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ABSTRACT Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm, known as shell ginger, is an aromatic plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In Guizhou Province of China, its mature fruits have been used by the Miao people for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Although the bioactivities of mature fruits of A. zerumbet are derived from phytochemicals in the seeds and pericarps of the plant, there remains a dearth of reports on the isolation of phytochemicals from the pericarp of A. zerumbet. In the present study, the pericarps of mature fruits of A. zerumbet were extracted, and two new kavalactone dimers, alpingsin E (1) and aniba dimer D (2), were isolated. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and NMR calculations. Especially, density functional theory–based NMR chemical shift calculations were employed to elucidate and confirm the relative configuration of 1 and 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of South America, Oceania, and Asia. Multiple plant parts of A. zerumbet have been traditionally used as medicinal sources, each with different clinical uses. These variations may arise from differences among the chemical components and/or accumulations of the active compounds in each part. Therefore, this review summarizes previous studies on the phytochemicals in A. zerumbet and reveals the similarities and differences among the chemical constituents of its multiple medicinal parts, including the leaves, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and flowers. The results contribute to the scientific validation of the traditional understanding that A. zerumbet possesses different medicinal properties in each plant part. In addition, this review provides directions for further studies on the phytochemicals of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet. (Pers.) B.L. Burttand R.M. Sm., commonly known as shell ginger, Siamese ginger, Thai ginger, or Galangal, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. A. zerumbet is traditionally used in various countries across the globe for its medicinal properties. This review aims to compile and analyze the available literature on the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of A. zerumbet. Traditional medicine employs A. zerumbet to treat various diseases, and it is also part of the traditional Okinawan diet in Japan. The leaves and rhizomes of A. zerumbet are commonly utilized as spices and flavorings in various dishes, including rice, meats, and pasta. The phytochemical constituents of A. zerumbet include terpenes and terpenoids such as linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and ascorbic acid. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated various biological activities, including its use as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses of A. zerumbet and highlighting its chemical constituents for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new monoterpene esters (1 and 2) and four known compounds (3–6) were isolated from the pericarps of Alpinia zerumbet. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by monitoring their inhibitory effects on the interleukin-1β-induced production of nitric oxide in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. The new compound 1 and cardamonin 3 showed inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 17.6 ± 1.1 and 10.2 ± 1.3 µM, respectively, which are comparable to that of the positive control NG-methyl-L-arginine acetate salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of South America, Oceania, and Asia. Multiple plant parts of A. zerumbet have been traditionally used as medicinal sources, each with different clinical uses. These variations may arise from differences among the chemical components and/or accumulations of the active compounds in each part. Therefore, this review summarizes previous studies on the phytochemicals in A. zerumbet and reveals the similarities and differences among the chemical constituents of its multiple medicinal parts, including the leaves, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and flowers. The results contribute to the scientific validation of the traditional understanding that A. zerumbet possesses different medicinal properties in each plant part. In addition, this review provides directions for further studies on the phytochemicals of this plant.

Alpinia zerumbet is a medicinal and ornamental plant of the Zingiberaceae family cultivated in many parts of the world. The plant is medicinally important and often misidentified with closely related species. The objective of this work was to establish its DNA-based identity and a protocol for high-fidelity micropropagation to support the medicinal plant industry. PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing of RuBisCO large subunit (rbcL) and Maturase K (matK) gene successfully report its DNA barcode. In vitro shoots were induced the best from rhizome buds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6.0 mg L−1 6-benzyl amino purine and 30 g L−1 sucrose. Microshoots were rooted well in MS medium amended with 1.5 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid. Plantlets were satisfactorily acclimated to soils maintained in a growth chamber and subsequently in the open air for 10–20 days. Analyzing eight random amplified polymorphic DNA and eight inter-simple sequence repeat primers resulted in 53 and 60 distinct bands, respectively. Uniform banding patterns suggest the genetic uniformity of the micropropagated plants. The results offer an accurate identification of A. zerumbet from any plant tissue. The micropropagation protocol would be helpful for economically feasible and environmentally sustainable exploitation of this valuable plant.

