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Background: Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments for diabetes mellitus (DM), the significance of adequate knowledge, a positive attitude, and proper self-care practices among individuals with DM cannot be overstated. Aim: This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to diabetes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 161 patients with T2DM at Tshepong Hospital over five months. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate their KAP. Glycaemic control was assessed using the most recent glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Data were analysed descriptively using means (standard deviation), frequencies, and correlation statistics. Results: The mean age of the participants was 55.94 ± 14 years, with females comprising 59% of the sample. Scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 57 ± 17%, 94 ± 9%, and 40 ± 10%, respectively. No correlation was found between KAP and sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. A significant but weak positive correlation was identified between knowledge and practice (r = 0.19391, p-value 0.013). There was no association between composite KAP scores and glycaemic control. Poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) was observed in 86.34% of participants. Conclusion: The study indicates that a positive attitude alone is insufficient for effective self-care practices, due to poor knowledge. The absence of a significant relationship between KAP and participants' characteristics suggests the presence of other unexplored confounding factors. Further research is needed to identify these determinants of KAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This cross-sectional study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding knee pain and its treatment modalities among patients in India. Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalent beliefs, barriers to quality treatment, and factors influencing knee pain management. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional, multicentric survey. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a prestructured, prevalidated online questionnaire comprising 30 items in each section. Before data collection, the research received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee of Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahabad, Haryana. Data collection was done over a period of 3 months from various outpatient department-based settings using a nonprobability type, convenience sampling. A total of 731 participants were obtained in the study time frame who returned the completed questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Tests of significance such as the Chi-square tests were used to find any associations between the categorical and ordinal variables. Some association between certain variables was also calculated using the Chi-square tests on the SPSS version 27 wherever required. Results: The study encompassed 731 participants, predominantly aged 30–70 years. Knee pain was reported by 80.8% of participants, with the most common diagnosis being knee osteoarthritis. Most participants consulted a doctor within a month, but a significant portion delayed seeking medical attention. Pain severity varied, with mild pain being the most reported. The majority relied on medical practitioners for information but also turned to nonprofessional sources. Conservative therapy with medication was the most common treatment. A significant knowledge gap existed regarding advanced interventional procedures, with only a small fraction aware of options such as platelet-rich plasma injections and other minimally invasive interventions. Overall, there was a high level of satisfaction with conservative management, but awareness and utilization of advanced treatment options were low. Conclusion: The study reveals substantial knee pain prevalence among adults, primarily attributed to osteoarthritis, with a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life. Despite a high reliance on medical practitioners for information, there are abundant misconceptions regarding the condition and significant delays in seeking treatment. Conservative management remains the preferred approach, but there is limited awareness of advanced interventional treatments. Enhancing patient education on knee pain causes, treatment options, and the benefits of minimally invasive procedures is crucial for improving management and outcomes. Addressing these gaps can lead to better pain management strategies and reduced disease burden, especially in resource-constrained settings like India.

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pervasive health concerns worldwide in veterinary and human medicine. The inadequate use of antibiotics in the veterinary sector has contributed to antibiotic resistance (ABR), which negatively affects animal and human health. This study aimed to evaluate awareness about knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning the use of antibiotics and AMR among veterinarians and other practitioners in the field of animal health in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq. Materials and Methods: This study included 129 veterinarians and animal health workers from various areas of Wasit Governorate (Suwayra, Numaniyah, Kut, and Al-Hai) in eastern Iraq, southeast of Baghdad. Participants’ personal information (age, sex, education, employment history, region, workplace, and current position) and knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding antibiotic usage and resistance were collected using a questionnaire. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2018) was used to analyze the data. Results: Based on 16 knowledge evaluation questions, only 43.75% had good knowledge, and 56.25% had fair to poor knowledge of antibiotic usage and AMR. There is a lack of understanding of the threat of treatment-resistant bacteria (34.88%). Similarly, there are some gaps in the understanding of the link between efficient management procedures in agriculture and the prevention of resistance development (36.43%). As per the 13 attitude questions, this research found that only 38.46% of the participants had a positive view on antibiotic usage and ABR, while the rest of 61.54% had a neutral view. High rates of participants (80.62%) considered it of great importance to provide sufficient antibiotic doses, proper management, immunization, and the use of animal antibiotics only when necessary and with veterinary assistance. Based on the six questions, our research found that half of the participants had excellent practices regarding antibiotic usage and resistance, whereas the other half had poor to moderate habits. There was a highly significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) between the knowledge and attitude of the participants in this study, as well as a significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between the knowledge and practices and between the attitudes and practices of the participants. Conclusion: Participants’ compliance was poor despite having moderate knowledge of antibiotic use and AMR. Implementing educational and training programs may enhance veterinarians and animal health workers’ understanding, attitude, and behavior.

This reflective article, based on the experience of an editorial project conducted in the context of the pandemic by Covid-19, examines the use of the conceptual binomial deterritorialization/reterritorialization to analyze the changes experienced by professionals in their work during this social and health crisis. It explores the appropriation of such concepts by editors and authors during this period, reflecting on their implications both in the types of knowledge produced and in the ways of thinking and producing them, evidencing the need to de-essentialize disciplinary-scientific knowledge and the epistemological bases that support it. In this framework, the article shows how this conceptual appropriation contributes to the understanding of professional experiences in times of pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This cross-sectional study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding knee pain and its treatment modalities among patients in India. Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalent beliefs, barriers to quality treatment, and factors influencing knee pain management. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional, multicentric survey. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a prestructured, prevalidated online questionnaire comprising 30 items in each section. Before data collection, the research received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee of Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahabad, Haryana. Data collection was done over a period of 3 months from various outpatient department-based settings using a nonprobability type, convenience sampling. A total of 731 participants were obtained in the study time frame who returned the completed questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Tests of significance such as the Chi-square tests were used to find any associations between the categorical and ordinal variables. Some association between certain variables was also calculated using the Chi-square tests on the SPSS version 27 wherever required. Results: The study encompassed 731 participants, predominantly aged 30–70 years. Knee pain was reported by 80.8% of participants, with the most common diagnosis being knee osteoarthritis. Most participants consulted a doctor within a month, but a significant portion delayed seeking medical attention. Pain severity varied, with mild pain being the most reported. The majority relied on medical practitioners for information but also turned to nonprofessional sources. Conservative therapy with medication was the most common treatment. A significant knowledge gap existed regarding advanced interventional procedures, with only a small fraction aware of options such as platelet-rich plasma injections and other minimally invasive interventions. Overall, there was a high level of satisfaction with conservative management, but awareness and utilization of advanced treatment options were low. Conclusion: The study reveals substantial knee pain prevalence among adults, primarily attributed to osteoarthritis, with a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life. Despite a high reliance on medical practitioners for information, there are abundant misconceptions regarding the condition and significant delays in seeking treatment. Conservative management remains the preferred approach, but there is limited awareness of advanced interventional treatments. Enhancing patient education on knee pain causes, treatment options, and the benefits of minimally invasive procedures is crucial for improving management and outcomes. Addressing these gaps can lead to better pain management strategies and reduced disease burden, especially in resource-constrained settings like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Patient involvement is crucial to the success of kidney transplants. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward postoperative self-management among kidney transplant recipients. Methods A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ruijin Hospital (Shanghai, China) between March 24, 2023, and April 15, 2023 in kidney transplant recipients. A questionnaire was designed to collect data about the characteristics of the participants and their KAP toward postoperative self-management. KAP scores were calculated based on participants' responses, using predefined scoring criteria tailored to evaluate each dimension of KAP effectively. Results A total of 483 valid questionnaires were collected, including 189 (39.13%) participants aged between 46 and 60 years. The mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice were 23.44 ± 4.87 (possible range: 0–28), 43.59 ± 2.65 (possible range: 10–50), 52.52 ± 4.64 (possible range: 0–58), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed knowledge scores (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.10–1.20, p

