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Palmar fibromatosis, also known as Dupuytren's disease (DD), is a common and heritable fibrosis of the hand. It is characterized by the formation of myofibroblastic nodules that can progress to palmar-digital contractures and permanent loss of dexterity. The presence of inflammatory cell infiltrate within these nodules has been interpreted to suggest a pathogenesis mediated by a proinflammatory microenvironment. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the formation of pro-fibrotic microenvironments in this and other fibroses remain unclear. To gain insights into this process, we have assessed the contributions of an alternatively spliced, multi-functional transcription factor, Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1), previously shown to be upregulated in primary myofibroblasts derived from DD tissues. Proinflammatory cytokine stimuli of DD myofibroblasts enhanced the expression of several distinct WT1 variants, the most sustained being a 5' truncated version of WT1, alternative WT1 (AWT1). Constitutive adenoviral expression of AWT1 in myofibroblasts derived from phenotypically non-fibrotic palmar fascia significantly induced the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including some with potential as novel therapeutic targets. In summary, these data implicate roles for sustained AWT1 expression in DD as a transcriptional driver of a proinflammatory fascial milieu.

Purpose: Inflammation is associated with, and may be causal of, a variety of ophthalmic pathologies. These pathologies are currently difficult to model in vitro because they involve complex interactions between the innate immune system, stromal cells, and other cells that normally maintain ocular tissue homeostasis. Using transscleral drainage channel fibrosis after glaucoma surgery as an example of inflammation-associated ocular fibrosis, we have assessed a simple but novel 3D cell culture system designed to reveal the immunomodulatory impacts of ocular connective tissue cells on monocytes, a major cellular component of the circulating immune system.Methods: Primary human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts derived from five unrelated patients were activated into myofibroblasts in 3D collagen matrices under isometric tension, with and without exposure to an inflammatory cytokine-enhanced milieu, and co-cultured with an immortalized human monocyte cell line (THP-1 cells). Quantitative PCR analyses were performed on 8 candidate genes to assess the impacts of inflammatory cytokines on the myofibroblasts and the monocytes in mono-cultures and compared to cells in co-culture to clearly distinguish any co-culture-induced impacts on gene expression.Results: Our data indicate that both Tenon's capsule myofibroblasts in 3D mono-culture and THP-1 monocytes in suspension mono-culture were responsive to inflammatory cytokine stimuli. Co-culture with Tenon's capsule myofibroblasts significantly modulated the gene expression responses of THP-1 monocytes to inflammatory cytokine stimulation, indicative of an immunomodulatory "feedback" system between these cell types.Conclusion: Our findings provide proof of principle for the use of simple 3D co-culture systems as a means to enhance our understanding of ocular stromal cell interactions with cells of the innate immune system and to provide more informative in vitro models of inflammation-associated ophthalmic pathologies.

Understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically-applied drugs on human skin is of paramount importance in both pharmaceutical and cosmetics research. This information is critical in early stages of drug development and allows the identification of the most promising ingredients delivered at optimal concentrations to their target skin compartments. Different skin imaging methods, invasive and non-invasive, are available to characterize and quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of a drug within ex vivo and in vivo human skin. The first part of this review detailed invasive imaging methods (autoradiography, MALDI and SIMS). This second part reviews non-invasive imaging methods that can be applied in vivo: i) fluorescence (conventional, confocal, and multiphoton) and second harmonic generation microscopies and ii) vibrational spectroscopic imaging methods (infrared, confocal Raman, and coherent Raman scattering microscopies). Finally, a flow chart for the selection of imaging methods is presented to guide human skin ex vivo and in vivo drug delivery studies.

Solar ultraviolet longwave UVA1 exposure of human skin has short-term consequences at cellular and molecular level, leading at long-term to photoaging. Following exposure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, inducing oxidative stress that might impair cellular metabolic activity. However, the dynamic of UVA1 impact on cellular metabolism remains unknown because of lacking adequate live imaging techniques. Here we assess the UVA1-induced metabolic stress response in reconstructed human skin with multicolor two-photon fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM). Simultaneous imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by wavelength mixing allows quantifying cellular metabolism in function of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H and FAD/FADH2 redox ratios. After UVA1 exposure, we observe an increase of fraction of bound NAD(P)H and decrease of fraction of bound FAD indicating a metabolic switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation or oxidative stress possibly correlated to ROS generation. NAD(P)H and FAD biomarkers have unique temporal dynamic and sensitivity to skin cell types and UVA1 dose. While the FAD biomarker is UVA1 dose-dependent in keratinocytes, the NAD(P)H biomarker shows no dose dependence in keratinocytes, but is directly affected after exposure in fibroblasts, thus reflecting different skin cells sensitivities to oxidative stress. Finally, we show that a sunscreen including a UVA1 filter prevents UVA1 metabolic stress response from occurring.

Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a common and heritable fibrosis of the hand. It is characterized by the shortening and thickening of the palmar fascia into myofibroblastic nodules that can progress to palmar-digital contractures and permanent loss of dexterity. Molecular analyses of DD tissues and the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates suggest a pathogenesis initiated by a proinflammatory fascial milieu that promotes myofibroblast activation and palmar fascia contractures. However, the relative contributions of vascular and/or tissue derived immune system cells and cytokine-sensitive stromal myofibroblasts to the development of this proinflammatory microenvironment are poorly understood. To gain insights into this process, we have developed and tested a collagen-based 3D tissue biomimetic co-culture system to assess paracrine interactions between THP-1-derived pro-inflammatory macrophages and primary human palmar fascia myofibroblasts (PFMs). We observed significant and reproducible impacts of collagen-adherent macrophage and PFM co-cultures on the cytokine gene expression profiles of these cells compared to their respective monocultures, and significant changes to the resulting cytokine milieu in their shared culture media, notably TNF and IL-6. Our findings are consistent with central roles for PFMs in cytokine production and immunoregulation of the pro-inflammatory milieu hypothesized to promote DD development.

International audience; BackgroundIn vivo multiphoton imaging and automatic 3D image processing tools provide quantitative information on human skin constituents. These multiphoton‐based tools allowed evidencing retinoids epidermal effects in the occlusive patch test protocol developed for antiaging products screening. This study aimed at investigating their relevance for non‐invasive, time course assessment of retinoids cutaneous effects under real‐life conditions for one year.Materials and MethodsThirty women, 55‐65 y, applied either retinol (RO 0.3%) or retinoic acid (RA 0.025%) on one forearm dorsal side versus a control product on the other forearm once a day for 1 year. In vivo multiphoton imaging was performed every three months, and biopsies were taken after 1 year. Epidermal thickness and dermal‐epidermal junction undulation were estimated in 3D with multiphoton and in 2D with histology, whereas global melanin density and its z‐epidermal distribution were estimated using 3D multiphoton image processing tools.ResultsMain results after one year were as follows: a) epidermal thickening with RO (+30%); b) slight increase in dermal‐epidermal junction undulation with RO; c) slight decrease in 3D melanin density with RA; d) limitation of the melanin ascent observed with seasonality and time within supra‐basal layers with both retinoids, using multiphoton 3D‐melanin z‐epidermal profile.ConclusionsWith a novel 3D descriptor of melanin z‐epidermal distribution, in vivo multiphoton imaging allows demonstrating that daily usage of retinoids counteracts aging by acting not only on epidermal morphology, but also on melanin that is shown to accumulate in the supra‐basal layers with time.

In this two-part review we present an up-to-date description of different imaging methods available to map the localization of drugs on skin as a complement of established ex-vivo absorption studies. This first part deals with invasive methods which are grouped in two classes according to their underlying principles: i) methods using radioactivity such as autoradiography and ii) mass spectrometry methods such as MALDI and SIMS. For each method, a description of the principle is given along with example applications of imaging and quantifying drug delivery in human skin. Thanks to these techniques a better assessment of the fate of drugs is obtained: its localization on a particular skin structure, its potential accumulation, etc. A critical comparison in terms of capabilities, sensitivity and practical applicability is included that will help the reader to select the most appropriate technique depending on the particular problem to be solved.

There is an increasing need in cosmetic research for non-invasive, high content, skin imaging techniques offering the possibility to avoid performing invasive biopsies and to supply a maximum of information on skin state throughout a study, especially before, during and after product application. Multiphoton microscopy is one of these techniques compatible with in vitro and in vivo investigations of human skin, allowing its three-dimensional (3D) structure to be characterized with sub-μm resolution. Various intra-/extra-cellular constituents present specific endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation signals enabling a non-invasive visualization of the 3D structure of epidermal and superficial dermal layers. In association with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and specific 3D image processing, one can extract several quantitative parameters characterizing skin constituents in terms of morphology, density and function. Multiphoton FLIM applications in cosmetic research range from knowledge to efficacy evaluation studies. Knowledge studies aim at acquiring a better understanding of appearing skin differences, for example, with aging, solar exposure or between the different skin phototypes. Evaluation studies deal with efficacy assessment of cosmetic ingredients in anti-aging or whitening domains. When using other nonlinear optics phenomena such as CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering), multiphoton imaging opens up the possibility of characterizing the cosmetic ingredients distribution inside the skin and founds application in other cosmetic domains such as hydration or antiperspirants. Developments in user-friendly, ultrasensitive, compact, multimodal imaging systems, on-the-fly data analysis and the synthesis of cosmetic ingredients with non-linear optical properties will certainly allow trespassing the todays frontiers of cosmetic applications.

International audience; Human skin is constantly exposed to environmental stresses such as UV light and pollution. These agents cause oxidative stress associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, that will interfere with the normal cellular redox equilibrium. As ROS are mainly produced within mitochondria, the cellular metabolic activity could be impacted by UV light. We dynamically assessed UVA light (representing the majority of solar UV rays reaching Earth surface) effects on cellular metabolic activity of reconstructed human skin using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Multiphoton FLIM offers non-invasive, label-free quantitative functional information on cellular metabolic activity based on the endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) of NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide) metabolic coenzymes. The experiments were performed in both stratum granulosum and spinosum layers (T-Skin™ model, Episkin™), before and after (30 min and 2 h) UVA exposure (20 J/cm²; 20 min exposure; 320 – 400 nm). We observed quasi similar effects in both epidermal layers after UVA exposure: • Decrease of RedOx ratio NADH / (NADH + FAD) at 30 min and 2 h; • Increase in the proportion of protein-bound NADH at 2 h, and in the proportion of free FAD as early as 30 min after UVA exposure; This study shows that the effects of UVA light on epidermis, can be non-invasively evidenced and followed overtime using NADH/FAD multiphoton FLIM imaging method. Altogether, these data suggest that epidermal cells respond to UVA light by promoting oxidative phosphorylation, the most efficient metabolic pathway for ATP production.