Alpinia zerumbet is a medicinal and ornamental plant of the Zingiberaceae family cultivated in many parts of the world. The plant is medicinally important and often misidentified with closely related species. The objective of this work was to establish its DNA-based identity and a protocol for highfidelity micropropagation to support the medicinal plant industry. PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing of RuBisCO large subunit (rbcL) and Maturase K (matK) gene successfully report its DNA barcode. In vitro shoots were induced the best from rhizome buds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6.0 mg L-1 6-benzyl amino purine and 30 g L-1 sucrose. Microshoots were rooted well in MS medium amended with 1.5 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid. Plantlets were satisfactorily acclimated to soils maintained in a growth chamber and subsequently in the open air for 10-20 days. Analyzing eight random amplified polymorphic DNA and eight inter-simple sequence repeat primers resulted in 53 and 60 distinct bands, respectively. Uniform banding patterns suggest the genetic uniformity of the micropropagated plants. The results offer an accurate identification of A. zerumbet from any plant tissue. The micropropagation protocol would be helpful for economically feasible and environmentally sustainable exploitation of this valuable plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In plants, viral diseases are second only to fungal diseases in terms of occurrence, and cause substantial damage to agricultural crops. The aqueous extracts of shell ginger, Alpinia zerumbet exhibit inhibitory effects against virus infections in belonging to the Solanaceae family. In this study, we isolated an anti-plant-virus molecule from the extracts using a conventional method involving a combination of reversed phase column chromatography, dialysis, and lyophilization. The anti-plant-virus molecule was identified as proanthocyanidin, which mostly consisted of epicatechin and exhibited more than 40 degrees of polymerization.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Alpinia zerumbet in the treatment of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] grains under storage conditions for the management of Callosobruchus maculatus. Measurements of the effects of these essential oils were based on contact, fumigation, and repellency tests. The lethal concentrations (LC50) obtained from the contact tests were 0.65 and 11.23 µL/20 g for the essential oils of C. flexuosus and A. zerumbet, respectively. The impact on F1 offspring increased with increasing concentrations of essential oils. The LC50 values obtained from the fumigation tests were 2.34 and 8.69 µL/L of air for the C. flexuosus and A. zerumbet, respectively. Regarding repellency, both essential oils were classified as neutral. C. flexuosus was more toxic than A. zerumbet in the contact test; however, there was no difference in their toxicities found in the fumigation test. The essential oils of C. flexuosus and A. zerumbet presented a great insecticidal potential against C. maculatus, therefore, can be an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic chemical fumigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith has been used as a flavor additive in food and a traditional medicine for centuries, especially in Guizhou Province, China, and it prolongs people’s lives with multiple beneficial effects. Thus, one of the aims of this review was to expound the chemical constituents of this plant, especially its fruits. Since cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pose a health threat to humans, another aim was to expound the possible mechanisms of its potential use as an herbal medication for atherosclerosis. Methods: In this study, 10 reports are cited to expound the potential bioactive compounds. Moreover, 33 reports explain the antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects of the plant by ameliorating inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, increasing vasodilation, improving hyperlipidemia, downgrading the glucose status, and working as an antioxidant. Results: A. zerumbetis rich in terpenes, essential oils, flavonoids, polyphenolics, and sterols. Pharmacological experiments showed that A. zerumbet has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB signaling pathway and can ameliorate oxidative stress in the NOS-NO signaling pathway. Moreover, A. zerumbet demonstrates antihypertensive effects by accelerating vasorelaxant response and increasing 3T3-L1 intracellular cAMP, which has promising antiobesity properties, as well as hypolipidemic and anti-diabetic complication effects. Conclusions: A. zerumbet has potential functions and applications in the prevention of atherosclerosis, but further studies are required before clinical trials.

The current drug therapy for schizophrenia effectively treats acute psychosis and its recurrence; however, this mental disorder's cognitive and negative symptoms are still poorly controlled. Antipsychotics present important side effects, such as weight gain and extrapyramidal effects. The essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (EOAZ) leaves presents potential antipsychotic properties that need further preclinical investigation. Here, we determined EAOZ effects in preventing and reversing schizophrenia-like symptoms (positive, negative, and cognitive) induced by ketamine (KET) repeated administration in mice and putative neurobiological mechanisms related to this effect. We conducted the behavioral evaluations of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), social interaction, and working memory (Y-maze task), and verified antioxidant (GSH, nitrite levels), anti-inflammatory [interleukin (IL)-6], and neurotrophic [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] effects of this oil in hippocampal tissue. The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (OLZ) was used as standard drug therapy. EOAZ, similarly to OLZ, prevented and reversed most KET-induced schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations, i.e., sensorimotor gating deficits and social impairment. EOAZ had a modest effect on the prevention of KET-associated working memory deficit. Compared to OLZ, EOAZ showed a more favorable side effects profile, inducing less cataleptic and weight gain changes. EOAZ efficiently protected the hippocampus against KET-induced oxidative imbalance, IL-6 increments, and BDNF impairment. In conclusion, our data add more mechanistic evidence for the anti-schizophrenia effects of EOAZ, based on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and BDNF up-regulating actions. The absence of significant side effects observed in current antipsychotic drug therapy seems to be an essential benefit of the oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyphenol-rich extract with an expressive vasodilator effect was obtained from fresh leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (AZ), a medicinal plant. The vasodilator effects of AZ from different extraction conditions were studied in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed, and total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined for all samples. UHPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS analysis established the chemical composition of AZ extracts, and a molecular network from GNPS (Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking) generated a list of putative compounds. Briefly, results show a 50% hydroethanolic extract from fresh leaves (AZE4) as the best extraction condition, presenting the greatest vasodilator effect (ED50 = 7.1 ± 1.7 µg) and TPC (16.30 mg GAE/g ± 0.44). Flavonoids are the main constituents and alpinetin, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, (−)-epicatechin, and pinocembrin were identified as major compounds. The least effective extraction condition was 50% hydroethanolic extract from dried leaves without heating. This extract showed the smallest vasodilator response (ED50 = 29.1 ± 4.3 µg) and TPC (6.35 mg GAE/g ± 0.08), reinforcing the use of fresh leaves and heating step to improve extracts performance. The vasodilator effect and the main flavonoid composition of AZE4 provide experimental support, suggesting this extract as a potential source of bioactive flavonoids to treat cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical investigation of the culture extract of an endophyte Xylaria curta YSJ-5 from Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith resulted in the isolation of eight previously undescribed compounds including five eremophilane sesquiterpenes xylarcurenes A-E, one norsesquiterpene xylarcurene F, and two α -pyrone derivatives xylarpyrones A-B together with eight known related derivatives. Their chemical structures were extensively established based on the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis, modified Mosher's method, electronic circular dichroism calculations, single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments, and the comparison with previous literature data. All these compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, α -glucosidase inhibitory, and antibacterial activities. As a result, 6-pentyl-4-methoxy-pyran-2-one was disclosed to display significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentration value of 6.3 μg/mL. Six previously undescribed sesquiterpenes xylarcurenes A-F (1 – 6) and two previously undescribed α -pyrones xylarpyrones A-B (12 – 13) were isolated from Xylaria curta YSJ-5. [Display omitted] • Six previously undescribed sesquiterpenes were isolated from Xylaria curta YSJ-5. • Two previously undescribed α -pyrones were characterized from Xylaria curta YSJ-5. • Compounds 1 , 2 , 3 and 5 were determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. • Compound 15 showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity and the bioactive compounds of 50% hydroethanolic extract of Alpinia zerumbet (A. zerumbet) rhizomes. Methods: Eight reference microbial strains including two Gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)] and six Gram-negative bacteria [Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATTC 700603), Proteus mirabilis (DMST 8212), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Vellore. (ATCC 15611), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)], were used to test antimicrobial susceptibility by the broth microdilution method. Bioactive compounds were analyzed by using HPLC. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration values of A. zerumbet extract were 8 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri and 16 mg/mL for Enterococcus faecalis and the other four Gram-negative bacilli. HPLC chromatograms revealed that the A. zerumbet extract contained hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Conclusions: The constituents of A. zerumbet rhizomes could be a potential source of antibacterial compounds, warranting further study of A. zerumbet extract.

