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Abstract Magnetic skyrmions are quasi-particles with a swirling spin texture that form two-dimensional lattices. Skyrmion lattices can exhibit defects in response to geometric constraints, variations of temperature or applied magnetic fields. Measuring deformations in skyrmion lattices is important to understand the interplay between the lattice structure and external influences. Geometric phase analysis (GPA) is a Fourier-based image processing method that is used to measure deformation fields in high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of crystalline materials. Here, we show that GPA can be applied quantitatively to Lorentz TEM images of two-dimensional skyrmion lattices obtained from a chiral magnet of FeGe. First, GPA is used to map deformation fields around a 5–7 dislocation and the results are compared with the linear theory of elasticity. Second, rotation angles between skyrmion crystal grains are measured and compared with angles calculated from the density of dislocations. Third, an orientational order parameter and the corresponding correlation function are calculated to describe the evolution of the disorder as a function of applied magnetic field. The influence of sources of artifacts such as geometric distortions and large defoci are also discussed.

Abstract The Ta/CoFeB/Pt/MgO/HfO2 system is investigated, whose magnetic anisotropy can be controlled through magneto‐ionic gating, using both ionic liquid and solid state gating, via a non‐oxidative mechanism combining reversible and irreversible gating effects. Analysis of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the Co and Fe edges reveals no indications of oxidation after gating, while a reversible change at the oxygen K edge suggests the involvement of oxygen species in the magneto‐ionic process. In addition, X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that gating can irreversibly increase the crystalline volume of MgO, through an increase in the MgO/Mg(OH)2 ratio. This is in line with measurements in solid state devices showing that in a series of 150 gating cycles a reversible effect combines with a progressive increase in the strength of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy contribution that saturates after extensive cycling. Consequently, the observed gate‐induced changes in magnetic anisotropy can be attributed to the combined effects of Mg(OH)2 dehydration into MgO (irreversible) and most likely a gentle reordering of oxygen species at the CoFeB interface (reversible) leading to a non‐oxidative magneto‐ionic mechanism. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the complex magneto‐ionic phenomena, including the coexistence of both reversible and irreversible effects, and a pathway to voltage‐control of crystalline order in spintronics materials.

A research team of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University continued the fieldwork between 1 September 2022 and 31 December 2023 on two Early and Middle Iron Age sites, Dédestapolcsány-Verebce-bérc and Dédestapolcsány-Várerdő, in the frame of a project investigating Early Iron Age crises. New excavation trenches were opened at the fortified settlement in the north of the Bükk Mountains (Northern Hungary). One was an extension of a trench opened in 2022, where remains of a burnt house had been identified. Metal detector surveys recovered some new fascinating stray metal finds (e.g., an akinakes, battle axes, and the bronze protective sheath of a sword) and new assemblages (iron tool deposits and a hoard of gold jewellery and amber beads). Eleven more graves were excavated in the cemetery (Várerdő) north of the coeval settlement. The most interesting grave was the burial of an adult man with rich grave goods such as an ironworking toolkit, pottery, and other items.

The paper focuses on a group of finds obtained recently in a metal detector survey in the area of Velem-Szent Vid. Most artefacts found in the late La Tène oppidum are agricultural tools. They are the most important archaeological evidence available to us for reconstructing the agricultural equipment used during the Late Iron Age and, based on them, food production techniques. Diverse tools were utilised in specific agricultural processes. The plough, the most important tool of soil cultivation, and its components are discussed in the study, and an attempt is made to draw conclusions about the ways of land use in the Late Iron Age based on plough part finds from Celtic contexts.

