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The soil erosion in the vineyards is a critical issue that could affect their productivity, but also, when the cultivation is organized in terraces, increase the risk due to derived slope failure processes. If terraces are not correctly designed or maintained, a progressively increasing of gully erosion affects the structure of the walls. The results of this process is the increasing of connectivity and runoff. In order to overcome such issues it is really important to recognize in detail all the surface drainage paths, thus providing a basis upon which develop a suitable drainage system or provide structural measures for the soil erosion risk mitigation. In the last few years, the airborne LiDAR technology led to a dramatic increase in terrain information. Airborne LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanner derived high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) have opened avenues for hydrologic and geomorphologic studies (Tarolli et al., 2009). In general, all the main surface process signatures are correctly recognized using a DTM with cell sizes of 1 m. However sub-meter grid sizes may be more suitable in those situations where the analysis of micro topography related to micro changes is critical for slope failures risk assessment or for the design of detailed drainage flow paths. The Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) has been proven to be an useful tool for such detailed field survey. In this work, we test the effectiveness of high resolution topography derived by airborne LiDAR and TLS for the recognition of areas subject to soil erosion risk in a typical terraced vineyard landscape of “Chianti Classico” (Tuscany, Italy). The algorithm proposed by Tarolli et al. (2013), for the automatic recognition of anthropic feature induced flow direction changes, has been tested. The results underline the effectiveness of LiDAR and TLS data in the analysis of soil erosion signatures in vineyards, and indicate the high resolution topography as a useful tool to improve the land use management of such areas. The stability conditions have been analyzed under the influence of the measured geometry alterations of the wall structure.

En este artículo, derivado de un trabajo de investigación posdoctoral, se analizan los sentidos construidos en torno a la pintura del tambor salasaca, estableciendo lecturas de las transformaciones formales, figurativas y simbólicas, sobre este objeto ritual conocido como mama tambora. Salasaca es una población indígena situada en el centro de los Andes ecuatorianos, cuyos habitantes son reconocidos por el trabajo artístico-artesanal, principalmente de tejidos. No obstante, el desarrollo de la investigación se centra en otra pieza artística de interés, el tambor usado en espacios rituales, sobre el cual se busca explorar el discurso verbal y gráfico que se enuncia en y sobre este objeto cultural. En este estudio se asumió una perspectiva de análisis histórico biográfico sobre este elemento ritual. Además, el enfoque de la investigación siguió un modelo cualitativo empírico, respaldado en el trabajo etnográfico y en el interaccionismo simbólico, como sustento de las prácticas de observación. En los recorridos de campo se recolectaron imágenes que han sido analizadas desde criterios iconográficos para dar cuenta de las transformaciones estéticas y estilísticas en el objeto y las pinturas sobre este. Se han identificado algunos cambios en torno a la elaboración de los tambores que resultan significativas al momento de definir nuevos estilos visuales. El uso de otros materiales también ha transformado el color y las significaciones previamente atribuidas, pero también se han modificado otros elementos de la composición, así como la línea gráfica. Esta microbiografía del objeto aporta al conocimiento sobre los saberes rituales salasacas.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un proceso de experimentación con sustratos vegetales provenientes de plantas que crecen en la provincia de Tungurahua, las mismas que sirvieron como sustituto papelero para la generación de imágenes por medio de la técnica fotográfica alternativa denominada clorografía o clorotipia. En este proceso experimental se generaron alrededor de mil pruebas, durante un año y medio de trabajo, considerando diversos factores ambientales, para obtener como resultado una colección de 350 piezas de fotografías naturales en las que se registran los cambios de la iconografía salasaca, sin utilizar ningún químico adicional a la clorofila de las hojas seleccionadas.

COVID-19 is known to have deleterious effects on different systems such as the respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous, and gastrointestinal. However, conflicting data about the possible implications for male reproductive health and fertility have been reported. In addition, the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. Herein, we report a case of a 42-year-old man with no known co-morbidities and normal baseline semen quality, who subsequently suffered an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortly after, the patient developed sudden oligoasthenozoospermia, even reaching azoospermia, which gradually evolved into persistent severe oligonecrozoospermia, accompanied by semen inflammation and oxidative stress. Remarkably, the latter occurred in the absence of urogenital infections, hormonal imbalances, tissue/organ obstruction/damage, medication or drug treatment, smoking, or exposure to toxins/pollutants, radiation, or high temperature. This case constitutes valuable clinical evidence that adds to the current knowledge in the field and highlights the need for further and longer follow-up studies to better understand the putative long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility.