Bone mass is regulated by osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Osteoporosis is a bone metabolism disorder in which bone mass decreases due to increased bone resorption rather than bone formation. We focused on the traditional plant Alpinia zerumbet in Okinawa, Japan, and searched for promising compounds for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Pinocembrin isolated from the leaves of A. zerumbet showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization and increased mRNA expression of osteoblast-related genes Alp and Osteocalcin (Ocn) in MC3T3-E1 cells. Pinocembrin increased the mRNA expression of Runx2 and Osterix, which are important transcription factors in osteoblast differentiation, and the mRNA expression of Dlx5 and Msx2, which are enhancers of these transcription factors. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist noggin, its receptor kinase inhibitor LDN-193189 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 attenuated pinocembrin-promoted ALP activity. Pinocembrin increased the mRNA of Bmp-2 and its target gene Id1. In addition, the estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitor ICI182780 suppressed pinocembrin-stimulated ALP activity. Pinocembrin may increase BMP-2 expression via ER. Then, the BMP-2 promotes osteoblast specific genes expression and mineralization through both Smad-dependent and independent pathway following Runx2 and Osterix induction. Our findings suggest that pinocembrin has bone anabolic effects and may be useful for the prevention and treatment of bone metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study evaluated the chemical characterization, larvicidal activity and molluscicidal activity in front of the snail transmitting schistosomes (Biomphalaria glabrata) of the essential oils of Alpinia zerumbet and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. The essential oils (EOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation, with chemical characterization through Gas Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physical-chemical parameters were determined according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The toxicity test followed the bioassay with Artemia salina Leach, the EOs approved in this assay followed to evaluate their biological properties. Methodology: for molluscicidal activity, the methodology recommended by the WHO was performed, and the LC50 of the EOs was performed for their action in the face of the snail obtained by the Reed&Muench method. Both EOs showed low toxicity, and thus were evaluated for the biological properties larvicidal and molluscicidal. Alpinia zerumbet EO showed molluscicidal activity with LC50 of 40.63 mg·L-1 and Cymbopogon citratus EO 33.94 mg·L-1. Results: Both EOs showed larvicidal and molluscicidal potentials against the organisms tested, showing satisfactory results for their action. The results indicate that the evaluated EOs are composed of substances that promote and encourage their application due to their potential for molluscicidal and larvicidal biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from the leaf extract of Alpinia zerumbet was investigated in this protocol. The basic nature of A. zerumbet leaf extract helps in CuO NPs synthesis. The catalytic activity of A. zerumbet-fabricated CuO NPs is explored in water at room temperature only in the presence of NaPTS hydrotrope. The green catalytic protocol is investigated via synthesis of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene. The biogenic leaf extract fabricated CuO NPs are efficiently reactive, stable and recyclable in aqueous solution of sodium p-toluenesulfonate (NaPTS) hydrotrope. CuO/NaPTS proved to be the best catalytic system as synergistic nanotrope in terms of yield and time of reaction in water at room temperature. The green synthetic approach of CuO NPs, greener medium, easy workup and proficient recyclability are advantages in the said protocol. This is first time report of catalytic activity of biogenic CuO NPs in water at room temperature in the presence of NaPTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants, viral diseases are second only to fungal diseases in terms of occurrence, and cause substantial damage to agricultural crops. The aqueous extracts of shell ginger, Alpinia zerumbet exhibit inhibitory effects against virus infections in belonging to the Solanaceae family. In this study, we isolated an anti-plant-virus molecule from the extracts using a conventional method involving a combination of reversed phase column chromatography, dialysis, and lyophilization. The anti-plant-virus molecule was identified as proanthocyanidin, which mostly consisted of epicatechin and exhibited more than 40 degrees of polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic perennial plant Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith (Zingiberaceae) is widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Japan, from southern Kyushu to the Ryukyu Islands. Its essential oil has a distinct aroma and antioxidant activity but is expensive due to low extraction efficiencies. Applying underwater shockwave pretreatment to A. zerumbet leaves is expected to enable more effective essential oil extraction during subsequent steam distillation. Thus, we subjected A. zerumbet leaves to shockwave pretreatment and analyzed its effects on the essential oil yield and components. Multiple cracks formed in the cell walls via spalling destruction induced by the shockwaves, creating permeation pathways that improved the passage of water vapor and greatly increased the essential oil yield. Moreover, the pretreatment increased the antioxidant activity of the essential oil and its water extract. Underwater shockwave processing selectively and effectively destroyed the fiber and/or cell structures of the leaves, resulting in efficient essential oil extraction. This novel process has the potential for application to many extraction processes, such as the extraction of compounds from medicinal plants. The dynamic control of instantaneous high pressures based on underwater shockwaves could pave the way for a new field of industrial technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet is a food flavor additive and a traditional medicine herb around the world. Several studies have reported that A. zerumbet has excellent effects on a variety of cardiovascular diseases, but its potential hypertensive applications, and pharmacokinetic