Under the era of circular economy, the deposit-refund system (DRS) for e.g. polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is thought to be a good choice to achieve a more structured plastic recycling. The present research has the aim to make a comprehensive description and a practical guideline in order to evaluate how collection and separation system influence the quality and efficiency of mechanical recycling of PET. The DRS has been symbolized by manually collected bottles with (BCL) and without (B) caps and labels. Samples have been given from the selective income (SI) and the sorting residue (SR) of a manual selective waste sorting plant and PET fraction of refuse derived fuel (RDF). Based on preliminary qualification results such as melt flow indices (MFI), PET bottles are worth selecting into the main colours like water clear, blue, and all the others together, referred to as PET-A, PET-B, and PET-D fractions of the sorting plant. The SR seemed to be a beneficial raw material for PET recycling as both mechanical and rheological properties were proper enough. PET separated from the Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant as RDF showed the worst processing and mechanical properties, but both can be improved with deeper precleaning. X-ray tomography (CT) scans have shown a correlation between the source of waste and the gas void structure which influence the macroscopic mechanical properties.

Abstract Magnetoelasticity is the bond between magnetism and mechanics, but the intricate mechanisms via which magnetic states change due to mechanical strain remain poorly understood. Here, we provide direct nanoscale observations of how tensile strain modifies magnetic domains in a ferromagnetic Ni thin plate using in situ Fresnel defocus imaging, off-axis electron holography and a bimetallic deformation device. We present quantitative measurements of magnetic domain wall structure and its transformations as a function of strain. We observe the formation and dissociation of strain-induced periodic 180° magnetic domain walls perpendicular to the strain axis. The magnetization transformation exhibits stress-determined directional sensitivity and is reversible and tunable through the size of the nanostructure. In this work, we provide direct evidence for expressive and deterministic magnetic hardening in ferromagnetic nanostructures, while our experimental approach allows quantifiable local measurements of strain-induced changes in the magnetic states of nanomaterials.

Single-leg landing (SL) is often associated with a high injury risk, especially anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and lateral ankle sprain. This work investigates the relationship between ankle motion patterns (ankle initial contact angle [AICA] and ankle range of motion [AROM]) and the lower limb injury risk during SL, and proposes an optimized landing strategy that can reduce the injury risk. To more realistically revert and simulate the ACL injury mechanics, we developed a knee musculoskeletal model that reverts the ACL ligament to a nonlinear short-term viscoelastic mechanical mechanism (strain rate-dependent) generated by the dense connective tissue as a function of strain. Sixty healthy male subjects were recruited to collect biomechanics data during SL. The correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between AICA, AROM, and peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), joint total energy dissipation (TED), peak ankle knee hip sagittal moment, peak ankle inversion angle (PAIA), and peak ACL force (PAF). AICA exhibits a negative correlation with PVGRF (r = −0.591) and PAF (r = −0.554), and a positive correlation with TED (r = 0.490) and PAIA (r = 0.502). AROM exhibits a positive correlation with TED (r = 0.687) and PAIA (r = 0.600). The results suggested that the appropriate increases in AICA (30° to 40°) and AROM (50° to 70°) may reduce the lower limb injury risk. This study has the potential to offer novel perspectives on the optimized application of landing strategies, thus giving the crucial theoretical basis for decreasing injury risk.

Summary: Magnetic nanoparticles can be functionalized in many ways for biomedical applications. Here, we combine four advantageous features in a novel Fe-Pt-Yb2O3 core-shell nanoparticle. (a) The nanoparticles have a size of 10 nm allowing them to diffuse through neuronal tissue. (b) The particles are superparamagnetic after synthesis and ferromagnetic after annealing, enabling directional control by magnetic fields, enhance NMRI contrast, and hyperthermia treatment. (c) After neutron-activation of the shell, they carry low-energetic, short half-life β-radiation from 175Yb, 177Yb, and 177Lu. (d) Additionally, the particles can be optically visualized by plasmonic excitation and luminescence. To demonstrate the potential of the particles for cancer treatment, we exposed cultured human glioblastoma cells (LN-18) to non-activated and activated particles to confirm that the particles are internalized, and that the β-radiation of the radioisotopes incorporated in the neutron-activated shell of the nanoparticles kills more than 98% of the LN-18 cancer cells, promising for future anti-cancer applications.