Introduction: COVID-19 exerts deleterious effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems, causing more severe disease in men than in women. However, cumulative reported data about the putative consequences on the male reproductive tract and fertility are controversial. Furthermore, the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are still uncertain.Methods: In this study, we prospectively evaluated levels of inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes in semen and sperm quality parameters in a cohort of 231 reproductive-aged male patients, unvaccinated, who had recovered from mild or severe COVID-19 and in 62 healthy control individuals. Sperm quality was assessed early (less than 3 months) and long (more than 3 and up to 6 months) after having COVID-19. Interestingly, and unlike most reported studies, available extensive background and baseline data on patients’ sperm quality allowed performing a more accurate analysis of COVID-19 effects on sperm quality.Results: Significantly higher levels of IL-1β, TNF and IFNγ were detected in semen from patients recently recovered from mild and/or severe COVID-19 with respect to control individuals indicating semen inflammation. Moreover, patients recovered from mild and/or severe COVID-19 showed significantly reduced semen volume, lower total sperm counts, and impaired sperm motility and viability. Interestingly, all observed alterations returned to baseline values after 3 or more months after disease recovery.Discussion: These results indicate that COVID-19 associates with semen inflammation and impaired semen quality early after disease. However, long COVID-19 seems not to include long-term detrimental consequences on male fertility potential since the observed alterations were reversible after 1-2 spermatogenesis cycles. These data constitute compelling evidence allowing a better understanding of COVID-19 associated sequelae, fundamental for semen collection in assisted reproduction.

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen and the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Chlamydia trachomatis genovars L1–L3 are responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), an invasive sexually transmitted disease endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, South America, the Caribbean, India and South East Asia. The typical signs and symptoms of C. trachomatis LGV urogenital infections in men include herpetiform ulcers, inguinal buboes, and/or lymphadenopathies. Since 2003, endemic cases of proctitis and proctocolitis caused by C. trachomatis LGV emerged in Europe, mainly in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Scarce data have been reported about unusual clinical presentations of C. trachomatis LGV urogenital infections. Herein, we report a case of a 36-year-old heterosexual, HIV-negative male declaring he did not have sex with men or trans women, who presented to the Urology and Andrology outpatient clinic of a healthcare center from Cordoba, Argentina, with intermittent testicular pain over the preceding 6 months. Doppler ultrasound indicated right epididymitis and funiculitis. Out of 17 sexually transmitted infections (STIs) investigated, a positive result was obtained only for C. trachomatis. Also, semen analysis revealed oligoasthenozoospermia, reduced sperm viability as well as increased sperm DNA fragmentation and necrosis, together with augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the presence of anti-sperm IgG autoantibodies. In this context, doxycycline 100 mg/12 h for 45 days was prescribed. A post-treatment control documented microbiological cure along with resolution of clinical signs and symptoms and improved semen quality. Strikingly, sequencing of the ompA gene revealed C. trachomatis LGV L2 as the causative uropathogen. Remarkably, the patient did not present the typical signs and symptoms of LGV. Instead, the infection associated with chronic testicular pain, semen inflammation and markedly reduced sperm quality. To our knowledge, this is the first reported evidence of chronic epididymitis due to C. trachomatis LGV L2 infection in an HIV-negative heterosexual man. These findings constitute important and valuable information for researchers and practitioners and highlight that C. trachomatis LGV-L2 should be considered as putative etiologic agent of chronic epididymitis, even in the absence of the typical LGV signs and symptoms.

En el presente trabajo, se propone un modelo para la estimación de emisiones del contaminante criterio material particulado respirable (PM10) hacia el año 2060 generado por fuentes vehiculares, dentro de las cuales integra el transporte público de Bogotá. Lo anterior, se lleva a cabo por medio de una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la contaminación del aire con relación al uso de vehículos teniendo en cuenta la utilización de la dinámica de sistemas donde posteriormente se define las variables implicadas en el estudio dinámico, para ello se define un Diagrama Causal y Diagrama de Forrester. Finalmente, al simular el modelo en el software Stella, se obtiene que para el año 2060, la ciudad de Bogotá emitirá 1.120.241,79 Kg, ante lo cual se propone una alternativa para la disminución de dicha cantidad.