Objective The roots of the herb Paeonia lactiflora ('White Peony') are used in association with other herbs in traditional clinical cosmetic practice in China as oral treatment for skin pigmentary disorders, such as brown or dark pigmentary spots. However, the skin-depigmenting potential of Paeonia lactiflora root extract and its main ingredient paeoniflorin has been scarcely investigated by topical application. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Paeonia lactiflora root extract and paeoniflorin as skin whitening agent in cosmetic application. Methods Paeonia lactiflora root extract (containing 53.25% of paeoniflorin) and paeoniflorin (97% purity) were applied topically on reconstructed pigmented human epidermis model, a three-dimensional (3D) human skin equivalent, showing morphological and functional characteristics similar to those of in vivo human skin. Two specific methods were used for quantifying melanin inside the reconstructed pigmented epidermis: Fontana-Masson staining (2D quantification) and multiphoton microscopy (3D quantification). Results Compared to vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO), a significant decrease in 2D and 3D melanin content was observed after topical application on reconstructed pigmented epidermis of Paeonia lactiflora extract at 300 μg mL(-1) (-28% and -27%, respectively) and paeoniflorin at 120 μg mL(-1) /250 μM (-30% and -23%, respectively), which is in the same order of magnitude as the positive reference 4-n-butylresorcinol at 83 μg mL(-1) /500 μM (-26% and -40%, respectively). Conclusion These results demonstrate, for the first time, the depigmenting potential of paeoniflorin and thus the potential interest of using Paeonia lactiflora root extracts containing paeoniflorin in cosmetic or dermatological applications for reducing the severity of some hyperpigmented skin disorders.

Commonly, humans have the ability to express their emotions clearly and accurately through oral or written communication. However, a considerable part of the population is limited to express their emotions because they have little mobility in their body, difficulty to speak or deficiencies in their intellectual coefficient. Therefore, this work has two objectives: the first is to implement a methodology to induce emotions of happiness and sadness in people with physical and mental disabilities; the second is to analyze and capture brain activity using a "brain-computer interface (BCI)" to create a corpus of EEG patterns related to the emotions, which can be used for detect their emotional state automatically in future works. This work focuses mainly on present the results obtained in induction emotional states in 46 subjects with cerebral palsy and intellectual disability using film clips, which were evaluated by questionnaire of "Scale for Mood Assessment"

There is an increasing need in cosmetic clinical research for non-invasive, high content, skin imaging techniques offering the possibility on the one hand, to avoid performing invasive biopsies, and on the other hand, to supply a maximum of information on the skin state throughout a study, especially before, during and after product application. Multiphoton microscopy is one of these techniques compatible with in vivo human skin investigations, allowing human skin three-dimensional (3D) structure to be characterized with sub-µm resolution. In association with fluores-cence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and specific 3D-image processing, one can extract several quantitative parameters characterizing skin constituents in terms of morphology, density and organization. Various intracellular and extracellular constituents present specific endogenous signals enabling a non-invasive visualization of the 3D structure of epidermal and superficial dermal layers. Multiphoton FLIM applications in the cosmetic field range from knowledge to evaluation studies. Knowledge studies aim to acquire a better knowledge of skin differences appearing with aging, solar exposure or between the different skin phototypes. Evaluation studies deal with the efficacy of cosmetic anti-aging or whitening ingredients. The goal of this chapter is not to give a literature review of multiphoton FLIM applications in cosmetic clinical research, but rather to acquaint the reader with the quantitative 3D information afforded by multi-photon FLIM imaging of human skin and its interest in cosmetic clinical research.

Here, we report on efficient and simultaneous multicolor two-photon excitation of endogenous fluorophores with absorption spectra spanning the 750-1040nm range, using wavelength mixing.

In this paper, a method to segment elongated objects is proposed. It is based on attribute profiles and area stability. Images are represented as component trees using a threshold decomposition. Then, some attributes are computed on each node of the tree. Finally, the attribute profile is analyzed to identify important events useful for segmentation tasks. In this work, a new attribute, combining geodesic elongation and area stability is defined. This methodology is successfully applied to the segmentation of cells in multiphoton fluorescence microscopy images of engineered skin. Quantitative results are provided, demonstrating the performance and robustness of the new attribute. A comparison with MSER is also given.