The recent emergence of magnetic van der Waals materials allows for the investigation of current-induced magnetisation manipulation in two-dimensional materials. Uniquely, Fe3GeTe2 has a crystalline structure that allows for the presence of bulk spin–orbit torques (SOTs) that we quantify in a Fe3GeTe2 flake. From the symmetry of the measured torques, we identify current induced effective fields using harmonic analysis and find dominant bulk SOTs arising from the symmetry in the crystal structure. Our results show that Fe3GeTe2 can exhibit bulk SOTs in addition to the conventional interfacial SOTs enabling magnetisation manipulation even in thick flakes without the need for complex multilayer engineering.

Magnetic skyrmionic bubbles have been reported for Fe5GeTe2 and other layered van der Waals materials and are good candidates for applications in spintronics. Here, the authors report a near room temperature skyrmionic structure for Fe5GeTe2 and study the magnetic ordering for pre and post-cooling states using a combination of magnetic measurements and DFT calculations.

Mantle rocks can efficiently bind carbon by reaction with CO2 if fluid pathways remain open. This study of samples from Oman demonstrates that coupling of synchronous reaction and deformation facilitates fluid flow and massive carbon sequestration.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of running-induced fatigue on the characteristic asymmetry of running gait and to identify non-linear differences in bilateral lower limbs and fatigued gait by building a machine learning model.Methods: Data on bilateral lower limb three-dimensional ground reaction forces were collected from 14 male amateur runners before and after a running-induced fatigue experiment. The symmetry function (SF) was used to assess the degree of symmetry of running gait. Statistical parameter mapping (Paired sample T-test) algorithm was used to examine bilateral lower limb differences and asymmetry changes pre- and post-fatigue of time series data. The support vector ma-chine (SVM) algorithm was used to recognize the gait characteristics of both lower limbs before and after fatigue and to build the optimal algorithm model by setting different kernel functions.Results: The results showed that the ground reaction forces were asymmetrical (SF > 0.5) both pre-and post-fatigue and mainly concentrated in the medial-lateral direction. The asymmetry of the medial-lateral direction increased significantly after fatigue (p < 0.05). In addition, we concluded that the polynomial kernel function could make the SVM model the most accurate in classifying left and right gait features (accuracy of 85.3%, 82.4%, and 82.4% in medial-lateral, anterior-posterior and vertical directions, respectively). Gaussian radial basis kernel function was the optimal kernel function of the SVM algorithm model for fatigue gait recognition in the medial-lateral and vertical directions (accuracy of 54.2% and 62.5%, respectively). Moreover, polynomial was the optimal kernel function of the anterior-posterior di-rection (accuracy = 54.2%).Discussion: We proved in this study that the SVM algorithm model depicted good performance in identifying asymmetric and fatigue gaits. These findings can provide implications for running injury prevention, movement monitoring, and gait assessment.

Carbon-reinforced nylon composite material (PA12CF20), i.e., polyamide, has been widely used in the automotive, medical, and electronics industries for fabricating functional parts, especially in gear manufacturing, due to its excellent wear property. The present work investigates the optimal parameters of the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technique using PA12CF20 as feedstock to fabricate parts for enhancing the sliding wear performance. The test specimens are fabricated as per the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) G99 standard. The hybrid heuristic tool, i.e., genetic algorithm-adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (GA-ANFIS), has been used to train, predict, and optimize the sliding wear performance of the fabricated parts using carbon reinforced polyamide composite material. The experimental runs have been performed on 30 combinations of input factors based on face centered central composite design (FCCCD) and further used for training and optimization for the hybrid GA-ANFIS approach. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to characterize the wear crack of the PA12CF20. It is observed that the optimal parameters retrieved using GA-ANFIS have increased the wear performance of PA12CF20 fabricated specimens, and the same has been validated experimentally. Further, a lathe machine spur gear was fabricated using optimal parameters of the FFF technique and checked the suitability for end-use applications.

Skyrmions are topological two-dimensional spin textures that in three-dimensional systems resemble strings or tubes. Here, using transmission electron microscopy Zheng et al observe the braiding of skyrmion strings in FeGe and predict this phenomenon for a large family of magnets.

