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Weakly and tightly sorbed phosphate species on chernozem and humus sand are investigated by radioactive tracer method using 32P. The comparison of the heterogeneous isotope exchange of 32P-labeled phosphate of non-radioactively incubated soils and desorption of 32P-labeled phosphate of radioactively incubated soils shows the transformation of weakly sorbed species to tightly sorbed ones. The quantity of weakly sorbed phosphorus and the steady state phosphorus exchange rate between soil and soil solution, transformation half-life of weakly to tightly sorbed phosphate are calculated.

The size of the arable land is constantly decreasing all over the world due to severe anthropogenic disorders. Plant production therefore has to be adapted to changing environmental conditions along with the proper selection of crop varieties and the application of sustainable environmental technologies which also consider economic aspects. The investigations were carried out in the Westsik long-term fertilization experiment near Nyíregyháza, East Hungary, which was set up in 1929 (89 years ago). Alternative forms of nutrient supplies (A) (green manure, straw with and without fermentation, organic fertilizer with and without inorganic fertilizer supplements) were used in different crop rotations. The test plant was potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and the soil type sand with a low humus content (Arenosols). A further long-term experiment is located on calcareous chernozem soil (Chernozems) in Debrecen (set up in 1983, 35 years ago). In one part of this experiment, organic farming (OF) has been carried out with a pea, winter wheat and maize crop rotation for over 15 years with no inorganic fertilization. In another block in this experiment, changes in soil properties as a result of the medium and high doses of fertilizers applied in intensive farming (I) were evaluated with a maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture as the test plant. The results obtained with alternative nutrient supplies (green manure, fermented and unfermented straw, farmyard manure, fertilization) proved that the soil organic carbon content increased to varying degrees in humus-poor, acidic sand soil. The organic matter content of the soils increased in response to the treatments, contributing to a significant enhancement in soil microbial parameters (MBC, saccharase, dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities). The carbon dioxide production and saccharase enzyme activity in organic plots (OF) were significantly lower than in intensively farmed (I) soils. At the same time, in the case of organic farming (OF) the microbial biomass carbon, phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity were significantly higher in OF plots than in I plots. Compared to the control soil, MBC was 7-8 times higher in organic plots and 1.3-3.8 times higher in intensive plots. Organic farming on chernozem soil generally resulted in higher microbial activity (MBC, phosphatase, saccharase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity) than in either intensively farmed chernozem or in the case of alternative farming (A) on sandy soil.

Weakly and tightly sorbed phosphate species on chernozem and humus sand are investigated by radioactive tracer method using

The long-term effect of 87.3 kg/ha P on the yield elements and nutrient content of maize was studied at the Na tional Long-Term Fertilization Experiment of the Karcag Research Institute in Hungary. The soil of the experiment site is non-calcareous Luvic Phaeosem, and its soluble phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) content in 0–20 cm soil layer are: ammonium lactate P: 141.1 mg/kg and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) Zn: 0.85 mg/kg, respectively. The effect of foliar Zn fertilization was studied at three levels of nitrogen (150, 200 and 250 kg/ha) and under 87.3 kg/ha P and 82.6 kg/ha K application in four replications. The applied Zn amount was 700 g/ha. We measured the grain yield and the thousand-kernel weight. Leaf and grain samples were analyzed for phosphorus, zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese content. Foliar Zn application did not increase the yield significantly, but it enhanced the thousand-kernel weight. The element content did not change significantly – neither in leaves nor in kernels. Under the examined habitat circumstances even the long-term application of 87.3 kg/ha P dosage did not cause Zn deficiency to such an extent which would lead to significant yield depression of maize.