International audience; Two-photon imaging of endogenous fluorescence can provide physiological and metabolic information from intact tissues. However, simultaneous imaging of multiple intrinsic fluorophores, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(phosphate) (NAD(P)H), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and retinoids in living systems is generally hampered by sequential multi-wavelength excitation resulting in motion artifacts. Here, we report on efficient and simultaneous multicolor two-photon excitation of endogenous fluorophores with absorption spectra spanning the 750–1040 nm range, using wavelength mixing. By using two synchronized pulse trains at 760 and 1041 nm, an additional equivalent two-photon excitation wavelength at 879 nm is generated, and achieves simultaneous excitation of blue, green and red intrinsic fluorophores. This method permits an efficient simultaneous imaging of the metabolic coenzymes NADH and FAD to be implemented with perfect image co-registration, overcoming the difficulties associated with differences in absorption spectra and disparity in concentration. We demonstrate ratiometric redox imaging free of motion artifacts and simultaneous two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of NADH and FAD in living tissues. The lifetime gradients of NADH and FAD associated with different cellular metabolic and differentiation states in reconstructed human skin and in the germline of live C. Elegans are thus simultaneously measured. Finally, we present multicolor imaging of endogenous fluorophores and second harmonic generation (SHG) signals during the early stages of Zebrafish embryo development, evidencing fluorescence spectral changes associated with development. Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful tool for label-free and non-invasive functional imaging in small organisms and tissues 1, 2. Pulsed near infrared excitation light allows in-depth imaging based on contrasts such as endog-enous fluorescence 2 , second harmonic generation (SHG) 3 and third harmonic generation (THG) 4. Endogenous fluorescence in living tissues arises from several intrinsic biomarkers that play important roles in physiological processes 2. The primary intracellular sources are NAD(P)H and FAD, the two major cofactors of redox reactions in the cell and central regulators of energy production and metabolism 5, 6. Their fluorescence reports on the metabolic activity of cells allowing tissue physiology and processes such as stem cell differentiation, cancer development and neurodegenerative diseases to being non-invasively monitored 7–12. The fluorescence lifetimes of NADH and FAD are different upon binding to the protein during the electron transport chain. FLIM provides sensitive measurements of the free and protein-bound NAD(P)H ratio and of the redox states (NADH/NAD +) of cells, and can be used to distinguish glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation metabolic states 13–17. Monitoring lifetime of free and protein-bound FAD has also been exploited to quantify redox ratio FAD/FADH 2 , and used as a biomarker of precancerous epithelial cells 12. It is well established that retinoids play a crucial role in stem cell differentiation and embryo development 18, 19 and their concentration and gradients have been detected in vivo during zebrafish development 9, 20. Other intrinsic fluorophores such as porphyrin, collagen, elastin, keratin

En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis descriptivo sobre el nivel de conocimientos que tienen los estudiantes de cuarto año curso regular para atletas de la Facultad de Cultura Física de Cienfuegos sobre doping, elegidos intencionalmente dado que los mismos en su mayoría se desempeñan como entrenadores y/o atletas del alto rendimiento en la provincia. Se aplicó una encuesta como instrumento de medición, la cual arrojó que el nivel de conocimientos de los encuestados, sobre el tema, en más del 50% es bajo, por lo que se recomienda incorporar este tópico a su programa de estudio debido a la importancia del mismo para su preparación como futuros profesionales.

Background The occlusive patch test developed for assessing topical retinoids activity in human skin has been extended as a short-term screening protocol for anti-ageing agents. In this model, biopsies are performed at the end of the occlusion period for morphological and immuno-histochemistry analysis. Multiphoton microscopy is a recent non-invasive imaging technique that combined with image processing tools allows the in vivo quantification of human skin modifications. Objective To validate with gold standards of anti-ageing that are retinoids, the relevance of multiphoton microscopy for kinetic and quantitative assessment in this model. Methods Twenty women, aged 50–65 years, were enrolled. Retinol 0.3% (RO) and Retinoic acid 0.025% (RA) were applied to the dorsal photo-damaged side of their forearm under occlusive patches for 12 days. A patch alone was applied to a third area as control. Evaluation was performed at day D0, D12 (end of treatment), D18 and D32 using multiphoton microscopy. Epidermal thickness, normalized area of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) and melanin density were estimated using 3D image processing tools. Results Main significant results are: Epidermal thickening at D12, D18 and D32 with RO and at D12, D18 with RA vs. baseline and vs. control. Increased DEJ undulation at D32 with RO and at D12 with RA vs. baseline and vs. control. Decreased melanin content with RO (at D12 and D18 vs. baseline and at D32 vs. baseline and vs. control) and with RA (at D12 vs. baseline). Conclusions This study shows that multiphoton microscopy associated to specific 3D image processing tools allows cutaneous effects induced by topical retinoids in this in vivo model to be non-invasively detected, quantified and followed over time. This innovative approach could be applied to the evaluation of other active compounds.

International audience

Depuis son introduction en 1990, la microscopie de fluorescence excitee a deux photons (Fluo-2P) s’est peu a peu imposee comme une methode incontournable d’imagerie de tissus intacts a l’echelle sub-cellulaire. En effet, la caracteristique la plus remarquable de la microscopie multiphotonique est de maintenir une resolution tridimensionnelle micrometrique lors de l’observation en profondeur d’un milieu optiquement diffusant. Combinee aux technologies de proteines-fusion (type GFP), cette approche est aujourd’hui utilisee dans de nombreux domaines, notamment en neurophysiologie. Un autre attrait de ce type d’imagerie reside dans l’utilisation possible d’autres phenomenes optiques non lineaires (c’est-a-dire impliquant l’interaction simultanee de plusieurs photons avec une molecule observee) comme source de contraste. Ainsi, les microscopies par generation de second harmonique (GSH) et par generation de troisieme harmonique (GTH) permettent egalement d’observer des milieux complexes et fournissent des informations complementaires par rapport a l’imagerie de fluorescence. Certaines structures cellulaires ou tissulaires fournissent, en effet, ce type de reponse optique sans necessiter de marquage exogene. La microscopie GSH permet, par exemple, de detecter le collagene fibrillaire et la microscopie GTH permet d’observer sans marquage le developpement embryonnaire de petits organismes.