The study examines buyers’ behavior in Hungary during COVID -19 pandemic based on a non-representative online questionnaire that was carried out during the time of lockdown in Hungary in March 2020. We would like to find out whether there was really accumulation of goods, and if so, which product ranges were involved. How did the outbreak of COVID-19 change shopping behavior? In which direction did it move and could retail trade react to the unexpected, rapid challenge of going online? Can the respondents be identified with the traditional buying behaviour pattern and can it be typified with it? In our study we provide an overview of the anomalies detected in the Hungarian “panic buying” concerning shopping frequency, spending and product avoidance. First, we introduce the main behavioral patterns of shoppers during the “panic buying period” in Hungary, then we draft different types of customers. Second, we highlight some statistically significant relations with regional aspects. Here connections are identified between shopping frequency, spending, stock piling and the places of residency of the surveyed people. Third, we categorised customers into five groups with cluster analysis. The main cluster forming differences are the altered sense of well-being and the attitude differences in stock piling.

Objective This study was conducted to estimate effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the estimated breeding value of Hungarian Grey (HG) bulls and to find markers associated with horn colour. Methods Genotypes 136 HG animals were determined on Geneseek high-density Bovine SNP 150K BeadChip. A multi-locus mixed-model was applied for statistical analyses. Results Six SNPs were identified to be associated (−log10P>10) with green and white horn. These loci are located on chromosome 1, 3, 9, 18, and 25. Seven loci (on chromosome 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 28) showed considerable association (−log10P>10) with the estimated breeding value. Conclusion Analysis provides markers for further research of horn colour and supplies markers to achieve more effective selection work regarding estimated breeding value of HG.

Summary: Magnetic high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new category of high-performance magnetic materials, with multicomponent concentrated compositions and complex multi-phase structures. Although there have been numerous reports of their interesting magnetic properties, there is very limited understanding about the interplay between their hierarchical multi-phase structures and the resulting magnetic behavior. We reveal for the first time the influence of a hierarchically decomposed B2 + A2 structure in an AlCo0.5Cr0.5FeNi HEA on the formation of magnetic vortex states within individual A2 (disordered BCC) precipitates, which are distributed in an ordered B2 matrix that is weakly ferromagnetic. Non-magnetic or weakly ferromagnetic B2 precipitates in large magnetic domains of the A2 phase, and strongly magnetic Fe-Co-rich interphase A2 regions, are also observed. These results provide important insight into the origin of coercivity in this HEA, which can be attributed to a complex magnetization process that includes the successive reversal of magnetic vortices.

We studied the effect of friction stir processing (FSP) on the microstructure and properties of high-speed twin-roll cast strips made of an experimental Al–Mn–Cu–Be alloy. The samples were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, microchemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and indentation testing. During FSP, the rotational speed varied, while other parameters remained constant. The uniformity of the microstructure increased with the growing rotational speed. In the stir zone, several processes took place, and the most important were: recrystallisation of the matrix grains, fragmentation of the primary intermetallic particles Al15Mn3Be2 and their more uniform distribution in the stir zone, fracture, and dispersion of the eutectic icosahedral quasicrystalline phase (IQC), transformation of tiny Al15Mn3Be2 and IQC particles into the τ1-Al26Mn6Cu4 phase and precipitation of Al–Mn–Cu precipitates. In the thermomechanically affected zone, new dislocations formed as well as dispersion of the IQC eutectic phase and recrystallisation of the matrix grains. In the heat-affected zone, dissolution of θ’-Al2Cu precipitates occurred. The hardness variation was not severe between the stir and heat-affected zones.

Higher inductive-inductive types (HIITs) generalize inductive types of dependent type theories in two ways. On the one hand they allow the simultaneous definition of multiple sorts that can be indexed over each other. On the other hand they support equality constructors, thus generalizing higher inductive types of homotopy type theory. Examples that make use of both features are the Cauchy real numbers and the well-typed syntax of type theory where conversion rules are given as equality constructors. In this paper we propose a general definition of HIITs using a small type theory, named the theory of signatures. A context in this theory encodes a HIIT by listing the constructors. We also compute notions of induction and recursion for HIITs, by using variants of syntactic logical relation translations. Building full categorical semantics and constructing initial algebras is left for future work. The theory of HIIT signatures was formalised in Agda together with the syntactic translations. We also provide a Haskell implementation, which takes signatures as input and outputs translation results as valid Agda code.