Background: As the primary carers, the health-care workers (HCWs) are interacting directly with the patients and are consequently more susceptible to infection. By enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about COVID-19, the HCWs can prevent or significantly minimize their risk of contracting it. Objective: This research was carried out to assess KAP about various aspects of the COVID-19 infection among HCWs and their association vis-à-vis different sociodemographic variables. Methodology: The study used a prospective cross-sectional design and the participants were the HCWs working in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary care referral and academic hospital. A pretested questionnaire comprised 35 items, with 14 items about knowledge, 13 about attitude, and 8 about practices adopted by HCWs. Statistical Analysis: For the analysis, we used descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Chi-square tests. Results: The study involved a cohort of 209 HCWs. Based on the results of descriptive statistical analysis, the participants had an average knowledge score of 9.59 with a standard deviation (SD) of 2.07. The observed scores ranged from 2.00 to 14.00. On further subgroup analysis, the mean knowledge was highest among the 19–25-year age group (mean: 9.97, minimum: 4.00, and maximum: 14.00; SD: 2.13), MBBS students (mean: 10.69, minimum: 8.00, and maximum: 14.00; SD 1.74), male participants (mean: 9.97, minimum: 5.00, and maximum: 13.00; SD: 1.62), and unmarried respondents (mean: 9.77, minimum: 2.00, and maximum: 14.00; SD 2.24). Conclusions: It is vital to evaluate the present KAP of health-care professionals regarding COVID-19 in the global fight against the pandemic. The study identified a few gaps in the KAP of HCWs.

Background: The dynamics of eye donation and corneal transplantation is a beacon of hope in the life of a corneal blind person for sight restoration. Social virtues like altruism and helping others are reflected in the promotion of organ donation and in the metaphorical reference 'gift of life'. Youth is not merely a future potential donor, but also a transmitter of eye donation. Aim: The aim of the study was to outline various facets of eye donation among students using KAP model, to explore the role of youth on eye donation and to measure the relationship between the willingness for eye donation and different components of students. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire administrated to 1179 students of Panjab University and its five affiliated colleges in Chandigarh, India. Results: Only 3.5% of respondents were found to have a good level of knowledge regarding the subject. Nearly 21.8% of respondents expressed a positive attitude towards eye donation. There were only 2.6% of respondents who showed a high level of practice. Over 92.6% of respondents indicated that youth could play a positive role in the promotion of eye donation. The socio-demographic variables of the respondents, such as age, gender, and education level had a linear relationship with the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Findings showed a hypothetical relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice in context of eye donation. There was a poor level of knowledge, neutral attitude and low level of practice among students regarding eye donation.