features of main active substances have not been fully investigated. The mechanism of anti-hypertension with ethyl acetate extracts of A. zerumbet fruits (AZEAE) was evaluated by L -NNA-induced hypertensive rats and L -NAME-injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Blood pressure, echocardiographic cardiac index and H&E staining were used to preliminary evaluate the antihypertensive effect of AZEAE, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were evaluated by ELISA, and the proteins expression of IL-1β, IL-18, AGTR1, VCAM, iNOS, EDN1 and eNOS were also evaluated. In addition, isolation, identification, and activity screening of bioactive compounds were carried ou. Next, pharmacokinetics and tissues distribution of dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) in vivo were measured, and preliminary absorption mechanism was conducted with Caco-2 cell monolayers. AZEAE remarkably enhanced the state of hypertensive rats. Twelve compounds were isolated and identified, and five compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The isolated compounds also exhibited good resistance against injury of HUVECs. Moreover, pharmacokinetics and Caco-2 cell monolayers demonstrated AZEAE had better absorption capacity than DDK, and DDK exhibited differences in tissues distribution and gender difference. This study was the first to assess the potential hypertensive applications of A. zerumbet in vivo and vitro , and the first direct and concise study of the in vivo behavior of DDK and AZEAE. [Display omitted] • The effect and mechanism of AZEAE on hypertensive rats were measured for the first time. • Twelve bioactive substances were identified and were tested for anti-HUVECs injury. • The effect and mechanism of dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain on HUVECs was measured for the first time. • The pharmacokinetics of monomer and DDK from AZEAE were studied for the first time. • The tissues distribution of DDK was evaluated for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: Os bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) são compostos sintéticos que se bioacumularam e contaminaram o ecossistema global. Estudos identificaram o cérebro como um alvo vulnerável para esses compostos. Substâncias com ação no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), como os polifenóis, têm demonstrado efeito neuroprotetor. Nosso grupo mostrou que o extrato de folhas frescas de Alpinia zerumbet (AZE), rico em polifenóis, possui efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios em modelo de hipertensão. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o AZE é capaz de prevenir a neurotoxicidade e as alterações locomotoras induzidas pelo PCB126 em camundongos C57BL/6 adultos. Método: Camundongos C57BL/6 machos foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (Cont), Cont+AZE (50mg/kg/dia na água de beber), PCB (2mg/Kg/uma vez por semana), PCB+AZE (2mg/Kg/uma vez por semana; 50mg/Kg/dia intraperitoneal), durante quatro semanas. Ao final do experimento, os animais realizaram o teste do labirinto em cruz elevado e foram eutanasiados. O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado por espectrofotometria em homogenato de tronco encefálico, cerebelo, mesencéfalo e córtex esquerdo. Os dados estão expressos como média e erro padrão da média. As diferenças entre os grupos foram analisadas por análise de variância (ANOVA) seguidas pelo pós-teste de Tukey. Resultados: Houve uma diminuição (p<0,05) da atividade locomotora no grupo PCB em comparação aos grupos Cont e Cont+AZE, que foi prevenida pelo AZE no grupo PCB+AZE. O tempo nos braços abertos não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos. No tronco encefálico, o grupo PCB apresentou aumento (p<0,05) da peroxidação lipídica em relação ao grupo Cont+AZE, o que foi prevenido pelo tratamento com AZE no grupo PCB+AZE. Não houve diferença estatística na atividade da enzima antioxidante catalase (CAT) entre os grupos. Houve diminuição (p<0,05) da atividade antioxidante da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD) no grupo PCB em relação aos grupos Cont e Cont+AZE, que foi prevenida pelo tratamento com AZE no grupo PCB+AZE. No cerebelo, o dano oxidativo não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos. O tratamento com AZE preveniu a redução (p<0,05) da atividade da CAT no grupo PCB+AZE em comparação aos grupos Cont+AZE e PCB. O grupo PCB apresentou diminuição (p<0,05) da atividade de SOD em relação ao grupo Cont+AZE, o que foi prevenido pelo tratamento com AZE no grupo PCB+AZE. No mesencéfalo, não houve diferença estatística na peroxidação lipídica e na atividade antioxidante da SOD entre os grupos. No entanto, o grupo PCB apresentou diminuição (p<0,05) da atividade da CAT em relação ao grupo Cont, o que foi prevenido pelo tratamento com AZE no grupo PCB+AZE. No córtex esquerdo, a peroxidação lipídica foi aumentada (p<0,05) no grupo PCB em comparação ao grupo Cont+AZE. O tratamento com AZE preveniu esse aumento no grupo PCB+AZE. As atividades da CAT e da SOD não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusão: Nossos resultados preliminares demonstraram que o AZE preveniu o desenvolvimento de déficits locomotores induzidos pelo PCB e não causou comportamento do tipo ansioso. Além disso, o extrato também preveniu o dano oxidativo e a redução da atividade antioxidante em diferentes regiões do cérebro, sugerindo um efeito neuroprotetor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet is an important medicinal and ornamental plant species. Drought stress is a major concern for sustainable horticulture crop production under changing climate scenarios. Trehalose (Tre) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) are osmoprotectants that play important roles in mitigating plant stresses. In this study, the effects of foliar application of 25 mM Tre or 10 mg L−1 ALA on biochemical and physiological parameters of A. zerumbet seedlings and their growth were evaluated under well-watered and drought-stressed (65% of field capacity) conditions. Drought caused reductions in physiological parameters and plant growth. These decreases were accompanied by increases in leaf free proline and glycine betaine concentrations and peroxidase activities. Foliar application of Tre or ALA remediated physiological and biochemical parameters and plant growth. Overall, foliar application of ALA or Tre proved to be beneficial for mitigating drought stress in A. zerumbet.

