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This study focuses on developing an ionic liquid-based emulsion membrane to remove a cationic dye from an aqueous solution. The researchers employed an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) characterization method based on droplet sizes and membrane breakage rate to evaluate the impact of various parameters on dye extraction. The parameters investigated include surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, treat ratio, phase ratio, internal phase concentration, agitation speed, agitation time, and mixing speed. The ELM used in this study is a thick milky solution composed of a carrier (aliquat 336), diluent (kerosene), surfactant (SPAN 80), and stripping agent (NaOH). The optimum conditions for dye extraction were determined based on the experimental results. Under these conditions, a maximum dye extraction efficiency of 99.7% is achieved. The optimum conditions included a surfactant concentration of 4% (v/v) SPAN 80, a carrier concentration of 2% (v/v) aliquat 336, an agitation speed and time of 16,000 rpm and 10 min, respectively, NaOH concentration of 0.5 M, a treat ratio of 1:2, a phase ratio of 1:2, and a mixing speed of 350 rpm. In addition to the dye extraction, the study also examined the effect of the emulsion liquid membrane on the removal of chemical oxygen demand. However, the given information does not mention specific results or conclusions regarding this aspect. The study successfully developed an ionic liquid-based emulsion membrane technique for removing a cationic dye from an aqueous solution. The optimized conditions yielded high dye extraction efficiency, demonstrating the potential of the proposed method for dye removal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Solvent extraction of selenium(IV) ions from highly concentrated hydrochloric acid using 0.4 mol/L Aliquat 336 dissolved in kerosene was investigated. As a modifying agent, 1-octanol (10% v/v) was added to the organic phase to avoid the third phase formation. The effect of different parameters affecting the liquid-liquid extraction of selenium(IV) such as the acid concentration, shaking time, metal ion concentration in the aqueous phase, loading capacity, diluents, and temperature, was studied. The results indicate that selenium(IV) is extracted efficiently by 0.4 mol/L Aliquat 336 dissolved in kerosene. It was noticed that the extraction increased with the increase in the acid and Aliquat 336 concentrations, reaching an extraction percentage of about 92% at 8 mol/L HCl and 97.1% at 1 mol/L extractant. The extracted organic species is postulated to be [H2SeO2Cl2.2R4NCl]org by using the slope analysis method, and the value of Kex for selenium(IV) extraction was found to be 26.17 ± 2 M− 2. The structure of the extracted organic species was confirmed by FT-IR. The effect of diluents using various aliphatic and aromatic diluents indicated that kerosene is the most preferred diluent. This is owing to safety ground purpose, economic consideration, the lower cost, availability, and lower toxicity. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the endothermic nature for the solvent extraction of selenium(IV) for the investigated system according to the positive value obtained of the enthalpy change (ΔH). Depending on the obtained results, the method was used to recover selenium(IV) from a simulated solution synthesized in hydrochloric acid medium, which is expected in anode slime leach liquor solution.

Solvent extraction of selenium(IV) ions from highly concentrated hydrochloric acid using 0.4 mol/L Aliquat 336 dissolved in kerosene was investigated. As a modifying agent, 1-octanol (10% v/v) was added to the organic phase to avoid the third phase formation. The effect of different parameters affecting the liquid-liquid extraction of selenium(IV) such as the acid concentration, shaking time, metal ion concentration in the aqueous phase, loading capacity, diluents, and temperature, was studied. The results indicate that selenium(IV) is extracted efficiently by 0.4 mol/L Aliquat 336 dissolved in kerosene. It was noticed that the extraction increased with the increase in the acid and Aliquat 336 concentrations, reaching an extraction percentage of about 92% at 8 mol/L HCl and 97.1% at 1 mol/L extractant. The extracted organic species is postulated to be [H2SeO2Cl2.2R4NCl]org by using the slope analysis method, and the value of Kex for selenium(IV) extraction was found to be 26.17 ± 2 M− 2. The structure of the extracted organic species was confirmed by FT-IR. The effect of diluents using various aliphatic and aromatic diluents indicated that kerosene is the most preferred diluent. This is owing to safety ground purpose, economic consideration, the lower cost, availability, and lower toxicity. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the endothermic nature for the solvent extraction of selenium(IV) for the investigated system according to the positive value obtained of the enthalpy change (ΔH). Depending on the obtained results, the method was used to recover selenium(IV) from a simulated solution synthesized in hydrochloric acid medium, which is expected in anode slime leach liquor solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the liquid–liquid extraction of ReO4− anions from hydrochloric acid solutions using the ionic liquid Aliquat 336 (QCl: trialkyl(C8–C10)methylammonium chloride) via the well-known method of slope analysis along with the determination of the process parameters is presented. This study employs CCl4, CHCl3 and C6H12 as diluents. This study was carried out at room temperature (22 ± 2) °C and an aqueous/organic volumetric ratio of unity. The ligand effect on the complexation properties of ReO4− is quantitatively assessed in different organic media. The organic extract in chloroform media is examined through 1H, 13C and 15N NMR analysis as well as the HRMS technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy in order to view the anion exchange and ligand coordination in the organic phase solution. Final conclusions are given highlighting the role of the molecular diluent in complexation processes and selectivity involving ionic liquid ligands and various metal s-, p-, d- and f-cations. ReO4− ions have shown one of the best solvent extraction behaviors compared to other ions. For instance, the Aliquat 336 derivative bearing Cl− functions shows strongly enhanced extraction as well as pronounced separation abilities towards ReO4−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaching solution from the direct reduction-sodium smelting process of ultra-poor vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite contained sodium, vanadium, and impurities. It was carbonated to ensure sodium recovery, and the recovery of vanadium proved challenging. This study proposed and optimized a novel process of extracting vanadium from this alkaline carbonated solution using the transformed organic phase of 20 vol% (0.44 mol/L) Aliquat 336, 8 vol% 2-octanol, and 72 vol% sulfonated kerosene. To achieve superior vanadium extraction, Aliquat 336 in the organic phase was transformed into carbonate type by successively washing with NaHCO3 and NaOH solutions. The single-stage extraction efficiency of vanadium exceeded 85% at a pH of 8.0‒9.0 and an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio of 1:1. The thermodynamics of the vanadium extraction process was examined, confirming that the extraction process is an exothermic reaction (ΔH0 = −9.56 kJ/mol). Furthermore, using a solution of 4 mol/L NH4Cl and 1 mol/L NH4OH with a pH of 8.8 as the effective stripping reagent to realize one-step stripping and precipitation of vanadium, the single-stage stripping efficiency of vanadium was 99.8%, and the precipitation efficiency was about 95%. Through this stripping-precipitation process, solid ammonium metavanadate with a purity of 98.14% was obtained in one step. The mechanisms of transformation, extraction, and stripping were studied via infrared spectra of the organic phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of 3,3'-([1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(indolin-2-ones) were synthesized by the conventional method and by a green method involving solvent-free phase transfer catalysis. The catalyst used is a quaternary ammonium salt aliquat 336. Mechanisms of reaction are proposed for the both synthesis methods. The structures of the products were confirmed by spectroscopic measurements. Schiff base monomers are good candidates for obtaining new polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the liquid–liquid extraction of ReO4− anions from hydrochloric acid solutions using the ionic liquid Aliquat 336 (QCl: trialkyl(C8–C10)methylammonium chloride) via the well-known method of slope analysis along with the determination of the process parameters is presented. This study employs CCl4, CHCl3 and C6H12 as diluents. This study was carried out at room temperature (22 ± 2) °C and an aqueous/organic volumetric ratio of unity. The ligand effect on the complexation properties of ReO4− is quantitatively assessed in different organic media. The organic extract in chloroform media is examined through 1H, 13C and 15N NMR analysis as well as the HRMS technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy in order to view the anion exchange and ligand coordination in the organic phase solution. Final conclusions are given highlighting the role of the molecular diluent in complexation processes and selectivity involving ionic liquid ligands and various metal s-, p-, d- and f-cations. ReO4− ions have shown one of the best solvent extraction behaviors compared to other ions. For instance, the Aliquat 336 derivative bearing Cl− functions shows strongly enhanced extraction as well as pronounced separation abilities towards ReO4−.

Noble metals (NM) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium are widely applied in the electronics and automotive industries. Thus, the search for cheap and selective sorbents for noble metals is economically justified. Nitrolite does not sorb noble metal ions. A new impregnated sorbent was prepared. The natural sorbent Nitrolite was impregnated with Aliquat 336 using a new warm impregnation method. After the impregnation process, Nitrolite adsorbed platinum(IV), palladium(II), and gold(III) ions from the chloride solutions. The values of the sorption capacity for palladium(II) and platinum(IV) ions were 47.63 mg/g and 51.39 mg/g, respectively, from the 0.1 M HCl model solution. The sorption capacity for gold(III) ions was estimated to be 73.43 mg/g from the 0.1 M HCl model solution. An exhausted catalytic converter was leached, and platinum(IV), palladium(II), and rhodium(III) were transferred to the chloride solution. The impregnated sorbent Nitrolite–Aliquat 336 was used in the investigations of the platinum(IV), palladium(II), and rhodium(III) ions' sorption from a real solution. The impregnated sorbent Nitrolite–Aliquat 336 proved to be suitable for the recovery of platinum(IV) and palladium(II) ions, whereas rhodium ions were not sorbed from the leached solutions. Notably, 1 M thiourea in the 1 M HCl solution desorbed platinum(IV), palladium(II), and gold(III) above 94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term use is one of the weaknesses of polymeric inclusion membranes. The present study focuses on the identification of the optimal conditions of the membrane and aqueous solutions compositions that will allow long-term use of polymeric inclusion membranes. We tried to find out a way to minimize the loss of the membrane organic phase of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). For this purpose, PIMs consisting of cellulose triacetate (CTA) as a base polymer and three different carriers, Aliquat 336 (basic), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) (acid) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) (neutral), were elaborated. The stability of the obtained membranes was studied in detail by determining their mass loss when immersed in aqueous solutions containing various salts or acids. The results showed that the stability of the PIMs is heavily influenced by the various studied parameters. The highest stability was recorded in HNO3 acidic medium (pH1) and 1 M NaNO3 medium where a mass loss < 5% wt. was observed. Besides, the PIM containing TOPO was found to be more stable than that containing Aliquat 336 which is in its turn more stable than that containing D2EHPA. The membranes based on Aliquat 336 and TOPO have excellent stability up to T = 60 °C; however, the membrane containing D2EHPA becomes unstable when the temperature is > 25 °C. One of the most relevant results is that the mass loss also depends on the saturation of the aqueous phase by carrier; a better stability is obtained in the case of a continuous immersion. Thus, the membrane can be kept stable for a period of up to 1 month. Finally, this study shows that it is possible to optimize the conditions that allow to stabilize membranes for extended use by adjusting the aqueous medium and membrane composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the influence of dehydration and solvation (by proton-donor reagents) of halide anions in the organic phase on the processes of their solvent extraction separation with salts