Objectives: To explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of non-medical students regarding impacted teeth and the factors associated with KAP. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled non-medical students at two universities (Northeastern University and Shenyang Conservatory of Music) in northeastern China between December 2022 and February 2023. Scores > 70% were defined as adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and proactive practice. Results: A total of 519 non-medical students participated in this study. Most participants were male (54.72%), ≤ 20 years of age (72.83%), and freshmen (36.03%). The mean knowledge score was 4.98 ± 3.46 (possible range: 0–10), indicating poor knowledge (49.80%). The multivariable analysis showed that having impacted teeth were independently associated with adequate knowledge (OR = 3.114, 95% CI: 1.589–6.103, P = 0.001). The mean attitude score was 24.65 ± 3.78 (possible range: 7–35), indicating favorable attitudes (70.43%). The knowledge (OR = 1.182, 95% CI: 1.116–1.251, P < 0.001), junior grade (OR = 0.541, 95% CI: 0.327–0.895, P = 0.017), senior grade and above (OR = 0.477, 95% CI: 0.274–0.829, P = 0.009), and a history of impacted tooth extraction (OR = 2.386, 95% CI: 1.048–5.436, P = 0.038) were independently associated with the good attitudes. The mean practice score was 21.45 ± 5.64 (possible range: 6–30), indicating positive practice (71.50%). The knowledge (OR = 1.074, 95% CI: 1.017–1.133, P = 0.010) and female (OR = 1.501, 95% CI: 1.052–2.141, P = 0.025) were independently associated with the proactive practices. Conclusions: Non-medical students had poor knowledge but favorable attitudes and good practice toward impacted teeth. Non-medical students require additional education and awareness about the importance of early detection and management of impacted teeth. Clinical relevance: The study highlights the need for improved education and awareness among non-medical students regarding impacted teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dynamics of eye donation and corneal transplantation is a beacon of hope in the life of a corneal blind person for sight restoration. Social virtues like altruism and helping others are reflected in the promotion of organ donation and in the metaphorical reference 'gift of life'. Youth is not merely a future potential donor, but also a transmitter of eye donation. Aim: The aim of the study was to outline various facets of eye donation among students using KAP model, to explore the role of youth on eye donation and to measure the relationship between the willingness for eye donation and different components of students. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire administrated to 1179 students of Panjab University and its five affiliated colleges in Chandigarh, India. Results: Only 3.5% of respondents were found to have a good level of knowledge regarding the subject. Nearly 21.8% of respondents expressed a positive attitude towards eye donation. There were only 2.6% of respondents who showed a high level of practice. Over 92.6% of respondents indicated that youth could play a positive role in the promotion of eye donation. The socio-demographic variables of the respondents, such as age, gender, and education level had a linear relationship with the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Findings showed a hypothetical relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice in context of eye donation. There was a poor level of knowledge, neutral attitude and low level of practice among students regarding eye donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preventive care is to increase knowledge, improve attitude, and introduce the best practices to reduce the onset of a disease. Aims and Objective: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of oral health among officers in the Indian Armed Forces. Materials and Methods: The research followed deductive reasoning with objectivism as ontological and positivism as epistemological position, following a quantitative strategy. The primary data were collated in the form of a research questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. The data collected (156 responses for the pilot survey and 432 responses for the final survey) were analyzed using jamovi software. Results: Study ascertained that 97% of officers feel that a tooth with dental pain requires immediate attention, 95% feel that dental problems can affect general health and quality of life, also, 55% feel that bleeding gums are a concern to them. Fifty-four percentage of the respondents used a soft type of toothbrush, 50% used toothpaste of the size of a pea on their toothbrush, and 84% brushed all surfaces of their teeth. Further, 17% agreed that they used mouthwash regularly after brushing their teeth and 85% feel that dental floss helps clean between teeth. Conclusion: A positive correlation could be established between KAP in oral health among officers and no significant difference in the various demographical variables could be ascertained. Sufficient statistical evidence inferred that KAP of oral hygiene is present among the officers of the Indian Armed Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a glimpse of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") of 1990, as amended by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 ("ADAAA"), at its 30th anniversary. It considers current issues before the courts, primarily legal cases from 2020 and 2021, and new questions in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, such the latitude of the ADA's antidiscrimination protections and its definition of disability. It provides a quick primer on the basics of the ADA: employment discrimination under Title I, antidiscrimination mandates for state and local governments under Title II, and commands to places of accommodation offering services to the public under Title III. The ADA at 30 remains a beacon for a future in which all people, regardless of individual difference, will be welcomed as full and equal members of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a strong and compelling research base suggesting improved outcomes when youth across disability populations are provided access to evidence-based transition planning. However, there are also systemic inequities in who has been the focus of the research that has established the "evidence" base. There is a need to rethink who is the center of transition research and disrupt race-neutral strategies embedded in interventions and assessments that have been used in transition research, teacher education, and transition practices adopted in schools. The purpose of this article is to put forward a set of equity-oriented indicators for conducting research that can disrupt dominant narratives in transition research and advance diversity, equity, and inclusion in research, teacher education, and practice. The indicators introduced in this article will provide direction for conducting equity-focused research with transition-age youth, especially racially and ethnically marginalized youth with disabilities. The indicators advance the adoption of anti-ableist and anti-racist values that center the funds of knowledge of those who are marginalized in our current research, teacher education, and school systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Practicing incorrect postures in online and virtual education during the COVID-19 pandemic can cause significant study-related musculoskeletal problems among students. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, and practice of sitting posture and computer ergonomics and study-related musculoskeletal problems in undergraduates who followed online education during the pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey among a cohort of Sri Lankan medical undergraduates was conducted using a structured questionnaire with 56 multiple-choice or Yes/No type questions. RESULTS: Of the 410 participants, over 85% (n = 362) knew the correct posture to sit on the chair type that they frequently used for studies. However, the majority (n = 378,92.20%) practised incorrect sitting postures in which leaning forward (n = 319,77.80%) was the most common suboptimal posture. Knowledge (n = 161,40%) and practice (n = 167,40.73%) on taking frequent breaks were poor among the majority. Their knowledge on computer ergonomics was good (>80%, n = 304) except for the recommended eye-to-screen distance (n = 129,31.46%). Importantly, ∼50% (n = 206) did not practise the recommended eye-to-screen distance. Use of non-adjustable chairs with no armrests (n = 346,84.39%) and smartphones (n = 354,86.34%) were identified as the main factors which hindered correct practices. Study-related pain/discomfort reported by the majority (n = 241,58.78%) is potentially due to suboptimal ergonomics. Their attitude toward learning and practicing correct ergonomics in home workstations was good (n = 383,93.41%). CONCLUSION: Poor practice of posture and computer ergonomics, despite the good knowledge and attitude is possibly due to the suboptimal work environments. Introducing simple practical measures to facilitate ergonomically appropriate work environments is mandatory in virtual education to prevent study-related musculoskeletal problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Despite the fact that malnutrition can affect both recovery and outcome in acute care patients, little is known about malnutrition in Palestine, and even less is known about the assessment of malnutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices (M-KAP) toward healthcare providers and nutrition care quality measures in hospitalized patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the M-KAP of physicians and nurses in routine clinical care and determine the influencing factors. Methods From April 1 to June 31, 2019, cross-sectional research was performed at governmental (n = 5) and non-governmental (n = 4) hospitals in the North West Bank of Palestine. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire from physicians and nurses to collect information on knowledge, attitude, and practices related to malnutrition and nutrition care, alongside sociodemographic characteristics. Results A total of 405 physicians and nurses were participated in the study. Only 56% of participants strongly agreed that nutrition was important, only 27% strongly agreed that there should be nutrition screening, only 25% felt food helped with recovery, and around 12% felt nutrition as part of their job. Approximately 70% of participants said they should refer to a dietitian, but only 23% knew how and only 13% knew when. The median knowledge/attitude score was 71, with an IQR ranging from 65.00 to 75.00, and the median practice score was 15.00 with an IQR of 13.00–18.00. The mean knowledge attitude practice score was 85.62 out of 128 with SD (9.50). Respondents who worked in non-governmental hospitals showed higher practice scores (p

Background: After puberty, breast cancer affects women of all ages in different regions of the world that cause a significant threat to public health. Its treatment is likely to be successful if it is discovered early. Aim: The aim of the study was to see how well undergraduate students at Achievers University know, feel about, and practice breast self-examination (BSE). Materials and Methods: Convenience sampling was used to choose the sample size (n = 333) for a descriptive cross-sectional study that lasted from September 2022 to December 2022. Statistical Package Service Software (SPSS) version 23.0 was used to evaluate the data by employing tables, percentages, and Chi-square test statistics were used at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: With a mean age of 20.1 years, 73.3% of the 333 female nursing students were between the ages of 19 and 21. The majority of respondents (95.8%) had a positive attitude and a solid understanding of BSE. In addition, this study demonstrates a strong correlation (χ2 = 38.10, df = 8, and P > 0.001) between knowledge of BSE and level of education. However, there is no correlation (χ2 = 9.76, df = I, and P = 0.08) between respondents' level of BSE knowledge and practice. Conclusions: The study's findings showed that there is low BSE practice; thus, we recommend putting more of an emphasis on health education.

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing worldwide. Cancer affects the overall quality of life of cancer patients. Yoga has its origin in the ancient times. This ancient practice has been used for holistic well-being for ages. Yoga as an alternative therapy might be beneficial for cancer patients too. This study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes, and yoga practices among cancer patients. Materials and Methods: For this cross-sectional survey, a self-designed questionnaire was validated and distributed among 25 cancer patients for a pilot study. Then, a full-fledged study was conducted based on the interviews of 1000 cancer patients at a tertiary care oncology unit and the data were analyzed using R 3.6. Results: A total of 1000 participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional survey. Out of 1000 participants, 91 were excluded as they responded that they were not familiar with the term “Yoga” in the first question of the questionnaire. Of 919 participants, 238 strongly agreed and 395 agreed with the question that people who practice yoga are less prone to diseases, showing that 68.87% of cancer patients have a positive attitude toward yoga. However, only 145 (15.77%) of the participants practice yoga regularly. Lack of time was the most common reason for not practicing yoga, and the other reasons were the lack of interest and insufficient facilities. Conclusion: The present study on 1000 patients from the yoga capital of the world, Rishikesh, highlights the fact that the majority of cancer patients are aware of yoga practice's benefits and if given the opportunity to learn appropriate techniques, yoga can further improve the outcome in such patients. There is a need to design the effective yoga programs for cancer patients to promote suitable yoga practices in this population.