Magnetic fields are thought to have been influential in the formation of our solar system. Here, the authors observe thermomagnetically stable, non-uniformly magnetized kamacite grains within chondritic meteorites, and calculate the grains to retain recordings of these magnetic fields.

Proposals for skyrmion-based high-density memory devices require an understanding of the formation and shape of skyrmions in confined geometries. Here, the authors use electron holography to image magnetic textures in FeGe nanostripes and explore the parameters governing skyrmion morphology.

Electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism enables the measurement of the local magnetic properties of a material using a transmission electron microscope, but is limited to signals in the electron-beam direction. Here, the authors demonstrate a method to extend this to in-plane magnetic signals too.

Our study deals with the characteristics of government regulation limiting the opening hours of retail units. We have outlined the most important international literature on the topic, while focusing on the peculiarities of limiting opening hours, mainly on its effects that influence the economic sector, competition and buying habits. In the empirical part of our research, we carried out a questionnaire survey to find out how the new law – which entered into force on March 15, 2015 and restricts the trading hours on Sundays and at nights – affects customer behavior. In our research, we compared the situation before and after the act came into force. Special emphasis was placed on the time and place of purchases (type of retail unit) and on spending. We found out that customer behavior of the Hungarian shoppers had remarkably changed after the law came into force: although the time available for shopping had been considerably shortened, the amount spent on purchases had not changed. However, the types of retail outlets where this money is spent had. Besides the supermarkets and discount stores, the role of small corner shops significantly increased (the law allows them to trade freely). The society’s attitude to the new system is rather negative – as our research points out. The majority of the population rejects the new, restricted trading hours and would like to re-establish the more liberal opening hours, which were in effect before March 15, 2015.

This paper investigates bilevel optimization models for demand response management, and highlights the often overlooked consequences of a common modeling assumption in the field. That is, the overwhelming majority of existing research deals with the so-called optimistic variant of the problem where, in case of multiple optimal consumption schedules for a consumer (follower), the consumer chooses an optimal schedule that is the most favorable for the electricity retailer (leader). However, this assumption is usually illegitimate in practice; as a result, consumers may easily deviate from their expected behavior during realization, and the retailer suffers significant losses. One way out is to solve the pessimistic variant instead, where the retailer prepares for the least favorable optimal responses from the consumers. The main contribution of the paper is an exact procedure for solving the pessimistic variant of the problem. First, key properties of optimal solutions are formally proven and efficiently solvable special cases are identified. Then, a detailed investigation of the optimistic and pessimistic variants of the problem is presented. It is demonstrated that the set of optimal consumption schedules typically contains various responses that are equal for the follower, but bring radically different profits for the leader. The main procedure for solving the pessimistic variant reduces the problem to solving the optimistic variant with slightly perturbed problem data. A numerical case study shows that the optimistic solution may perform poorly in practice, while the pessimistic solution gives very close to the highest profit that can be achieved theoretically. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to propose an exact solution approach for the pessimistic variant of the problem.

The suitability of Ti as a band gap modifier for α-Ga2O3 was investigated, taking advantage of the isostructural α phases and high band gap difference between Ti2O3 and Ga2O3. Films of (Ti,Ga)2O3 were synthesized by atomic layer deposition on sapphire substrates, and characterized to determine how crystallinity and band gap vary with composition for this alloy. We report the deposition of high quality α-(TixGa1−x)2O3 films with x = 3.7%. For greater compositions the crystalline quality of the films degrades rapidly, where the corundum phase is maintained in films up to x = 5.3%, and films containing greater Ti fractions being amorphous. Over the range of achieved corundum phase films, that is 0% ≤ x ≤ 5.3%, the band gap energy varies by ∼270 meV. The ability to maintain a crystalline phase at low fractions of Ti, accompanied by a modification in band gap, shows promising prospects for band gap engineering and the development of wavelength specific solar-blind photodetectors based on α-Ga2O3.

