Datendokumentation spielt eine größere Rolle für die Sekundärauswertung, Vertraulichkeitsfragen und datenschutzrechtliche Aspekte müssen stärker berücksichtigt werden etc. Ausgehend von verschiedenen Archivierungsstrategien für qualitative Daten wird in diesem Artikel aufgezeigt, wie eng Archivierungsprozesse mit Forschungsprozessen verknüpft sind und was das für den Lebenszyklus von Daten bedeutet. Als in diesem Zusammenhang wichtige Option wird das Konzept der living archives eingeführt: Durch Weiternutzung archivierter Daten können Bestände wachsen und langfristig an Wert gewinnen. Schließlich wird diskutiert, wie Datenarchivierung zur Güte qualitativer Forschung beitragen kann und welche Bedeutung Archiven in diesem Zusammenhang zukommt. With the expansion of qualitative research, the question of how to deal with qualitative research data becomes a critical question. Large archives now dispose of specialized facilities for archiving qualitative data. However, compared to quantitative data, qualitative material requires different archiving strategies: data documentation plays a decisive role for secondary analysis, confidentiality issues and aspects of data protection have to be taken into consideration. By means of different archiving strategies for qualitative data, this article illustrates the close relationship between archiving and research processes and demonstrates the implications for the life cycle of data. The concept of living archives is introduced as an important option in this context: By subsequent use of archived resources, data stocks can grow and, in the long term, gain in value. Also discussed is how data archiving can contribute to the quality of qualitative research and what role archives can play in this context.

Stefanie GROßE's work addresses the subjective importance of critical life events in the biographies of young women. She examines the ramifications of critical life experiences on the design of professional and private lives, as well as on educational and learning processes triggered by the critical experience. The book is set in the context of educational science and biographical research. A discussion of psychological and educational theories as well as modernization theory approaches is followed by the presentation of three detailed case studies. In the analysis, the author identifies three strategies for dealing with critical life events, each activating different potentials of educational and learning processes. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs110276

Seit der Gründung des qualitativen Archivs Qualidata durch das Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) im Jahr 1994 werden die Archivierung und Wiederverwendung qualitativer Daten zunehmend diskutiert. Fast 17 Jahre später zeigt der Blick auf Europa, dass es nur wenige Länder geschafft haben, eine mit Großbritannien vergleichbare Kultur für die Archivierung und Wiederverwendung qualitativer Daten zu etablieren. Dennoch: Die Archivierung und Sekundärnutzung qualitativer Ressourcen gewinnen an Bedeutung. In immer mehr Ländern – darunter Österreich – gibt es nicht nur quantitative, sondern auch qualitative Datenarchive, die sich derzeit in unterschiedlichsten Ausbaustufen befinden. In diesem Artikel werden einige der Grundbedingungen für die erfolgreiche Einrichtung eines qualitativen Datenarchivs besprochen. Technische Voraussetzungen, Werkzeuge und Standards, die für die Dokumentation, Archivierung und Weitergabe hochwertiger Datensätze eine wichtige Rolle spielen, sowie die zugrunde liegenden rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen werden erläutert. Außerdem werden die einzelnen Arbeitsschritte des Archivierungsprozesses thematisiert. Datenakquise, Datenaufbereitung und -dokumentation sowie die Unterstützung sekundärer Forschungen werden vor dem Hintergrund struktureller Bedingungen, die sich positiv oder negativ auf eine Kultur der Wiederverwendung auswirken können (wie bspw. Archivierungspolitiken seitens der Forschungsförderungsinstitutionen) behandelt. The debate about archiving and reusing not only quantitative data but also the rich resources generated through qualitative enquiry has reached a broader audience since the UK's Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) first launched its qualitative service Qualidata in 1994. Almost seventeen years later, a look at the European situation reveals that very few countries have been able to accomplish the same culture of sharing qualitative research data. Nevertheless, the archiving and sharing of qualitative research data is gaining momentum. An increasing number of countries—including Austria—launched qualitative archives, which to date are at various stages of development. This paper aims at exploring some of the most essential requirements for successfully establishing a national qualitative archive. Technical issues, tools and standards necessary for proper data documentation, archiving and distribution of high quality datasets will be explained, as well as the underlying legal conditions. I will illustrate the separate steps of the archiving process. Data acquisition, data processing and documentation, and the promotion of secondary usage will be discussed against the background of structural conditions, such as archiving policies by research councils, favoring or impeding the development of a culture of data sharing. Desde que el Consejo Económico y de Investigación Social (ESRC) del Reino Unido lanzó su primer servicio cualitativo (Qualidata) en 1994 el debate sobre el archivo y reutilización no sólo de datos cuantitativos, sino también de los ricos recursos generados a través de la investigación cualitativa, ha alcanzado una audiencia más amplia. Casi dieciséis años más tarde, una mirada a la situación europea revela que muy pocos países han sido capaces de lograr una cultura similar de compartir datos cualitativos. Aún así, archivar y compartir datos de investigación cualitativa está en auge. Un número creciente de países – entre ellos Austria – han puesto en funcionamiento archivos cualitativos que actualmente están en distintos estadios de desarrollo.Este artículo se propone explorar algunos de los requisitos más esenciales para establecer con éxito un archivo nacional de datos cualitativos. Se abordarán los aspectos técnicos, los instrumentos y estándares necesarios para la apropiada documentación, archivo y distribución de conjuntos de datos de alta calidad, así como las subyacentes condiciones legales. Ilustraré los distintos pasos en el proceso de archivo. La adquisición, procesamiento y documentación de datos, así como la incentivación de su uso secundario se plantearán con relación al trasfondo de condiciones estructurales. Éstas son las políticas de archivo de los consejos de investigación que favorecen o limitan el desarrollo de una cultura del compartir datos.