Ghana experiences a relatively high maternal mortality ratio, with the majority of maternal deaths occurring in the postpartum period. Discharge readiness is a reliable indicator of maternal health outcomes and involves a postpartum woman's perception of preparedness to leave the hospital following delivery. We measured the discharge readiness of postpartum women in Ghana through an institutional-based cross-sectional study involving 151 participants. Participants completed an interviewer-administered survey, and data analyses included linear regression models. The study sample demonstrated relatively high discharge readiness, with a mean score of 177.57 on a scale from 0.00 to 220.00. Higher gravidity was positively associated with discharge readiness score, while longer length of hospital stay and receiving educational handouts were negatively associated with discharge readiness score. Clinical interventions addressing the factors found to be associated with discharge readiness have significant potential to improve postpartum care and maternal outcomes in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the fact that malnutrition can affect both recovery and outcome in acute care patients, little is known about malnutrition in Palestine, and even less is known about the assessment of malnutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices (M-KAP) toward healthcare providers and nutrition care quality measures in hospitalized patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the M-KAP of physicians and nurses in routine clinical care and determine the influencing factors. Methods: From April 1 to June 31, 2019, cross-sectional research was performed at governmental (n = 5) and non-governmental (n = 4) hospitals in the North West Bank of Palestine. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire from physicians and nurses to collect information on knowledge, attitude, and practices related to malnutrition and nutrition care, alongside sociodemographic characteristics. Results: A total of 405 physicians and nurses were participated in the study. Only 56% of participants strongly agreed that nutrition was important, only 27% strongly agreed that there should be nutrition screening, only 25% felt food helped with recovery, and around 12% felt nutrition as part of their job. Approximately 70% of participants said they should refer to a dietitian, but only 23% knew how and only 13% knew when. The median knowledge/attitude score was 71, with an IQR ranging from 65.00 to 75.00, and the median practice score was 15.00 with an IQR of 13.00–18.00. The mean knowledge attitude practice score was 85.62 out of 128 with SD (9.50). Respondents who worked in non-governmental hospitals showed higher practice scores (p < 0.05), while staff nurses and ICU workers showed the highest practice score (p < 0.001). Respondents with younger age categories, working in non-governmental hospitals in the ICU as practical and staff nurses, showed the highest KAP score (p < 0.05). Significance positive correlations were found between respondents' knowledge/attitude and practice scores regarding the quality of nutrition care in hospitals (r = 0.384, p value < 0.05). In addition, the result also revealed that almost half of respondents believed that the most important barriers to inadequate intake of food at the bedside are related to food appearance, taste, and aroma of meals served (58.0%). Conclusions: The research revealed that inadequate knowledge was perceived as a barrier to effective nutrition care to the patient. Many beliefs and attitudes do not always translate into practice. Although the M-KAP of physicians and nurses is lower than in some other countries/studies, it highlights a strong need for more nutrition professionals in the hospital and increasing nutrition education to improve nutrition care in hospitals in Palestine. Furthermore, establishing a nutrition task force in hospitals elaborated by dietitians as the unique nutrition care provider will assure to implementation of a standardized nutrition care process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored university teachers' professional learning when participating in a pedagogical development (PD) programme. The PD programme, entitled the Aalborg Certificate on Basics of PBL and Curriculum Change, had a workload of 150 hours and ran for four months, involving 23 teachers from Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia). The programme comprised four modules, delivered in a blended mode, and followed a problem- and project-based learning (PBL) approach, as well as being based on PBL principles. This investigation conceptualizes professional learning from the complex learning theory perspective, describing it as a complex dynamic system involving knowledge, motivations, values, attitudes, and beliefs dependent on social and individual contextual factors, and how these can lead to the implementation of alternative teaching practices in classroom (e.g., PBL). Building on that, this work addresses the following research questions: (1) What knowledge and beliefs have the PD programme participants developed about PBL? (2) In which ways do the developed knowledge and beliefs impact participants' change towards PBL? This analysis takes a qualitative approach and uses multiple sources of data, namely participants' portfolios and reflection essays, as well as a qualitative survey. The results show the participants developed a deep understanding of PBL principles and practices by experiencing them through the PD programme, and that reflective practice enables continuous professional learning and development. Additionally, their perceived challenges were related to time, as well as institutional support and infrastructures, in addition to student and teacher training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing worldwide. Cancer affects the overall quality of life of cancer patients. Yoga has its origin in the ancient times. This ancient practice has been used for holistic well‑being for ages. Yoga as an alternative therapy might be beneficial for cancer patients too. This study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes, and yoga practices among cancer patients. Materials and Methods: For this cross‑sectional survey, a self‑designed questionnaire was validated and distributed among 25 cancer patients for a pilot study. Then, a full‑fledged study was conducted based on the interviews of 1000 cancer patients at a tertiary care oncology unit and the data were analyzed using R 3.6. Results: A total of 1000 participants were enrolled in this cross‑sectional survey. Out of 1000 participants, 91 were excluded as they responded that they were not familiar with the term “Yoga” in the first question of the questionnaire. Of 919 participants, 238 strongly agreed and 395 agreed with the question that people who practice yoga are less prone to diseases, showing that 68.87% of cancer patients have a positive attitude toward yoga. However, only 145 (15.77%) of the participants practice yoga regularly. Lack of time was the most common reason for not practicing yoga, and the other reasons were the lack of interest and insufficient facilities. Conclusion: The present study on 1000 patients from the yoga capital of the world, Rishikesh, highlights the fact that the majority of cancer patients are aware of yoga practice’s benefits and if given the opportunity to learn appropriate techniques, yoga can further improve the outcome in such patients. There is a need to design the effective yoga programs for cancer patients to promote suitable yoga practices in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic foot syndrome is a significant hurdle for the health-care profession, with substantial economic outcomes for diabetic patients, their families, and society, affecting the quality of care and quality of life. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess diabetic patients' knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding foot care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at various diabetic clinics in Najran, Saudi Arabia. All attending diabetic patients were subjects of the study. The investigators developed the survey instrument based on prior surveys and guidelines. The survey explored the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and evaluated attitudes toward diabetic patients and the level of knowledge of foot self-care practices. Results: The mean awareness score was 9.68 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.65) out of 16 points, with low, satisfactory, and high awareness scores identified in 28.7%, 60.6%, and 10.7% of patients, respectively. With regard to attitude, the mean score was 3.18 (SD: 1.55) out of 6 points, where, negative, neutral, and positive attitudes were found in 34.9%, 41.1%, and 23.9% of patients, respectively. The most commonly known risk factors of diabetes mellitus (DM) were neuropathy, followed by retinopathy. Antiglycemic control, duration of diabetes, and educational level were associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, vasculopathy, and foot deformity. On the other hand, uneducated patients, on monotherapy with insulin, with no diet plan, those with uncontrolled glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and with more than 10 years of DM significantly had poor awareness and negative attitude toward foot self-care. Conclusion: There were moderate awareness and attitudes concerning foot self-care among diabetic patients. Diabetic patients and physicians have an essential role to play in preventing diabetic foot syndrome. The health-care institutions should nurture diabetic patients with better knowledge and a positive attitude toward foot self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hani B Albalawi,1 Faris Hashem,1 Amal Nafea J Alharbi,2 Naif M Alali,1 Wejdan Mohammed S Alshehri,2 Abdulrahman Arshed N Alharfy,2 Abdulmajeed Mousa M Alzahrani,2 Nouf Mohammed A Albalawi,2 Moustafa S Magliyah,3 Saad H Alenezi4 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Prince Mohammed Medical City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Hani B AlbalawiDepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia, Email hb.albalawi@ut.edu.saPurpose: This study aims to measure the knowledge levels toward retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among pediatricians covering neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the major hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the awareness level of ROP in the NICU pediatricians in the region.Patients and Methods: This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study using self-administered electronic questionnaires to assess the knowledge level among NICU pediatricians at the main hospitals of Tabuk city. We used a self-administer online validated knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire. A scoring system was implemented in the data analysis, depending on the correct chosen answers on the KAP questionnaire, to present the ROP knowledge level in the participants.Results: The study included 41 NICU pediatricians. Most of the participants’ age exceeded 40 years (51.2%). The majority were recruited from either King Salman Military hospital (34.1%) or King Khalid hospital (31.7%). The average frequency of preterm infants seen per month exceeded 15 infants among 41.4% of the respondents. Most pediatricians recognized the important treatment modalities available for ROP (92.7%); however, only 24.4% of them could recognize that 32 weeks or less is the gestational age of the screening criteria for ROP. The overall knowledge score ranged between 4 and 10, out of a possible maximum of 12 with a mean ± SD of (6.68± 1.47). The majority (75.6%) believe that the ROP treatment can successfully prevent blindness.Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the NICU pediatricians have good knowledge about the treatment modalities of ROP. However, their knowledge about the inclusion criteria of ROP screening was insufficient. Thus, we highlighted the necessity of raising the awareness level and the strict application of the clinical guidelines among NICU pediatricians and healthcare workers involved in managing ROP.Keywords: retinopathy of prematurity, pediatricians, preventable, preterm infant, knowledge, attitude, practice, ROP