of quaternary ammonium bases has been carried out. The possibility of a significant increase in the separation factors of anions in the F-Cl-Br-I series due to endothermic dehydration of amine salts (Aliquat 336) in systems with "weak" proton-donor reagents, such as chloroform has been shown. In particular, the separation factors of the Cl/F pair increase by almost 15 times when going from Aliquat 336 solutions in toluene to extractant solutions in chloroform, for the Br/Cl pair, this increase is up to 5 times, and for I/Cl, about 3 times. In similar systems with additions of alcohols and phenols to the extractant (exothermic dehydration), there is a significant deterioration in the separation parameters of halides. The conclusions are confirmed by the data of 1H NMR studies, which also made it possible to establish some details of the processes of dehydration of amine salts in the studied systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose an alternative to the known permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). PRB is one of the methods, which is a reactive barrier placed below the ground, to clean up contaminated groundwater. New polymer active substrates (ASs) were used to prevent soil contamination by toxic heavy metals. The active substrates consisted of a mixture of poly(vinyl chloride), Aliquat 336, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, which was applied to the skeleton material (fiberglass or textile). Aliquat 336 was used as a binding agent for metal ions (Cr(VI), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II)). In contrast with the PRBs, the ASs (from AS-1 to AS-5) were obtained in a simple way using the pouring method. The obtained ASs could be recycled and reused. The active substrates were used for the binding of various metal ions from aqueous solutions and the examined soil. It was found that the active substrate AS-1 decreased the concentrations of nickel, cadmium, and lead by more than 50% and that of chromium by more than 90% in the aqueous solution. High sorption efficiency for chromium and zinc metals (81% and 66%) with the use of AS-2 was also found, owing to which the migration of metals from soil to water can be limited. In the soil environment, active substrate AS-5 with the addition of a plasticizer showed the greatest effectiveness. This solution resulted in a reduction in each tested metal ion of at least 50%, and reductions in cadmium, lead, and copper of over 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports studies on the effective removal of Rhodamine-B (RhB) using Aliquat-336 modified Amberlite XAD-4 resin in the fixed-bed columns in series. The effect of flow rate (Q = 2 to 6 mL·min−1), bed height (h = 3.5 to 7 cm) and initial RhB dye concentration (Cin = 10 to 20 mg·L−1) was studied. When a single column was used, 93% RhB dye was removed in 3 h at Q = 2 mL·min−1, Cin = 10 mg·L−1, and h = 7 cm. When three columns in series were used, almost 100% dye was removed until 80 h. The maximum breakthrough time (142 h) and saturation time (244 h) were found by keeping Q = 2 mL·min−1, h = 7 cm of each column and Cin = 10 mg·L−1. Mathematical modeling of the breakthrough curves was done by using Yoon-Nelson, Clark, Wolborska, and pore diffusion models. The Clark model best fitted the experimental data. The possible interaction mechanism between Aliquat-336 and RhB dye was proposed. The column was regenerated in continuous mode using 1 M HCl solution and maintaining a flow rate of 2 mL·min−1. HIGHLIGHTS Amberlite XAD-4 resin was modified using Aliquat-336.; Rhodamine-B was removed in fixed-bed columns in series.; Influence of flow rate, bed height and initial dye concentration was studied.; Breakthrough curves were modeled.; Columns were successfully regenerated in continuous mode.;

Nanofibers are materials used in a wide range of applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. As an alternative to the most common method of its manufacturing (electrospinning) blow spinning has been used since it has greater production efficiency and simplicity. A wide variety of polymers is used for its preparation and can be modified to improve the interaction and selectivity toward specific analytes. Thereby nanofibers have been used for the extraction or removal of organic compounds such as drugs but there are still few reports of drug extractions like losartan. In this work polysulfone-Aliquat 336 nanofibers were prepared using the blow spinning method to extract and preconcentrate losartan. The studies showed that Aliquat 336 incorporation significantly improve the extraction of losartan with polysulfone fibers. Adsorption process was thermodynamically favorable with an adsorption capacity of 15.45 mg·g−1. Thus, it was possible to extract more than 92% of initial losartan using 10 mg of polysulfone-Aliquat 336 fibers (9 and 3.5% (w/v)), at pH 6 from deionized water and synthetic wastewater. Finally, losartan preconcentration was evaluated to facilitate its quantification using ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV-Vis), which allowed the determination of this drug at concentrations below the detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach using water as the stripping phase for extraction and recovery of low-concentration Ga (III) from concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions by Aliquat 336-based supported liquid membrane (SLM) is suggested. Generally, the stripping of Ga (III) from the loaded organic phase during liquid-liquid two-phase stirring extraction using quaternary ammonium salt as an extractant is extremely difficult. However, in the present work, an efficient mass transfer of low-concentration Ga (III) through the SLM was observed by introducing a low acidity (pH=2) aqueous solution as the stripping phase of the SLM. It was revealed that dissociation of GaCl 4 - and HCl 2 - anions into Ga3+, Cl- and H+ ions at the stripping/membrane phase interface play an important role in driving the mass transfer of GaCl 4 - from the concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions towards stripping phases. Kinetic analysis suggests that the permeability coefficient of Ga (III) ions through the SLM is dependent on the reaction temperature, extractant Aliquat 336 concentrations, and the difference in Cl- concentrations between the two sides of the liquid membrane phase, but independent of H+ concentrations. In view of future's applications for selective separation and recovery of low-concentration Ga (III) from the concentrated hydrochloric acid leaching solutions of various gallium-containing solid wastes, separation selectivity of Ga (III) against other coexisting