Two-photon imaging of endogenous fluorescence can provide important physiological and metabolic information from intact tissues in a label-free and non-invasive way. However, imaging of multiple intrinsic fluorophores, such as NADH, FAD, retinoids and porphyrins in living systems is generally hampered by sequential multi-wavelength excitation resulting in long acquisition times and motion artifacts. We report an efficient and simultaneous multicolor two-photon excitation of endogenous fluorophores with absorption spectra spanning the 700-1040nm range, using wavelength mixing. By using two synchronized pulse trains at two different wavelengths, an additional “virtual” two-photon excitation wavelength is generated, and simultaneous excitation of blue, green and red endogenous fluorophores is achieved. This method permits fast and reliable simultaneous imaging of the metabolic coenzymes NADH and FAD to being implemented, overcoming the difficulties associated with their difference in absorption spectra and disparity in concentration. We achieve efficient ratiometric redox imaging and simultaneous efficient two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of NADH and FAD in living tissues. Lifetime gradients of NADH and FAD associated with different cellular metabolic and differentiation states were measured in both reconstructed human skins and live C. elegans worms. Finally, we perform hyperspectral imaging of endogenous fluorophores during early zebrafish development.

Background/purpose Multiphoton microscopy has emerged in the past decade as a useful noninvasive imaging technique for in vivo human skin characterization. However, it has not been used until now in evaluation clinical trials, mainly because of the lack of specific image processing tools that would allow the investigator to extract pertinent quantitative three-dimensional (3D) information from the different skin components. Methods We propose a 3D automatic segmentation method of multiphoton images which is a key step for epidermis and dermis quantification. This method, based on the morphological watershed and graph cuts algorithms, takes into account the real shape of the skin surface and of the dermal–epidermal junction, and allows separating in 3D the epidermis and the superficial dermis. Results The automatic segmentation method and the associated quantitative measurements have been developed and validated on a clinical database designed for aging characterization. The segmentation achieves its goals for epidermis–dermis separation and allows quantitative measurements inside the different skin compartments with sufficient relevance. Conclusions This study shows that multiphoton microscopy associated with specific image processing tools provides access to new quantitative measurements on the various skin components. The proposed 3D automatic segmentation method will contribute to build a powerful tool for characterizing human skin condition. To our knowledge, this is the first 3D approach to the segmentation and quantification of these original images.

Introduction It is now recognized that to adequately protect skin from sun damage, sunscreens require a photostable combination of ultraviolet (UV) filters with a suitable level of UVA protection. The total amount of UV filters should be as low as possible to avoid adverse skin reactions, potential environmental impact, and to ensure acceptable texture for better application and usage. Methods A synergistic combination of UV filters was selected to obtain a high sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF). An oily vehicle was then added to the formula to improve the solubility and the photostability of the lipophilic UV filters. Results The combination of filters, i.e., terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid (TDSA), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazin (BEMT), and butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane (BMDM), obtained an elevated SPF as well as a high UVA-PF. Isopropyl lauroyl sarcosinate (ILS), a derivative of a natural amino acid (sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine) was introduced in this formulation in order to dissolve the oil-soluble UV absorbers and to photostabilize BMDM. The new sunscreen formulation obtained with this combination is photostable and contains a reduced amount of UV filters compared to other sunscreens with the same level of efficacy. Conclusion This report described the steps resulting in the formulation of a new combination of UV filters in an oily emollient, which presents a high UVA-PF (UVA-PF = 38) and a SPF 50+, is photostable, and offers good protection against UV-induced biological damage.

Multiphoton microscopy has emerged in the past decade as a promising tool for noninvasive skin imaging. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of multiphoton microscopy to detect topical corticosteroids side effects within the epidermis and to provide new insights into their dynamics. Healthy volunteers were topically treated with clobetasol propionate on a small region of their forearms under overnight occlusion for three weeks. The treated region of each patient was investigated at D0, D7, D15, D22 (end of the treatment), and D60. Our study shows that multiphoton microscopy allows for the detection of corticoid-induced epidermis modifications: thinning of stratum corneum compactum and epidermis, decrease of keratinocytes size, and changes in their morphology from D7 to D22. We also show that multiphoton microscopy enables in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) quantitative assessment of melanin content. We observe that melanin density decreases during treatment and almost completely disappears at D22. Moreover, these alterations are reversible as they are no longer present at D60. Our study demonstrates that multiphoton microscopy is a convenient and powerful tool for noninvasive 3-D dynamical studies of skin integrity and pigmentation.

International audience; Multiphoton microscopy has emerged in the past decade as a promising non-invasive skin imaging technique. The aim of this study was to assess whether multiphoton microscopy coupled to specific 3D image processing tools could provide new insights into the organization of different skin components and their age-related changes. For that purpose, we performed a clinical trial on 15 young and 15 aged human female volunteers on the ventral and dorsal side of the forearm using the DermaInspectR medical imaging device. We visualized the skin by taking advantage of intrinsic multiphoton signals from cells, elastic and collagen fibers. We also developed 3D image processing algorithms adapted to in vivo multiphoton images of human skin in order to extract quantitative parameters in each layer of the skin (epidermis and superficial dermis). The results show that in vivo multiphoton microscopy is able to evidence several skin alterations due to skin aging: morphological changes in the epidermis and modifications in the quantity and organization of the collagen and elastic fibers network. In conclusion, the association of multiphoton microscopy with specific image processing allows the three-dimensional organization of skin components to be visualized and quantified thus providing a powerful tool for cosmetic and dermatological investigations.