Background: Awareness of dog bite-related rabies in rural population of developing countries, including India, can lead to reduction in mortality from dog bite. The present study was conducted to know the general awareness pertaining to dog bite and rabies, antirabies vaccines, and health services utilization in a rural community. Also, to ascertain the first-aid measures adopted after dog bite and to know the opinion regarding control of dog population. Methods: The study was conducted as a community-based cross-sectional study in the rural field practice area of a Medical College in Western Maharashtra among the age group of 30–40 years using pretested questionnaire. Results: A total of 108 respondents participated in the study. Of the study participants, 37 (34.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.3%–44%) participant were aware of rabies. Only 19 (17.59%, 95% CI: 11%–26.1%) participants were aware of the symptoms of rabies. Only 20 (18.5%, 95% CI: 11.7%–27.1%) participants would like to apply first-aid measure and 85 (78.7%, 95% CI: 69.8%–86%) participants will visit to doctor, and rest responded as doing nothing. Of the participants, 66 (61.11%, 95% CI: 51.3%–70.3%) were aware of antirabies vaccine and 77 (71.1%, 95% CI: 61.8%–79.6%) responded that dogs should be caught and taken away from locality, whereas the rest responded that dogs should be sterilized as a control measure. Conclusions: The gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice with respect to prevention and control of rabies need to be addressed by educating the rural population. The present study reflects the need for making the rural population aware about the disease, vaccination, and first aid.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), better known as TB, is one of the infectious diseases that can cause death and therefore gains major public concerns worldwide. This study attempts to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to TB among the students in a public university and find the association between the KAP with demographic factors and between the KAP themselves. Materials and Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 200 students from the six faculties in the university for the data collection and analysis in this cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was divided into four parts: Demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitude toward TB, and practices toward the prevention and control of TB. Results: The findings showed that most students had a moderate level of knowledge (obtained 47–92 out of the total 138 marks) and practice (obtained 29–57 out of the total 86 marks) and a good attitude related to TB (obtained 20–28 out of the total 28 marks). There were no significant differences in the level of KAP scores between the different genders, ages and years of study among the participants. However, a significant result was found between the KAP level of the various faculties (P < 0.001,

Objectives: The aim is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding prevention, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19 in family medicine residents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and also to examine the association of the residents' demographic variables with their COVID-19 KAP level. Methods: A cross-sectional survey conducted during July to August 2020 that targeted all family medicine residents who were enrolled in the Saudi board training programs in Riyadh. An online version of a specifically designed questionnaire was distributed to determine the residents' KAP toward COVID-19. Results: A total of 97 of 170 residents responded for a response rate of 57%. The most important results noted from this study are that participants had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19; but, it was not associated with their demographic characteristics. Most participants demonstrated positive attitudes toward persons having risk factors for COVID-19 and who disclose their exposure (n = 82, 85%). Most participants exhibited good practices except participating in training programs concerning COVID-19 infection prevention and control (n = 46, 47%). Total knowledge scores were significantly affected by feeling tired, lack of confidence in defeating the virus, and persons with risk of COVID-19 infection. There was no significant association between the knowledge and practice. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that family medicine residents in Riyadh overall had good KAP on COVID-19 disease in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Such good KAP could help limit viral spread.

Background: Diwali is a major festival in India and is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor. Due to bursting of firecrackers on large scale during Diwali releases harmful gases and toxic substances into the atmosphere leading to air pollution. It causes health problems for children, patients, and senior citizens. Objectives: The objective of this study was (1) To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of school-going students regarding the use of firecrackers. (2) To determine the prevalence of symptoms related to bursting of firecrackers among students and their families. (3) To find out the association between students' knowledge about health effects of firecrackers and their parents' education. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was done by using self-administered, validated, and pretested pro forma. The study was conducted in all schools located within 250 m2 of distance from the urban health training center of a private medical college. There were three schools falling under these criteria. All 8th standard students (215) of these three schools were included in the study. Results: Out of the total, 77% were boys. Many, i.e. 63% of students burst firecrackers during Diwali. The majority of students, i.e. 67% have knowledge about health effects of firecrackers. The majority, i.e. 80% of students promote eco-friendly Diwali celebration. The use of firecrackers was highly significant among boys (

