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In recent years, scientists have found evidence confirming the aberrant expression of miRNAs in cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. The growing interest in the identification of non-invasive and specific diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers has identified microRNAs as potential candidates in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response. In the present study, we have analyzed the expression profile of circulating miR-21, -191 and -421 in peripheral blood of head and neck cancer patients (HNC) to investigate a possible modulation of mRNA levels by radiation and to identify the role of mRNA as biomarkers of cancer prognosis. Results showed a modulation of the microRNA expression at different time points after radiotherapy, suggesting that treatment may influence the release of circulating miRNAs depending also on the time interval elapsed since radiotherapy. The expression levels of miR-21, -191 and -421 were higher in blood of patients treated with radiotherapy alone after 6 months from the end of therapy and high levels of them seemed to correlate with the remission of the disease. The trends shown in this study confirmed that miRNAs could be useful prognosis markers and could provide preliminary data for further evaluation in predicting patients' response to radiotherapy by developing miRNA-based treatments to improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy.

Introduction: Several efforts are being implemented at the European level to measure provision of up-to-date radiation treatments across the continent. Methods: A snapshot survey involving all radiation oncology centers within Lombardy, Italy, was performed in 2012 and repeated in 2014 and 2016, in cooperation with regional governmental officers. Centers were asked to provide detailed information concerning all individual patients being treated on the index day, and to report data on available local resources. Results: We observed an increase in the number of centers and of megavoltage units (MVU) (from 76 to 87, i.e., 8.7 MVU per million inhabitants in 2016). Mean number of MVU per center was 2.5. Average age of MVU increased from 5.3 to 7.5 years and patients on the waiting list also increased. Conformal 3D radiotherapy (RT) treatments decreased from 56% to 42% and were progressively replaced by intensity-modulated RT treatments (from 39% to 49%). Waiting times were overall satisfactory. Radiation oncologists treated on average 152 and radiation therapists 100 RT courses per year. Average reimbursement per course was €4,879 (range €2,476–€8,014). Conclusions: The methodology of snapshot survey proved feasible and provided valuable information about radiation oncology provision and accessibility in Lombardy.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only cure for marrow failure associated with dyskeratosis congenita (DC). Data on transplants from alternative donors are limited. We describe a boy with DC and severe aplastic anemia who underwent haploidentical T-cell depleted HSCT using a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen. He underwent engraftment without toxicity or GVHD. His posttransplant course was complicated by EBV reactivation, treated with rituximab and EBV-specific T lymphocytes. After 26 months, he is in complete chimerism, with normal blood count and no sign of GVHD or pulmonary dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of DC successfully treated with allogeneic HSCT from a haploidentical family donor.

Delineation of target volumes is increasingly recognized as the most crucial step within the process of modern conformal radiotherapy. In the field of head and neck radiation oncology, the need for a standardized methodology in the delineation of nodal regions of the neck on computed tomography (CT) images has recently emerged. To address this issue, a consensus document has been prepared by the Head and Neck Working Party of the AIRO-Lombardia Cooperative Group, based on the proceedings of multidisciplinary meetings and on literature findings. The document contains detailed guidelines for the delineation on CT images of the nodal regions of the neck, including for each nodal region (1 to 7) the description of anatomical limits as seen on CT images.

Purpose: To report on long-term events after short doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy in favorable early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Experimental Design: We monitored late events and causes of death over 15 years (median follow-up, 120 months) in 120 patients with nonbulky stage IA-IIA Hodgkin's lymphoma, treated with four cycles of ABVD and limited radiotherapy. Pulmonary and cardiac function tests were done throughout the follow-up. Outcome measures included cause-specific mortality, standardized mortality ratio, and standardized incidence ratio for secondary neoplasia. Results: Projected 15-year event-free and overall survival were 78% and 86%, and tumor mortality was 3%. Standardized mortality ratio was significantly higher than 1 for both males (2.8; P = 0.029) and females (9.4; P = 0.003). The risk of cardiovascular events at 5 and 12 years was 5.5% and 14%, with a median latent time of 67 months (range: 23-179 months) from the end of radiotherapy. Pulmonary toxicity developed in 8% of patients; all had received mediastinal irradiation and the median time from radiotherapy to pulmonary sequelae was 76 weeks (range: 50-123 weeks). The risk of secondary neoplasia at 5 and 12 years was 4% and 8%, respectively, with no cases of leukemia. Fertility was preserved. Conclusions: Long-term events were mostly related to radiotherapy; the role of short ABVD chemotherapy was very limited, as documented by fertility preservation and lack of secondary myelodysplasia/leukemia. A proportion of patients died from causes unrelated to disease progression and the excess mortality risk was mostly due to the occurrence of secondary neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. A moderate dose reduction of radiotherapy from 40-44 Gy to 30-36 Gy did not decrease the risk of late complications; abolishing radiotherapy in nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma is being evaluated.

✓ Primary intramedullary melanoma is a very rare tumor that occurs most frequently in the middle or lower thoracic spinal cord. The authors present a case of primary cervical cord melanoma that developed in a 62-year-old man who was surgically treated and subsequently underwent radiation therapy. Clinical and histogenetic features of this neoplasm and results of chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy are reported. Both “dysembryogenetic” and “mesodermal” hypotheses on the origin of primary spinal melanoma are discussed.

Primary intramedullary melanoma is a very rare tumor, most frequently occurring in the middle or lower thoracic spinal cord. The authors present a new case of primary cervical cord melanoma that developed in a 62-year-old man whose tumor was surgically treated and subsequently received radiation therapy. Clinical and histogenetic features of this neoplasm, results of chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy are reported. Both “disembryogenetic” and “mesodermal” hypotheses on the origin of primary spinal melanoma are discussed.