Ökológiai termesztésű almaültetvényben eltérő komposztadagok (0, 10, 25 és 50 kg N·ha−1) hatását vizsgáltuk a talaj tápelemtartalmának változására (0–30 és 30–60 cm-es mélységben). Mértük az egyes almafajták (Golden Delicious és Pinova) levelének szárazanyag- és Ca-tartalmát, továbbá vizsgáltuk e paraméterek alakulásának egymáshoz való viszonyát.A szabadföldi kísérletet a Debreceni Egyetem Kertészettudományi Intézetének Pallagi Kísérleti Telepén, a talaj- és növényminták analízisét az Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet laboratóriumaiban végeztük.A 2011. és 2012. évi eredményeket összevetve lényeges csökkenés mutatkozott a talaj AL-oldható P-tartalmában. Az évek múlásával jelentősen nőtt azonban a talajban a nitrát-, ammónia-, szerves-N és CaCl2-Mg tartalom a kijuttatott komposztadagok hatására. Az AL-K, -Ca, -Mg, a CaCl2-P, -K mennyisége és a pH közel azonosnak mondható.Az első kísérleti évben (2010-ben) még nem volt hatása a komposztnak. 2011-ben már észleltünk hatást, de a fagykár miatt nem volt termés a fákon. 2012-ben a nagy termésterhelés mellett is növekedést tapasztaltunk a szárazanyag-tartalom alakulásában mind a Golden Delicious, mind a Pinova fajták esetében. Adott kezeléseken belül az eltérő termésmennyiségekkel, továbbá az évjárattal összefüggő tendenciákat fedeztünk fel. A rendkívül csapadékos évben (2010) alacsony, míg az aszályos évben (2012) nagy szárazanyag-tartalom értékeket mértünk a levélben. A Golden Delicious és a Pinova esetében kapott tendencia fajtától, kezelés- és termesztés-technológiától függetlenül hasonló.A komposzt hatására 2010-ben a Golden Delicious leveleiben kismértékű, a Pinova leveleiben szignifikáns Ca-tartalombeli növekedést mértünk. Az évjárat hatásáról elmondható, hogy csapadékos évben a szakirodalmi adatoknál magasabb, míg száraz, terméshiányos évben alacsonyabb Ca-tartalommal számolhattunk. Bár a Ca-szintek alakulása tendenciájában megegyezett a két almafajta esetében, mégis megállapítható, hogy a Pinova leveleinek elemtartalma nagyobb volt, mint a Golden Delicious fáké.A levelek szárazanyag-tartalma és Ca-tartalma között fordított arányosságot bizonyítottunk.

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different nitrogen fertilizers in combination with bacterial fertilizer onnutrient uptake of horseradish and plant available nutrients of the soil. Three different N fertilizers, ammonium-nitrate, urea and calciumnitrate(116 kg ha-1 N) in combination with Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer (2 kg ha-1) were applied as treatments in a randomizedcomplete block design in three replications. In this paper we presented the results of soil measurements. The soil of the experimental areawas chernozem with medium sufficiency level of N and P and poor level of K.Our main results:The amount of 0.01M CaCl2 soluble inorganic nitrogen fractions, NO3--N and NH4+-N and also the quantity of soluble organic-N werealmost the same in the soil. N fertilizers significantly increased all the soluble N fractions. The amount of NO3--N increased to the greatestextent and the increase of organic N was the slightest. We measured the largest CaCl2 soluble NO3- -N and total-N contents in the plotstreated with ammonium-nitrate, the largest NH4+-N in the plots treated with calcium-nitrate and the largest organic-N fraction in plotstreated with urea.Bacterial inoculation also increased both soluble inorganic nitrogen forms and also total-N content of soil compared to the control. Inthe case of combined (artificial and bacterial fertilizer) treatments we measured lower NO3--N, organic-N and total-N compared to thevalues of plots having only nitrogen fertilizer treatments. On the contrary in the plots with combined treatments the CaCl2 soluble NH4+-Ncontent of soil in more cases were higher than that of values with artificial fertilizer treatment.As a function of calcium-nitrate application increased AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values were measured compared to control. MicrobionUNC supplement of calcium nitrate yielded also increase in AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values, till then supplement of ammonium-nitrate fertilizeryielded a decrease in these values compared to the control.All nitrogen fertilizers resulted in a significant decrease in AL-Mg content of soil compared to the control. Nevertheless bacterialfertilizer increased AL-Mg values in any cases.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted on a calcareous chernozem soil to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization and their ratios on the yield and quality of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Four levels of N [0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g pot−1 N as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4)] in combination with three levels of applied N–S ratios [8, 4, 2; S as potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)] were tested as treatments. Results indicated that a significant response to seed yield was observed for N and S application. Maximum yield, 24.8 g pot−1, was found when full doses of N and S were applied. Increasing N supply from 0.5 g pot−1 to 1 g pot−1 had little increasing effect in the oil content of the seed. Higher application of N doses (>1 g pot−1) decreased these values significantly. The maximum oil content (28%) was achieved with the 1 g N pot−1 treatment; the lowest values were observed in the pots applied with the highest N doses. Changes in the...