Shading effect of external nets of different colours (white, green, yellow and red) on the yield of two “kapija” pepper (Capsicum anuum L.) cultivars was examined in walk-in plastic tunnels in Hungary under real cultivation circumstances. Shading nets decreased incoming radiation by 23-39% and reduced photosynthetically active radiation by 32-46%. The highest retention was obtained by yellow and green nets, in the range of 450-550 nm and 550-670 nm, respectively. Relation was reported between the degree of shading and the average air temperature of the tunnels, however, treatments did not decrease tunnel air temperature significantly, compared to that of unshaded and paint-shaded control tunnels. This can be explained by the applied proper ventilation and mist irrigation. A strong and negative relation was noted between the intensity of shading and the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of leaves. Shading net treatments did not increase yields, yellow and green nets even decreased it. Instead of tunnel air temperature, yield was mainly affected by photosynthetically active radiation in the experiment. Strong positive linear relation was declared between the chlorophyll content of the leaves and the yield. Results of the current research led to the conclusions that under Hungarian climatic conditions the use of shading nets was less justified if proper cooling techniques (ventilation and mist irrigation) were applied; even under the relatively high incident radiation experienced during the trials. In greenhouses of less favourable climatic conditions, red or white shading nets are recommended instead of commonly used green ones in Hungary.

The breeding distribution and population size of the globally vulnerable Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) was moderately known in Turkey before 2007. Besides, the status of the endangered Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) was also uncertain, as the regular breeding of the species was not proved in past decades. BirdLife Hungary, with the support of volunteers and co-operating organizations executed 14 expeditions comprising a total of 116 field days between 2007 and 2017 in order to gather data on the status of the two globally threatened eagle species in Central Anatolia. The surveys located more than 100 Imperial Eagle nests in 53 distinct territories in Bolu, Ankara, Eskisehir, Cankiri and Corum provinces. The surveys were extended to Kirsehir, Aksaray and Konya provinces, where 11 nests in six occupied Steppe Eagle territories were discovered. The successful breeding of an adult male Imperial Eagle – Steppe Eagle hybrid with an adult female Imperial Eagle was also documented.

Since 1995, Surveys on antisemitism using national representative samples have been regularly carried out in Hungary. In this article, we used data from the 2011 and 2017 surveys to explore the relationship between three types of antisemitism, namely religious, secular, and emotional. Moreover, we scrutinized how different religiosity indicators can be used as explanatory variables for the different types of antisemitism. We found a slight increase in religious and secular antisemitism between 2011 and 2017, while emotional antisemitism remained almost the same. Religious anti-Judaism significantly correlated with both secular and emotional antisemitism, however, its relationship was much stronger with the former. When analyzing the relationship between different types of antisemitism and religiosity indicators, we found that while in 2011, all the indicators were connected to religious, and most of them to secular and emotional antisemitism, in 2017, only the variables measuring subjective self-classification remained significant. The results show that the relationship between religion and antisemitism underwent some substantial changes between 2011 and 2017. While in 2011, personal religiosity was a significant predictor of the strength of antisemitism, in 2017, religion serving as a cultural identity marker took over this function. The hypothetical explanatory factor for the change is the rebirth of the “Christian-national” idea appearing as the foundational element of the new Hungarian constitution, according to which Christian culture is the ultimate unifying force of the nation, giving the inner essence and meaning of the state. In this discourse, being Christian is equated with being Hungarian. Self-declared and self-defined Christian religiosity plays the role of a symbolic marker for accepting the national-conservative identity discourse and belonging to the “Christian-national” cultural-political camp where antisemitic prejudices occur more frequently than in other segments of the society.