Hors-Série 3 - Journées dermatologiques de Paris 2012; National audience

Hors-Série 3 - Journées dermatologiques de Paris 2012; National audience

International audience; Dermal fibroblasts are responsible for the generation of mechanical forces within their surrounding extracellular matrix and can be potentially targeted by anti-aging ingredients. Investigation of the modulation of fibroblast contraction by these ingredients requires the implementation of three-dimensional in situ imaging methodologies. We use multiphoton microscopy to visualize unstained engineered dermal tissue by combining second-harmonic generation that reveals specifically fibrillar collagen and two-photon excited fluorescence from endogenous cellular chromophores. We study the fibroblast-induced reorganization of the collagen matrix and quantitatively evaluate the effect of Y-27632, a RhoA-kinase inhibitor, on dermal substitute contraction. We observe that collagen fibrils rearrange around fibroblasts with increasing density in control samples, whereas collagen fibrils show no remodeling in the samples containing the RhoA-kinase inhibitor. Moreover, we show that the inhibitory effects are reversible. Our study demonstrates the relevance of multiphoton microscopy to visualize three-dimensional remodeling of the extracellular matrix induced by fibroblast contraction or other processes.

International audience; One of the main functions of dermal fibroblasts is the generation of mechanical forces within their surrounding extracellular matrix. Investigating molecules that could modulate fibroblast contraction and act as potent anti aging ingredients requires the development of three-dimensional in situ imaging methodologies for dermal substitute analysis. Here we use multiphoton microscopy in order to investigate the fibroblast-induced collagen matrix reorganization in engineered dermal tissue and to evaluate the effect of Y27632, a RhoA kinase inhibitor on dermal substitutes contraction. We observe that collagen fibrils rearrange around fibroblast with increasing density in control samples, whereas collagen fibrils show no remodeling in the samples containing the RhoA kinase inhibitor. Moreover, when the culture medium containing the inhibitor was replaced with a control medium, the dermal substitutes presented the same 3D reorganization as the control samples, which indicates that the inhibitory effects are reversible. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the relevance of multiphoton microscopy to visualize three-dimensional remodeling of the matrix induced by fibroblast contraction. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

International audience; Coherent x-ray diffractive imaging is a powerful method for studies on nonperiodic structures on the nanoscale. Access to femtosecond dynamics in major physical, chemical, and biological processes requires single-shot diffraction data. Up to now, this has been limited to intense coherent pulses from a free electron laser. Here we show that laser-driven ultrashort x-ray sources offer a comparatively inexpensive alternative. We present measurements of single-shot diffraction patterns from isolated nano-objects with a single 20 fs pulse from a table-top high-harmonic x-ray laser. Images were reconstructed with a resolution of 119 nm from the single shot and 62 nm from multiple shots.

International audience; We recorded one-photon excited fluorescence (1PEF) and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) spectra of purified keratin from human epidermis, and determined the action cross section of this endogenous chromophore. We used this spectroscopic analysis to analyse multiphoton images of skin biopsies and assign the intrinsic fluorescence signals in the epidermis. We observed a good agreement between in situ and in vitro 2PEF spectra of keratin. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the 2PEF signal of the keratins from the epidermis, and will be of practical interest for multiphoton imaging of the skin. © 2005 Optical Society of America

O Aqüífero Guarani é um reservatório transfronteiriço de águas doces subterrâneas de importância estratégica, localizado na região centro-leste da América do Sul. A porção maior desse aqüífero, de 1,2 milhões de quilômetros quadrados, encontra-se em território brasileiro (71%) e o restante na Argentina (19%), no Paraguai (6%) e no Uruguai (4%). Suas águas são de boa qualidade para o abastecimento da população e o desenvolvimento das atividades econômicas dos países nos quais se localiza. A recarga natural anual é de 160 Km³/ano, sendo que 40 Km³/ano desta constitui o potencial explorável sem riscos para o sistema do aqüífero. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos do direito internacional, de questões transfronteiriças para a criação de um regime internacional para o tratamento do recurso natural compartilhado Aqüífero Guarani. Assim, a utilização das águas subterrâneas do Sistema do Aqüífero e, a problemática da falta de um sistema de gestão sustentável e integrada, através de um regime internacional entre os quatro países nos quais se localiza, constituirá o eixo central de análise deste trabalho. Preliminarmente serão estudados os riscos de contaminação, a falta de controle e fiscalização do Aqüífero, para então serem identificados os mecanismos jurídicos de cooperação e conservação ambiental que integram os sistemas jurídicos nacionais e internacionais de proteção ambiental, particularmente àqueles referentes ao Projeto de Proteção Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Sistema Aqüífero, destacando assim a importância da cooperação na formação de regimes internacionais.