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has been the most challenging health-care crisis of modern times which has severely impacted the health-care and economic infrastructure of all affected nations. Diabetic people are at an increased risk of morbidity as well as mortality from COVID-19 infection. Efforts to stop the spread of any pandemic depend upon the people's knowledge regarding the preventive measures as well as their attitudes and healthy practices. The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and healthy practices of the diabetic population in our part of the country toward COVID-19 pandemic as well as toward ongoing vaccination drive in our country. Materials and Methods: This is an observational study, face-to-face interview with the type 2 diabetes patients attending our endocrine outpatient department regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire. The knowledge questionnaire took into account the current knowledge regarding COVID-19 and its relationship with diabetes mellitus as well as healthy practices to be followed during pandemic. Results: Among our study population, around 78% of the participants had an average knowledge while 10% still had below-par knowledge. There was significant discordance between knowledge and healthy practices among the studied subjects. Even when patients had knowledge about the precautions to be taken, they were not following it strictly. In our study, nearly 54% of the subjects expressed confidence over the efficacy of the vaccine. Similarly, 53% of the subjects knew that they are supposed to follow social distancing norms and wear masks even after vaccination to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Conclusion: The knowledge of our diabetic population related to COVID-19 pandemic is still average. Even with average knowledge, there is a wide gap between knowledge and health practices. The attitude of the diabetic population toward vaccination is still below par which could have implications regarding vaccine acceptability.

In reflecting on the title of the special issue: Inclusive Research: A road less or more well-travelled, this paper reviews the strengths of inclusive research that have augmented the global knowledge about the lives of people with intellectual disabilities across the lifespan. The successes of inclusive research are outlined with the respective ongoing individual challenges discussed. Authors will draw upon their own experiences of inclusive research, together with the seminal and current literature, as well as the dialogue between them. The conclusions of the article are in the form of recommendations aimed at increasing the traffic on the road of inclusive research through: 1. expanding its purpose and parameters across all forms of disability research; 2. developing systems for sustaining inclusive research as a funded model; 3. creating capacity to enable people with intellectual disabilities to be employed as researchers directing research projects; and 4. establishing bridges and crossroads with policy and practice through its findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li Hu,1,2 Wipa Sae-Sia,2 Luppana Kitrungrote2 1Breast Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, ThailandCorrespondence: Li Hu Email 13765156895@163.comBackground: Pressure injury (PI) remains a critical health issue worldwide. The global incidence of hospital-acquired PI is 8.4%, and among intensive-care unit (ICU) patients, it is even higher, ranging from 6.60% to 36.80%. It is important to investigate ICU nurses’ PI prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP).Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the level of Chinese ICU nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported practices of PI prevention.Materials and Methods: From March 31 to April 30, 2019, we recruited a total of 510 ICU nurses into the current study using convenience sampling. The Modified Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool version 2.0, Attitudes toward Pressure Ulcer Prevention instrument, and Questionnaire to evaluate nurses’ Adherence to Recommendations for Preventing Pressure Ulcers were used for data collection. We used one-way analysis of variance, Student’s t-test, and the Mann–Whitney U-test to assess differences in knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported practices of PI prevention among ICU nurses, whom we categorized by their demographic characteristics.Results: Mean scores of participants’ knowledge, attitude, and their self-report practice were 65.82 ± 9.29, 76.65 ± 8.62, and 83.35 ± 13.55, respectively. Participants with bachelor’s degrees or higher, who worked in tertiary hospitals, and who had received training on PI prevention over the last year had higher scored on PI prevention knowledge (all P < 0.05). Participants who had received training on PI prevention over the last year scored higher on attitude than those who had not received such training over the last year (P = 0.001).Conclusion: ICU nurses surveyed in this study did not demonstrate an acceptable level of knowledge about PI prevention, while their attitudes and self-reported practices were acceptable. Continuing education or in-service training should be provided to enhance ICU nurses’ knowledge of PI prevention.Keywords: intensive-care unit nurse, knowledge, attitude, practice, pressure injury prevention

