Effectiveness of botanical insecticides on larval stage of red palm weevil <italic>Rhynchophorous ferrugineus</italic> and survival of entomopathogenic nematodes.

Abstract Botanical oils are considered ecofriendly compounds with insecticidal characteristics. In this study, the effects of basil (<italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic>), camphor (<italic>Cinnamomum camphora</italic>), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), lemon (Citrus limon), clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), ginger (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>), black pepper (Piper nigrum), and orange (<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> var <italic>balady</italic>) oil extracts on the survival of four entomopathogenic nematode strains belonging to the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis genera, as well as their impacts on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus egg hatching and larvae, were assessed. The results for the camphor, lemon, black pepper, and orange oils were promising as 50 μL/mL of each resulted in 0%, 0%, 16%, and 0% hatchability for the <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> eggs, respectively. Furthermore, the mortality of <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> larvae was up to 95% with the similar concentrations and an exposure time of 48 h, for the other investigated oils. Various morphohistopathological alterations were found in the cuticle; outer cuticle folds swelling or shrinkage and subcuticular muscle degeneration, as well as midgut; fat globules in the epithelial lining with marked degeneration and/or necrosis, of the <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> larvae when compared with those of controls replicates. Mortality percentage of infective juveniles (IJs) of <italic>Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> (S2) was significantly lower than <italic>Heterorhabditis marelatus</italic> (D1), <italic>Steinernema riobravae</italic> (Sr) and <italic>Steinernema carpocapsae</italic> (All) when using camphor oil compared to the other oils (50%). From the obtained observations on oils lethal effects, the target of developing integral biocontrol product formulated from combinations of essential oils and nematode with insecticidal properties against <italic>R. ferrugineus</italic> (not nematode survival) is possible; a sustainable and ecofriendly product for pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]