The FEI Titan G2 60-300 HOLO is a unique fourth generation transmission electron microscope, which has been specifically designed for the investigation of electromagnetic fields of materials using off-axis electron holography. It has a Lorentz lens to allow magnetic field free imaging plus two electron biprisms, which in combination enable more uniform holographic fringes to be used. The instrument also has an ultra-wide objective lens pole piece gap which is ideal for in situ experiments. For these purposes, the FEI Titan G2 60-300 HOLO is equipped with a Schottky type high-brightness electron gun (FEI X-FEG), an image Cs corrector (CEOS), a post-column energy filter system (Gatan Tridiem 865 ER) as well as a 4 megapixel CCD system (Gatan UltraScan 1000 XP). Typical examples of use and technical specifications for the instrument are given below.

The FEI Titan G2 80-200 CREWLEY is a fourth generation transmission electron microscope which has been specifically designed for the investigation of a wide range of solid state phenomena taking place on the atomic scale of both the structure and chemical composition. For these purposes, the FEI Titan G2 80-200 CREWLEY is equipped with a Schottky type high-brightness electron gun (FEI X-FEG), a Cs probe corrector (CEOS DCOR), an in-column Super-X energy dispersive X-ray spectros-copy (EDX) unit (ChemiSTEM technology), a post-column energy filter system (Gatan Enfinium ER 977) with dual electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) option allowing a simultaneous read-out of EDX and EELS signals at a speed of 1000 spectra per second. For data recording the microscope is equipped with an angular dark-field (ADF) scanning TEM (STEM) detector (Fischione Model 3000), on-axis triple BF, DF1, DF2 detectors, on-axis BF/DF Gatan detectors as well as a 4 megapixel CCD system (Gatan UltraScan 1000 XP-P). Typical examples of use and technical specifications for the instrument are given below.

The average travelling speed increases in a nontrivial manner with the travel distance. This leads to scaling-like relations on quite extended spatial scales, for all mobility modes taken together and also for a given mobility mode in part. We offer a wide range of experimental results, investigating and quantifying this universal effect and its measurable causes. The increasing travelling speed with the travel distance arises from the combined effects of: choosing the most appropriate travelling mode; the structure of the travel networks; the travel times lost in the main hubs, starting or target cities; and the speed limit of roads and vehicles.

We have developed a combinatory antibody-antigen microarray for direct screening of multiple single-chain fragment variable (scFv) clones with no need for pre-purification or enrichment before screening. The straightforward workflow allows for early selection of binders to predefined peptide and glycopeptide targets. A capture antibody is contact printed on microarray slides, side by side with the antigens of interest. A large number of scFv clones, in supernatants, are printed on top of the capture antibody and the antigen in a "spot-on-spot" print. The printed scFv clones, which bind to the capture antibody, are detected using biotinylated antigen, while the binding of scFv clones to the printed antigen is detected through a mouse anti-tag antibody. Two different analyses are thus performed on the same slide, generating two kinds of information: one on the ability of an individual scFv clone to bind to the soluble form of the antigen, which may favour selection for higher affinity rather than avidity, while the other allows the identification of large numbers of clones, simultaneously, due to the binding of scFv clones to densely presented antigens, thus providing an overall increased hit rate. The functionality of the new screening approach was illustrated through the generation of antibodies against peptides from the chaperone complex Ku70/Ku80 and the GalNAcα-serine/threonine epitope on the IgA1 alpha chain hinge region. In total, 659 scFv clones were screened with a hit rate of approximately 20%. This approach allowed the identification of functional antibodies in both cases, illustrating the usefulness and capacity of this combinatory microarray screening technique for efficient analysis and validation of antibodies at an early stage of antibody generation.

