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Angiogenesis is a critical step in the progression of almost all human malignancies and some other life-threatening diseases. Anti-angiogenic therapy is a novel and effective approach for treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. In this article, we will review the main strategies developed for anti-angiogenic therapies beside their clinical applications, the major challenges, and the latest advances in the development of anti-angiogenesis-based targeted therapies.

In this research, Al2O3 and SiO2 were co-deposited on medical grade 316L stainless steel to synthesize mullite particles for protection and bio-activation of metallic substrates. The parameters affecting coating quality and mullite value such as temperature, voltage and time were taken into account to determine an optimal condition and synthesize a uniform and crack-free coating. Since metallic implants are highly corrosive in contact with biological fluids, a ceramic coating such as mullite is mandatory for their protection. Different analysis, for instance, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) was employed to study the structure of coating. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) images were taken to see morphology of deposited particles. Surface topography of mullite was authenticated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results confirmed existence of a crack free and uniform coating with a superior bonding between substrate and mullite. On the other hand, optimal suspension and coating parameters were found to be T=30°C, 60V and 4 min in which a uniform, dense and crack free coating was achieved. Also, maximum amount of mullite was gained at 1450°C for 2 h.

Slab method of analysis has been used for solving metal forming problems for a long time. However it has been restricted to plane strain and axisymmetric problems due to limitations in its formulations. In this paper a new formulation has been proposed so that it could be applied to three dimensional problems in metal forming. A parametric slab has been considered in this analysis and the force balance on the slab was carried out to obtain equilibrium equations in terms of these parameters. The parameters in fact are related to the geometry of the final extruded shape, the die and the material flow regime assumed in the formulation. In this way most of the limitations encountered in previous formulations were surpassed. In fact the parametric slab considered in this formulation is a very general element that could be adjusted to any changes made in the process. As an example the forward extrusion of a square cross section was analyzed using the new formulation. The effect of reduction of area, frictional conditions and other process parameters on the extrusion pressure was investigated. The theoretical results obtained in this paper were compared with similar results of previous work from other methods and good agreement was observed. Dies were designed and manufactured based on this analysis for several reductions of area. Tests were done using above dies and the experimental data were found to verify the theoretical results. It was concluded that the new slab method of analysis gave reasonable results for the problem analyzed and that it could be applied to other bulk metal forming processes such as rolling, wire drawing and forging.Copyright © 2010 by ASME