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Background and Aim: Recently, cases of mastitis refractory to treatment have been reported frequently. There are limited routine laboratory investigations on Camelidae infections. Mastitis has been estimated to affect more than 25% of lactating she-camel with up to 70% milk loss. The details of Bacillus spp. pathogenesis in mastitis are not yet fully described. The present study is the first detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Bacillus licheniformis isolates from recurrent mastitic she-camels with sepsis in Egypt. Materials and Mehtods: The udders of 100 she-camels were investigated, samples collected from smallholders' farmers in 10 localities within three governorates in Egypt: Marsa Matrouh, Giza, and Sharkia governorates. The pathogens ascend from udder inducing abortion at different trimesters of pregnancy. Polymerase chain reactions-mediated proofs of identity were applied for diagnostic and taxonomic purposes, where the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the ß subunit of RNA polymerase encoding gene rpoB are the molecular targets. Results: The genetic elements classified the subspecies to B. licheniformis 61.4%, in addition to, Corynebacterium bovis 29.8%. The somatic cell count (=1×107 cells/ml) and California mastitis test reactivity (+3 or +4) of milk clinically classified the she-camels population (n=100) under investigation into 50, 20, and 30 as healthy, subclinical, and clinical mastitic shecamels, respectively. During bacterial isolation, 80 species were noticed, of which 71.25% (57/80) and 28.75% (23/80) were Gram-positive and negative, respectively, in two clinical forms: Single (40%, n=16/40) and mixed (60%, n=34/40) bacterial infections. In vitro, 100% sensitivity for gentamycin (10 µg) and ofloxacin (5 µg) was noted; however, it was reduced to 50% during in vivo treatments. Moreover, cloxacillin (5 µg) upraised as the most effective alternative with 90% sensitivity. Conclusion: Neither recurrent mastitis nor Bacillus species are thoroughly investigated with regard to reproduction performance in Egypt and the usefulness of these strains as antimastitis probiotics. Both persistent bacteremia and dormant endospores formed but unaffected by standard schemes of antimicrobials injections proposed the risk of pathogenic bacilli contaminating row milk from apparently healthy she-camel. The discrepancies between treatment results were induced by the resistance that started to develop by the organisms due to frequent and/or faulty use of applied antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Botanical oils are considered ecofriendly compounds with insecticidal characteristics. In this study, the effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), lemon (Citrus limon), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), black pepper (Piper nigrum), and orange (Citrus sinensis var balady) oil extracts on the survival of four entomopathogenic nematode strains belonging to the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis genera, as well as their impacts on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus egg hatching and larvae, were assessed. The results for the camphor, lemon, black pepper, and orange oils were promising as 50 μL/mL of each resulted in 0%, 0%, 16%, and 0% hatchability for the R. ferrugineus eggs, respectively. Furthermore, the mortality of R. ferrugineus larvae was up to 95% with the similar concentrations and an exposure time of 48 h, for the other investigated oils. Various morphohistopathological alterations were found in the cuticle; outer cuticle folds swelling or shrinkage and subcuticular muscle degeneration, as well as midgut; fat globules in the epithelial lining with marked degeneration and/or necrosis, of the R. ferrugineus larvae when compared with those of controls replicates. Mortality percentage of infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae (S2) was significantly lower than Heterorhabditis marelatus (D1), Steinernema riobravae (Sr) and Steinernema carpocapsae (All) when using camphor oil compared to the other oils (50%). From the obtained observations on oils lethal effects, the target of developing integral biocontrol product formulated from combinations of essential oils and nematode with insecticidal properties against R. ferrugineus (not nematode survival) is possible; a sustainable and ecofriendly product for pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyalomma dromedarii ticks are ectoparasite infesting camels. The acaricides used in controlling tick fauna developed resistance problems. Therefore, some citrus oils as well as their nano preparations were proposed as alternative agents during the present study. Fresh fruits peels were picked to extract oils by the Hydro-distillation method. Oil extracts were characterized by GC/MS technology. The phytochemical constitute present in Citrus sininses var balady were β-Pinene 2.8%, Limonene 97% while in Citrus limon were β-pinene 37.11%, α-Pinene 6.617% and Limonene 55.6%. Silver nitrate nanoparticles of citrus oils prepared were characterized by Electron microscope; TEM, SEM and EDX. The result showed Nano preparations were spherically shaped with homogeneous particle size. The toxicity of citrus oils was evaluated by dipping and physical contact methods in a wide range of concentrations. Despite that toxicity of C. sinensis var. balady and C. limon were similar in the dipping method, LC50 and LC90 values were 0.0024, 0.01473 and 0.00235, 0.14215%, respectively. On the other hand, during physical contact methodology, the toxicity of orange oils(C.sininses var balady) was higher than that of lemon(C.limon ), hence, LC50 and LC90 recorded 0.00229, 1.995 and 0.00096, 0.10211% with C. limon and C. sinessis var balady, respectively. Recorded results showed a higher toxic effect of silver nitrate nanoparticles (AgNPS) from Citruspeels oils than those for citrus peels oil extract alone, where LC50 for C. sinensis var. balady were 0.009 and 0.0385 while were 0.013 and 0.19 for C. limon. Green nanoparticles of Citrus oils prepared during the present study proved their efficiency as eco-safe biodegradable acaricides that could be applied as medical treatments in the veterinary field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]