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1. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE, Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, and Beyene, Addisu Shunu

Subjects
Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, Social Determinants of Health, Prevention, Burden of Illness, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Communicable Diseases, Persons with Disabilities, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Residence Characteristics, Sex Distribution, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Disabled Persons, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundMeasurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).MethodsWe used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate.FindingsThe highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally.InterpretationAt a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2017

2. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2016 Causes of Death, Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert RA, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, and Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel

Subjects
Pediatric, Clinical Research, Infant Mortality, Infectious Diseases, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Infection, Cardiovascular, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Disasters, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Nutrition Disorders, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundMonitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.MethodsWe estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016.FindingsThe quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe.InterpretationThe past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2017

5. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibthiel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed M, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allam, Shalini D, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Assaye, Ashagre Molla, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bjerregaard, Peter, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brugha, Traolach S, Bukhman, Gene, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair Randal, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Car, Josip, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Franz F, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chen, Honglei, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Coresh, Josef, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Crump, John A, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Dixit, Priyanka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, David Teye, Donnelly, Christl Ann, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Dwivedi, Laxmi Kant, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshetie, Setegn, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, João C, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Frank, Tahvi, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirstos, Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gemechu, Kasiye Shiferaw, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gibney, Katherine B, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Girma, Bedilu Weji, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Gomez, Beatriz, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hakuzimana, Alex, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hilawe, Esayas Haregot, Hoek, Hans W, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Inoue, Manami, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb M S, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islam, Nazrul, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jaenisch, Thomas, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jin, Ye, John, Denny, John, Oommen, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Sungroul, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kishawi, Sami, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Kutz, Michael, Lachat, Carl, Lagat, Abraham K, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Lavados, Pablo M, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Liao, Yu, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorch, Scott A, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn RachelleKing, Machado, Isis Eloah, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Marks, Guy B, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Massano, João, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehta, Kala M, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Tefera Chane, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menon, Geetha R, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Mikesell, Joseph, Miller, Ted R, 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2017
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6. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, 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Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Panda, Basant Kumar, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez, Krystle Marie, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie Beth, Petri, William Arthur, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Phipps, Geoffrey, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Piradov, Michael A, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nikolas, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Robinson, Stephen R, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saadat, Soheil, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salama, Joseph, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, João Vasco, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schelonka, Kathryn, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jayendra, She, Jun, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shirude, Shreya, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Siabani, Soraya, Sibai, Abla Mehio, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tarekegn, Yihunie L, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Hugh R, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, JS, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Theadom, Alice M, Theis, Andrew M, Thomas, Katie E, Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Robert, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tymeson, Hayley, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Violante, Francesco S, Vishnu, Abhishek, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Woolf, Anthony D, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yihdego, Mahari Gidey, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Xueying, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L

Published
2017
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7. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R A, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyrus, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dey, Subhojit, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Frank, Tahvi, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gillum, Richard F, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra L, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Parkash C, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohamed, Ibrahim Abdelmageem, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio C, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, SA, Rizwan, Saadat, Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Abhishek, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J S, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L

Published
2017
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8. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Soriano, Joan B, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antó, Josep M, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Barac, Aleksandra, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Boneya, Dube Jara, Brauer, Michael, Carpenter, David O, Casey, Daniel, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Do, Huyen Phuc, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T, Geleto, Ayele, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Gupta, Vipin, Hay, Simon I, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (Michael) B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Knibbs, Luke D, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Kumar, G Anil, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Liang, Xiaofeng, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Majeed, Azeem, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manhertz, Treh, Marquez, Neal, Mehari, Alem, Mensah, George A, Miller, Ted R, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Obi, Jennifer Ifeoma, Odeyemi, Yewande E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oren, Eyal, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Patton, George C, Paulson, Katherine, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Reinig, Nik, Safiri, Saeid, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Shigematsu, Mika, Smith, Mari, Tadese, Fentaw, Thurston, George D, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, van Boven, Job F M, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wan, Xia, Werdecker, Andrea, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Yano, Yuichiro, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, and Vos, Theo

Published
2017
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10. Systematic review of the effects of pandemic confinements on body weight and their determinants

Author

Khan, Moien A. B., Menon, Preetha, Govender, Romona, Abu Samra, Amal Mb, Allaham, Kholoud K., Nauman, Javaid, Östlundh, Linda, Mustafa, Halla, Smith, Jane E. M., AlKaabi, Juma M., Khan, Moien A. B., Menon, Preetha, Govender, Romona, Abu Samra, Amal Mb, Allaham, Kholoud K., Nauman, Javaid, Östlundh, Linda, Mustafa, Halla, Smith, Jane E. M., and AlKaabi, Juma M.

Abstract

Pandemics and subsequent lifestyle restrictions such as 'lockdowns' may have unintended consequences, including alterations in body weight. This systematic review assesses the impact of pandemic confinement on body weight and identifies contributory factors. A comprehensive literature search was performed in seven electronic databases and in grey sources from their inception until 1 July 2020 with an update in PubMed and Scopus on 1 February 2021. In total, 2361 unique records were retrieved, of which forty-one studies were identified eligible: one case-control study, fourteen cohort and twenty-six cross-sectional studies (469, 362 total participants). The participants ranged in age from 6 to 86 years. The proportion of female participants ranged from 37 % to 100 %. Pandemic confinements were associated with weight gain in 7.2-724 % of participants and weight loss in 11.1-32.0 % of participants. Weight gain ranged from 0.6 (SD 1.3) to 3.0 (SD 2.4) kg, and weight loss ranged from 2.0 (SD 1.4) to 2.9 (SD 1.5) kg. Weight gain occurred predominantly in participants who were already overweight or obese. Associated factors included increased consumption of unhealthy food with changes in physical activity and altered sleep patterns. Weight loss during the pandemic was observed in individuals with previous low weight, and those who ate less and were more physically active before lockdown. Maintaining a stable weight was more difficult in populations with reduced income, particularly in individuals with lower educational attainment. The findings of this systematic review highlight the short-term effects of pandemic confinements.

Published
2022
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13. Systematic review of the effects of pandemic confinements on body weight and their determinants.

Author

Khan, Moien AB, Menon, Preetha, Govender, Romona, Abu Samra, Amal MB, Allaham, Kholoud K, Nauman, Javaid, Östlundh, Linda, Mustafa, Halla, Smith, Jane E.M., and AlKaabi, Juma M

Subjects
ONLINE information services, OBESITY, BODY weight, SYSTEMATIC reviews, RISK assessment, WEIGHT gain, SLEEP, PHYSICAL activity, WEIGHT loss, FOOD, STAY-at-home orders, MEDLINE, COVID-19 pandemic, GREY literature
Abstract

Pandemics and subsequent lifestyle restrictions such as 'lockdowns' may have unintended consequences, including alterations in body weight. This systematic review assesses the impact of pandemic confinement on body weight and identifies contributory factors. A comprehensive literature search was performed in seven electronic databases and in grey sources from their inception until 1 July 2020 with an update in PubMed and Scopus on 1 February 2021. In total, 2361 unique records were retrieved, of which forty-one studies were identified eligible: one case–control study, fourteen cohort and twenty-six cross-sectional studies (469, 362 total participants). The participants ranged in age from 6 to 86 years. The proportion of female participants ranged from 37 % to 100 %. Pandemic confinements were associated with weight gain in 7·2–72·4 % of participants and weight loss in 11·1–32·0 % of participants. Weight gain ranged from 0·6 (sd 1·3) to 3·0 (sd 2·4) kg, and weight loss ranged from 2·0 (sd 1·4) to 2·9 (sd 1·5) kg. Weight gain occurred predominantly in participants who were already overweight or obese. Associated factors included increased consumption of unhealthy food with changes in physical activity and altered sleep patterns. Weight loss during the pandemic was observed in individuals with previous low weight, and those who ate less and were more physically active before lockdown. Maintaining a stable weight was more difficult in populations with reduced income, particularly in individuals with lower educational attainment. The findings of this systematic review highlight the short-term effects of pandemic confinements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
Full Text
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14. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Marita, Crump, John A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Steur, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Dicker, Daniel, Djalainia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E Ray, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebel, Beth E, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshetie, Setegn, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Farag, Tamer, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, 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Subjects
Male, Dánarmein, AUSTRALIA, GBD, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Heilsufar, Lífslíkur, Epidemiology, Life expectancy, Diseases, Global Health, THERAPY, Global Burden of Disease, Residence Characteristics, Fullorðnir, Cause of Death, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Konur, Aged, 80 and over, Tölfræði, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, Aldraðir, Sjúkdómar, Medicine (all), Fatlaðir, Men, Þjóðir, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ASSOCIATION, Middle Aged, Health policy, PREVALENCE, Sálfræði, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Female, Lýðheilsa, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Global Health Metrics, Adult, AFRICA, Quality of life, People with disabilities, GBD, WEIGHTS, Social ecology, Lífsgæði, Communicable Diseases, World health/statistics, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Humans, Adults, Disabled Persons, Women, Sex Distribution, Mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Science & Technology, Faraldsfræði, MORTALITY, Wounds and injuries, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, HIV, Áverkar, Karlar, Wounds and Injuries, Félagshagfræði, Older people
Abstract