metal impurity ions, such as Fe (II), Al (III), Mg (II) and Cu (II), was also evaluated. [Display omitted] • Water as stripping phase for selective separation and recovery of Ga(III) in concentrated hydrochloric acid. • The difficulty during traditional solvent extraction for stripping Ga(III) from the loaded organic phase can be solved. • Dissociation of GaCl 4 - anions into Ga3+ cations at the interface is the driving force. • The permeability coefficient depends on Cl- concentrations but independent of H+ concentrations. • Low-concentration Ga(III) can be selectively separated from Fe(II), Al(III), Mg(II), and Cu(II) mixed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of methyl tricapryl ammonium chloride （Aliquat 336） for extraction of VO-3 in aqueous phase were studied. The effect of ultrasound power on extraction rate was investigated. The results show that the extraction process is in accordance with Langmuir isothermal model. Under the temperatures of 293.15,303.15,313.15 K, the maximum equilibrium extraction capacities are 1.863,1.788,1.724 mmol/g, respectively. The ΔG°<0,ΔH° and ΔS° are-1.656×10~4 J/mol and-50.28 J/（K·mol） in the range of 293.15～313.15 K, respectively. The extraction process is in accordance with the first order kinetics model. The activation energy Ea is 4.311×10~4 J/mol and the pre-exponential factor k0 is 3.732×10~5 s-1.The extraction rate coefficient increases from 1.137×10-2 s-1 to 2.625×10-2 s-1 at 303.15 K, when the ultrasound power increases from 0 W to 45 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metals (NM) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium are widely applied in the electronics and automotive industries. Thus, the search for cheap and selective sorbents for noble metals is economically justified. Nitrolite does not sorb noble metal ions. A new impregnated sorbent was prepared. The natural sorbent Nitrolite was impregnated with Aliquat 336 using a new warm impregnation method. After the impregnation process, Nitrolite adsorbed platinum(IV), palladium(II), and gold(III) ions from the chloride solutions. The values of the sorption capacity for palladium(II) and platinum(IV) ions were 47.63 mg/g and 51.39 mg/g, respectively, from the 0.1 M HCl model solution. The sorption capacity for gold(III) ions was estimated to be 73.43 mg/g from the 0.1 M HCl model solution. An exhausted catalytic converter was leached, and platinum(IV), palladium(II), and rhodium(III) were transferred to the chloride solution. The impregnated sorbent Nitrolite–Aliquat 336 was used in the investigations of the platinum(IV), palladium(II), and rhodium(III) ions’ sorption from a real solution. The impregnated sorbent Nitrolite–Aliquat 336 proved to be suitable for the recovery of platinum(IV) and palladium(II) ions, whereas rhodium ions were not sorbed from the leached solutions. Notably, 1 M thiourea in the 1 M HCl solution desorbed platinum(IV), palladium(II), and gold(III) above 94%.

[Display omitted] • A stepwise solvent extraction of Sc from bauxite residue leachate was achieved. • The separation factors of Fe/Sc and Sc/Al are 4.3 × 104 and 2.6 × 103, respectively. • H 2 C 2 O 4 can greatly improve the reuse ability of Cyanex272. • Sc(III) was extracted by cation exchange and coordination with Cyanex 272. The recovery of Sc from secondary resources such as bauxite residue has received considerable interest. As the main elements in bauxite residue, Fe and Al exhibit significant interference in the selective separation of Sc. Herein this work, a stepwise extraction strategy of Sc from the hydrochloric acid leachate of bauxite residue was proposed based on the differences in reactivity of metal ions. The results show that Fe(III) and Sc(III) can be extracted sequentially with Aliquat 336 and Cyanex 272 from hydrochloric leachate. The separation factors of Fe/Sc, Fe/Al and Sc/Al were up to 4.3 × 104, 4.1 × 104 and 2.6 × 103, respectively. The results of spectroscopic characterization indicate that a cation exchange and coordination occur during the extraction of Sc(III) with Cyanex 272. The Sc(III) complex with Cyanex 272 (H 2 A 2) is presented as ScCl A 2 (H A) 2 ¯ . The loaded Aliquat 336 and Cyanex 272 can be stripped with acidified sodium sulfite and oxalic acid, respectively. The extraction-stripping performance of the stepwise separation route was investigated and the extraction efficiency of Fe(III) and Sc(III) can be remained above 97 % after 5 cycles. The proposed strategy has the potential to be considered industrially for the recovery of Sc from bauxite residue and other secondary resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Aspartame (ASP) was removed from an aqueous solution using a bulk liquid membrane. • Chloroform was used as membrane solvent and Aliquat 336 ionic liquid as carrier. • Tests were performed in a tube-in-tube cell at 200 rpm stirring speed for 7 h. • A maximum ASP recovery efficiency of 73% was achieved at optimal factor levels. • A kinetic model was used to predict process performance under optimal conditions. A chloroform bulk liquid membrane and Aliquat 336 ionic liquid as a carrier (ligand) were used to remove aspartame (ASP) from an aqueous solution. Experiments were performed in a tube-in-tube setup, under mechanical stirring of inner tube (200 rpm), for 7 h. The inner tube contained a stripping phase (an aqueous solution of HCl) and the outer tube the liquid membrane at the bottom and a feed phase (an aqueous solution of ASP and NaOH) at the top. Maximum extraction, stripping, and recovery efficiencies of ASP of 97.0 %, 75.4 %, and 73.1 % were obtained under the following working conditions: initial concentrations of ASP and NaOH in the feed phase of 10-4 mol/L and 10-2 mol/L, respectively, initial concentration of Aliquat 336 ligand in the chloroform membrane of 10-2 mol/L, and initial concentration of HCl in the stripping phase of 10-2 mol/L. A characteristic kinetic model of consecutive irreversible first-order reactions was used to predict ASP concentrations in the phases of the membrane system under optimal conditions. The extraction and stripping rate constants (k 1 = 2.48 × 10-4 s−1 and k 2 = 0.574 × 10-4 s−1), i.e. , the model parameters determined from experimental data, suggested that the chemical reaction occurring at the interface between the membrane and stripping phase was the rate-limiting step in the mass transfer of ASP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the separations of praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) from model NdFeB magnet-leaching solution were evaluated by two different mixtures, namely Aliquat 336/toluene (System I) and Cyanex 272/kerosene (System II). The operational parameters such as Aliquat 336 concentration (0.30-0.85 mol/L), Cyanex 272 concentration (0.23-0.57 mol/L), pH (2.0-5.0), organic to aqueous phase (O/A) ratio (1-3), and ammonium nitrate (AN) concentration (2.2-5.6 mol/L) were investigated. The impacts of the studied parameters on the separation factor were modeled, compared, and optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the Central Composite Design (CCD). The parameters had relatively consistent and inconsistent impacts on the extraction efficiency and selectivity of Systems I and II, respectively. According to the optimization results of the operational selectivity, System I was more fitted in which the extraction efficiencies of Pr and Nd were obtained 74.8% and 61.2%, respectively, and the separation factor was 2.10. The obtained values for Aliquat 336 concentration, O/A ratio, pH, and AN concentration were 0.85 mol/L, 1, 5.0, 3.9 mol/L, respectively. Finally, the stripping of metal ions from the loaded organic phase was effectively conducted with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution within a contact time of 5 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the extraction of phenol from an aqueous solution with the help of an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has been carried out. This membrane has the edge over the conventional separation processes in selectivity, efficiency, and feasibility. Certain factors such as surfactant, carrier, and diluent play an essential role in membrane synthesis. In our case, Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) was taken as a surfactant, kerosene as a diluent, and Aliquat 336 and Isodecanol as carriers. Under different optimum operating conditions, it was found that external-to-membrane phase ratio, surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, agitation speed, time of extraction, membrane-to-internal phase ratio, and solute concentration were the significant parameters. At optimum conditions, 89.52% phenol removal has been recorded. The percentage removal changes with time, and it was seen that it tends to remain constant after a while. The experiment was also carried out in two stages, taking into account the higher concentration of phenol from around 1,000 ppm to a lower concentration of around 100 ppm. It was observed that the final concentration of phenol after the two-stage process had been reduced to around 7–10 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND In this study, the transport of Cr (VI) ions was investigated with electroanalytical approach, called electro‐membrane extraction (EME), by using a supported liquid membrane (SLM). RESULTS: Aliquat 336 and Celgrad 2500 were used as a carrier and support material, respectively. Chromium (VI) ions were transferred from sample solution containing target analyte to extractant solution at low potential values (10–50 V) and with different current values (0.1–0.4 A). CONCLUSION: The following parameters such as carrier change, carrier concentration effects, solvent change effect were investigated and Cr(VI) transport was achieved with 54.73% recovery in 100 min at optimum conditions. In the EME‐SLM process, Danesi mass transfer model was used to calculate the kinetic data, rate constant, flux, permeability, and recovery, for each parameter examined. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the recovery of Zn(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solutions based on solvent extraction with trioctylmethylammonium chloride [TOMA+][Cl‐], commercialy named Aliquat 336. Single metal solutions and binary mixtures of both metals were considered. The effect of relevant operating conditions such as pH, contact time, initial concentration, O/A phase volumetric ratio, and temperature were evaluated. Additionally, loading capacity and stripping studies were performed. Results showed that [TOMA+][Cl−] is an effective extracting agent for Zn(II), reaching maximum removal capacity at pH 1.8 and demonstrating fast extraction kinetics. Extraction efficiencies above 99% were achieved at 0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 O/A volumetric phase ratios for 0.1 g/L initial Zn(II) concentration. At 1 g/L and 10 g/L concentration, for the same O/A ratios, approximately 88% of the initial Zn(II) was extracted. In contrast, it was found that negligible amounts of Cr(III) were transferred to the [TOMA+][Cl−] phase at the 1‐5 pH range. Selectivity studies showed that Zn(II) removal is boosted in the presence of Cr(III), although no Cr(III) is extracted. [TOMA+][Cl−] exhibited a high Zn(II) storage capacity, since after 25 loading cycles with 1 g/L, the loading capacity reached approximately 13.5 g/L, and after five loading cycles with 5 g/L, the capacity reached 19.4 g/L. Stripping tests revealed that NaOH is an efficient agent for the removal of Zn(II) from the ionic liquids, reaching 98.5% removal after two cycles, whereas HNO3 is not a suitable agent, reaching less than 40% removal after three cycles. [TOMA+][Cl−] revealed high potential for separating Zn(II) from Cr(III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose an alternative to the known permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). PRB is one of the methods, which is a reactive barrier placed below the ground, to clean up contaminated groundwater. New polymer active substrates (ASs) were used to prevent soil contamination by toxic heavy metals. The active substrates consisted of a mixture of poly(vinyl chloride), Aliquat 336, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, which was applied to the skeleton material (fiberglass or textile). Aliquat 336 was used as a binding agent for metal ions (Cr(VI), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II)). In contrast with the PRBs, the ASs (from AS-1 to AS-5) were obtained in a simple way using the pouring method. The obtained ASs could be recycled and reused. The active substrates were used for the binding of various metal ions from aqueous solutions and the examined soil. It was found that the active substrate AS-1 decreased the concentrations of nickel, cadmium, and lead by more than 50% and that of chromium by more than 90% in the aqueous solution. High sorption efficiency for chromium and zinc metals (81% and 66%) with the use of AS-2 was also found, owing to which the migration of metals from soil to water can be limited. In the soil environment, active substrate AS-5 with the addition of a plasticizer showed the greatest effectiveness. This solution resulted in a reduction in each tested metal ion of at least 50%, and reductions in cadmium, lead, and copper of over 70%.

To decrease the pollution, eco-friendly processes are necessary to treat the various e-wastes. In this paper, the systematic scientific studies for the separation of Cd(II) and Ni(II) from sulfate medium has been investigated for the treatment of spent Ni-Cd battery using an ionic liquid Aliquat 336. The pH variation study revealed that with increase in pH the separation factor of Cd over Ni increased up to pH 4.05 (ß = 212.2) and decreased with further increase of pH. With increase in Cd concentration, the separation factor increased and highest separation factor of 752.03 is noticed with 0.01 M Cd. Shaking time of 5 min gave best result and the separation factor decreased with increasing that. Using 1.2 M Aliquat 336 complete separation of Cd over Co and Ni has been achieved from the synthetic leach liquors of spent Ni-Cd battery. Mc-Cabe-Thiele plot and counter current extraction are carried out to separate the metal ions followed by stripping with HNO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of rare earth metals with Aliquat 336 technical extractant (an ionic liquid based on a quaternary ammonium salt, trioctylmethylammonium chloride) was studied. The extractant was taken in the chloride and thiocyanate forms. The extractant in the thiocyanate form extracts rare earth metals more efficiently. The lutetium distribution in extraction with 1 M trioctylmethylammonium thiocyanate from chloride–thiocyanate solutions was studied. The extraction of lanthanides (with lutetium as example) is described by the equation Lu3+ + 3NCS– + 3[RRʹ3N]+NCS– = {(R3RʹN)3+∙[Lu(NCS)6]3–}org. Aqueous solutions of Lu3+ thiocyanates with different lutetium concentrations were studied by IR spectroscopy. A conclusion was made that the NCS– ion coordinates to the lutetium ion via nitrogen atom irrespective of the lutetium concentration. The distribution ratios were determined, and the separation factors in the extraction of rare earth metals with trioctylmethylammonium thiocyanate were calculated. The extraction and separation of rare earth metals are more efficient for the heavy lanthanides. Yttrium behaves under these conditions similarly to middle lanthanides. The 2 M trioctylmethylammonium thiocyanate–LnCl3–NH4NCS–Н2О extraction system was concluded to be suitable for the recovery and separation of yttrium-subgroup rare earth elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Up to 98 % extraction of protonated 2,5-PDCA with tri-n-octylamine. • Up to 98 % extraction of deprotonated 2,5-PDCA with Aliquat 336. • 95 % re-extraction of 2,5-PDCA from organic phase by pH swing. • Continuous extraction in liquid–liquid centrifuges with 3.6-fold concentration. • 65 % recovery of 2,4-PDCA from fermentation broth in one step. Pyridinedicarboxylic acids (PDCA) are analogues to terephthalic acid and promising molecules for the production of bio-based plastics. Previous work achieved the microbial production of PDCAs from the renewable resource lignin but an efficient and low cost method to recover PDCA from fermentation broth is still missing. Reactive extraction is commonly applied for the extraction of carboxylic acids from aqueous phase. In this study, we investigate reactive extraction of PDCA with the two extractants tri-n-octylamine (TOA) and Aliquat 336 in the diluent 1-octanol. The extraction and re-extraction were optimized with 2,5-PDCA in an aqueous solution leading to up to 98 % extraction for both extractants. Re-extraction by pH swing resulted in > 95 % re-extracted 2,5-PDCA. A scale-up in liquid–liquid centrifuges enabled continuous extraction and re-extraction in liter scale with a yield of 95 %. A concentration factor of 3.6 was achieved and the organic phase was recycled. The approach also showed transferability to the processing of complex fermentation solution. 2,4-PDCA, microbially produced in a bioprocess, could be recovered by 65 % in one single extraction and re-extraction step from biomass-free fermentation broth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study suggest efficiently separate and purify herbicides at a low cost. • The developed method ecologically friendly manner without the requirement for plasticizer in the membrane composition. • The synthesized membrane is flexible, easy to fabricate, easy to form into a film. In this study, an acetochlor belonging to the herbicide group was transported using a synthesized polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). Tricapryl-methylammonium chloride (Aliquat 366) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) were used as carrier and support material, respectively, in the membrane structure. The acetochlor samples taken during the transport from the donor phase containing 0.1 M HCl to the acceptor phase containing pure water were determined by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The permeability coefficient (P), rate constant (k), and material flow rate (J) values were calculated at the end of the transportation processes. The recovery factor (%) was determined to be 91.2 % at the end of 240 min of transportation time. The effects of relative amounts of the target analyte, carrier, and acid type on the donor phase were determined, as well as those of the acceptor phase pH and stirring effect. The results achieved in this study suggest that a stable and environmentally sustainable polymer inclusion membrane system might be used to effectively transport acetochlor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface characterization of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) using the polymers cellulose triacetate and polyvinyl chloride, containing different ionic liquids (ILs) as carriers, has been performed. Three different ILs have been tested: commercial trioctyl methylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336–AlqCl−) and two derivatives bearing the counter anion NO3− or SCN− (AlqNO3 and AlqSCN, respectively). Surface analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for both dry membranes and PIMs immersed for 4 days in ultrapure water to investigate the effect of the interaction of water with the membrane’s morphology and composition. XPS analysis of the PIMs revealed that immersion in ultrapure water causes a decrease in the atomic concentration percentage (A.C.%) of the specific IL atoms (Cl, S, and N) when compared with dry samples. Moreover, SEM images of the PIMs containing the IL AlqNO3 showed an alteration in the morphology of the membrane due to water contact at surface level, whereas no changes were observed at a bulk level. These changes in the surface composition of the water equilibrated PIMs may be associated with the solubilization of the IL in the water solution, which, therefore, may affect the reactivity of the membrane’s surface. To better understand this effect, PIMs containing both AlqCl and AlqNO3 as carriers were used for arsenic (V) transport. It was found that AlqCl was the most effective IL and that the effectivity of the PIM on As(V) removal was not affected after five cycles of the membrane’s reuse.