Objectives: The aim is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding prevention, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19 in family medicine residents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and also to examine the association of the residents' demographic variables with their COVID-19 KAP level. Methods: A cross-sectional survey conducted during July to August 2020 that targeted all family medicine residents who were enrolled in the Saudi board training programs in Riyadh. An online version of a specifically designed questionnaire was distributed to determine the residents' KAP toward COVID-19. Results: A total of 97 of 170 residents responded for a response rate of 57%. The most important results noted from this study are that participants had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19; but, it was not associated with their demographic characteristics. Most participants demonstrated positive attitudes toward persons having risk factors for COVID-19 and who disclose their exposure (n = 82, 85%). Most participants exhibited good practices except participating in training programs concerning COVID-19 infection prevention and control (n = 46, 47%). Total knowledge scores were significantly affected by feeling tired, lack of confidence in defeating the virus, and persons with risk of COVID-19 infection. There was no significant association between the knowledge and practice. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that family medicine residents in Riyadh overall had good KAP on COVID-19 disease in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Such good KAP could help limit viral spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diwali is a major festival in India and is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor. Due to bursting of firecrackers on large scale during Diwali releases harmful gases and toxic substances into the atmosphere leading to air pollution. It causes health problems for children, patients, and senior citizens. Objectives: The objective of this study was (1) To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of school‑going students regarding the use of firecrackers. (2) To determine the prevalence of symptoms related to bursting of firecrackers among students and their families. (3) To find out the association between students’ knowledge about health effects of firecrackers and their parents’ education. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross‑sectional study was done by using self‑administered, validated, and pretested pro forma. The study was conducted in all schools located within 250 m² of distance from the urban health training center of a private medical college. There were three schools falling under these criteria. All 8th standard students (215) of these three schools were included in the study. Results: Out of the total, 77% were boys. Many, i.e. 63% of students burst firecrackers during Diwali. The majority of students, i.e. 67% have knowledge about health effects of firecrackers. The majority, i.e. 80% of students promote eco‑friendly Diwali celebration. The use of firecrackers was highly significant among boys (<0.001) and whose parent’s education was below graduate level (<0.001). Symptoms of cough (30%), shortness of breath (22%), and eye injuries (3%) were reported due to bursting crackers. Conclusions: Overall knowledge about health effects of crackers was higher among students whose father’s education was graduate and above. Thus, students have a positive attitude toward eco‑friendly Diwali celebration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mothers are the primary caregiver to their children’s hence the care is dependent on their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in daily life activities. Within the family context, children are strongly associated with their parents especially mothers and the careless practices by mothers during the first thousand days have long term synergic impacts on physical growth and cognitive development of children. Normally mothers play multidimensional roles, as the care of family members especially under five children such as maintaining hygienic and sanitary conditions, feeding them, treating their faces, blowing their nostrils, among many others. On the other hand, they are responsible for general housekeeping as preparing meals, cleaning, ensure healthy food and safe drinking water, retaining sanitary and hygienic environment for the family members. Poor knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers regarding WASH are one of the most imperative causes for transmitting of infectious and respiratory diseases. The early years of a child are more sensitive and at risk every time. A vicious cycle of diseases related to unhealthy WASH practices can effect and even accelerate morbidity and can cause for sensational loss of potential and numerous valuable lives. In this context, the study examines the role of mother’s knowledge, attitude and practices regarding WASH and its impacts on children less than five years of age. The primary data was collected from district Gujrat (Pakistan) through stratified random sampling. The hypotheses of the study were tested with smart PLS-3. Findings of overall sample of the study have revealed that the mother’s knowledge, attitude and practices regarding WASH have significant impacts on child Health (CH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical practice of cardiac physicians in providing sexual counseling to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) patients and to identify possible barriers towards sexual health discussion. Discussion regarding sexual complications among patients with CVD is a less frequent clinical practice and various barriers, patient - related, system-related, and cultural factors that prevent cardiac physicians to remain silent on this important aspect. Methodology: In this study an online survey was conducted with practicing cardiac physicians at various cardiac centers of Pakistan regarding discussing sexual problems in CVD patients. Results: Out of 151 physicians 77.5% (117) were male and the mean age was 32.8±5.9 years. A 52.6% physicians and 49.7% newly diagnosed (=3 months) CVD patients rarely or never discuss or report sexual issues, for old diagnosed (>3 months) patients these figures were 59.0% and 76.8% respectively. Only 40.4%, 41.1%, and 38.7%, of the physicians, claimed to have adequate knowledge, awareness, and confidence respectively about dealing with sexual problems. Commonly reported barriers were physicians personal attitudes and beliefs about sexuality (55.0%), the perception that it is someone else's job (51.0%), sexuality not seen as a problem by the patient (48.3%), and the age difference between physicians and patients (40.4%). Conclusion: We observed poor practice, inadequate knowledge, and lack of awareness among cardiac physicians regarding discussing sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB), better known as TB, is one of the infectious diseases that can cause death and therefore gains major public concerns worldwide. This study attempts to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to TB among the students in a public university and find the association between the KAP with demographic factors and between the KAP themselves. Materials and Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 200 students from the six faculties in the university for the data collection and analysis in this cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was divided into four parts: Demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitude toward TB, and practices toward the prevention and control of TB. Results: The findings showed that most students had a moderate level of knowledge (obtained 47--92 out of the total 138 marks) and practice (obtained 29--57 out of the total 86 marks) and a good attitude related to TB (obtained 20--28 out of the total 28 marks). There were no significant differences in the level of KAP scores between the different genders, ages and years of study among the participants. However, a significant result was found between the KAP level of the various faculties (P < 0.001, <0.001 and 0.027, respectively), with the students from the Faculty of Medicine having the highest KAP level compared to others. Conclusion: This study also portrayed that higher knowledge was associated with a higher attitude and practice towards TB (P < 0.001 and 0.045, respectively). Based on the findings, the study proposes more health education programs to promote the awareness on early prevention of TB to achieve an improved level of KAP in controlling and preventing TB infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health-care workers (HCWs) need to have adequate knowledge, the right attitude, and should practice disinfection procedures diligently. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of HCWs and the role of training in KAP of HCWs. Materials and Methods: The study population consists of all HCWs undergoing training for disinfection. A structured training module for paramedicals, i.e., module for paramedics in disinfection (MoPDis), was designed. The knowledge, attitude, and practice were assessed before and after the training. Results: A total of 183 male HCWs participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 31.33 ± 6.8 years and ranges from 21 to 49 years. The mean years of experience were 11.5 ± 7.1 years. The mean pretraining and posttraining scores were 8.1 ± 2.4 and 10 ± 1.9, respectively. The score increases from 53% pretraining score to 66.6% posttraining score. Age, experience, and specialty did not have any association with the gain in knowledge. Conclusions: The training program had significantly increased the KAP levels of the HCWs and hence may improve disinfection practices in hospitals, thus preventing the spread of infection.