Shell ginger ( Alpinia zerumbet ) is a perennial ornamental plant of ginger native to East Asia, which can be used as a flavoring agent in food or beverage, as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, a total of 37 terpenoids, including 7 new compounds, zerumin D1 to zerumin D7 ( 2 , 3 , 28 - 30 , 36 , and 37 ), and 5 new naturally occurring compounds, zerumin D10 to zerumin D14 ( 9 , 12 , 15 , 20 , and 24 ), were isolated and identified from the rhizomes of shell ginger. Compound 3 was an unprecedented variant labdane diterpenoid featuring a unique 6/7/6/3 tetracyclic cyclic ether system in its side chain. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated terpenoids were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Compound 4 significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide with an IC 50 value of 5.4 μM. Further investigation revealed that compounds 2 and 3 may inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thus suppressing the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 to exert the anti-inflammatory effects.

Cancer radiotherapy and modern synthetic medicine are critical for the treatment of cancer patients, but on the other hand they may have tremendous harmful side effect from the point of view of a weakened immune system. The focus of current research efforts in the industry and academia is not only to find affordable treatment methodologies but also to discover sources that mitigates or prevents the negative impact of these treatments on the patient’s immune system. This review will provide details of optimal methodology involving Invitro application of techniques such as phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, cytogenetic analysis that were adopted to assess the efficacy of Alpinia Zerumbet extracts as a radioprotector. These methodologies provide a holistic evaluation technique for assessing any potential cytoprotective agent, especially if it’s from the herbal domain. As a case study, analytical and inferential results summary of the research conducted to assess radioprotective property of Alpinia Zerumbet, a herbal and readily available derivative, will be presented. The key findings from the research indicate that the Alpinia Zerumbet extract has potential to be an effective radioprotector, with minimal side effects as compared to synthetic chemical cytoprotective agents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity and the bioactive compounds of 50% hydroethanolic extract of Alpinia zerumbet (A. zerumbet) rhizomes. Methods: Eight reference microbial strains including two Gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)] and six Gram-negative bacteria [Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATTC 700603), Proteus mirabilis (DMST 8212), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Vellore. (ATCC 15611), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)], were used to test antimicrobial susceptibility by the broth microdilution method. Bioactive compounds were analyzed by using HPLC. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration values of A. zerumbet extract were 8 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri and 16 mg/mL for Enterococcus faecalis and the other four Gram-negative bacilli. HPLC chromatograms revealed that the A. zerumbet extract contained hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. Conclusions: The constituents of A. zerumbet rhizomes could be a potential source of antibacterial compounds, warranting further study of A. zerumbet extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of essential oils from three species of plants with intermediary concentrations of 1,8-cineole against the tick species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. For this purpose, five serial concentrations (100.0, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.2 mg/mL) of essential oils from Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze, Ocimum gratissimum L. and Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm. were used on larval packet and adult immersion tests. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), being detected 35.8, 24.7 and 24.0% of 1.8-cineol in the oils of M. suaveolens, O. gratissimum and A. zerumbet, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC 50) of each oil for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. All essential oils showed high efficacy (≥ 95.0%) on engorged females at the 100.0 mg/mL concentration. In regards to larvae, O. gratissimum (LC 50 = 11.9 mg/mL) was the most potent, followed by the A. zerumbet (LC50 = 19.7 mg/mL) and the M. suaveolens (LC50 = 51.6 mg/mL) essential oils. These results show that other compounds interfere with 1,8-cineole action.

Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (tairin and shima) in vitro and anti-melanogenic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-oxidant activities were performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); nitric oxide; singlet oxygen; hydroxyl radical scavenging; and xanthine oxidase. The inhibitory activities against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were employed for anti-aging. The anti-melanogenic was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells by melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The EO was a complex mixture mainly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that tairin and shima EOs showed strong anti-oxidant activities against DPPH and nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Compared to shima EO; tairin EO exhibited strong anti-aging activity by inhibiting collagenase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (IC50 = 11 ± 0.1; 25 ± 1.2; 83 ± 1.6; and 213 ± 2 μg/mL, respectively). Both EOs inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity; thus, reducing melanin synthesis. These results suggest that tairin EO has better anti-oxidant/anti-aging activity than shima EO, but both are equally anti-melanogenic.

Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) is the major and most promising component of the tropical plant Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger), a species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Alpinia zerumbet is known for its human use as a traditional herbal medicine, food, and dietary supplement. With its α-lactone ring, DDK belongs to the large chemical group of kavalactones, which are also found in kava (Piper methysticum), another herbal medicine; DDK is characterized by a double-bond linkage at positions 5,6 and the absence of a double-bond linkage at positions 7,8. This dissociates DDK from other kavalactones with their linkages at positions 7,8 and 5,6 that are both either completely saturated or unsaturated, or may have an unsaturated bond at the position 7,8 as well as a saturated bond at the position 5,6. DDK is easily identified and quantified by HPLC and GC. DDK contents in fresh leaves, stems and rhizomes range from 80 to 410 mg/g, requiring solvent extraction procedures to ensure high DDK yield. This is best achieved by hexane extraction from fresh rhizomes that were previously boiled in water, allowing DDK yields of up to 424 mg/g. Successful synthesis of DDK can be achieved by asymmetric pathways, whereas its simple chemical structure facilitates the synthesis of DDK derivatives by HCl hydrolysis. Thus, all synthesized products may be used for various commercial purposes, including the potential development of promising antiobesity pharmaceutical drugs, preparation of specific and safe dietary supplements, and use as effective natural herbicides or fungicides.