Context: The low-dose short synacthen test (LDSST) is recommended for patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency (AI) if their basal serum cortisol (F) levels are not indicative of an intact hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Objective: To evaluate diagnostic threshold for salivary F before and 30 min after administering 1 μg of synacthen, performed before 09:30 h. Design: A cross-sectional study from 2014 to 2020. Setting: A tertiary referral university hospital. Patients: In this study, 174 patients with suspected AI, 37 with central AI and 137 adrenal sufficient (AS), were included. Main outcome measure: The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP)) of serum and salivary F levels measured, respectively, by chemiluminesce nce immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Low basal serum or salivary F levels could predict AI. For the LDSST, the best ROC-calculated threshold for serum F to differentiate AI from AS was 427 nmol/L (SE 79%, SP 89%), serum F > 500 nmol/L reached SP 100%. A saliv ary F peak > 12.1 nmol/L after administering synacthen reached SE 95% and SP 84% for dia gnosing central AI, indicating a conclusive reduction in the likelihood of AI. This ROC-calculated threshold for salivary F was similar to the 2.5th percentile of patients with a normal HPA axis, so it was considered sufficient to exclude AI. Considering AS those patients with salivary F > 12.1 nmol/L after LDSST, we could avoid unnecessary glucocorticoid treatmen t: 99/150 subjects (66%) had an inadequate serum F peak after synacthen, but salivary F was >12.1 nmol/L in 79 cases, who could, therefore, be considered A S. Conclusions: Salivary F levels > 12.1 nmol/L after synacthen administration can indicate an intact HPA axis in patients with an incomplete serum F response , avoiding the need to start glucocorticoid replacement treatment.

Abstract Female and male infertility have been associated to Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis urogenital infections. However, evidence from large studies assessing their prevalence and putative associations in patients with infertility is still scarce. The study design was a cross-sectional study including 5464 patients with a recent diagnosis of couple’s primary infertility and 404 healthy control individuals from Cordoba, Argentina. Overall, the prevalence of C. trachomatis, Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis urogenital infection was significantly higher in patients than in control individuals (5.3%, 22.8% and 7.4% vs. 2.0%, 17.8% and 1.7%, respectively). C. trachomatis and M. hominis infections were significantly more prevalent in male patients whereas Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis infections were more prevalent in female patients. Of clinical importance, C. trachomatis and Ureaplasma spp. infections were significantly higher in patients younger than 25 years. Moreover, Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis infections were associated to each other in either female or male patients being reciprocal risk factors of their co-infection. Our data revealed that C. trachomatis, Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis are prevalent uropathogens in patients with couple’s primary infertility. These results highlight the importance of including the screening of urogenital infections in the diagnostic workup of infertility.

Despite comparable screening and incidence rates that are 26% below that of non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic women present with breast cancer at more advanced stages of disease, representing a continuing and troubling health disparity for this population. Reducing these disparities warrant more innovative research approaches to better understand perspectives of Hispanic patients regarding barriers to treatment and how these perspectives compare to those of their providers. A pilot qualitative study was conducted at a major urban cancer center in Arizona that measured both patient and provider perspectives regarding barriers to treatment. Through a multimethod qualitative analysis, researchers surveyed patients and providers to identify perceived barriers and discordance in shared understanding. Data collection and analysis consisted of surveying patients and providers, then performing inductive qualitative analysis. Results indicated the highest concordance, or shared understanding, between patients and providers was in recognizing barriers within delivery of care, such as cost of care and insurance coverage. The greatest discordance, or gaps in shared understanding, existed in upstream barriers of the health care system, such as emotional support and trust in systems. These results underscore the gap in shared understanding between patients and providers regarding upstream barriers to care as well as the nonclinical social determinants of health Hispanic patients face in accessing breast cancer treatment. More research is warranted using this approach as a tool to reduce health disparities.