Correction in: LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Published
2017

15. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibthiel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed M., Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allam, Shalini D., Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Assaye, Ashagre Molla, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R., Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Baune, Bernhard T., Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bjerregaard, Peter, Blosser, Christopher D., Boneya, Dube Jara, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. 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Ayala Quintanilla, B, Babalola, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, R, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, L, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, A, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, H, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, C, Boneya, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Brugha, T, Bukhman, G, Bulto, L, Bumgarner, B, Burch, M, Butt, Z, Cahill, L, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Car, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, D, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castro, F, Castro, R, Catalá-López, F, Chen, H, Chiang, P, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Colquhoun, S, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crump, J, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torné, C, Ding, E, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doku, D, Donnelly, C, Dos Santos, K, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, T, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Dwivedi, L, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, C, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, F, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, J, Feyissa, T, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frank, T, Franklin, R, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpé, F, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebregergs, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebrekidan, K, Gebremichael, M, Gelaye, A, Geleijnse, J, Gemechu, B, Gemechu, K, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Giref, A, Girma, B, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Goulart, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, H, Gupta, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, R, Hambisa, M, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Harb, H, Hareri, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hassanvand, M, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, He, F, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, E, Hoek, H, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Igumbor, E, Ileanu, B, Inoue, M, Irenso, A, Irvine, C, Islam, N, Jacobsen, K, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jensen, P, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, N, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, S, Kemp, A, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, C, Ketema, E, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khang, Y, Khera, S, Khoja, A, Khosravi, M, Kibret, G, Kieling, C, Kim, C, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuipers, E, Kulikoff, X, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kumsa, F, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, A, Lager, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Van Lansingh, C, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Laryea, D, Lavados, P, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, M, Lim, S, Linn, S, Lipshultz, S, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, S, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Ma, S, Macarayan, E, Machado, I, Mackay, M, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, C, Marczak, L, Marks, G, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, F, Massano, J, Maulik, P, Mayosi, B, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgarvey, S, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Mehta, K, Meier, T, Mekonnen, T, Meles, K, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mengistie, M, Mengistu, D, Menon, G, Menota, B, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mezgebe, H, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, T, Mills, E, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mishra, S, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mohan, M, Mohanty, S, Mokdad, A, Molla Assaye, A, Mollenkopf, S, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Montico, M, Mooney, M, Moore, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Mruts, K, Mueller, U, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, K, Nachega, J, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, K, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, B, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Ningrum, D, Nisar, M, Nomura, M, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, C, O'Donnell, M, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, M, Oyekale, A, Mahesh, P, Pacella, R, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, B, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, S, Patton, G, Paudel, D, Pereira, D, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, C, Petri, W, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, M, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, R, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Rego, M, Rehm, J, Reiner, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rokni, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, G, Saadat, S, Sabde, Y, Sachdev, P, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, J, Salvi, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, A, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, M, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, S, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, B, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, M, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silpakit, N, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, J, Singh, P, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, D, Sobaih, B, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, J, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stöckl, H, Stokes, M, Strong, M, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi, R, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, B, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, D, Temam Shifa, G, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Tesema, C, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, A, Thomson, A, Thrift, A, Tiruye, T, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, B, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, K, Tuzcu, E, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Undurraga, E, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, Van Boven, J, Varakin, Y, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, F, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Waid, J, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, J, Wiysonge, C, Woldeyes, B, Wolfe, C, Workicho, A, Workie, S, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, A, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, H, Yip, P, Yirsaw, B, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, Z, Zerfu, T, Zhang, A, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, L, Lopez, A, Murray, C, Erasmus MC other, Emergency Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Public Health, and Neurology

Subjects
Dánarmein, Heilsufar, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Epidemiology, Aldurshópar, ALCOHOL, Börn, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, Children, Konur, Ungbörn, Tölfræði, Educational status, Aldraðir, Medicine (all), Global burden of disease/statistics and numerical data, DEATH, Men, Þjóðir, Staðtölur, Stillbirth, Sálfræði, World health, SURVIVAL, Income, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Burðarmálsdauði, Infants, Age distribution, HIV infections, Child mortality, Alnæmi, Menntun, GBD, Fæðingartíðni, RUSSIAN MORTALITY, Birth rate, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Women, Mortality, METAANALYSIS, Faraldsfræði, HIV, Frjósemi, Fertility, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, Barnadauði, Félagshagfræði, Tekjur, Older people, Cause of death/trends, RA
Abstract

Correction in: Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.

Published
2017

16. Glycemic indices of five varieties of dates in healthy and diabetic subjects

Author

Gariballa Salah, Saadi Hussein F, Ahmad Shakeel, Al-Dabbagh Bayan, Alkaabi Juma M, and Ghazali Mustafa

Subjects
Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract

Abstract Background This study was designed to determine the glycemic indices of five commonly used varieties of dates in healthy subjects and their effects on postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Composition analysis was carried out for five types of dates (Tamer stage). The weights of the flesh of the dates equivalent to 50 g of available carbohydrates were calculated. The study subjects were thirteen healthy volunteers with a mean (± SD) age of 40.2 ± 6.7 years and ten participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (controlled on lifestyle measures and/or metformin) with a mean HbA1c (± SD) of 6.6 ± (0.7%) and a mean age (± SD) of 40.8 ± 5.7 years. Each subject was tested on eight separate days with 50 g of glucose (on 3 occasions) and 50 g equivalent of available carbohydrates from the 5 varieties of date (each on one occasion). Capillary glucose was measured in the healthy subjects at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min and for the diabetics at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min. The glycemic indices were determined as ratios of the incremental areas under the response curves for the dates compared to glucose. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Mean glycemic indices ± SEM of the dates for the healthy individuals were 54.0 ± 6.1, 53.5 ± 8.6, 46.3 ± 7.1, 49.1 ± 3.6 and 55.1 ± 7.7 for Fara'd, Lulu, Bo ma'an, Dabbas and Khalas, respectively. Corresponding values for those with type 2 diabetes were very similar (46.1 ± 6.2, 43.8 ± 7.7, 51.8 ± 6.9, 50.2 ± 3.9 and 53.0 ± 6.0). There were no statistically significant differences in the GIs between the control and the diabetic groups for the five types of dates, nor were there statistically significant differences among the dates' GIs (df = 4, F = 0.365, p = 0.83). Conclusion The results show low glycemic indices for the five types of dates included in the study and that their consumption by diabetic individuals does not result in significant postprandial glucose excursions. These findings point to the potential benefits of dates for diabetic subjects when used in a healthy balanced diet. Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01307904

Published
2011
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17. Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author

Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boneya, Dube Jara, Borschmann, Rohan, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Butt, Zahid A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Maria Haro, Josep, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Husseini, Abdullatif, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lee, Paul H, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Ricky, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mazidi, Mohsen, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Palomares Castillo, Elizabeth, Papachristou, Christina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Pervaiz, Aslam, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiabadi, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Saylan, Mete I, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, Producción Científica UCH 2018, Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraou, Charbel, Ciobanu, Liliana G, and Murray, Christopher JL

Subjects
Adult, Burden of disease, Maternal mortality, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Psychological intervention, SAÚDE DA MULHER, Global Health, maternal health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Global health, Journal Article, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Mediterranean Region, maternal mortality, business.industry, Public health, Age Factors, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Reproductive life, 3. Good health, Eastern mediterranean, Pregnant women - Mortality - Eastern Mediterranean, Standardized mortality ratio, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Life expectancy, Mujeres embarazadas - Mortalidad - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Original Article, Female, Public Health, Maternal health, Morbidity, business
Abstract

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00038-017-1004-3 Este artículo forma parte del suplemento titulado "The state of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015". Objectives Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. Results The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241–328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188–293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. Conclusion Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life.

Published
2018
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18. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015 : findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author

Mokdad, Ali H, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Charlson, Fiona J, Colombara, Danny, Degenhardt, Louisa, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Kutz, Michael, Leung, Janni, Santomauro, Damian, Wang, Haidong, Whiteford, Harvey A, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Yimam, Kedir, Beshir, Muktar, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boneya, Dube Jara, Borschmann, Rohan, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Butt, Zahid A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Carvalho, Alessandra, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Husseini, Abdullatif, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lee, Paul H, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Ricky, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mazidi, Mohsen, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomares, Papachristou, Christina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pervaiz, Aslam, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiabadi, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Saylan, Mete I, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Stein, Dan J, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zein, Bassel, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, Producción Científica UCH 2018, Hay, S, Mokdad, Ali H, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Ciobanu, Liliana G, and Murray, Christopher JL

Subjects
Male, Health (social science), Eastern Mediterranean region, Poison control, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Depression, Mental - Eastern Mediterranean, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Global health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mental illness - Eastern Mediterranean, Mediterranean Region, Mental Disorders, Epidemiología psiquiátrica, Burden of disease, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Anxiety, Original Article, Mental health, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, medicine.symptom, mental health, Adult, Depressive disorders, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Anxiety - Eastern Mediterranean, Mental health - Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, anxiety disorders, Injury prevention, Journal Article, Humans, Depresión mental - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Psychiatry, Disease burden, Aged, DEPRESSÃO, business.industry, Public health, Enfermedades mentales - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Salud mental - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Ansiedad - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), 030227 psychiatry, Quality-adjusted life year, Psychiatric epidemiology, depressive disorders, business, Anxiety disorders
Abstract

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00038-017-1006-1 Este artículo forma parte del suplemento titulado "The state of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015". Objectives. Mental disorders are among the leading causes of nonfatal burden of disease globally. Methods. We used the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2015 to examine the burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). We defined mental disorders according to criteria proposed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV and the 10th International Classification of Diseases. Results Mental disorders contributed to 4.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.7–5.6%) of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the ninth leading cause of disease burden. Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were the third and ninth leading causes of nonfatal burden, respectively. Almost all countries in the EMR had higher age-standardized mental disorder DALYs rates compared to the global level, and in half of the EMR countries, observed mental disorder rates exceeded the expected values. Conclusions The burden of mental disorders in the EMR is higher than global levels, particularly for women. To properly address this burden, EMR governments should implement nationwide quality epidemiological surveillance of mental disorders and provide adequate prevention and treatment services.

Published
2018
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19. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author

Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Charara, Raghid, Afshin, Ashkan, Wang, Haidong, Collison, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Blosser, Christopher D, Cornaby, Leslie, Foreman, Kyle J, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Liu, Patrick, Zipkin, Ben, Arnlov, Johan, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Erfan, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine J, Danawi, Hadi, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gyawali, Bishal, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Horino, Masako, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Koyanagi, Ai, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Li, Yongmei, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mazidi, Mohsen, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mueller, Ulrich O, Nagel, Gabriele, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Patel, Tejas, Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan, Perico, Norberto, Petzold, Max, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre MNN, Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Bacher, Dietrich Rothen, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Sobaih, Badr HA, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job FM, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Ahmed, MB, Mokdad, AH, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE)

Subjects
Diabetes, Chronic kidney disease, Burden of disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Health (social science), Mediterranean Region/epidemiology, Psychological intervention, Eastern Mediterranean region, Eastern, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, SAUDI-ARABIA, WORLD, Health care, Global health, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/economics, diabetes, Mediterranean Region, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, MORTALIDADE, Diabetes Complications/economics, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, INTERVENTIONS, KINGDOM, medicine.medical_specialty, Middle East/epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease/statistics & numerical data, Diabetes Complications, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, DIETARY, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, medicine, Humans, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Diabetes Mellitus/economics, Intensive care medicine, METAANALYSIS, business.industry, MORTALITY, Klinisk medicin, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Quality-adjusted life year, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Eastern mediterranean, HEALTH-CARE, RISK-FACTORS, Physical therapy, Clinical Medicine, business, chronic kidney disease, Kidney disease
Abstract

Objectives We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to update our previous publication on the burden of diabetes and chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (CKD-DM) during 1990–2015. Methods We extracted GBD 2015 estimates for prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diabetes (including burden of low vision due to diabetes, neuropathy, and amputations and CKD-DM for 22 countries of the EMR from the GBD visualization tools. Results In 2015, 135,230 (95% UI 123,034–148,184) individuals died from diabetes and 16,470 (95% UI 13,977–18,961) from CKD-DM, 216 and 179% increases, respectively, compared to 1990. The total number of people with diabetes was 42.3 million (95% UI 38.6–46.4 million) in 2015. DALY rates of diabetes in 2015 were significantly higher than the expected rates based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Conclusions Our study showed a large and increasing burden of diabetes in the region. There is an urgency in dealing with diabetes and its consequences, and these efforts should be at the forefront of health prevention and promotion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1014-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2018
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20. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Hay, Simon I., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Ackerman, Ilana N., Adedeji, Isaac A., Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Kivimaki, Mika, Lallukka, Tea, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Weiderpass, Elisabete, GBD 2016 DALYs HALE Collaborators, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Department of Public Health, Center for Population, Health and Society, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and HUS Neurocenter

Subjects
AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, MORTALITY, WEIGHTS, 3122 Cancers, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, 3112 Neurosciences, HIV, ASSOCIATION, THERAPY, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, PREVALENCE, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine
Abstract

Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Published
2017

21. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author

Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Charara, Raghid, Afshin, Ashkan, Wang, Haidong, Collison, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J., Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Blosser, Christopher D., Cornaby, Leslie, Foreman, Kyle J., Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Liu, Patrick, Zipkin, Ben, Arnlov, Johan, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Erfan, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R., Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M., Butt, Zahid A., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Carpenter, David O., Carrero, Juan Jesus, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine J., Danawi, Hadi, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Ding, Eric L., Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E., Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gona, Philimon N., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gyawali, Bishal, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Horino, Masako, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jimenez-Corona, Aida, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B., Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A., Koyanagi, Ai, Larson, Heidi J., Larsson, Anders, Li, Yongmei, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mazidi, Mohsen, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R., Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mueller, Ulrich O., Nagel, Gabriele, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Patel, Tejas, Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan, Perico, Norberto, Petzold, Max, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M., Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M. N. N., Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Bacher, Dietrich Rothen, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A., van Boven, Job F. M., Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zhang, Anthony Lin, Jumaan, Aisha O., Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I., Murray, Christopher J. 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Abstract

We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to update our previous publication on the burden of diabetes and chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (CKD-DM) during 1990-2015. We extracted GBD 2015 estimates for prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diabetes (including burden of low vision due to diabetes, neuropathy, and amputations and CKD-DM for 22 countries of the EMR from the GBD visualization tools. In 2015, 135,230 (95% UI 123,034-148,184) individuals died from diabetes and 16,470 (95% UI 13,977-18,961) from CKD-DM, 216 and 179% increases, respectively, compared to 1990. The total number of people with diabetes was 42.3 million (95% UI 38.6-46.4 million) in 2015. DALY rates of diabetes in 2015 were significantly higher than the expected rates based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Our study showed a large and increasing burden of diabetes in the region. There is an urgency in dealing with diabetes and its consequences, and these efforts should be at the forefront of health prevention and promotion.

Published
2018
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22. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

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Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D, Moses, Mark, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muller, Kate, Murdoch, Michele E, Murray, Christopher J L, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nangia, Vinay, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negasa, Dumessa Edessa, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Newton, Charles R, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, 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Abstract

Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males

Published
2017

28. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Arnlov, Johan, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W., Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Paulina, Beatriz, Quintanilla, Ayala, Bejot, Yannick, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Baune, Bernhard T., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Breitborde, Nicholas J. 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C., Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Joao Pedro, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, Alison, Smith, David L., Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Soriano, Joan B., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J. S., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E., Thompson, Alex H., Thomson, Alan J., Thrift, Amanda G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Bach Xuan Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, van Boven, Job F. M., Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lopez, Alan D., Murray, Christopher J. L., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fare, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R A, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, 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Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gillum, Richard F, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra L, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohamed, Ibrahim Abdelmageem, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio C, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murray, Christopher J L, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, SA, Rizwan, Saadat, Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sadat, Nafi, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Nari, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Abhishek, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J.S., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsoi, Derrick, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Rafay, Anwar, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Shi, Peilin, Gupta, Parkash C, Erasmus MC other, Public Health, Neurosciences, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Mohsen, Naghavi, Amanuel, Alemu, Abajobir, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, M, Abbas, Foad, Abd Allah, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Victor, Aboyan, Olatunji, Adetokunboh, Johan, Ärnlöv, Ashkan, Afshin, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Alireza, Ahmadi, Muktar, Beshir, Ahmed, Amani, Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud, Taki, Eddine, Aichour, Sneha, Aiyar, Ayman, Al Eyadhy, Fares, Alahdab, Ziyad, Al Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Kefyalew, Addi, Alene, Syed, Danish, Ali, Reza, Alizadeh Navaei, Juma, M, Alkaabi, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa, Al Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Nelson, Alvis Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Erfan, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Nahla, Anber, Hjalte, H, Andersen, Catalina, Liliana, Andrei, Sofia, Androudi, Hossein, Ansari, Carl, Abelardo, T, Antonio, Palwasha, Anwari, Megha, Arora, Al, Artaman, Krishna, Kumar, Aryal, Hamid, Asayesh, Solomon, W, Asgedom, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Leticia, Avila Burgo, Euripide, Frinel, G, Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Yannick, Béjot, Tesleem, Kayode, Babalola, Umar, Bacha, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Aleksandra, Barac, Miguel, A, Barboza, Suzanne, L, Barker, Collo, Simon, Barquera, Lars, Barregard, 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Subjects
Dánarmein, Male, Heilsufar, Dánartíðni, Newborn infants, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, Communicable diseases, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Disasters, Pregnancy, Cause of Death, Psychology, Child, Konur, Aged, 80 and over, Ungbörn, CLIMATE-CHANGE, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, Kransæðasjúkdómar, Global burden of disease/statistics and numerical data, Medicine (all), Men, Þjóðir, Öndunarfærasjúkdómar, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Middle Aged, Nutrition Disorders, PREVALENCE, Coronary heart disease, Smitsjúkdómar, Death, Suicide, Cardiovascular diseases, Sálfræði, World health, Child, Preschool, Nýburar, Female, GBD, mortality, Infants, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Age distribution, Global Health Metrics, Adult, Diarrhea, AFRICA, HUMAN HEALTH, Adolescent, GBD, UNITED-STATES, Socioeconomic factors, Communicable Diseases, Young Adult, Age Distribution, Heilbrigðisvísindi, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, QUALITY, Women, Nutrition disorders, INCOME COUNTRIES, Mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Science & Technology, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Respiratory infections, Næringarskortur, ALCOHOL POLICY, mortality, Malaria, Pregnancy Complications, Socioeconomic Factors, Áverkar, Karlar, Wounds and Injuries, Félagshagfræði, Accidental Falls, Cause of death/trends, RESISTANCE
Abstract