International audience; We compare second harmonic generation (SHG) to histological and immunohistochemical techniques for the visualization and scoring of collagen in biological tissues. We show that SHG microscopy is highly specific for fibrillar collagens and that combined SHG and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) imaging can provide simultaneous three-dimensional visualization of collagen synthesis and assembly sites in transgenic animal models expressing GFP constructs. Finally, we propose several scores for characterizing collagen accumulation based on SHG images and appropriate for different types of collagen distributions. We illustrate the sensitivity of these scores in a murine model of renal fibrosis using a morphological segmentation of the tissue based on endogenous 2PEF signals. © 2007 Optical Society of America

International audience; We used intrinsic Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) by fibrillar collagen to visualize the three-dimensional architecture of collagen fibrosis at the micrometer scale using laser scanning nonlinear microscopy. We showed that SHG signals are highly specific to fibrillar collagen and provide a sensitive probe of the micrometer-scale structural organization of collagen in tissues. Moreover, recording simultaneously other nonlinear optical signals in a multimodal setup, we visualized the tissue morphology using Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence (2PEF) signals from endogenous chromophores such as NADH or elastin. We then compared different methods to determine accurate indexes of collagen fibrosis using nonlinear microscopy, given that most collagen fibrils are smaller than the microscope resolution and that second harmonic generation is a coherent process. In order to define a robust method to process our three-dimensional images, we either calculated the fraction of the images occupied by a significant SHG signal, or averaged SHG signal intensities. We showed that these scores provide an estimation of the extension of renal and pulmonary fibrosis in murine models, and that they clearly sort out the fibrotic mice.

International audience; The organization of collagen during fibrotic processes is poorly characterized because of the lack of appropriate methodologies. Here we show that multimodal multiphoton microscopy provides novel insights into lung fibrosis. We characterize normal and fibrotic pulmonary tissue in the bleomycin model, and show that second-harmonic generation by fibrillar collagen reveals the micrometer-scale three-dimensional spatial distribution of the fibrosis. We find that combined two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic imaging of unstained lung tissue allows separating the inflammatory and fibrotic steps in this pathology, underlining characteristic features of fibroblastic foci in human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis samples. Finally, we propose phenomenological scores of lung fibrosis and we show that they unambiguously sort out control and treated mice, with a better sensitivity and reproducibility in the subpleural region. These results should be readily generalized to other organs, as an accurate method to assess extracellular matrix remodeling during fibrosis. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

One principal advantage of multiphoton excitation microscopy is that it preserves its three-dimensional micrometer resolution when imaging inside light-scattering samples. For that reason two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy has become an invaluable tool for cellular imaging in intact tissue, with applications in many fields of physiology. This success has driven increasing interest in other forms of nonlinear microscopy that can provide additional information on cells and tissues, such as second- (SHG) and third- (THG) harmonic generation microscopies. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the contrast mechanisms of these recent methodologies, and high-resolution imaging based on intrinsic sources of signal has been demonstrated in cells and tissues. Harmonic generation exhibits structural rather than chemical specificity and can be obtained from a variety of non-fluorescent samples. SHG is observed specifically in dense, non-centrosymmetric arrangements of polarizable molecules, such as collagen fibrils, myofilaments, and polarized microtubule bundles. SHG imaging is therefore emerging as a novel approach for studying processes such as the physiopathological remodelling of the collagen matrix and myofibrillogenesis in intact tissue. THG does not require a non-centrosymmetric system ; however no signal can be obtained from a homogeneous medium. THG imaging therefore provides maps of sub-micrometer heterogeneities (interfaces, inclusions) in unstained samples, and can be used as a general purpose structural imaging tool. Recent studies showed that this technique can be used to image embryo development in small organisms and to characterize the accumulation of large lipid bodies in specialized cells. SHG and THG microscopy both rely on femtosecond laser technology and are easily combined with two-photon microscopy.

International audience; The micro- and macro- organization of collagen during fibrotic processes is usually characterized by 2D assessment using histochemical stains on selected slides such as Masson's Trichrome or Sirius Red. However, these staining methods are limited to semi quantitative evaluation on restricted surfaces. Quantitative evaluation of collagen contents, such as Hydroxyproline or Sircol assays, performed on lung homogenates requires large amounts of tissue, are time consuming and do not give the spatial distribution of collagen. Non linear multimodal, multiphoton microscopy provides novel insights into collagen deposition in tissues. In this study, the micrometerscale three-dimensional spatial distribution of fi brosis was characterized in normal mouse lung (n=5) and in the murine model of bleomycininduced lung fi brosis (n=5) by second harmonic generation (SHG) of fi brillar collagen, using C56Bl/6 mice at day 14 post intra-tracheal instillation of bleomycin, 80 µg in 50 µl of 0.9 % sterile saline.

International audience; Lipid bodies have an important role in energy storage and lipid regulation. Here we show that lipid bodies are a major source of contrast in third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy of cells and tissues. In hepatocytes, micrometer-sized lipid bodies produce a THG signal 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than other structures, which allows one to image them with high specificity. THG microscopy with approximately 1,200 nm excitation can be used to follow the distribution of lipid bodies in a variety of unstained samples including insect embryos, plant seeds and intact mammalian tissue (liver, lung). We found that epi-THG imaging is possible in weakly absorbing tissues because bulk scattering redirects a substantial fraction of the forward-generated harmonic light toward the objective. Finally, we show that the combination of THG microscopy with two-photon and second-harmonic imaging provides a new tool for exploring the interactions between lipid bodies, extracellular matrix and fluorescent compounds (vitamin A, NADH and others) in tissues.