En la actualidad, el estudio del paisaje urbano ha adquirido relevancia técnica y científica. Las ciudades cambian y evolucionan constantemente, siendo las infraestructuras uno de los mayores modificadores del paisaje, luego de la agricultura y la urbanización. Durante el siglo XX los sistemas urbanos se ampliaron, se construía una infraestructura centralizada que se extendía conforme crecía la ciudad. El siglo XXI desafía a incorporar infraestructuras distribuidas y nuevas tecnologías como respuesta al cambio climático, que están transformando los paisajes urbanos y sobre los que se debe reflexionar. Para ello, es fundamental aprender del pasado e identificar cómo la incorporación de las infraestructuras y servicios influenciaron en la imagen de la ciudad, transformaron entornos naturales en urbanos y modificaron la forma de vida de sus habitantes. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo identificar los momentos significativos de transformación en el paisaje urbano en la primera mitad del siglo XX en la ciudad de Cuenca (Ecuador), asociados a la incorporación e innovación de infraestructuras y redes de servicios de agua, saneamiento y energía. Se utilizaron fuentes primarias, secundarias y fotografías históricas como herramientas para el análisis de las transformaciones en el paisaje. Los resultados evidencian que los años 20 marcaron un punto de inflexión con el inicio de una renovación modernizadora en el país y específicamente en Cuenca. El auge económico por la explotación de cascarilla y la exportación de sombreros de paja toquilla, se convirtió en motor para la incorporación de infraestructuras. Finalmente, se plantean interrogantes que deberán conducir a una exploración más profunda y a la toma consciente de decisiones frente a este tema en las ciudades.

IntroductionThe incidence of melanoma has been increasing in the last decades. A retrospective Hungarian epidemiological study provided real-world data on incidence and mortality rates. There have been changing trends in incidence in Hungary in the last decade and mortality decreased, shifting mortality-to-incidence rate ratios (MIR). MIR is an indicator of cancer management quality.ObjectivesOur aim is to show the changes of melanoma MIR in Hungary between 2011 and 2018 and to compare the real-world evidence-based results of our Hungarian nationwide retrospective study with other European countries.MethodsMIR is calculated from the age-specific standardized incidence and mortality rates from our study. Annual MIR values are presented for the total population and for both sexes between 2011 and 2018, along with 95% confidence intervals. Comparison with European countries are shown for 2012 and 2018 based on the GLOBOCAN database and Eurostat health care expenditure per capita data.ResultsMIR decreased by 0.035 during the study years. The decrease was same in both sexes (0.031). Male had higher MIRs in all study years. In both 2012 and 2018, Hungarian MIR in both sexes was lower than the European Union average (males: 0.192 vs. 0.212 and 0.148 vs. 0.174 respectively, women: 0.107 vs. 0.129 and 0.083 vs. 0.107 respectively).DiscussionHungarian mortality-to-incidence ratio is the lowest in Central and Eastern Europe and is close to the level of Western and Northern European countries. The results are driven by the high number of new diagnosed melanoma cases.

In the process of comprehension, the previous knowledge possessed by the individuals are used to infer the meaning of certain thing, this process is fundamental for the development of the abilities and skills of the students. Neutrosophy and in particular a model based on neutrosophic sets, using results obtained through linguistic terms, are used to determine the degree of comprehension that higher education students should have. Therefore, the objective pursued in this paper is to determine the degree of understanding that higher education students in Ecuador have, in order to favor the teaching-learning process, with the specific goal of finding, from a critical perspective, new teaching goals based on a better understanding of the processes involved in understanding, in order to incorporate them into the educational teaching process.

BackgroundThe incidence of malignant melanoma has continually increased during the past few decades, however, certain reports suggest a recent change in trends. The aim of our study was to examine the epidemiology of melanoma in Hungary.MethodsThis nationwide, retrospective, longitudinal study included melanoma patients diagnosed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019 using the databases of the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and Central Statistical Office (CSO) of Hungary. Age-standardized incidence and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated.ResultsWe identified 2,426 and 2,414 new melanoma cases in 2011 and in 2019. Age-standardized incidence rates were higher in males and varied between 28.28 and 34.57/100,000 person-years (PYs), and between 22.63 and 26.72/100,000 PYs in females. We found 16.14 and 18.82% increases in male and female incidence rates from 2011 to 2015 (p=0.067 and p

En el presente artículo se realiza una valoración acertada sobre la utilización del método de costeo en el desempeño económico de las PYMES y su papel en el logro de la responsabilidad social empresarial como elemento decisivo para alcanzar los fines propuestos. Se tuvo en cuenta el trabajo realizado por un grupo de estudiantes y docentes de la Facultad de Administración, Finanzas e Informática de la Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo donde con una investigación bibliográfica y documental profunda, el análisis y la síntesis como vías de validación; y la tabulación de las encuestas y entrevistas ejecutadas. Pudieron arribar a criterios acertados sobre éste importante tema. La participación de los estudiantes en el proceso de aprendizaje con nuevos métodos de asimilación del conocimiento permite demostrar la viabilidad del desempeño en diferentes ámbitos de la formación profesional, siendo éste uno de los resultados más interesantes con los que se concluyó la investigación. PALABRAS CLAVE: Costeo variable; Responsabilidad Social; Proceso de aprendizaje. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE VARIABLE COST METHOD. REFLECTIONS FROM YOUR CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT In this article, an accurate assessment is made of the use of the costing method in the economic performance of SMEs and their role in achieving corporate social responsibility as a decisive element to achieve the proposed goals. The work carried out by a group of students and professors from the Faculty of Administration, Finance and Informatics of the Technical University of Babahoyo was taken into account, with a deep bibliographical and documentary research, analysis and synthesis as validation ways; and the tabulation of the surveys and interviews carried out. They were able to arrive at correct criteria on this important topic. The participation of students in the learning process with new methods of assimilation of knowledge allows demonstrating the feasibility of performance in different areas of professional training, this being one of the most interesting results with which the research was concluded. KEYWORDS: Variable cost; Social responsibility; Learning process.

AbstractBackground.Stigma is one of the most important barriers to help-seeking and to personal recovery for people suffering from mental disorders. Stigmatizing attitudes are present among mental health professionals with negative effects on the quality of health care.Methods.Network and moderator analysis were used to identify what path determines stigma, considering demographic and professional variables, personality traits, and burnout dimensions in a sample of mental health professionals (n = 318) from six Community Mental Health Services. The survey included the Attribution Questionnaire-9, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory.Results.The personality trait of openness to new experiences resulted to determine lower levels of stigma. Burnout (personal accomplishment) interacted with emotional stability in predicting stigma, and specifically, for subjects with lower emotional stability lower levels of personal accomplishment were associated with higher levels of stigma.Conclusions.Some personality traits may be accompanied by better empathic and communication skills, and may have a protective role against stigma. Moreover, burnout can increase stigma, in particular in subjects with specific personality traits. Assessing personality and burnout levels could help in identifying mental health professionals at higher risk of developing stigma. Future studies should determine whether targeted interventions in mental health professionals at risk of developing stigma may be effective in stigma prevention.

Lung infection named as COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). CT (computed tomography) has been shown to have good sensitivity in comparison with RT-PCR, particularly in early stages. However, CT findings appear to not always be related to a certain clinical severity. The aim of this study is to evaluate a correlation between the percentage of lung parenchyma volume involved with COVID-19 infection (compared to the total lung volume) at baseline diagnosis and correlated to the patient’s clinical course (need for ventilator assistance and or death). All patients with suspected COVID-19 lung disease referred to our imaging department for Chest CT from 24 February to 6 April 2020were included in the study. Specific CT features were assessed including the amount of high attenuation areas (HAA) related to lung infection. HAA, defined as the percentage of lung parenchyma above a predefined threshold of −650 (HAA%, HAA/total lung volume), was automatically calculated using a dedicated segmentation software. Lung volumes and CT findings were correlated with patient’s clinical course. Logistic regressions were performed to assess the predictive value of clinical, inflammatory and CT parameters for the defined outcome. In the overall population we found an average infected lung volume of 31.4 ± 26.3% while in the subgroup of patients who needed ventilator assistance and who died as well as the patients who died without receiving ventilator assistance the volume of infected lung was significantly higher 41.4 ± 28.5 and 72.7 ± 36.2 (p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis best predictors for ventilation and death were the presence of air bronchogram (p = 0.006), crazy paving (p = 0.007), peripheral distribution (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.002), fever at admission (p = 0.007), dyspnea (p = 0.002) and cardiovascular comorbidities (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, quantitative CT parameters and features added incremental predictive value beyond a model with only clinical parameters (area under the curve, 0.78 vs. 0.74, p = 0.02). Our study demonstrates that quantitative evaluation of lung volume involved by COVID-19 pneumonia helps to predict patient’s clinical course.

Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies represent a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases potentially leading to heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, and eventually death. Myocardial dysfunction is associated with different underlying pathological processes, ultimately inducing changes in morphological appearance. Thus, classification based on presenting morphological phenotypes has been proposed, i.e., dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and right ventricular cardiomyopathies. In light of the key diagnostic and prognostic role of morphological and functional features, cardiovascular imaging has emerged as key element in the clinical workflow of suspected cardiomyopathies, and above all, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) represents the ideal technique to be used: thanks to its physical principles, besides optimal spatial and temporal resolutions, incomparable contrast resolution allows to assess myocardial tissue abnormalities in detail. Traditionally, weighted images and late enhancement images after gadolinium-based contrast agent administration have been used to perform tissue characterization, but in the last decade quantitative assessment of pre-contrast longitudinal relaxation time (native T1), post-contrast longitudinal relaxation time (post-contrast T1) and transversal relaxation time (T2), all displayed with dedicated pixel-wise color-coded maps (mapping), has contributed to give precious knowledge insight, with positive influence of diagnostic accuracy and prognosis assessment, mostly in the setting of the hypertrophic phenotype. This review aims to describe the available evidence of the role of mapping techniques in the assessment of hypertrophic phenotype, and to suggest their integration in the routine CMR evaluation of newly diagnosed cardiomyopathies with increased wall thickness.

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal identificar, para contextualizar, no espaço-tempo, a situação dos trabalhadores em casas de farinha no nordeste brasileiro, relacionando-a com a realidade das condições dos trabalhadores nas indústrias do século XIX. Foram pesquisados os trabalhadores das casas de farinha que se encontravam em funcionamento no período de investigação, nos meses de maio e junho de 2016. Foi realizada a coleta de dados para conhecimento da situação dos trabalhadores e proprietários, sendo feita entrevista com os trabalhadores. Os resultados indicam que nenhum dos empreendimentos possui licença ambiental e que, durante o processo de beneficiamento da mandioca, os trabalhadores ficam expostos a diferentes riscos físicos, químicos, biológicos, e ergonômicos, os quais podem comprometer a saúde e a integridade física das pessoas. Historicamente, a apropriação pelos detentores do capital (proprietários das casas de farinha) esteve pautada na lógica do sistema capitalista que é a obtenção de lucro, negligenciando a qualidade das condições de trabalho e vida das classes trabalhadoras.

Las escuelas rurales creadas en la meseta central de la provincia de Chubut dieron lugar al surgimiento de aldeas escolares, pequeños asentamientos temporarios formados por familias de productores ovinos y caprinos. El fin de las aldeas era que los niños de las familias rurales, que viven en unidades domésticas dispersas, tengan acceso a la educación formal. Chacay Oeste surgió en 1922. Si bien nace con el fin de que las mujeres (mamás, hermanas, tías, abuelas) que tuvieran a su cargo niños en edad escolar permanecieran allí solamente durante el ciclo lectivo, a partir de 1999 comienza a transformarse en un asentamiento de características diferentes a las previstas en su surgimiento. El trabajo aborda el rol de las escuelas rurales en la producción del espacio, tomando como estudio de caso Chacay Oeste. Para ello se analizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observaciones directas realizadas en el período 2002-2005.

L'enfant est aujourd'hui au centre de l'attention au Brésil, en raison de la loi sur le « Statut de l'enfant et de l'adolescent », promulguée en 1990. Si cette loi garantit à l'enfant ou à l'adolescent le droit d'« être élevé et éduqué au sein de sa propre famille », elle exige aussi que la réalisation de ses droits à la santé, à l'éducation, à la nourriture, au loisir, etc., lui soit assurée. Plusieurs intervenants qui travaillent dans les domaines de l'assistance à l'enfance considèrent que les familles des milieux défavorisés sont « négligentes » à l'égard de leurs enfants parce qu'elles ne remplissent pas cette obligation. Pour cette raison, ces intervenants peuvent, pour le bien des enfants, les retirer de leur famille d'origine. À partir d'une étude réalisée à Porto Alegre, l'article analyse les voies par lesquelles la justification du placement pour motif « socio-économique », telle qu'elle existait il y a dix ans, s'est transformée en justification pour « négligence » après 1990. Ainsi, on invoque aujourd'hui la défense des droits des enfants pour justifier leur hébergement en institution, au détriment des droits des familles. Si l'enfant est devenu, par la loi, un « citoyen », ses parents, eux, semblent avoir cessé de l'être.