Summing up, it can be stated about foliar boron fertilization under field conditions, that the combined application of sodium-octaborate (borax) and calcium-nitrate increased the apple yield by the highest amount on humus sandy soil with low boron content. Our results reconfirm, that the best yields are obtained under harmonic nutrient supply.

Introduction White mustard is cultivated for seeds, for green manure as animal feed, for green fodder crop (Minkevics and Borkovszkij 1951) and for compost. Mustard seeds are mostly used for the preparation of spices, oil, french mustard, mustard pastes which is a common condiment in food industries (Szabo and Fodor 2005). Climate of Hungary is favourable for the cultivation of mustard. In spite of this little information exists on its fertilization, on its nutrient-uptake in the foreign (Asare Scarisbrick 1995, Singh 2004) and Hungarian (Kadar 2002, Fodor Kadlicsko 2006) scientific literature. Mineral nutrition, especially sulphur and nitrogen are major factors affecting growth, yield and quality of mustard (Singh 2004). Nitrogen and sulphur are necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins and various other cellular components, including thiol compounds and the so-called secondary sulphur compounds, which have a significant bearing on protection of plants against stress and pests. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of N and N:S ratios on the yield and nutrient uptake of mustard (Sinapis alba L.).

Changes in the amount of water soluble N-forms were really varied both with soil type and with treatments. It has been stated that the main proportion of water soluble N is in organic form that are considered as available substrate for microorganisms. On sand soil, which having low pH and low organic matter content, as a consequence of low microbial activity the organic N was intact to a greater extent than on chernozem soil.

Introduction Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is a annual spring crop and has been grown mainly in Europe since last century. Yellow mustard seed is suitable for a wide range of applications. It is grown for its seed, as a salad plant, as a green fodder crop or as green manure. Mustard seed is a nutritious food ingredient. Climate of Hungary is favourable for the cultivation of mustard. In spite of that little information exists on its fertilization, on the mechanism of its nutrient-uptake and its fertilizer activity in the international (Ahmad et al. 1998, Asare et al. 1995) and hungarian (EOry et al. 1996, K&d&r 2002) scientific literature. In the present study, an attempt was made to increase the amount of information for the effects of N supply and N/S ratio on the sulphur, nitrogen (crude protein), oil content and yield of seed.

A wet digestion method of soil samples has been developed for analysis of “total” concentration (acid extraction) of elements by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). This HNO3‐H2O2 wet digestion method is a simple, fast and safe sample preparation method with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The first examined condition was the applied digestion acid or acid mixture (HNO3, HNO3‐H2O2, HCl‐H2O2, HNO3‐HClO4, H2SO4‐H2O2), and the volume of concentrated nitric acid (65% HNO3). Temperature and duration of predigestion, volume of concentrated hydrogen‐peroxide (30 % H2O2), temperature and duration of digestion were also investigated. Two different kind of soil samples (a sandy soil with low humus content, calcareous chernozem with relatively high humus content), three different dry weight values and three different values for each parameters were chosen to investigate soil sample digestion in order to select the best parameters. A LABOR MIM Electronic Block Digest Apparatus wa...

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ammonium-nitrate, food waste compost, bacterial fertilizer (EM-1) and their combinations on production and nutrient contents of carrot. The study was conducted on a calcareous chernozem and acidic sandy soils in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and four replications. NH4NO3 in chernozem soil increased the weight of carrot leaves only, while in sandy soil resulted in reduced yield and highly increased NO3-N content of roots. Sandy soil showed higher response of biomass production to food waste compost application than chernozem soil. The highest carotenoid content of roots was measured with compost treatment. Combined application of compost and NH4NO3 in chernozem proved to be good combination but in sandy soil have turn out to be less favourable than sole compost treatment. Bacterial fertilizer (EM-1) did not cause marked effect on the yield parameters, but caused increased phosphorus content of plant. In chernozem soil the maximum yield parameters were achieved with the combined treatment of ammonium-nitrate+compost+EM-1. In sandy soil the most favourable treatment proved to be the compost treatment. Results suggest that application of food waste compost as a nutrient source could be a promising agrochemical practice especially in soils having low organic material and low nutrient supply.

The systems cobalt(II), zinc(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) with phenylalaninehydroxamic acid (Pheha), tyrosinehydroxamic acid (Tyrha) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalaninehydroxamic acid (Dopaha) have been investigated by means of pH-metric, spectrophotometric and e.s.r. methods. Formation constants and assumptions concerning binding modes for complexes in aqueous solution are reported. Effects of the phenyl and hydroxyl groups on complex formation have been evaluated. Because of the phenyl group, the ligands and neutral species have quite poor solubility. Precipitates occur in many of the systems studied. Tyrha forms protonated complexes containing the hydroxy group in the protonated form. Catecholate-type (O,O) chelates can be assumed for copper(II)-Dopaha and zinc(II)-Dopaha above ca pH 9.5.

This paper reports a greenhouse study to compare the effects of food waste compost, bacterial fertilizer and their combination with the effect of mineral fertilizer on yield of carrot and the available nutrient content of soils. The study was conducted on calcareous chernozem and acidic sandy soils and consisted of 8 treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The NH4NO3 resulted in reduced growing of carrot plant in sandy soil, and the treatment effect of mineral fertilizer was not observed significantly in chernozem soil. Sandy soil showed higher response of growth of carrot to food waste compost fertilization than chernozem soil. Sole application of EM-1 bacterial fertilizer did not have marked effect on yield parameters and sizes of roots. When EM-1 bacterial fertilizer was applied together with ammonium-nitrate or with compost in chernozem soil, the weights of roots and the sizes of roots in some cases became higher compared to the values of appropriate treatments without inoculation. In sandy soil the diameter of roots slightly increased when EM-1 bacterial fertilizer was applied with ammonium-nitrate and with ammonium-nitrate+compost combination compared to appropriate treatment without inoculation. In chernozem soil the maximum weights and sizes of roots were achieved with the combined treatment of ammonium-nitrate+compost+EM-1 bacterial fertilizer and in sandy soil with compost treatment. Our results of soluble nitrogen content of soils are in good agreement with yield parameters of carrot. Results suggest that food waste compost could be a good substitute for mineral fertilizer application in carrot production mainly in sandy soil. EM-1 bacterial fertilizer did not cause marked effect on yield and yield parameters of carrot plant, but its combination with other fertilizers promises a little bit higher yield or plant available nutrient in the soil. These effects do not clear exactly, so further studies are needed.

The method for speciation and quantitative analysis of inorganic sulphur form, sulphate and organic sulphur compounds by using high performance ion chromatography (IC) with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) has been developed. An ICP-AES was operated as a detector of IC. To achieve a lower detection limit a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer was used for connection between IC and ICP. This hyphenated system was used for the separation and determination of organic sulphur compounds and sulphate ions. By using an anion exchange column, with 2.5 mM phthalic acid, adjusted with TRIS to pH=4.2, all of the organic sulphur forms were measured together as a first (pseudo) peak (Nieto and Frankenberger, 1985) at 2.0 min., while the sulphate ion was retained on the column and its peak appeared with retention time at 4.2 min. Other inorganic sulphur forms (sulphide, sulphite, thiosulphate etc.) were not detectable in the water extracts from the examined plants. The sulphide and sulphite peaks were observed between the organic sulphur and sulphate peaks, but the developed method was not optimised for their separation. The sulphur was detected on the polychromator of ICP-AES on 180.734 nm. The detection limits were 0.023 mg L -1 and 0.085 mg L -1 of sulphate-sulphur and of organic-sulphur respectively. Water extracts of standard wheat straw and grain samples were analysed.