Multiphoton microscopy is an optical imaging technique which has the unique ability of providing three-dimensional micrometer resolution within thick tissues. Another attractive feature is that it is possible to visualise the structure of an unstained cell or tissue using endogenous sources of contrast that allow for a less invasive imaging method. Moreover, different contrast modes like two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF), second harmonic generation (SHG) or third harmonic generation (THG) can be easily combined, and all these features enable a wide range of applications of multiphoton microscopy in fields like neurosciences, oncology, embryology,... Meanwhile, progresses are still needed in order to completely characterize the endogenous sources of nonlinear optical contrast observed in biological media. Thus, the second harmonic generation from fibrillar collagen raised different questions in the beginning of this work, mainly on the role of the collagen type and the role of its triple helical structure (that means the chirality) in the SHG signal. The study of collagen is particularly interesting for this protein represents 30% of the total human body proteins. The collagen is the main constituent of the extracellular matrix of a wide variety of tissues and organs and hence it is involved in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and numerous pathologies. But nowadays there's a lack of appropriate methodologies to visualise the 3D architecture of collagen at a micrometer scale. In this context, the SHG microscopy appears as a promising tool for the visualisation of the distribution of collagen within the tissues. This work started with polarisation-resolved surface second harmonic generation experiments on thin films of collagen I and IV molecules, which allowed us to demonstrate that the SHG microscopy is a sensitive probe of collagen macromolecular organization and not of the collagen type. We next applied these results to the study of pulmonary and renal fibrosis in animal models, a pathological accumulation of fibrillar collagen which can progress to a terminal renal insufficiency or to a respiratory insufficiency often lethal eventually. We demonstrated that multiphoton microscopy permit to visualise the morphology of these tissues, to evidence all the characteristic features of these pathologies and quantitatively evaluate the remodelling of the extracellular matrix during fibrosis. Finally, we have proposed fibrosis scores based on volume fractions of significant SHG signals which allowed us to appreciate the role of different factors (cells/assembling enzymes) in fibrosis. This methodology will help to develop new therapeutic approaches based on a better understanding of these fibrotic pathologies., La microscopie multiphoton est une technique d'imagerie optique dont une des caractéristiques les plus remarquables est de fournir une information micrométrique en profondeur dans les tissus intacts. Un autre intérêt est la possibilité de visualiser la structure d'une cellule ou d'un tissu en utilisant des sources de contraste endogènes qui permettent une imagerie très peu invasive. De plus, divers modes de contrastes tels que la fluorescence excitée à deux photons (2PEF), la génération de seconde harmonique (SHG) ou la génération de troisième harmonique (THG) sont facilement combinables, et les applications de la microscopie multiphoton sont ainsi nombreuses et variées, dans des domaines comme les neurosciences, la cancérologie, l'embryologie,... Cependant, des progrès sont encore nécessaires dans la compréhension des contrastes optiques non-linéaires endogènes observés dans les tissus. Dans ce contexte, la génération de seconde harmonique par le collagène fibrillaire soulevait différentes questions au début de ce travail, notamment sur la spécificité de la SHG en fonction du type de collagène et sur le rôle de sa structure chirale en triple hélice dans la forte amplitude des signaux observés. L'étude du collagène est particulièrement intéressante car il représente 30 % du contenu total du corps humain en protéines. Constituant principal de la matrice extracellulaire d'une grande variété de tissus et d'organes, le collagène est impliqué dans tout remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire et dans de nombreuses pathologies, mais on manque actuellement d'outils performants pour visualiser son architecture tridimensionnelle à l'échelle micrométrique. Dans ce contexte, la microscopie SHG est un outil prometteur pour visualiser la distribution du collagène dans les tissus. Ce travail de thèse a débuté avec des expériences de génération de seconde harmonique en surface résolue en polarisation sur des films minces de molécules de collagène de type I et IV, qui nous ont permis de démontrer que la microscopie SHG est une sonde de l'organisation macromoléculaire du collagène et non pas du type de collagène. Nous avons appliqué ensuite ces résultats à l'étude de la fibrose collagénique pulmonaire et rénale dans des modèles murins, une accumulation pathologique de collagène fibrillaire qui peut conduire à une insuffisance rénale terminale ou à une insuffisance respiratoire souvent létale à terme. Nous avons démontré que la microscopie multiphoton permet de visualiser la morphologie de ces tissus, de mettre en évidence toutes les caractéristiques de ces pathologies et d'évaluer quantitativement le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire au cours de l'évolution de la fibrose. Finalement, nous avons proposé des scores de fibrose basés sur des densités volumiques de pixels SHG qui nous ont permis d'apprécier le rôle de certains facteurs (cellules/enzymes d'assemblage) responsables de la fibrose. Ce travail devrait ainsi permettre de proposer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques pour ces pathologies fibrosantes.

Background: We characterize the application of multiphoton microscopy to the observation of the extracellular matrix of fresh unstained vessels. Method: Combined two-photon-excited fluorescence (2PEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of large arteries reveals the architecture of elastin and collagen fibers in the vessel wall with remarkable specificity. Results: We present elastin/collagen imaging in unstained rat vessels at both micrometer and whole vessel scales, and we characterize the optical properties of rat carotid artery and aorta walls. We apply this method to evidence deleterious effects of residual doses of a pesticide on the vessel wall. Conclusion: This study illustrates the potential of 2PEF/ SHG microscopy for pharmacological studies in unlabeled arteries. q 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology