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Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Authors :
Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Kaja M. Abd-Allah, Foad Abera, Semaw Ferede Abraha, Haftom Niguse Abu-Raddad, Laith J. Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E. Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O. Adetokunboh, Olatunji Afshin, Ashkan Aggarwal, Rakesh Agrawal, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibthiel Aiyar, Sneha Akanda, Ali Shafqat Akinyemiju, Tomi F. Akseer, Nadia Al Lami, Faris Hasan Alabed, Samer Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alasfoor, Deena Aldridge, Robert William Alene, Kefyalew Addis Al-Eyadhy, Ayman Alhabib, Samia Ali, Raghib Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza Aljunid, Syed M. Alkaabi, Juma M. Alkerwi, Ala'a Alla, François Allam, Shalini D. Allebeck, Peter Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Alsharif, Ubai Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameh, Emmanuel A. Amini, Erfan Ammar, Walid Amoako, Yaw Ampem Anber, Nahla Andrei, Catalina Liliana Androudi, Sofia Ansari, Hossein Ansha, Mustafa Geleto Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. Anwari, Palwasha Ärnlöv, Johan Arora, Megha Artaman, Al Aryal, Krishna Kumar Asayesh, Hamid Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal Asghar, Rana Jawad Assadi, Reza Assaye, Ashagre Molla Atey, Tesfay Mehari Atre, Sachin R. Avila-Burgos, Leticia Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Awasthi, Ashish Babalola, Tesleem Kayode Bacha, Umar Badawi, Alaa Balakrishnan, Kalpana Balalla, Shivanthi Barac, Aleksandra Barber, Ryan M. Barboza, Miguel A. Barker-Collo, Suzanne L. Bärnighausen, Till Barquera, Simon Barregard, Lars Barrero, Lope H. Baune, Bernhard T. Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Bedi, Neeraj Beghi, Ettore Béjot, Yannick Bekele, Bayu Begashaw Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Aminu K. Bennett, Derrick A. Bennett, James R. Bensenor, Isabela M. Benson, Jennifer Berhane, Adugnaw Berhe, Derbew Fikadu Bernabé, Eduardo Beuran, Mircea Beyene, Addisu Shunu Bhala, Neeraj Bhansali, Anil Bhaumik, Soumyadeep Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bicer, Burcu Kucuk Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast Bikbov, Boris Birungi, Charles Biryukov, Stan Bisanzio, Donal Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie Bjerregaard, Peter Blosser, Christopher D. Boneya, Dube Jara Boufous, Soufiane Bourne, Rupert R. A. Brazinova, Alexandra Breitborde, Nicholas J. K. Brenner, Hermann Brugha, Traolach S. Bukhman, Gene Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bumgarner, Blair Randal Burch, Michael Butt, Zahid A. Cahill, Leah E. Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo Car, Josip Car, Mate Cárdenas, Rosario Carpenter, David O. Carrero, Juan Jesus Carter, Austin Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A. Castro, Franz F. Castro, Ruben Estanislao Catalá-López, Ferrán Chen, Honglei Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia Chibalabala, Mirriam Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chitheer, Abdulaal A. Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Christensen, Hanne Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas Ciobanu, Liliana G. Cirillo, Massimo Cohen, Aaron J. Colquhoun, Samantha M. Coresh, Josef Criqui, Michael H. Cromwell, Elizabeth A. Crump, John A. Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargan, Paul I. das Neves, José Davey, Gail Davitoiu, Dragos V. Davletov, Kairat de Courten, Barbora De Leo, Diego Degenhardt, Louisa Deiparine, Selina Dellavalle, Robert P. Deribe, Kebede Deribew, Amare Des Jarlais, Don C. Dey, Subhojit Dharmaratne, Samath D. Dherani, Mukesh K. Diaz-Torné, Cesar Ding, Eric L. Dixit, Priyanka Djalalinia, Shirin Do, Huyen Phuc Doku, David Teye Donnelly, Christl Ann dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender Douwes-Schultz, Dirk Driscoll, Tim R. Duan, Leilei Dubey, Manisha Duncan, Bruce Bartholow Dwivedi, Laxmi Kant Ebrahimi, Hedyeh El Bcheraoui, Charbel Ellingsen, Christian Lycke Enayati, Ahmadali Endries, Aman Yesuf Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich Eshetie, Setegn Eshrati, Babak Eskandarieh, Sharareh Esteghamati, Alireza Estep, Kara Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Faro, André Farvid, Maryam S. Farzadfar, Farshad Feigin, Valery L. Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad Fernandes, Jefferson G. Fernandes, João C. Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya Foreman, Kyle J. Frank, Tahvi Franklin, Richard C. Fraser, Maya Friedman, Joseph Frostad, Joseph J. Fullman, Nancy Fürst, Thomas Furtado, Joao M. Futran, Neal D. Gakidou, Emmanuela Gambashidze, Ketevan Gamkrelidze, Amiran Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday Gelaye, Amha Admasie Geleijnse, Johanna M. Gemechu, Bikila Lencha Gemechu, Kasiye Shiferaw Genova-Maleras, Ricard Gesesew, Hailay Abrha Gething, Peter W. Gibney, Katherine B. Gill, Paramjit Gillum, Richard F. Giref, Ababi Zergaw Girma, Bedilu Weji Giussani, Giorgia Goenka, Shifalika Gomez, Beatriz Gona, Philimon N. Gopalani, Sameer Vali Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho Graetz, Nicholas Gugnani, Harish Chander Gupta, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Haagsma, Juanita A. Hafezi-Nejad, Nima Hakuzimana, Alex Halasa, Yara A. Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome Hamidi, Samer Hammami, Mouhanad Hancock, Jamie Handal, Alexis J. Hankey, Graeme J. Hao, Yuantao Harb, Hilda L. Hareri, Habtamu Abera Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai Haro, Josep Maria Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh Havmoeller, Rasmus Hay, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I. He, Fei Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz Herteliu, Claudiu Hilawe, Esayas Haregot Hoek, Hans W. Horita, Nobuyuki Hosgood, H Dean Hostiuc, Sorin Hotez, Peter J. Hoy, Damian G. Hsairi, Mohamed Htet, Aung Soe Hu, Guoqing Huang, John J. Huang, Hsiang Iburg, Kim Moesgaard Igumbor, Ehimario Uche Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile Inoue, Manami Irenso, Asnake Ararsa Irvine, Caleb M. S. Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nazrul Jacobsen, Kathryn H. Jaenisch, Thomas Jahanmehr, Nader Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B. Javanbakht, Mehdi Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra Jeemon, Panniyammakal Jensen, Paul N. Jha, Vivekanand Jin, Ye John, Denny John, Oommen Johnson, Sarah Charlotte Jonas, Jost B. Jürisson, Mikk Kabir, Zubair Kadel, Rajendra Kahsay, Amaha Kalkonde, Yogeshwar Kamal, Ritul Kan, Haidong Karch, André Karema, Corine Kakizi Karimi, Seyed M. Karthikeyan, Ganesan Kasaeian, Amir Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa Kassebaum, Nicholas J. Kastor, Anshul Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal Kaul, Anil Kawakami, Norito Kazanjan, Konstantin Keiyoro, Peter Njenga Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew Kemp, Andrew Haddon Kengne, Andre Pascal Keren, Andre Kereselidze, Maia Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair Ketema, Ezra Belay Khader, Yousef Saleh Khalil, Ibrahim A. Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khang, Young-Ho Khera, Sahil Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Kibret, Getiye Dejenu Kieling, Christian Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Cho-il Kim, Daniel Kim, Pauline Kim, Sungroul Kimokoti, Ruth W. Kinfu, Yohannes Kishawi, Sami Kissoon, Niranjan Kivimaki, Mika Knudsen, Ann Kristin Kokubo, Yoshihiro Kopec, Jacek A. Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A. Koyanagi, Ai Kravchenko, Michael Krohn, Kristopher J. Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuipers, Ernst J. Kulikoff, Xie Rachel Kulkarni, Veena S. Kumar, G. Anil Kumar, Pushpendra Kumsa, Fekede Asefa Kutz, Michael Lachat, Carl Lagat, Abraham K. Lager, Anton Carl Jonas Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lalloo, Ratilal Lambert, Nkurunziza Lan, Qing Lansingh, Van C. Larson, Heidi J. Larsson, Anders Laryea, Dennis Odai Lavados, Pablo M. Laxmaiah, Avula Lee, Paul H. Leigh, James Leung, Janni Leung, Ricky Levi, Miriam Li, Yongmei Liao, Yu Liben, Misgan Legesse Lim, Stephen S Linn, Shai Lipshultz, Steven E.. Liu, Shiwei Lodha, Rakesh Logroscino, Giancarlo Lopez, Alan D. Lorch, Scott A. Lorkowski, Stefan Lotufo, Paulo A. Lozano, Rafael Lunevicius, Raimundas Lyons, Ronan A. Ma, Stefan Macarayan, Erlyn RachelleKing Machado, Isis Eloah Mackay, Mark T. Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos Mahdavi, Mahdi Majdan, Marek Majdzadeh, Reza Majeed, Azeem Malekzadeh, Reza Malhotra, Rajesh Malta, Deborah Carvalho Mantovani, Lorenzo G. Manyazewal, Tsegahun Mapoma, Chabila C. Marczak, Laurie B. Marks, Guy B. Martin, Elena Alvarez Martinez-Raga, Jose Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio Massano, João Maulik, Pallab K. Mayosi, Bongani M. Mazidi, Mohsen McAlinden, Colm McGarvey, Stephen Theodore McGrath, John J. McKee, Martin Mehata, Suresh Mehndiratta, Man Mohan Mehta, Kala M. Meier, Toni Mekonnen, Tefera Chane Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam Memiah, Peter Memish, Ziad A. Mendoza, Walter Mengesha, Melkamu Merid Mengistie, Mubarek Abera Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese Menon, Geetha R. Menota, Bereket Gebremichael Mensah, George A. Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Atte Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane Micha, Renata Mikesell, Joseph Miller, Ted R. Mills, Edward J. Minnig, Shawn Mirarefin, Mojde Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. Misganaw, Awoke Mishra, Shiva Raj Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammadi, Alireza Mohammed, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohan, Murali B. V. Mohanty, Sanjay K. Mokdad, Ali H. Mollenkopf, Sarah K. Molokhia, Mariam Monasta, Lorenzo Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montico, Marcella Mooney, Meghan D. Moore, Ami R. Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar Moraga, Paula Morawska, Lidia Mori, Rintaro Morrison, Shane D. Mruts, Kalayu Birhane Mueller, Ulrich O. Mullany, Erin Muller, Kate Murray, Christopher J. L. Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas Musa, Kamarul Imran Nachega, Jean B. Nagata, Chie Nagel, Gabriele Naghavi, Mohsen Naidoo, Kovin S. Nanda, Lipika Nangia, Vinay Nascimento, Bruno Ramos Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan Negoi, Ionut Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Grant Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini Nisar, Muhammad Imran Nomura, Marika Nong, Vuong Minh Norheim, Ole F. Norrving, Bo Noubiap, Jean Jacques N Nyakarahuka, Luke O'Donnell, Martin J Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf Ogbo, Felix Akpojene Oh, In-Hwan Okoro, Anselm Oladimeji, Olanrewaju Olagunju, Andrew Toyin Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Oren, Eyal Ortiz, Alberto Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron Ota, Erika Owolabi, Mayowa O. Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel PA, Mahesh Pacella, Rosana E. Pakhale, Smita Pana, Adrian Panda, Basant Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Park, Eun-Kee Parsaeian, Mahboubeh Patel, Tejas Patten, Scott B. Patton, George C. Paudel, Deepak Pereira, David M. Perez-Padilla, Rogelio Perez-Ruiz, Fernando Perico, Norberto Pervaiz, Aslam Pesudovs, Konrad Peterson, Carrie Beth Petri, William Arthur Petzold, Max Phillips, Michael Robert Piel, Frédéric B. Pigott, David M. Pishgar, Farhad Plass, Dietrich Polinder, Suzanne Popova, Svetlana Postma, Maarten J. Poulton, Richie G. Pourmalek, Farshad Prasad, Narayan Purwar, Manorama Qorbani, Mostafa Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Rabiee, Rynaz H. S. Radfar, Amir Rafay, Anwar Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Mahfuzar Rai, Rajesh Kumar Rajsic, Sasa Ram, Usha Rana, Saleem M. Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya Rawaf, Salman Ray, Sarah E. Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago Rehm, Jürgen Reiner, Robert C. Remuzzi, Giuseppe Renzaho, Andre M. N. Resnikoff, Serge Rezaei, Satar Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh Ribeiro, Antonio L. Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo Rokni, Mohammad Bagher Ronfani, Luca Roshandel, Gholamreza Roth, Gregory A. Rothenbacher, Dietrich Roy, Ambuj Rubagotti, Enrico Ruhago, George Mugambage Saadat, Soheil Sabde, Yogesh Damodar Sachdev, Perminder S. Sadat, Nafis Safdarian, Mahdi Safi, Sare Safiri, Saeid Sagar, Rajesh Sahathevan, Ramesh Sahebkar, Amirhossein Sahraian, Mohammad Ali Salama, Joseph Salamati, Payman Salomon, Joshua A. Salvi, Sundeep Santosh Samy, Abdallah M. Sanabria, Juan Ramon Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores Santos, Itamar S. Santric Milicevic, Milena M. Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo Sartorius, Benn Satpathy, Maheswar Sawhney, Monika Saxena, Sonia Saylan, Mete I. Schmidt, Maria Inês Schneider, Ione J. C. Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam Schutte, Aletta E. Schwebel, David C. Schwendicke, Falk Seedat, Soraya Seid, Abdulbasit Musa Sepanlou, Sadaf G. Servan-Mori, Edson E. Shackelford, Katya Anne Shaheen, Amira Shahraz, Saeid Shaikh, Masood Ali Shamsipour, Mansour Shamsizadeh, Morteza Sharma, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh She, Jun Shen, Jiabin Shetty, Balakrishna P. Shi, Peilin Shibuya, Kenji Shifa, Girma Temam Shigematsu, Mika Shiri, Rahman Shiue, Ivy Shrime, Mark G. Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora Silberberg, Donald H. Silpakit, Naris Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves Sindi, Shireen Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Abhishek Singh, Virendra Sinha, Dhirendra Narain Skarbek, Katarzyna A. Kissimova Skiadaresi, Eirini Sligar, Amber Smith, David L. Sobaih, Badr H. A. Sobngwi, Eugene Soneji, Samir Soriano, Joan B. Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. Srinivasan, Vinay Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Steel, Nicholas Stein, Dan J. Steiner, Caitlyn Stöckl, Heidi Stokes, Mark Andrew Strong, Mark Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader Sunguya, Bruno F. Sur, Patrick J. Swaminathan, Soumya Sykes, Bryan L. Szoeke, Cassandra E. I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar Tadese, Fentaw Tandon, Nikhil Tanne, David Tarajia, Musharaf Tavakkoli, Mohammad Taveira, Nuno Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash Tekelab, Tesfalidet Tekle, Dejen Yemane Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman Tesema, Cheru Leshargie Tesssema, Belay Theis, Andrew Thomas, Nihal Thompson, Alex H. Thomson, Alan J. Thrift, Amanda G. Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan Tonelli, Marcello Topor-Madry, Roman Topouzis, Fotis Tortajada, Miguel Tran, Bach Xuan Truelsen, Thomas Trujillo, Ulises Tsilimparis, Nikolaos Tuem, Kald Beshir Tuzcu, Emin Murat Tyrovolas, Stefanos Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna Undurraga, Eduardo A. Uthman, Olalekan A. Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi van Boven, Job F. M. Varakin, Yuri Y. Varughese, Santosh Vasankari, Tommi Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales Velasquez, Ilais Moreno Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy Vidavalur, Ramesh Violante, Francesco S. Vishnu, Abhishek Vladimirov, Sergey K. Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich Vollset, Stein Emil Vos, Theo Waid, Jillian L. Wakayo, Tolassa Wang, Haidong Wang, Yuan-Pang Weichenthal, Scott Weiderpass, Elisabete Weintraub, Robert G. Werdecker, Andrea Wesana, Joshua Wijeratne, Tissa Wilkinson, James D. Wiysonge, Charles Shey Woldeyes, Belete Getahun Wolfe, Charles D. A. Workicho, Abdulhalik Workie, Shimelash Bitew Xavier, Denis Xu, Gelin Yaghoubi, Mohsen Yakob, Bereket Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene Yan, Lijing L. Yano, Yuichiro Yaseri, Mehdi Ye, Pengpeng Yimam, Hassen Hamid Yip, Paul Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn Yonemoto, Naohiro Yoon, Seok-Jun Yotebieng, Marcel Younis, Mustafa Z. Zaidi, Zoubida Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed Zeeb, Hajo Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew Zerfu, Taddese Alemu Zhang, Anthony Lin Zhang, Xueying Zodpey, Sanjay Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna HASH(0x5651ca1ecb00) Viðskiptadeild (HR) School of Business (RU) Háskólinn í Reykjavík Reykjavik University Wang, Haidong Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Kaja M. Abd-Allah, Foad Abera, Semaw Ferede Abraha, Haftom Niguse Abu-Raddad, Laith J. Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E. Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O. Adetokunboh, Olatunji Afshin, Ashkan Aggarwal, Rakesh Agrawal, Anurag Agrawal, Sutapa Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Aichour, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibthiel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aiyar, Sneha Akanda, Ali Shafqat Akinyemiju, Tomi F. Akseer, Nadia Al-Eyadhy, Ayman Al Lami, Faris Hasan Alabed, Samer Alahdab, Fare Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alasfoor, Deena Aldridge, Robert William Alene, Kefyalew Addi Alhabib, Samia Ali, Raghib Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza Aljunid, Syed M. Alkaabi, Juma M. Alkerwi, Ala'a Alla, Françoi Allam, Shalini D. Allebeck, Peter Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Alsharif, Ubai Altirkawi, Khalid A. Martin, Elena Alvarez Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameh, Emmanuel A. Amini, Erfan Ammar, Walid Amoako, Yaw Ampem Anber, Nahla Andrei, Catalina Liliana Androudi, Sofia Ansari, Hossein Ansha, Mustafa Geleto Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. Anwari, Palwasha Ärnlöv, Johan Arora, Megha Artaman, Al Aryal, Krishna Kumar Asayesh, Hamid Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal Asghar, Rana Jawad Assadi, Reza Atey, Tesfay Mehari Atre, Sachin R. Avila-Burgos, Leticia Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur Awasthi, Ashish Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Babalola, Tesleem Kayode Bacha, Umar Badawi, Alaa Balakrishnan, Kalpana Balalla, Shivanthi Barac, Aleksandra Barber, Ryan M. Barboza, Miguel A. Barker-Collo, Suzanne L. Bärnighausen, Till Barquera, Simon Barregard, Lar Barrero, Lope H. Baune, Bernhard T. Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Bedi, Neeraj Beghi, Ettore Béjot, Yannick Bekele, Bayu Begashaw Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Aminu K. Bennett, Derrick A. Bennett, James R. Bensenor, Isabela M. Benson, Jennifer Berhane, Adugnaw Berhe, Derbew Fikadu Bernabé, Eduardo Beuran, Mircea Beyene, Addisu Shunu Bhala, Neeraj Bhansali, Anil Bhaumik, Soumyadeep Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bikbov, Bori Birungi, Charle Biryukov, Stan Bisanzio, Donal Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie Bjerregaard, Peter Blosser, Christopher D. Boneya, Dube Jara Boufous, Soufiane Bourne, Rupert R.A. Brazinova, Alexandra Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Brenner, Hermann Brugha, Traolach S. Bukhman, Gene Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bumgarner, Blair Randal Burch, Michael Butt, Zahid A. Cahill, Leah E. Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo Car, Josip Car, Mate Cárdenas, Rosario Carpenter, David O. Carrero, Juan Jesu Carter, Austin Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A. Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline Castro, Franz F. Castro, Ruben Estanislao Catalá-López, Ferrán Chen, Honglei Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia Chibalabala, Mirriam Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chitheer, Abdulaal A. Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Christensen, Hanne Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda Ciobanu, Liliana G. Cirillo, Massimo Cohen, Aaron J. Colquhoun, Samantha M. Coresh, Josef Criqui, Michael H. Cromwell, Elizabeth A. Crump, John A. Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargan, Paul I. Das Neves, José Davey, Gail Davitoiu, Dragos V. Davletov, Kairat De Courten, Barbora De Leo, Diego Degenhardt, Louisa Deiparine, Selina Dellavalle, Robert P. Deribe, Kebede Deribew, Amare Des Jarlais, Don C. Dey, Subhojit Dharmaratne, Samath D. Dherani, Mukesh K. Diaz-Torné, Cesar Ding, Eric L. Dixit, Priyanka Djalalinia, Shirin Do, Huyen Phuc Doku, David Teye Donnelly, Christl Ann Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender Douwes-Schultz, Dirk Driscoll, Tim R. Duan, Leilei Dubey, Manisha Duncan, Bruce Bartholow Dwivedi, Laxmi Kant Ebrahimi, Hedyeh El Bcheraoui, Charbel Ellingsen, Christian Lycke Enayati, Ahmadali Endries, Aman Yesuf Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich Eshetie, Setegn Eshrati, Babak Eskandarieh, Sharareh Esteghamati, Alireza Estep, Kara Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Faro, André Farvid, Maryam S. Farzadfar, Farshad Feigin, Valery L. Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad Fernandes, Jefferson G. Fernandes, João C. Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya Foreman, Kyle J. Frank, Tahvi Franklin, Richard C. Fraser, Maya Friedman, Joseph Frostad, Joseph J. Fullman, Nancy Fürst, Thoma Furtado, Joao M. Futran, Neal D. Gakidou, Emmanuela Gambashidze, Ketevan Gamkrelidze, Amiran Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirsto Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday Gelaye, Amha Admasie Geleijnse, Johanna M. Gemechu, Bikila Lencha Gemechu, Kasiye Shiferaw Genova-Maleras, Ricard Gesesew, Hailay Abrha Gething, Peter W. Gibney, Katherine B. Gill, Paramjit Singh Gillum, Richard F. Giref, Ababi Zergaw Girma, Bedilu Weji Giussani, Giorgia Goenka, Shifalika Gomez, Beatriz Gona, Philimon N. Gopalani, Sameer Vali Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho Graetz, Nichola Gugnani, Harish Chander Gupta, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Vipin Haagsma, Juanita A. Hafezi-Nejad, Nima Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan Hakuzimana, Alex Halasa, Yara A. Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome Hamidi, Samer Hammami, Mouhanad Hancock, Jamie Handal, Alexis J. Hankey, Graeme J. Hao, Yuantao Harb, Hilda L. Hareri, Habtamu Abera Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai Haro, Josep Maria Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh Havmoeller, Rasmu Hay, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I. He, Fei Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz Herteliu, Claudiu Hilawe, Esayas Haregot Hoek, Hans W. Horita, Nobuyuki Hosgood, H. Dean Hostiuc, Sorin Hotez, Peter J. Hoy, Damian G. Hsairi, Mohamed Htet, Aung Soe Hu, Guoqing Huang, Hsiang Huang, John J. Iburg, Kim Moesgaard Igumbor, Ehimario Uche Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile Inoue, Manami Irenso, Asnake Ararsa Irvine, Caleb M.S. Islam, Nazrul Jacobsen, Kathryn H. Jaenisch, Thoma Jahanmehr, Nader Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B. Javanbakht, Mehdi Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra Jeemon, Panniyammakal Jensen, Paul N. Jha, Vivekanand Jin, Ye John, Denny John, Oommen Johnson, Sarah Charlotte Jonas, Jost B. Jürisson, Mikk Kabir, Zubair Kadel, Rajendra Kahsay, Amaha Kalkonde, Yogeshwar Kamal, Ritul Kan, Haidong Karch, André Karema, Corine Kakizi Karimi, Seyed M. Karthikeyan, Ganesan Kasaeian, Amir Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa Kassebaum, Nicholas J. 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Source :
LANCET, ResearcherID, Lancet (UK), 390(10100), 1084-1150. Elsevier Ltd., r-IIB SANT PAU. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica del Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Publication Year :
2017
Publisher :
Elsevier BV, 2017.
Abstract
Correction in: Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017<br />Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled.<br />Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
Details
Language :
English
ISSN :
01406736 and 1474547X
Database :
OpenAIRE
Journal :
LANCET, ResearcherID, Lancet (UK), 390(10100), 1084-1150. Elsevier Ltd., r-IIB SANT PAU. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica del Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Accession number :
edsair.dedup.wf.001..0388dcfebf5483e6548d4183285e394f