Objectives: Household hygiene and food safety are essential parts of food security; better food safety and hygiene will help reduce the chances of illness for young children and family members rarely studied in the selected area of coastal Bangladesh. The study aimed to discover the knowledge, attitude, and practice levels for cleanliness, hygiene, and food safety in the household., Methods: In this study, we employed a cross-sectional survey with simple random sampling to collect data from 384 childbearing mothers. The survey used the pretested, validated, and standardized (knowledge, attitude, and practice) questionnaire-model-based interview guide., Results: According to our study analysis, the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among mothers were inadequate for household cleanliness and hygiene management. In the area context, knowledge efficiency was related to family type (joint and nuclear). Family economic conditions strongly influenced mothers' attitudes and behavior toward knowledge, attitude, and practice score. Unemployed and illiterate mothers have lower knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. Educated mothers have better knowledge, attitude, and practice score compared to illiterate mothers ( p  < 0.014). Nuclear family knowledge, attitude, and practice attitude was much greater ( p  < 0.04) and wealthier families showed better practice ( p  < 0.001) toward cleanliness and food safety in the household level., Conclusions: The study discovered the mothers' and household members' attention need to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward proper hygiene and food safety at the household level of marginalized populations in coastal Bangladesh., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Background: The possibility of creating an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) depends on the existence of an arterial-venous network that is in good condition, defined by the size and elasticity of the blood vessels. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward vascular protection play a crucial role in preserving the vascular network for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), it is observed that there is a significant lack of tools to measure these variables. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop and validate a scale to assess KAP regarding vascular protection anticipatory to the creation of an arteriovenous fistula (the KAP-VPAC-AVF Scale)., Methods: Initial item development was guided by a literature review and clinical experience, after which the items were improved and perfected through the Delphi process. The content of the scale was judged by an expert panel for content validity. In a convenience sample of 551 patients with ESRD, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to examine the instrument's factor structure., Results: The KAP-VPAC-AVF Scale encompasses 11 items distributed over three factors: knowledge, attitude, and practice, demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.917) and construct validity, as confirmed by CFA with satisfactory fit indices (χ 2 / df  = 2.394, RMSEA = 0.075, RMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.969, GFI = 0.936, AGFI = 0.892, TLI = 0.957, IFI = 0.970)., Conclusion: The KAP-VPAC-AVF Scale is a scientific and effective assessment tool that can evaluate the KAP of ESRD patients regarding measures to preserve the vascular network., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The CASVE-Cycle Questionnaire (CASVE-CQ) was developed to assess career decision-making progress and operationalizes the Cognitive Information Processing Theory's CASVE Cycle decision-making approach. Development occurred across three unique studies. In the pilot study's college student sample (N = 323) and initial adult sample (N = 427), two exploratory factor analyses supported a theoretically consistent six-factor solution. A confirmatory factor analysis in the second adult sample (N = 342) confirmed the factor structure, resulting in a 42-item measure with six subscales. A second-order factor analysis assessed the utility of a CASVE-CQ total score. Consistent with theory, this model did not converge, and a total score for the CASVE-CQ was not supported. Supporting the validity of the CASVE-CQ as a decision-making progress measure, greater decision-making activity in each phase/subscale was associated with lower career decision-making difficulties, stable vocational identity, and greater career commitment. Continued test development steps and theory, research, and practice implications, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many women see an obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) annually and receive their primary care from an OB/GYN. Understanding OB/GYNs' human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination practices, including knowledge of and barriers to vaccination, is essential to design effective interventions to increase vaccination. This study evaluated OB/GYN knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding vaccinating both younger (18–26 years) and mid-adult (27–45 years) women. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from OB/GYN providers in October 2019 through a nationwide web-based survey. Items included the following: HPV-related vaccination practices, recommendation strength, knowledge (seven items), benefits (four items), and barriers (eight items). Results: The sample (n = 224) was majority were White (69%), men (56%), and practice in suburban clinics (55%). Most (84%) reported they usually or always recommend HPV vaccine to eligible patients, but estimated only about half (51%) of other OB/GYNs did the same. Recommendation strength varied by patient age with 84% strongly recommending it to patients ≤18 years, compared with 79% and 25% strongly recommending to younger and mid-adult patients, respectively (p < 0.01). Participants reported lower benefits (p = 0.007) and higher barriers (p < 0.001) for 27- to 45-year-old patients compared with younger patients. Cost was the most frequently reported barrier, regardless of patient age. Overall knowledge was high (m = 5.2/7) but 33% of participants did not know the vaccine was safe while breastfeeding. Conclusions: Although providers reported strongly and consistently recommending the HPV vaccination to their adult patients, there were gaps in knowledge and attitudinal barriers that need to be addressed. Provider performance feedback may be important in improving HPV vaccination awareness among providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: WHO declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic due to its rapid spread and has been confirmed worldwide. Preventive efforts are made to minimize the virus spread among the community. Sociodemographicfactors play an integral role in determining the communityknowledge, perception, attitudes, and practice towards COVID-19 prevention protocols. Methods: This review was conducted on various journal articles to see the sociodemographic factors that influence the levels of knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and practices of the community towardsCOVID-19 prevention protocols. Journal articles were selected under the PRISMA guidelines, from which 28 articles were found to meet the predetermined criteria. Result: Several sociodemographic factors found to affect the levels of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceptions of respondents towards the COVID-19 prevention protocols were age, gender, education, marital status, occupation, socio economic status, area of residence, and nationality. Conclusion: Education and socio economic status/monthly income were found to be the main factors that influenced the respondents' level of knowledge. Individuals with higher education tended to take health problems more seriously, as shown by their better scores of compliance with the COVID-19 prevention protocols, compared to the scores shown by other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the relationship between crash outcomes and the knowledge of mobile phone hazards, attitude towards mobile phone use, and practices of mobile phone use among urban Nigerian drivers. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional analytical design. A total of 377 completed responses were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. The outcome measures were self-reported crash involvement, self-reported crash injury, and self-reported mobile phonerelated crash involvement. The main predictor variables were the knowledge of mobile phone hazards while driving, attitude towards mobile phone use while driving, and practices of phone use while driving. Age, sex, marital status, level of education, and driving experience were used as potential confounders. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to compute the unadjusted and adjusted odds of each crash outcome. The results show almost 75% of the study population reported that they had been involved in a crash event and sustained crash injuries in the past. Drivers with poor knowledge of mobile phone hazards while driving had significantly elevated odds of self-reported crash outcomes compared to those with good knowledge of mobile phone hazards while driving. Similarly, poor attitude towards phone use while driving and bad practice of phone use while driving were associated with significantly elevated odds of self-reported crash outcomes. The conclusion calls for a need for greater awareness and intervention aimed at improving knowledge, influencing attitude, and changing the practices around mobile phone use among Nigerian drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out with an aim to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of health-care professionals in adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting. Materials and Methods: The study involved health-care professionals (doctors, pharmacists, and nurses) from Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur, during the period from September 2018 to November 2018. Data were collected using especially designed questionnaire form consisting of questions regarding KAP of ADR reporting. Results: Of 100 study population, doctors were more in number (52%) followed by pharmacists (28%) and nurses (20%). Spontaneous reporting system was not much familiar to health-care professionals as a common method used in ADR reporting (53%). Majority of the health-care professionals admitted their responsibility to report ADR (58%). Awareness about nearby ADR monitoring center, Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI) of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, ADR PvPI app, and ADR reporting form, among health-care professionals were 48%, 12%, 40%, and 47%, respectively, which can be correlated with unsatisfactory awareness among the study population. About 52% of the study population had a neutral response to the question whether ADR reporting is a professional obligation to them. About 38% of the population think that ADR reporting is time-consuming with no outcome, and 31% of the study population expressed a neutral response to the same question. Most of the study population believed that all serious ADRs are known before a drug is marketed (56%). The practice of ADR reporting was low among health-care professionals (61%) though majority of them came across through patients experiencing ADRs (67%). Difficulty in decision-making was the main factor causing ADR underreporting (32%), followed by lack of time (25%). Conclusions: This study revealed that majority of health-care professionals have insufficient knowledge and less positive attitude which resulted in low ADR reporting.

In reflecting on the title of the special issue: Inclusive Research: A road less or more well-travelled, this paper reviews the strengths of inclusive research that have augmented the global knowledge about the lives of people with intellectual disabilities across the lifespan. The successes of inclusive research are outlined with the respective ongoing individual challenges discussed. Authors will draw upon their own experiences of inclusive research, together with the seminal and current literature, as well as the dialogue between them. The conclusions of the article are in the form of recommendations aimed at increasing the traffic on the road of inclusive research through: 1. expanding its purpose and parameters across all forms of disability research; 2. developing systems for sustaining inclusive research as a funded model; 3. creating capacity to enable people with intellectual disabilities to be employed as researchers directing research projects; and 4. establishing bridges and crossroads with policy and practice through its findings.

Some countries were previously struggling with inadequate medical waste management and have been now hit hard by an unexpected boost in the volume of biomedical waste due to the new coronavirus pandemic. In this context, we sought to evaluate the KAP (Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice) of the healthcare workers who dealt with biomedical waste, including COVID-19 waste, and its management in Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among Healthcare Workers in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia (13 governorates), the study conducted during a 3-months period, using an online self-designed questionnaire by convenience sampling. Data was analyzed by using statistical software IBM SPSS version 26. More than half were males (59.1%) and 44.7% were aged 18-29 years. The mean (±standard deviation) score for overall knowledge (0-15) was 11.42 (±4.33), and 5.62 (±3.96) for overall practice. The majority agreed that the prevention of hospital-acquired infection is one of their important tasks. A total of 176 responded that they reused masks. Half of the HCWs (55.1%) stated that the hospital surfaces/equipment was being properly disinfected in their institution. Participants reported the use of gloves (84.2%), gown (71.2%), eye protection (56.9%), and N-95 Mask (51.3%) while handling BMWs. This study draws the attention of the concerned governments and local administrative levels for thorough implementation of the commanded policies with the reach of overall enhancement in the BMW segregation and management in everyday practice, which will be of tremendous assistance yet after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]