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. was extensively used in traditional medicine for its several properties, but continuous investigation is needed to discover the properties of its essential oils (EOs). This work evaluated the properties of an EO obtained by steam distillation (named ESD) as well as extracts obtained by petroleum ether (named EP) both from Alpinia zerumbet fruits. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was chosen to identify the composition, and eleven compounds were identified as the main components of the EO and EP of Alpinia zerumbet fruits. The antimicrobial properties were investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the inhibition area. The results identified the differences in antimicrobial activities attributed to different extraction methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western Blot (WB) assay were conducted to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of ESD. In conclusion, our study suggested that EO from Alpinia zerumbet fruits might be a prospective candidate for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Background: The leaves of Alpinia zerumbet var. excelsa (alpinia) are used to prepare traditional food items and folk medicines. Objective: This study was designed with a view to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic potentials of major components of alpinia leaves. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of leaf-derived compounds were primarily assessed with protein denaturation and proteinase assay. Their inhibitory effects on nitrite accumulation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells were also evaluated. For anti-melanogenic assays, all the compounds were tested on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells and on mushroom tyrosinase in vitro. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated using fibroblast cell line 3T3 L-1 and brine shrimps. Results: Five compounds, 5,6-dehydrokawain, dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain, (E)-5-methoxy-8-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)-7-phenyl-1-styryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-one (AS-2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (KOG), and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (QOG) were purified from the leaves. Of which, AS-2 and QOG were purified for the first time. All compounds significantly inhibited albumin denaturation and proteinase activity. AS-2, KOG, and QOG remarkably inhibited nitric oxide formation with IC50 values of 8.2, 13.3, and 12.6 μM, respectively, in RAW 264.7 cells. They also inhibited PGE2 production with IC50 values 19.8-23.7 μM. They showed anti-melanogenic effects reducing tyrosinase activity (IC50 values 29.6-112.5 μM) and melanin formation (IC50 values 30.8–164.4 μM) in B16F10 cells, and inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 values 61.5-456.4 μg/ml). Conclusion: Taken together, major components of alpinia leaf could be utilized as a potent herbal drug and food supplement with therapeutic prospects against inflammatory disorders and hyperpigmentation. Abbreviations used: HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; DK: 5,6-dehydrokawain; DDK: Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain; AS-2: (E)-5-methoxy-8-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)-7-phenyl-1-styryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-one; KOG: Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide; QOG: Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; PAK1: RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1; UV: Ultra violet; α-MSH: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; PDGF: Platelet Derived Growth Factor; MITF: Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; TRP: Tyrosinase Related Protein; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; CS: Newborn calf serum; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; NO: Nitric oxide; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; DMRT: Duncan's multiple range test; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The longevity of the population in the Okinawa Islands of Japan has been ascribed to genetic factors and the traditional Okinawa cuisine, which is low in calories and high in plant content. This diet includes shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm) of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Due to its local popularity, Alpinia zerumbet has become the subject of a good deal of study at the University of the Ryukyus in Okinawa. Personal local experience and review of the literature now suggest that culinary shell ginger may contribute to longevity among the population in Okinawa. This is supported by its abundant phytochemical content, with antioxidant and anti-obesity properties. The major bioactive phytochemicals are dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK; 80-410 mg g-1 fresh weight), 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK; ≤100 mg g-1), and essential oils, phenols, phenolic acids, and fatty acids (≤150 mg g-1 each). Further, Alpinia zerumbet extends the lifespan in animals by 22.6%. In conclusion, culinary shell ginger may significantly contribute to human longevity in Okinawa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family, popularly used for hypertension treatment. Several studies have demonstrated Alpinia zerumbet vasodilator effect on conductance vessels but not on resistance vessels. Thereby, the aim of this study was to verify the vasodilator effect of the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (EOAz) on isolated rat resistance arteries and characterize its mechanism of action. Therefore, the effect of EOAz (3 to 3000 μg/mL) was verified in second-order branches of the mesenteric artery (SOBMA) pre-contracted by KCl and U46619. To study the mechanism of action, the influence of several inhibitors (TEA, 4-AP, Glibenclamide, Atropine, L-NAME, ODQ and indomethacin) on the vasodilator effect of EOAz was evaluated. Some protocols were also performed aiming to study the effect of EOAz on Ca2+ influx and release from intracellular storage. Furthermore, the binding energy of the main constituents with calcium channels were evaluated by molecular docking. Results showed an endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effect of EOAz on SOBMA, and only ODQ and L-NAME produced significant alteration on its pEC 50. Regarding the calcium assays, contraction reduction caused by incubation with EOAz was observed in all three protocols. Hence, our results suggest that EOAz has a vasodilator effect mediated by inhibition of Ca2+ influx and release from intracellular storage, as well as an activation of the NOS/sGC pathway. [Display omitted] • Essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet has a vasodilator effect on the second-order branch of the mesenteric artery. • Its mechanism probably involves blocking of calcium mobilization. • Terpinen-4-ol showed good binding energy with the three calcium channels assessed by docking (VGCC, RyR and IP3R). • Terpinen-4-ol exhibited the same binding site of caffein in the ryanodine receptor with excellent binding energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and its related disorders have become leading metabolic diseases. In the present study, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes to investigate the anti-obesity activity of hispidin and two related compounds that were isolated from Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia) rhizomes. The results showed that hispidin, dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK), and 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) have promising anti-obesity properties. In particular, all three compounds significantly increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations by 81.2% ± 0.06%, 67.0% ± 1.62%, and 56.9% ± 0.19%, respectively. Hispidin also stimulated glycerol release by 276.4% ± 0.8% and inhibited lipid accumulation by 47.8% ± 0.16%. Hispidin and DDK decreased intracellular triglyceride content by 79.5% ± 1.37% and 70.2% ± 1.4%, respectively, and all three compounds inhibited glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and pancreatic lipase, with hispidin and DDK being the most potent inhibitors. Finally, none of the three compounds reduced 3T3-L1 adipocyte viability. These results highlight the potential for developing hispidin and its derivatives as anti-obesity compounds.