Correction: Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Causes Death LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017 Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Dis Injury Incidence LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72.3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71.2-73.2) of deaths in 2016 with 19.3% (18.5-20.4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8.43% (8.00-8.67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1.80 million deaths (95% UI 1.59 million to 1.89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2.89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1.59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. Interpretation The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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30. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Nguyen, Grant, Alahdab, Fares, Yu, Chuanhua, Jassal, Simerjot K., Mori, Rintaro, Sylte, Dillon, Foreman, Kyle J., Hankey, Graeme J., Goenka, Shifalika, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Li, Yichong, Olsen, Helen E., Poulton, Richie G., Mueller, Ulrich O., Truelsen, Thomas, Okoro, Anselm, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Sawhney, Monika, Nasher, Jamal T., Driscoll, Tim R., Lucas, Timothy C. D., Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Murdoch, Ray, Sarah E., Berhane, Adugnaw, Millear, Anoushka, Soljak, Michael, Ronfani, Luca, Karam, Nadim E., Kim, Daniel, Takala, Jukka S., Linn, Shai, Smith, David L., Bikbov, Boris, Pinho, Christine, Amare, Azmeraw T., Asgedom, Solomon W., Reitsma, Marissa, Mokdad, Ali H., Montico, Marcella, Nichols, Emma, Harb, Hilda L., Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Schutte, Aletta E., Tanne, David, Frostad, Joseph J., Fischer, Florian, Majdan, Marek, Gebre, Teshome, Newton, Charles R., Mathur, Manu Raj, Hofman, Howard J., Mendoza, Walter, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Srinivasan, Vinay, Negasa, Dumessa Edessa, Werdecker, Andrea, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Lotufo, Paulo A., Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Tobollik, Myriam, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Sartorius, Benn, Pacella, Rosana E., Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Béjot, Yannick, Moses, Mark, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Birungi, Charles, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Geleto, Ayele, Leigh, James, Kisa, Adnan, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Phillips, Michael Robert, Haro, Josep Maria, Stein, Dan J., Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Zipkin, Ben, Pletcher, Martin A., Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Leung, Janni, Thrift, Amanda G., Battista, Robert, Liang, Xiaofeng, Singh, Jasvinder A., Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Amini, Erfan, Rojas-Rueda, David, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Huynh, Chantal, Nachega, Jean B., Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Williams, Hywel C., Uthman, Olalekan A., Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Bannick, Marlena S., Artaman, Al, Liu, Yang, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Arora, Megha, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Ortiz, Alberto, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Papachristou, Christina, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Rubagotti, Enrico, Santos, Itamar S., Flaxman, Abraham D., Naidoo, Kovin S., Panda, Basant Kumar, Kopec, Jacek A., Rankin, Zane, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Oren, Eyal, Petzold, Max, Djalalinia, Shirin, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Brugha, Traolach S., Dandona, Lalit, Bryane, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Zheng, Yingfeng, Dokova, Klara, Murthy, Srinivas, Johnson, Catherine O., Reinig, Nikolas, Lee, Paul H., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Patil, Snehal T., Godwin, William W., Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Smith, Mari, Enayati, Ahmadali, Stanaway, Jefrey D., Hendrie, Delia, Mehata, Suresh, Tymeson, Hayley, Azzopardi, Peter, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rajsic, Sasa, John, Denny, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Biryukov, Stan, Alam, Tahiya, Opio, John Nelson, Alam, Khurshid, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Safri, Saeid, Kahsay, Amaha, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Majdzadeh, Reza, Alam, Noore, Yihdego, Mahari Gidey, Gupta, Tanush, March, Lyn M., Mensah, George A., Handal, Alexis J., Hotez, Peter J., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Wadilo, Fiseha, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Rabiee, Rynaz H. S., Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Kumar, Pushpendra, Hoy, Damian G., Ammar, Walid, Baune, Bernhard T., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Aichour, Ibtihel, Phipps, Geofrey, Kemmer, Laura, Kolte, Dhaval, Karimkhani, Chante, Schwendicke, Falk, Henry, Nathaniel J., Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Battle, Katherine E., Allen, Christine, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Ärnlöv, Johan, Beardsley, Justin, Kotsakis, Georgios A., Muller, Kate, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Dhillon, Preet K., Naghavi, Mohsen, Siabani, Soraya, Nagel, Gabriele, De Courten, Barbora, Mudoch, Michele E., Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Adedji, Cárdenas, Rosario, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Li, Yongmei, Kieling, Christian, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Farinha, Carla Sofa E Sa, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Faro, André, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Vishnu, Abhishek, Bacha, Umar, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Damasceno, Albertino, Mirarefn, Mojde, Chen, Honglei, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Roba, Hirbo Shore, Hay, Roderick J., Kastor, Anshul, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Mohan, Murali B. V., Rangaswamy, Thara, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Shiri, Rahman, Thakur, Basu, Sanjay, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Lopez, Alan D., Pigott, David M., Graetz, Nicholas, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Morawska, Lidia, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Foigt, Nataliya, Schelonka, Kathryn, Gosselin, Richard A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sibai, Abla Mehio, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Plass, Dietrich, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Violante, Francesco S., Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Subart, Michelle, Das Jarlais, Don C., Degenhardt, Louisa, Arthur Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G., Gibney, Katherine B., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tsoi, Derrick, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Majeed, Azeem, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Kivimaki, Mika, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Benson, Jennifer, Briant, Paul S., Woodbrook, Rachel, Woolf, Anthony D., Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Fernandes, João C., Do, Huyen Phuc, Xavier, Denis, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Kasaeian, Amir, Pearce, Neil, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Weiss, Daniel J., Satpathy, Maheswar, Lorkowski, Stefan, Purwar, Manorama, Lim, Stephen S., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Taveira, Nuno, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Zodpey, Sanjay, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Vos, Theo, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Miller, Ted R., Kim, Yun Jin, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hao, Yuantao, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Barquera, Simon, Jiang, Guohong, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Martins, Paulo Henrique Viegas, Salomon, Joshua A., Skirbekk, Vegard, Vollset, Stein Emil, Lodha, Rakesh, Hay, Simon I., Yano, Yuichiro, Sharma, Jayendra, Krohn, Kristopher J., Qorbani, Mostafa, Jürisson, Mikk, Roy, Ambuj, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Shi, Peilin, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Brainin, Michael, Estep, Kara, Rahimi, Kazem, Bennett, James R., Fürst, Thomas, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Hachinski, Vladimir, Swaminathan, Soumya, Farzadfar, Farshad, Mazidi, Mohsen, Micha, Renata, Mohammed, Shafu, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Tortajada, Miguel, Updike, Rachel, Piradov, Michael A., Lalloo, Ratilal, Gething, Peter W., Yan, Lijing L., Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Franklin, Richard C., Aiyar, Sneha, Goel, Kashish, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Yotebieng, Marcel, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Prasad, Narayan, Bell, Michelle L., Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Shields, Chloe, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Shaheen, Amira, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Maddison, Emilie R., Seedat, Soraya, Manguerra, Helena, McKee, Martin, Pa, Mahesh, De Steur, Hans, Htet, Aung Soe, Resnikof, Serge, Ackerman, Ilana N., Thomas, Katie