Our study deals with the rapid transformation of the Slovak retail network as well as it analyzes the changes in shopping habits in Komárno, a medium sized border town in Slovakia. The first part of this paper, which is based on a desk research, analyzes the transformation of Slovak retail trade in the past few years. After providing an overlook of the national trends, the characteristic features of retail trade in Komárno are introduced. Those economic processes are pointed out which have initiated fundamental changes in the retail trade of this gateway town in southern Slovakia. In the second part of the paper we introduce the results of the fi eld research carried out on two sets of samples with 300 respondents each. The investigation was aimed at finding out about peculiarities arising from the economic recession and from the fact that Komárno lies on the border. The research was carried out between 2008 and 2010 in order to explore the effects of the downturn on shopping habits. In our research we aim to fi nd out, whether the closeness of the frontier and its distorting influence on economic processes can have a significant effect on market actors. Therefore we consider the permanent monitoring of cross-border market processes to be extremely important, so that (retail) businesses are able to react to individual rapid changes in the economic environment. Since nearly one third of the 174 micro-regions in Hungary and several regional centers are situated directly in frontier regions, it is especially important for retail businesses run in those regions to find out about the economic conditions prevailing on the other side of the border.

Magnetic nanotubes (NTs) are interesting for magnetic memory and magnonic applications. We report magnetotransport experiments on individual 10 to 20 μm long Ni and CoFeB NTs with outer diameters ranging from 160 to 390 nm and film thicknesses of 20 to 40 nm. The anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect studied from 2 K to room temperature (RT) amounted to 1.4% and 0.1% for Ni and CoFeB NTs, respectively, at RT. We evaluated magnetometric demagnetization factors of about 0.7 for Ni and CoFeB NTs having considerably different saturation magnetization. The relatively large AMR value of the Ni nanotubes is promising for RT spintronic applications. The large saturation magnetization of CoFeB is useful in different fields such as magnonics and scanning probe microscopy using nanotubes as magnetic tips.

The emergence of a seemingly harmonic symbiosis between Hungarian majority and Jewish minority in 19th century Hungary was a unique phenomenon in a European country where the proportion of Jews was close to 5 percent of the total population, and about 20 percent of the capital city, Budapest. However, after the shocking experience of the persecution in 1944 it was to expect that the factor –unlimited readiness for assimilation in the belief of the unlimited readiness of the majority for accepting it- that made the uniqueness of the Hungarian Jewry will cease to exist. Since quite a large group of the Hungarian Jews survived the Shoah it was not purely a theoretical question that what sort of identity strategies would emerge among the Jewish population of the country. How did the Jews react to the dramatic political changes that occurred in the decades following the Shoah, what kind of identity strategies they developed in the search for their place in the post-war Hungarian society? After a historical introduction the article discusses the changing socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the post-war Hungarian Jews, Jewish politics in the decades of communist rule and finally the identity problems emerged in the post-war decades.

Research on the Hungarian personal names of the Sub-Carpathian region, Ukraine This paper gives a summary of research on the Hungarian personal names of the Sub-Carpathian region, Ukraine. Initially, the Hungarian personal names of the region were mentioned only marginally in the works of Russian/Ukrainian dialectologists. After the establishment of the Hungarian Department of Ungvár (Uzhhorod) State University, local Hungarian personal names were more frequently studied by linguists. Research on the Hungarian personal names of the region has been rapidly progressing since the second half of the 1990s: fieldwork today is carried out by professors, PhD and undergraduate students. As a result, characteristics of local surnames, Christian names as well as bynames are nowadays regularly described in studies published partly in Hungary, partly in Ukraine.

Toponyms in village Som The author examines historical and present-day toponyms from the village Som, a Hungarian settlement in district Beregszász (Ukraine), near the Hungarian border. 40% of the collected ca. 500 names are field-names, as the settlement has made a living from agriculture for centuries. Names of buildings (27%) and names of built-up areas (13%) are also numerous reflecting the eventful history of the village. Place-names most often display a single name-function indicating either the type or a characteristic feature of the place, but a combination of the two above functionsis also common.

Nicknames in village Som The author examines the nicknames from the village Som, a Hungarian settlement in district Beregszász (Ukraine), near the Hungarian border. The majority of the more than 200 nicknames collected serve to differentiate people bearing the surnames Ködöböcz and Nagy (Hentes 'butcher' Ködöböcz, Kis 'Little' Nagy Béla), and are mostly typical of men. Nicknames in most of the cases refer to physical characteristics or to occupations. Regarding their use, nicknames consist of one or two, sometimes three elements, and a great many of them are inheritable.