Background/Aim: Plants play an important role in anti-cancer drug discovery, therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of Alpinia zerumbet (A. zerumbet) flowers. Methods: The phytochemical and biological criteria of A. zerumbet were in vitro investigated as well as in mouse xenograft model. Results: A. zerumbet extracts, specially CH2Cl2 and MeOH extracts, exhibited the highest potent anti-tumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The most active CH2Cl2 extract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation leading to isolatation of the naturally occurring 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) which was characterized by IR, MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. A. zerumbet extracts, specially MeOH and CH2Cl2 extracts, exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards tumor volume (TV). Furthermore, A. zerumbet extracts declined the high level of malonaldehyde (MDA) as well as elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue homogenate. Moreover, DK showed anti-proliferative action on different human cancer cell lines. The recorded IC50 values against breast carcinoma (MCF-7), liver carcinoma (Hep-G2) and larynx carcinoma cells (HEP-2) were 3.08, 6.8, and 8.7 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings open the door for further investigations in order to explore the potential medicinal properties of A. zerumbet.

Introdução: A Alpinia zerumbet é uma planta nativa do leste asiático e é encontrada em abundância no litoral brasileiro, onde é comumente chamada de Colônia. É muito utilizada na medicina popular como anti-hipertensiva, diurética e ansiolítica. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do extrato hidroalcoólico da folha da Colônia (AZE) na hipertensão, disfunção e remodelamento vascular em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), bem como avaliar suas ações sobre o dano oxidativo e a atividade antioxidante neste modelo. Método: Foram utilizados ratos machos SHR e Wistar-Kyoto com 90 dias de idade, tratados ou não com o AZE (50mg/kg/dia na água de beber) durante seis semanas. A pressão arterial (PA) foi aferida por pletismografia de calda uma vez por semana. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram anestesiados com tiopental (70mg/kg i.p.); o sangue foi coletado através de punção da aorta abdominal; e a aorta torácica foi isolada para análise morfológica e imunohistológica de 8-isoprostano, um marcador de dano oxidativo, e receptores AT1; o leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) foi isolado e acoplado a um sistema de perfusão de órgãos para a avaliação da responsividade a agentes vasoconstritores e vasodilatadores. Foram avaliados, ainda, em amostras de plasma através de espectrofotometria, os níveis de carbonilação de proteínas e a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) (Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Animal: CEUA-IBRAG-UERJ/052/2016). Resultados: O AZE foi capaz de normalizar a PA em animais SHR (p<0,05). O tratamento não foi capaz de melhorar a disfunção vascular nesse modelo, no entanto, reverteu o remodelamento vascular na aorta. Além disso, o AZE aumentou a atividade enzimática da CAT e da GPx e reduziu a carbonilação de proteínas no plasma, assim como reduziu a expressão de 8-isoprostano e de receptores AT1 (p<0,05) na aorta. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o AZE reverte o quadro de hipertensão e o remodelamento vascular em animais SHR, o que pode estar relacionado com a redução do estresse oxidativo e de receptores AT1. No entanto, ele não foi capaz de melhorar a disfunção vascular nesse modelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: Os bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) são compostos sintéticos que têm a capacidade de se bioacumular e que apesar da proibição de sua produção, ainda são utilizados, o que tem gerado episódios de uso, armazenamento e descarte inadequados, contaminando todo o ecossistema global, incluindo o ar, água, solo, plantas, animais, seres humanos e alimentos. O congênere 3,3',4,4',5-pentaclorobifenil (PCB 126) possui elevada toxicidade devido à alta afinidade com o receptor de hidrocarboneto de arila. Estudos pré-clínicos e epidemiológicos identificaram o cérebro como um alvo vulnerável a esses compostos. Estes dados sugerem que a neurotoxicidade, a neurodegeneração e as alterações comportamentais induzidas pelos PCBs podem ser decorrentes de modificações nos neurotransmissores, da interrupção da sinalização do hormônio tireoidiano, de perturbações da dinâmica intracelular do cálcio, do estresse oxidativo e da inflamação. Substâncias com ação no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e providas de efeitos antioxidante e antiinflamatório, como os polifenóis, têm demonstrado efeito neuroprotetor. A Alpinia zerumbet (K. Schum) é uma planta medicinal rica em polifenóis, que possui ação no SNC. Nosso grupo tem realizado estudos com o extrato das folhas frescas da Alphinia zerumbet (AZE), tendo observado seus efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios em modelo de hipertensão. Portanto, nós sugerimos que o AZE possa ter também efeito neuroprotetor. Objetivo: Estudar a neurodegeneração, neurotoxicidade e alterações comportamentais induzidas pelo PCB126 em camundongos C57BL/6 adultos, avaliando o efeito preventivo do AZE sobre essas alterações. Método: Protocolo de aprovação do Comitê de Ética (CEUA/021/2021). Camundongos machos C57BL/6 foram separados em quatro grupos: controle (Cont), Cont+AZE (50mg/kg/dia na água de beber), PCB (2mg/Kg/ip.1 vez por semana), PCB+AZE (2mg/Kg/1 vez por semana; 50mg/Kg/dia), por 4 semanas. O peso corporal foi aferido semanalmente. No final do experimento, os animais realizaram o teste de Labirinto em Cruz Elevado, foram eutanasiados e o tecido cerebral foi coletado. O dano oxidativo e a atividade antioxidante foram avaliados por espectrofotometria em homogenato de tronco encefálico. Resultados: O peso corporal não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos estudados. Não houve aumento da peroxidação lipídica no grupo PCB quando comparado ao controle, mas houve elevação (p<0,05) desses danos em relação ao grupo Control+AZE. O tratamento com AZE também preveniu o aumento (p<0,05) da peroxidação lipídica no grupo PCB+AZE quando comparado ao grupo PCB. No grupo PCB houve uma redução (p<0,05) da atividade