E., Shirude, Shreya, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Pesudovs, Konrad, Thompson, Robert, Dalal, Koustuv, Zoeckler, Leo, Levi, Miriam, Cameron, Ewan, Britton, Gabrielle, Cirillo, Massimo, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Topor-Madry, Roman, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Kamal, Ritul, Touvier, Mathilde, Kinfu, Yohannes, Pereira, David M., Renzaho, Andre M. N., Strub, Bryan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Schneider, Ione J. C., Gupta, Prakash C., Popova, Svetlana, Bisanzio, Donal, Javanbakht, Mehdi, O'Donnell, Martin J., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Nangia, Vinay, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Das Neves, José, Goodridge, Amador, Patten, Scott B., Bose, Dipan, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Saadat, Soheil, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Zhou, Maigeng, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Alsharif, Ubai, Heydarpour, Pouria, Tarekegn, Yihunie L., Rao, Puja C., Perez, Krystle Marie, Bumgarner, Blair, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Oh, In-Hwan, Goto, Atsushi, Memiah, Peter, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Dorsey, E. Ray, Park, Eun-Kee, Almazroa, Mohammad Abdulaziz, Pillay, Julian David, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Goldberg, Ellen M., Kosen, Soewarta, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Westerman, Ronny, Gupta, Rahul, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Adedeji, Isaac A., Liu, Shiwei, Patton, George C., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Younis, Mustafa Z., Safdarian, Mahdi, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Singh, Om Prakash, Misganaw, Awoke, Crump, John A., Awasthi, Shally, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Tandon, Nikhil, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Agrawal, Anurag, Brayne, Carol E. G., Peterson, Carrie Beth, Cooper, Cyrus, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Gupta, Vipin, Kravchenko, Michael, Mollenkopf, Sarah K., Looker, Katharine J., Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Feigin, Valery L., Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Negoi, Ionut, Silva, João Pedro, Mamun, Abdullah A., Jha, Vivekanand, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, She, Jun, Casey, Daniel, Manhertz, Treh, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Lallukka, Tea, Shishani, Kawkab, Osborne, Richard H., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alkaabi, Juma M., Eshrati, Babak, Anwari, Palwasha, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Davletov, Kairat, Vladimirov, Sergey K., Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Ali, Raghib, Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Alla, François, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Feigl, Andrea B., Stovner, Lars Jacob, Bhutta, Zulfqar A., Reiner, Robert C., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Purcell, Carrie, Bienhof, Kelly, Colombara, Danny, Mitchell, Philip B., Kissoon, Niranjan, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Khader, Yousef Saleh, Lansingh, Van C., Farag, Tamer, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Liu, Angela, Fullman, Nancy, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Paulson, Katherine, Perico, Norberto, Alasfoor, Deena, Lozano, Rafael, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Ye, Pengpeng, Shoman, Haitham, Abbafati, Cristiana, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, De Leo, Diego, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Taylor, Hugh R., Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Carvalho, Felix, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Moraga, Paula, Bernabé, Eduardo, Aboyans, Victor, Esteghamati, Alireza, Cortinovis, Monica, Harvey, James, Van Boven, Job F. M., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Norrving, Bo, Leasher, Janet L., Silberberg, Donald H., Butt, Zahid A., Salama, Joseph, Larsson, Anders, Troeger, Christopher, Keren, Andre, Morrison, Shane D., Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, McAlinden, Colm, Bärnighausen, Till, Jahanmehr, Nader, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Yip, Paul, Sagar, Rajesh, Abbas, Kaja M., Tonelli, Marcello, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Whiteford, Harvey A., Theis, Andrew M., Hostiuc, Sorin, Barrero, Lope H., Koyanagi, Ai, Koul, Parvaiz A., Wallin, Mitchell T., Naheed, Aliya, Carpenter, David O., Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Doku, David Teye, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Malekzadeh, Reza, Furtado, Joao M., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Martopullo, Ira, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Malhotra, Rajesh, Futran, Neal D., Boneya, Dube Jara, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Charlson, Fiona J., Thomas, Nihal, Temam Shifa, Girma, Deribe, Kebede, Norheim, Ole F., Althouse, Benjamin M., Pourmalek, Farshad, Hosgood, H. Dean, Venkatesh, Steinke, Sabine, Nguyen, Minh, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Petri, William Arthur, Ram, Usha, Akseer, Nadia, Harun, Kimani M., Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Radfar, Amir, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Hoek, Hans W., Mohammadi, Alireza, Bhansali, Anil, Deiparine, Selina, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Nyandwi, Alypio, Marczak, Laurie B., Kumar, G. Anil, Samy, Abdallah M., Dubey, Manisha, Roth, Gregory A., Minnig, Shawn, Monasta, Lorenzo, Kyu, Hmwe H., Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Gupta, Rajeev, Cross, Marita, Bennett, Derrick A., Ong, Kanyin, Rawaf, Salman, Meretoja, Atte, Awasthi, Ashish, Khang, Young-Ho, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Shigematsu, Mika, Hu, Guoqing, Mountjoy-Venning, Clif, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Weintraub, Robert G., Tesssema, Belay, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Filip, Irina, Tafere, Getachew Redae, Sposato, Luciano A., Horita, Nobuyuki, Bhatt, Samir, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Osman, Majdi, Ebel, Beth E., Schwebel, David C., Chowdhury, Rajiv, Santos, João Vasco, Robinson, Stephen R., Mapoma, Chabila C., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Abd-Allah, Foad, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Allebeck, Peter, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Dicker, Daniel, Beuran, Mircea, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Kar, Chittaranjan, Rafay, Anwar, Hammami, Mouhanad, Castle, Chris D., Gotay, Carolyn C., Steiner, Caitlyn, Sunguya, Bruno F., Gona, Philimon N., Slepak, Erica Leigh, Dey, Subhojit, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Jensen, Paul N., Echko, Michelle, Leung, Ricky, McGaughey, Madeline, Endries, Aman Yesuf, McGrath, John J., Carabin, Hélène, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Blyth, Fiona M., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Ikeda, Chad, Sufyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Bensenor, Isabela M., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Afshin, Ashkan, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Sobngwi, Eugene, Karch, André, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Hamidi, Samer, Yadgir, Simon, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Kaul, Anil, Zhang, Xueying, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Brazinova, Alexandra, Weichenthal, Scott, Kadel, Rajendra, Gillum, Richard F., Huang, John J., Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Schöttker, Ben, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Criqui, Michael H., Wakayo, Tolassa, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Meier, Toni, Kawakami, Norito, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Lan, Qing, Memish, Ziad A., Bedi, Neeraj, Erskine, Holly E., Theadom, Alice M., Dellavalle, Robert P., Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Deribew, Amare, Murray, Christopher J. L., Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sykes, Bryan L., Saxena, Sonia, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Shirkoohi, Reza, Eshetie, Setegn, Tran, Bach Xuan, Singh, Narinder Pal, Parry, Charles D., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Yakob, Bereket, Giussani, Giorgia, Karimi, Seyed M., Sur, Patrick J., Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Rezaei, Satar, Hedayati, Mohammad T., James, Peter, Chang, Jung-Chen, Liu, Patrick Y., Ghajar, Alireza, Jonas, Jost B., Carter, Austin, Badawi, Alaa, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Kabir, Zubair, Ferrari, Alize J., Steel, Nicholas, Shibuya, Kenji, Wijeratne, Tissa, Xu, Gelin, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Traebert, Jeferson, Barac, Aleksandra, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A., Ota, Erika, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Khoja, Abdullah T., Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Singh, Virendra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Nong, Vuong Minh, Shamsipour, Mansour, März, Winfried, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Horino, Masako, Paudel, Deepak, Veerman, Lennert J., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Dandona, Rakhi, Sharma, Rajesh, and Santomauro, Damian

Subjects
1. No poverty, 3. Good health
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

31. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Marita, Crump, John A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Steur, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Dicker, Daniel, Djalainia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E Ray, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebel, Beth E, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshetie, Setegn, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Farag, Tamer, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Goel, Kashish, Goenka, Shifalika, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Rahul, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Harvey, James, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ikeda, Chad, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jassal, Simerjot K, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, March, Lyn M, Marczak, Laurie B, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins, Paulo Henrique Viegas, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, März, Winfried, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D, Moses, Mark, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muller, Kate, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nangia, Vinay, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negasa, Dumessa Edessa, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Negoi, Ionut, Newton, Charles R, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Nyandwi, Alypio, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, O'Donnell, Martin J, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Panda, Basant Kumar, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez, Krystle Marie, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie Beth, Petri, William Arthur, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Phipps, Geoffrey, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Piradov, Michael A, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nikolas, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Robinson, Stephen R, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saadat, Soheil, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salama, Joseph, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, João Vasco, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schelonka, Kathryn, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jayendra, She, Jun, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shirude, Shreya, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Siabani, Soraya, Sibai, Abla Mehio, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Sorensen, Reed J D, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tarekegn, Yihunie L, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Hugh R, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, JS, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Theadom, Alice M, Theis, Andrew M, Thomas, Katie E, Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Robert, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tymeson, Hayley, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Violante, Francesco S, Vishnu, Abhishek, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Woolf, Anthony D, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yihdego, Mahari Gidey, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Xueying, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L

Subjects
1. No poverty, 3. Good health

32. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Estep, Kara, Petzold, Max, Negoi, Ionut, Horino, Masako, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Agrawal, Anurag, Takala, Jukka S., Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Panda, Basant Kumar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Nichols, Emma, Hoy, Damian G., Mehata, Suresh, Maddison, Emilie R., Tsoi, Derrick, Awasthi, Ashish, Asayesh, Hamid, Montico, Marcella, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Criqui, Michael H., Pakhale, Smita, Vasankari, Tommi, Ermakov, Sergey P., Yotebieng, Marcel, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dey, Subhojit, Gupta, Tanush, Nachega, Jean B., Millear, Anoushka, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fullman, Nancy, Tortajada, Miguel, Paulson, Katherine, Leigh, James, Kumar, Pushpendra, Santos, Itamar S., Karimi, Seyed M., Shirude, Shreya, Ding, Eric L., Roth, Gregory A., Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Mahesh, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Majeed, Azeem, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Updike, Rachel, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Postma, Maarten J., Nangia, Vinay, Henry, Nathaniel J., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Van Boven, Job F.M., Dandona, Rakhi, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Dandona, Lalit, Beuran, Mircea, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A., Troeger, Christopher, Cowie, Benjamin C., Arora, Megha, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Topor-Madry, Roman, Salama, Joseph, Murray, Christopher J.L., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Liu, Yang, Molokhia, Mariam, Wallin, Mitchell T., Kivimaki, Mika, Rehm, Jürgen, Gold, Audra L., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Echko, Michelle, Taveira, Nuno, Meier, Toni, Alam, Khurshid, Gillum, Richard F., Roshandel, Gholamreza, Andersen, Hjalte H., Bensenor, Isabela M., Mountjoy-Venning, Clif, Papachristou, Christina, Barboza, Miguel A., Singh, Abhishek, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Hankey, Graeme J., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Sartorius, Benn, Koyanagi, Ai, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Deiparine, Selina, Mohammadi, Alireza, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Bumgarner, Blair R., Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Lozano, Rafael, McGaughey, Madeline, Charlson, Fiona J., Kim, Daniel, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Subart, Michelle, Morozof, Chloe, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Mooney, Meghan D., Kemmer, Laura, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Fischer, Florian, Plass, Dietrich, Cirillo, Massimo, Kosen, Soewarta, Zaidi, Zoubida, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Okoro, Anselm, Salomon, Joshua A., Ikeda, Chad, Liu, Patrick Y., Yaseri, Mehdi, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Aboyans, Victor, He, Fei, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Car, Josip, Carter, Austin, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Cárdenas, Rosario, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Majdzadeh, Reza, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Kinfu, Yohannes, Davletov, Kairat, Asgedom, Solomon W., Xiao, Qingyang, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Aiyar, Sneha, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Radfar, Amir, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Shiri, Rahman, Sadat, Nafs, Thompson, Alex H., Zhang, Xueying, Pereira, David M., Dicker, Daniel, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Silpakit, Naris, Filip, Irina, Ma, Stefan, Markos, Desalegn, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Westerman, Ronny, Strub, Bryan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Nong, Vuong Minh, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Shi, Peilin, Smith, David L., Kimokoti, Ruth W., Smith, Alison, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Faro, André, Weiss, Daniel J., Lan, Qing, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Barrero, Lope H., Gething, Peter W., Colombara, Danny, Johnson, Catherine O., Barquera, Simon, Alkaabi, Juma M., Deribew, Amare, Godwin, William W., Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Zodpey, Sanjay, Bell, Michelle L., Ärnlöv, Johan, Hammami, Mouhanad, Malhotra, Rajesh, Dargan, Paul I., Ammar, Walid, Santomauro, Damian, Bedi, Neeraj, Meretoja, Atte, Bennett, James R., Baune, Bernhard T., Alam, Noore, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Beghi, Ettore, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Furtado, Joao M., Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Lim, Stephen S., Kulikof, Xie Rachel, Finegold, Samuel, Lorkowski, Stefan, Naldi, Luigi, Kissoon, Niranjan, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Bikbov, Boris, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Steinke, Sabine, Naheed, Aliya, Shrime, Mark G., Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Mapoma, Chabila C., Schmidt, Maria Inês, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Barac, Aleksandra, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Frank, Tahvi, Kasaeian, Amir, Memish, Ziad A., Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Swaminathan, Soumya, Weintraub, Robert G., Sharma, Jayendra, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Gupta, Rajeev, Hay, Simon I., Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Fraser, Maya, Leung, Janni, Fernandes, João C, Purcell, Caroline, Enayati, Ahmadali, Perico, Norberto, Wakayo, Tolassa, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, John, Denny, Cameron, Ewan, Strong, Mark, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Schutte, Aletta E., Alam, Tahiya, Whiteford, Harvey A., Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rafay, Anwar, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Djalalinia, Shirin, Hoek, Hans W., Esteghamati, Alireza, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Thrift, Amanda G., Kawakami, Norito, Vos, Theo, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Fürst, Thomas, Jha, Vivekanand, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Nasher, Jamal T., Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Muller, Kate, Kyu, Hmwe H., Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Sharma, Rajesh, Sur, Patrick J., Manguerra, Helena, Soneji, Samir, Lee, Paul H., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Lalloo, Ratilal, Hotez, Peter J., Amini, Erfan, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Pervaiz, Aslam, Osman, Majdi, Pletcher, Martin A., Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Sufyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Liu, Angela, Erskine, Holly E., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Ansari, Hossein, Anwari, Palwasha, Cooper, Cyrus, Gupta, Vipin, Morawska, Lidia, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Schneider, Ione J.C., Sagar, Rajesh, Androudi, Sofa, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Srinivasan, Vinay, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Bourne, Rupert R.A., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Pigott, David M., Horita, Nobuyuki, Abbas, Kaja M., Karimkhani, Chante, Goldberg, Ellen M., Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Kappe, Darya Li, Ray, Sarah E., Flaxman, Abraham D., Alsharif, Ubai, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Bisanzio, Donal, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Shahraz, Saeid, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Schwebel, David C., Jonas, Songhomitra, Das Neves, José, Abd-Allah, Foad, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Sligar, Amber, Shiue, Ivy, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Harb, Hilda L., Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Alla, François, Reiner, Robert C., Kievlan, Daniel, Marczak, Laurie B., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., De Courten, Barbora, Qorbani, Mostafa, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Karch, André, Salamati, Payman, Safiri, Saeid, Whetter, Brian, Takahashi, Ken, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kim, Yun Jin, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Wijeratne, Tissa, Levi, Miriam, Saadat, Soheil, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Hostiuc, Sorin, Zipkin, Ben, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Gona, Philimon N., Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Ronfani, Luca, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ali, Syed Danish, Xu, Gelin, McAlinden, Colm, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Liang, Xiaofeng, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Kabir, Zubair, Jonas, Jost B., Patton, George C., Pana, Adrian, Sykes, Bryan L., Shigematsu, Mika, Handal, Alexis J., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Nguyen, Minh, Yakob, Bereket, Patten, Scott B., Shackelford, Katya Anne, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Shey, Muki, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Ferrari, Alize J., Allebeck, Peter, Younis, Mustafa Z., Moraga, Paula, Mirarefn, Mojde, Sobaih, Badr H.A., Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Towbin, Jefrey Allen, Uthman, Olalekan A., Jürisson, Mikk, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Ota, Erika, Rath, Goura Kishor, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Deribe, Kebede, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Gouda, Hebe N., Cohen, Aaron J., Naghavi, Mohsen, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Herteliu, Claudiu, Thomas, Katie E., Hamidi, Samer, Martopullo, Ira, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Doku, David Teye, She, Jun, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Li, Yongmei, Rankin, Zane, Tran, Bach Xuan, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Torre, Anna, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Casey, Daniel C., Gupta, Prakash C., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alahdab, Fares, Berhane, Adugnaw, Larsson, Anders, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Foigt, Nataliya, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Xavier, Denis, Barregard, Lars, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Giussani, Giorgia, Koul, Parvaiz A., Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Soriano, Joan B., Oh, In-Hwan, Werdecker, Andrea, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Griswold, Max, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Dubey, Manisha, Sachdev, Perminder S., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Safdarian, Mahdi, Rao, Puja C., Kahsay, Amaha, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Kumar, G. Anil, Morrison, Shane D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Haagsma, Juanita A., Truelsen, Thomas, Saf, Sare, Artaman, Al, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Shields, Chloe, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Bienhof, Kelly, Ortiz, Alberto, Phillips, Michael Robert, Yano, Yuichiro, Hao, Yuantao, Kieling, Christian, Hancock, Jamie, Oren, Eyal, Shoman, Haitham, Pacella, Rosana E., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Polinder, Suzanne, Pinho, Christine, Steiner, Caitlyn, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Vollset, Stein Emil, Schwendicke, Falk, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Anber, Nahla, Kadel, Rajendra, Hedayati, Mohammad T., Memiah, Peter, Gebre, Teshome, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Shamsipour, Mansour, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Béjot, Yannick, Huynh, Chantal, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Lopez, Alan D., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Sunguya, Bruno F., Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Pourmalek, Farshad, Paudel, Deepak, Miller, Ted R., Davitoiu, Dragos V., Lucas, Timothy C.D., Rezaei, Satar, Minnig, Shawn, Driscoll, Tim R., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Thakur, Lodha, Rakesh, Hosgood, H. Dean, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Kamal, Ritul, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Rawaf, Salman, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Bernabé, Eduardo, Mola, Glen Liddell D., Stein, Dan J., Bhatt, Samir, Steel, Nicholas, Smith, Mari, Rizwan, Bacha, Umar, Park, Eun-Kee, Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez, Woodbrook, Rachel, McGrath, John J., Stanaway, Jefrey D., Afshin, Ashkan, Sa Farinha, Carla Sofae, Butt, Zahid A., Lansingh, Van C., Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Kopec, Jacek A., Aichour, Ibtihel, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Nguyen, Grant, Thomson, Alan J., Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Khang, Young-Ho, Olsen, Helen E., Feigin, Valery L., Silva, João Pedro, Amare, Azmeraw T., Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Kutz, Michael, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Mokdad, Ali H., Giroud, Maurice, Singh, Jasvinder A., Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Violante, Francesco S., Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Mollenkopf, Sarah K., Reitsma, Marissa B., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Allen, Christine, Samy, Abdallah M., Majdan, Marek, Mensah, George A., Mohammed, Shafu, Ahmadi, Alireza, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfh Abdullah, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, and Do, Huyen Phuc