SiO2-SO3H, with a surface area of 115 m2·g−1, pore volumes of 0.38 cm3·g−1 and 1.32 mmol H+/g, was used as a transesterification catalyst. Triglycerides of waste cooking oil reacted with methanol in refluxing toluene to yield mixtures of diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the presence of 20% (w/w) catalyst/oil using the hydrophilic sulfonated silica (SiO2-SO3H) catalyst alone or with the addition of 10% (w/w) co-catalyst/oil [(Bun4N)(BF4) or Aliquat 336]. The addition of the ammonium salts to the catalyst lead to a decrease in the amounts of diglycerides in the products, but the concentrations of monoglycerides increased. Mixtures of (Bun4N)(BF4)/catalyst were superior to catalyst alone or Aliquat 336/catalyst for promoting the production of mixtures with high concentrations of FAMEs. The same experiments were repeated using DMSO as the solvent. The use of the more polar solvent resulted in excellent conversion of the triglycerides to FAME esters with all three-catalyst media. A simplified mechanism is presented to account for the experimental results.

Toxic effects of extractants and carriers of specific microorganisms must be taken into account before using them with hybrid fermentation processes that are combined with liquid membranes or liquid-liquid extraction. In the current research three extractants (trioctylamine, tri-iso-octylamine and Aliquat 336), three diluents (dodecane, dodecanol, and oleyl alcohol) and two mixtures (extractant/diluent) were tested for molecular toxicity on the bacteria Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 as potential components of a liquid membrane or a liquid-liquid extraction process for lactic acid removal in an intensified fermentation process. Glucose consumption, lactic acid production, and cell growth were used as toxicity indicators. Physical properties of extractants and diluents were related to the molecular toxicity on the microorganism. These results show that mixtures of tri-iso-octylamine/dodecane and trioctylamine/dodecane at a proportion of 1:9 v/v have great potential to be used in liquid membranes or liquid-liquid extraction processes on hybrid fermentations with Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393.

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The extraction of lanthanides from aqueous nitrate solutions by quaternary ammonium nitrate ionic liquids (e.g., [A336][NO3]) shows a negative sequence (i.e., light lanthanides are more efficiently extracted than heavy lanthanides), which conflicts with the lanthanide contraction. In this study, we explored the origin of the negative sequence by investigating the extraction of lanthanides from ethylammonium nitrate by [A336][NO3]. The extraction shows a positive sequence, which is converted to a negative sequence with the addition of water. The transformation from positive to negative sequences reveals that the negative sequence is caused by the hydration of lanthanide ions: hydration of lanthanide ions counteracts the extraction. Therefore, the use of solvents that have weak solvation with lanthanide ions might enhance the separation of the elements by solvent extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd and Zn were separated from Co, from chloride solutions containing 16 different metal ions. The separation method used was liquid–liquid extraction. Two different chloride concentrations, 0.5 and 5 mol/kg, were tested. Aliquat 336 in toluene was used as extractant. It is shown that Li2SO4 can back-extract the metals. Distribution ratios were determined using radiotracers or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results of these methods are compared. In particular, we demonstrate that the determination of low distribution ratios are limited by the uncertainty of the measured concentration of the feed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of iron(III) and zinc(II) ions using an aqueous two-phase system based on polypropylene glycol 425 and sodium chloride with the addition of the Aliquat 336 complexing agent has been studied for the first time. It has been shown that this extractant effectively recovers the metals under study from hydrochloric acid solutions. A degree of extraction higher than 95% in one stage can be achieved by varying the parameters of the extraction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical studies of transactinide elements (atomic number Z ≥ 104) are of great importance to understand the relativistic effects; however, the experimental methodology is limited owing to the single atom situation and short lifetimes of the heavy atoms. Herein, we report the successful establishment of a new solvent extraction method for transactinide elements using a flow-type solvent extraction apparatus. The developed apparatus has a reaction unit in which PTFE chips are packed to shorten the time required for the transfer of metal complexes between the aqueous and organic phases. Equilibrium distribution ratios were obtained for Zr and Hf: the homologues of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), in a short time considering the half-life of 261Rf as 68 s. In addition, the developed extraction apparatus was connected to an online transportation system for the nuclear reaction products at an accelerator, and online solvent extraction experiments were conducted with the short-lived nuclear reaction products of 89m,gZr and 173Hf. Distribution ratios consistent with the equilibrium ratios were successfully acquired. The solvent extraction system for experiments on Rf was thus established, and the optimal experimental conditions were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction and separation of scandium(III) from concentrated sodium hydroxide solution using quaternary ammonium salt (Aliquat 336, CH3R3NOH) in kerosene as a diluent with 10% (v/v) octanol as a modifier were investigated. The parameters that affect the extraction process were separately studied. On the basis of the slope analysis method, the composition of the extracted species was proposed to be [CH3R3NSc(OH)4]. The structure of the extracted metal species was supported by FT-IR investigations. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters related to the extraction process were estimated and the extraction process was found to be exothermic and spontaneous. The loading capacity of Aliquat 336 towards Sc(III) and stripping of loaded Sc(III) from the organic phase were also examined. Based on the acquired results, the method developed was applied for the recovery and separation of Sc(III) and other metal ions from a synthetic solution similar in composition to that expected from the leaching solution of red mud in strongly alkaline medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three commercially available extractants (tri-butyl-phosphate (TBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and Aliquat 336 (a mixture of quaternary ammonium bases)) were tested for separation of Pr(III) and Nd(III) in both static and dynamic modes. In the case of HDEHP, phase stability and influence of nitric acid were considered. Extraction isotherms were constructed, and influence of water-soluble complexing agents on the separation factor was investigated for Aliquat 336. In the case of TBP, influence of calcium nitrate in aqueous phase on the extraction efficiency was investigated. Model countercurrent experiments were conducted for TBP and Aliquat 336. It was shown that TBP is the best choice due to its high capacity and cation extraction order (Nd > Pr). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an optochemical sensor for colorimetric determination of trinitrotoluene (TNT) from aqueous samples is described. The optode film was formed based on the immobilization of trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) on a triacetylcellulose membrane, which acts as a fixed carrier and anion‐exchanger. When the colorless and transparent optochemical sensor are employed in TNT solution samples, a red‐orange color with maximum absorption wavelength at 530 nm develops in consequence of formation of TNT‐Aliquat 336 ion pair in the sensor membrane. The optical response of this optode is being proportional to concentration of TNT in aqueous solution. Various experimental parameters such as pH, optode composition, response time and reversibility have been studied and optimized. The analytical performance of the optode was evaluated, obtaining a linear response over the range of 1.0 to 16.0 mg/L, a limit of detection of 0.14 mg/L, good reproducibility and selectivity. The sensor was seen to exhibit a fully reversible response. The developed optode in the present work was applied to the determination of TNT in water and soil samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel porous extractant-incorporated membranes (EIMs) were prepared via non-solvent induced phase inversion. • The neutral extractant tri- n -octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was incorporated in cellulose triacetate membrane. • The as-prepared EIMs were applied for selective removal of p -cresol from a simulated serum mixture. • The mechanism of hydrogen bonding formation between p -cresol and as-prepared EIMs was confirmed. This preliminary study aims to prepare porous extractant-incorporated membranes (EIMs) containing base polymer cellulose triacetate (CTA), tri- n -octylphosphine oxide (TOPO), and trioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) prepared by non-solvent induced phase inversion for selective removal of p -cresol from simulated serum. The surface morphology and pore structure of the EIMs were investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and nitrogen sorptiometer, respectively. The functional groups and chemical composition of the EIMs were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), respectively. The interactions between uremic toxins (p -cresol, creatinine, and urea) and TOPO or Aliquat 336, studied independently by liquid-liquid extraction, were ascribed to hydrogen bonding. Batch tests showed that the addition of TOPO strongly favored p -cresol adsorption; for example, an adsorption capacity of 2.08 mmol/g of the EIM composed of 54.5 wt% CTA, 27.3 wt% Aliquat 336, and 18.2 wt% TOPO was obtained at 37°C, compared to a negligibly small capacity for creatinine and urea. Cross-flow dynamic experiments revealed that the maximum adsorption of p -cresol in a multi-component serum was 0.75 mmol/g of the EIM under the conditions studied. The high adsorption selectivity for p -cresol may make the prepared EIMs promising and potential for efficient removal of p -cresol from simulated serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of molybdenum from the aqueous solution through poly inclusion membrane (PIM) containing tri-caprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336) as a carrier has been investigated. A solution of molybdenum in phosphoric acid was used as a feed side while sodium hydroxide was used as stripping reagent. The results indicate that maximum flux value was obtained at 0.16 M Aliquat-336. Increase in H3PO4 concentration from 0.05 to 1.5 M results into an increase in molybdenum ions. The maximum flux of 3.00×10−6 mol/m²s through PIM was found at 1.5 M H3PO4. The optimized conditions were applied for removal of Mo(VI) from ore and more than 97 % Mo(VI) was extracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precious metals are used in many branches of industries. Due to their rarity and diminishing natural resources, more and more new methods are being sought to recover them from secondary sources, which can be electronic waste or spent car exhaust converters. This paper presents the research on the recovery of precious metals from chloride solutions using the Aliquat 336-impregnated Lewatit VP OC 1026 sorbent. The study used a warm impregnation method without toxic solvents, which is beneficial for the environment. The maximal sorption capacities obtained for model solutions in 0.1 M HCl were: 95.6 mg/g for gold, 38.2 mg/g for palladium, and 36.2 mg/g for platinum. There were studied: kinetics and thermodynamics of sorption, as well as amounts of the sorbent, effects of phase contact time and HCl concentration on the sorption of precious metals. Positive values of enthalpy change ΔH° validate that the process is endothermic. The research was also carried out on a real leaching solution obtained by digesting a spent catalytic converter, containing small amounts of platinum group metals. Desorption of precious metal ions was conducted using 1 M thiourea in 1 M hydrochloric acid. The obtained impregnated sorbent proved to be effective for sorption of Au(III), Pd(II), Pt(IV) ions., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

• Amberlite XAD-4 was wet-impregnated by 0.25/0.50/1 g of Aliquat 336/g resin (SIR). • Methyl orange dye was removed ultrasonically in batch and recirculating flow vessel. • Central composite design in response surface was used to find optimum parameters. • SIR (0.5 g Aliquat 336/g resin) gave 7.7 times more capacity than washed resin. • Removal in a recirculating flow vessel proved to be an energy efficient process. Ultrasonically assisted adsorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from aqueous solution was performed using Amberlite XAD-4 resin wet-impregnated with Aliquat-336 (SIR) loaded in three different ratio (0.25/0.50/1 g per g of resin). To study the effect of different parameters like ultrasonication time (t us : 0.5–10.5 min), adsorbent dosage (W : 0.05–0.25 g), (pH: 2–10) and concentration of MO dye in solution (C d y e i n : 5–65 mg/L), and their interaction on the dye removal efficiency, Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology was applied to obtain the optimized values of these parameters. At optimized condition (t us = 10.2 min, W = 0.23 g, pH = 9.5, and C d y e i n = 35 mg/L), the percent removal of MO was found to be 97.14 ± 0.5% which is very close to the predicted value (96.58%). Equilibrium and kinetic studies were also performed at optimized conditions. Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models best suited the experimental batch values. Time taken for the removal of dye by ultrasonication, water bath shaker, magnetic stirring and simple diffusion at optimized conditions were compared. The used resin was regenerated using 2 M HCl solution up to five cycles without any significant loss in the adsorption capacity of SIR. Finally, continuous study was performed in a recirculating flow vessel (RFV). Dye removal in RFV with ultrasonication saved 37.24% of energy and could process larger volume of dye containing water per unit of time effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]