da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase quando comparado ao grupo Control+AZE. O tratamento com AZE, preveniu a redução (p<0,05) da atividade antioxidante dessa enzima no grupo PCB+AZE quando comparado ao grupo PCB. Não houve diferença estatística na atividade antioxidanted a enzima catalase entre os grupos estudados. Houve uma redução (p<0,05) da atividade locomotora no grupo PCB quando comparado ao grupo Control+AZE. O tratamento com AZE, preveniu essa redução (p<0,05) no grupo PCB+AZE quando comparado ao grupo PCB. Conclusão: Nossos resultados preliminaries demonstraram que o tratamento com o AZE preveniu a ocorrência de danos oxidativos e a redução da atividade antioxidante da superóxido dismutase. Além disso, o extrato também preveniu o desenvolvimento de déficts locomotores induzidos pelo PCB, sugerindo um efeito neuroprotetor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpiniae zerumbe was a traditional medicinal medicine in Guizhou minority areas,which was the first large product of Guizhou “Southern Medicine”, and also an important economic plant for controlling rocky desertification. The natural resources of A. zerumbe were very rich, and as a common spice plant resource, but has not yet seen the research report about pharmacognosy on A. zerumbe. The systematic study on the pharmacognosy and the determination of content by GC of the national medicine fructus of A. zerumbe. The results showed that the peel had 12-20 longitudinal ridge uplift,and a perianth protrusions with the top of fructus. The seed was divided into three petals from the white septum, and each petal with 8-20 seeds which easy to scattered. The microscopic identification results were as follows: seed cross-section containing 1-2 oil cells, endosperm cells containing starch granules, and a small amount of fine calcium oxalate crystal. There were thread duct, calcium oxalate crystal, starch granules, sclereid and so on which in the powder of A. zerumbe. And the average contents of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene and 1,8-eucalyptol were 4.292%, 3.966%, 9.703% and 27.171% determined by GC. The character and microscopic identification method of this experiment were accurate, simple and easy to use, which can be used as the basis for the identification of the fructus of A. zerumbe. The method of determination of GC content was good reproducibility and the result was accurate and reliable, and could be used for the determination of volatile oil of fructus of A. zerumbe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(-)-Terpinen-4-ol is a naturally occurring plant monoterpene and has been shown to have a plethora of biological activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on the rat heart, a key player in the control and maintenance of arterial blood pressure. The effects of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on the rat heart were investigated using isolated left atrium isometric force measurements, in vivo electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, patch clamp technique, and confocal microscopy. It was observed that (-)-terpinen-4-ol reduced contraction force in an isolated left atrium at millimolar concentrations. Conversely, it induced a positive inotropic effect and extrasystoles at micromolar concentrations, suggesting that (-)-terpinen-4-ol may have arrhythmogenic activity on cardiac tissue. In anaesthetized animals, (-)-terpinen-4-ol also elicited rhythm disturbance, such as supraventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular block. To investigate the cellular mechanism underlying the dual effect of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on heart muscle, experiments were performed on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes to determine the effect of (-)-terpinen-4-ol on L-type Ca 2+ currents, Ca 2+ sparks, and Ca 2+ transients. The arrhythmogenic activity of (-)-terpinen-4-ol in vitro and in vivo may be explained by its effect on intracellular Ca 2+ handling. Taken together, our data suggest that (-)-terpinen-4-ol has cardiac arrhythmogenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) is an emerging target for the treatment of hair loss (alopecia) and cancer; therefore, the search for PAK1 blockers to treat these PAK1-dependent disorders has received much attention. In this study, we evaluated the anti-alopecia and anticancer effects of PAK1 inhibitors isolated from Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia) in cell culture. The bioactive compounds isolated from alpinia were found to markedly promote hair cell growth. Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (KOG) and labdadiene, two of the isolated compounds, increased the proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells by approximately 117%–180% and 132%–226%, respectively, at 10–100 μM. MTD (2,5-bis(1E,3E,5E)-6-methoxyhexa-1,3,5-trien-1-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran) and TMOQ ((E)-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-8-methylene-7-(oct-6-en-1-yl)octahydro-1H-quinolizine) showed growth-promoting activity around 164% and 139% at 10 μM, respectively. The hair cell proliferation induced by these compounds was significantly higher than that of minoxidil, a commercially available treatment for hair loss. Furthermore, the isolated compounds from alpinia exhibited anticancer activity against A549 lung cancer cells with IC50 in the range of 67–99 μM. Regarding the mechanism underlying their action, we hypothesized that the anti-alopecia and anticancer activities of these compounds could be attributed to the inhibition of the oncogenic/aging kinase PAK1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 2H-pyran-2-one derivative, 4-hydroxy-6-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-2H-pyran-2-one ( 1), together with four known compounds, 5,6-dehydrokawain ( 2), dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain ( 3), (E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial ( 4), and quercetin ( 5) were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia zerumbet. (E)-Labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial ( 4) and quercetin ( 5) exhibited potent inhibition, with IC values of 3.18 ± 1.13 and 1.17 ± 0.13 μg/mL, respectively, against formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide anion (O) generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]