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 3. Good health
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. METHODS: We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. FINDINGS: The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations

33. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Stöckl, Heidi, Anwari, Palwasha, Agrawal, Sutapa, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Kim, Daniel, Graetz, Nicholas, Ali, Raghib, Jonas, Jost B., Gibney, Katherine B., Coresh, Josef, Kaul, Anil, Majdzadeh, Reza, Franklin, Richard C., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Silva, João Pedro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Kuipers, Ernst J., Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Massano, João, Saxena, Sonia, Yip, Paul, Majdan, Marek, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Kadel, Rajendra, Soriano, Joan B., Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Karch, André, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Esteghamati, Alireza, Pourmalek, Farshad, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Das Neves, José, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Baune, Bernhard T., Mazidi, Mohsen, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gillum, Richard F., Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Silberberg, Donald H., Kishawi, Sami, Rawaf, Salman, Resnikoff, Serge, Allebeck, Peter, Bärnighausen, Till, Bennett, James R., Tarajia, Musharaf, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Barregard, Lars, Cirillo, Massimo, Alahdab, Fares, McGrath, John J., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Petri, William Arthur, Lachat, Carl, Sagar, Rajesh, Zeeb, Hajo, Alsharif, Ubai, Deribew, Amare, Herteliu, Claudiu, Xu, Gelin, Patel, Tejas, Ding, Eric L., Shibuya, Kenji, Davey, Gail, Misganaw, Awoke, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Schwendicke, Falk, Barrero, Lope H., Mekonnen, Tefera Chane, Leigh, James, Lee, Paul H., Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Bell, Michelle L., Car, Josip, Balalla, Shivanthi, Pishgar, Farhad, Kastor, Anshul, Feigin, Valery L., Dubey, Manisha, Uthman, Olalekan A., Gupta, Rajeev, Alkaabi, Juma M., Nachega, Jean B., Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Sharma, Jayendra, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Lipshultz, Steven E., Bhala, Neeraj, Mohammadi, Alireza, Menon, Geetha R., Sobaih, Badr H.A., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Kamal, Ritul, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Vollset, Stein Emil, Barac, Aleksandra, Vasankari, Tommi, Lorch, Scott A., Meier, Toni, Vladimirov, Sergey K., Rubagotti, Enrico, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Horita, Nobuyuki, Polinder, Suzanne, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Kim, Pauline, Bisanzio, Donal, Dandona, Rakhi, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Mooney, Meghan D., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Deribe, Kebede, Shigematsu, Mika, Jensen, Paul N., Brenner, Hermann, Nong, Vuong Minh, Nagel, Gabriele, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Stein, Dan J., Gona, Philimon N., Htet, Aung Soe, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Dandona, Lalit, Shiue, Ivy, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan, Bumgarner, Blair Randal, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Okoro, Anselm, Frank, Tahvi, Irvine, Caleb M.S., Asayesh, Hamid, Mackay, Mark T., Kahsay, Amaha, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Mokdad, Ali H., Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Park, Eun-Kee, Pereira, David M., Satpathy, Maheswar, Yan, Lijing L., Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Islam, Nazrul, Djalalinia, Shirin, Donnelly, Christl Ann, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Bacha, Umar, Rajsic, Sasa, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Varughese, Santosh, Alla, François, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Kabir, Zubair, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Afshin, Ashkan, Lodha, Rakesh, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Lotufo, Paulo A., Endries, Aman Yesuf, Nomura, Marika, Gupta, Vipin, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Ameh, Emmanuel A., Swaminathan, Soumya, Popova, Svetlana, Krohn, Kristopher J., Anber, Nahla, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Thomson, Alan J., Rezaei, Satar, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Carpenter, David O., Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Sur, Patrick J., Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Farzadfar, Farshad, Aichour, Ibthiel, Hammami, Mouhanad, Gemechu, Kasiye Shiferaw, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hao, Yuantao, Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Nguyen, Grant, Hostiuc, Sorin, Sligar, Amber, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Brazinova, Alexandra, Rabiee, Rynaz H.S., Sahathevan, Ramesh, Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Perico, Norberto, Renzaho, Andre M.N.N., Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rana, Saleem M., Bensenor, Isabela M., Pervaiz, Aslam, Ronfani, Luca, Weintraub, Robert G., Zhang, Anthony Lin, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Strong, Mark, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Kissoon, Niranjan, Mills, Edward J., Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Li, Yongmei, Mehta, Kala M., Thrift, Amanda G., Moore, Ami R., Driscoll, Tim R., Poulton, Richie G., Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Castro, Franz F., Yotebieng, Marcel, Pakhale, Smita, Kulkarni, Veena S., Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Machado, Isis Eloah, Malekzadeh, Reza, Silpakit, Naris, Hosgood, H. Dean, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Marczak, Laurie B., Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirstos, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Foreman, Kyle J., Hamidi, Samer, Pana, Adrian, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Zodpey, Sanjay, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Estep, Kara, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Mirarefin, Mojde, Karimi, Seyed M., Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Murthy, Srinivas, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A., Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Micha, Renata, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Meretoja, Atte, Amare, Azmeraw T., Piel, Frédéric B., Norrving, Bo, Wang, Haidong, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Leung, Ricky, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Levi, Miriam, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Allam, Shalini D., Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Tadese, Fentaw, Soneji, Samir, Weichenthal, Scott, Doku, David Teye, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Varakin, Yuri Y., Deiparine, Selina, Barquera, Simon, Mahesh, Foigt, Nataliya, Saylan, Mete I., Shiri, Rahman, Van Boven, Job F.M., Des Jarlais, Don C., Dwivedi, Laxmi Kant, Gupta, Tanush, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Dherani, Mukesh K., Lalloo, Ratilal, Artaman, Al, Davletov, Kairat, Kutz, Michael, Mollenkopf, Sarah K., Haagsma, Juanita A., Salamati, Payman, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, De Courten, Barbora, Wilkinson, James D., Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Assadi, Reza, Sunguya, Bruno F., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Schneider, Ione J.C., Oh, In-Hwan, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Nangia, Vinay, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Cahill, Leah E., Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Bourne, Rupert R.A., Tesema, Cheru Leshargie, Mullany, Erin, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Aljunid, Syed M., Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Fürst, Thomas, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Montico, Marcella, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Hay, Simon I., Hoek, Hans W., Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Liao, Yu, Ota, Erika, Hay, Roderick J., Leung, Janni, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Boufous, Soufiane, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Khera, Sahil, Smith, David L., Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Mehata, Suresh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Patton, George C., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mohanty, Sanjay K., Temam Shifa, Girma, Ye, Pengpeng, Oren, Eyal, Plass, Dietrich, Mohan, Murali B.V., Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Khan, Gulfaraz, Degenhardt, Louisa, Frostad, Joseph J., Alam, Khurshid, Nagata, Chie, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Filip, Irina, Radfar, Amir, Dellavalle, Robert P., Kopec, Jacek A., Hotez, Peter J., Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, McAlinden, Colm, Waid, Jillian L., Majeed, Azeem, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Morrison, Shane D., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Singh, Abhishek, Amini, Erfan, Criqui, Michael H., Singh, Prashant Kumar, Topouzis, Fotis, Shetty, Balakrishna P., Kieling, Christian, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bennett, Derrick A., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Zaidi, Zoubida, Petzold, Max, Abbafati, Cristiana, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Maulik, Pallab K., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lim, Stephen S., Jha, Vivekanand, Mendoza, Walter, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Singh, Jasvinder A., Sharma, Rajesh, Harb, Hilda L., Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Salama, Joseph, Kivimaki, Mika, Lagat, Abraham K., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Dargan, Paul I., Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Alam, Noore, Lan, Qing, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Biryukov, Stan, Purwar, Manorama, Younis, Mustafa Z., Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Qorbani, Mostafa, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Androudi, Sofia, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Carter, Austin, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Wijeratne, Tissa, Lorkowski, Stefan, Inoue, Manami, Kan, Haidong, Gupta, Prakash C., Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beuran, Mircea, Shen, Jiabin, Keren, Andre, Arora, Megha, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Futran, Neal D., Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Shaheen, Amira, Mensah, George A., Safi, Sare, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Bernabé, Eduardo, Sindi, Shireen, Bukhman, Gene, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Moraga, Paula, Seedat, Soraya, Schwebel, David C., Asghar, Rana Jawad, Steiner, Caitlyn, Shamsipour, Mansour, Jahanmehr, Nader, Kravchenko, Michael, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Hilawe, Esayas Haregot, Faro, André, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Singh, Virendra, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Kumar, G. Anil, Phillips, Michael Robert, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Monasta, Lorenzo, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Bjerregaard, Peter, Negoi, Ionut, Moreno Velasquez, Ilais, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Fernandes, João C., Brugha, Traolach S., Hoy, Damian G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Panda, Basant Kumar, Minnig, Shawn, Safiri, Saeid, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Bhansali, Anil, Gething, Peter W., Barber, Ryan M., Zhang, Xueying, Kim, Yun Jin, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Samy, Abdallah M., Bedi, Neeraj, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Kosen, Soewarta, Mapoma, Chabila C., Agrawal, Anurag, Ortiz, Alberto, Burch, Michael, Barboza, Miguel A., Naidoo, Kovin S., McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, Sachdev, Perminder S., Aldridge, Robert William, Awasthi, Ashish, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Mori, Rintaro, Tran, Bach Xuan, Reiner, Robert C., Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Thomas, Nihal, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Prasad, Narayan, Ram, Usha, Yano, Yuichiro, Roth, Gregory A., Miller, Ted R., Thompson, Alex H., Badawi, Alaa, Malhotra, Rajesh, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Jaenisch, Thomas, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Rehm, Jürgen, Salomon, Joshua A., Theis, Andrew, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Lavados, Pablo M., Pesudovs, Konrad, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Saadat, Soheil, Ansari, Hossein, Alasfoor, Deena, Furtado, Joao M., Butt, Zahid A., Aggarwal, Rakesh, Haro, Josep Maria, Tesssema, Belay, Paudel, Deepak, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Birungi, Charles, Santos, Itamar S., Yakob, Bereket, Sartorius, Benn, Vishnu, Abhishek, Koyanagi, Ai, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Shahraz, Saeid, Nanda, Lipika, Beghi, Ettore, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Tuem, Kald Beshir, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Do, Huyen Phuc, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Vos, Theo, Peterson, Carrie Beth, Rafay, Anwar, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Hancock, Jamie, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, McKee, Martin, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Giussani, Giorgia, Linn, Shai, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Xavier, Denis, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Dixit, Priyanka, Akseer, Nadia, Murray, Christopher J.L., Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Duan, Leilei, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Girma, Bedilu Weji, Sadat, Nafis, Laxmaiah, Avula, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Larson, Heidi J., Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Fullman, Nancy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Werdecker, Andrea, Tanne, David, Molokhia, Mariam, De Leo, Diego, John, Oommen, Halasa, Yara A., Kim, Cho-Il, Kereselidze, Maia, Eshrati, Babak, Berhane, Adugnaw, Naghavi, Mohsen, Lozano, Rafael, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Gomez, Beatriz, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Kumar, Pushpendra, John, Denny, Hsairi, Mohamed, Marks, Guy B., Khader, Yousef Saleh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Khang, Young-Ho, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Goenka, Shifalika, Patten, Scott B., Farvid, Maryam S., Fischer, Florian, Benson, Jennifer, Blosser, Christopher D., Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Wesana, Joshua, Steel, Nicholas, Alabed, Samer, Ärnlöv, Johan, Kawakami, Norito, Memish, Ziad A., Huang, John J., Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Fraser, Maya, Violante, Francesco S., Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, O'Donnell, Martin J., Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Jürisson, Mikk, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Molla Assaye, Ashagre, Mohammed, Shafiu, Ma, Stefan, Friedman, Joseph, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Lyons, Ronan A., Sawhney, Monika, Bello, Aminu K., Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Gupta, Rahul, Bikbov, Boris, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Yoon, Seok-Jun, Alhabib, Samia, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Dey, Subhojit, Yaseri, Mehdi, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Postma, Maarten J., Shi, Peilin, Aiyar, Sneha, Pacella, Rosana E., Hankey, Graeme J., Sykes, Bryan L., Kengne, Andre Pascal, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mayosi, Bongani M., Lopez, Alan D., Kasaeian, Amir, Handal, Alexis J., Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Eshetie, Setegn, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Mueller, Ulrich O., Tortajada, Miguel, Schutte, Aletta E., Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Szoeke, Cassandra E.I., Mishra, Shiva Raj, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Car, Mate, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Hakuzimana, Alex, Shrime, Mark G., Taveira, Nuno, Trujillo, Ulises, Sobngwi, Eugene, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Béjot, Yannick, Tonelli, Marcello, Christensen, Hanne, Truelsen, Thomas, Morawska, Lidia, Kim, Sungroul, Ray, Sarah E., Tandon, Nikhil, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Mikesell, Joseph, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Muller, Kate, Jin, Ye, Ammar, Walid, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Crump, John A., Hu, Guoqing, Roy, Ambuj, Abbas, Kaja M., Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Wakayo, Tolassa, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Huang, Hsiang, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Norheim, Ole F., Kinfu, Yohannes, Gakidou, Emmanuela, He, Fei, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Srinivasan, Vinay, Enayati, Ahmadali, Memiah, Peter, Pigott, David M., Atre, Sachin R., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Chen, Honglei, Cohen, Aaron J., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Liu, Shiwei, and She, Jun

Subjects
1. No poverty, 3. Good health
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and

34. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ampem, Yaw Amoako, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bejot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar 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Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, March, Lyn M, Marczak, Laurie B, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Henrique, Paulo, Martins, Viegas, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlndio, Martopullo, Ira, Marz, Winfried, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohan, Murali BV, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez 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Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Xueying, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher JL, and Collaborators, GBD DALYs HALE

Subjects
Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, 1. No poverty, Middle Aged, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, 3. Good health, Global Burden of Disease, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Residence Characteristics, Cause of Death, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Disabled Persons, Female, sense organs, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Distribution, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged
Abstract

Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).

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