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Abstract Background: Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-related inflammatory disorder that is known by proliferating endometrial cells in a place outside the uterus. The high presence of immune cells in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis confirms the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of the disease. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an undeniable impact on mucosal immunity by the production of interleukin-17, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The function of the cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis is less investigated. Objective: This study aims to investigate the infiltration of MAIT cells by using the determination levels of V α 7.2-J α 33 gene expression in eutopic and ectopic tissue of endometriosis lesions. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, the tested samples include 20 eutopic and 20 ectopic tissues of women with endometriosis and 20 uterine endometrial tissues of women in the control group. Expressions of the V α 7.2-J α 33 tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-17A, and IFN-γ genes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results: According to the results, V α 7.2-J α 33 gene expression did not show substantial elevation in the uterine and eutopic endometrial tissues compared to internal gene control as well as in ectopic tissues. Correlation analysis approved a positive relationship between V α 7.2-J α 33 expression genes and IFN-γ levels in ectopic tissues. Conclusion: Considering the low-expression specific gene of MAIT cells in ectopic tissue, it can be concluded that these cells are present in the endometriotic environment to a certain extent, and there is a possibility of their role in the progression of endometriosis by secreting IFN- γ .Key words: Endometriosis, MAIT, IFN- γ , TNF- α , TCR V alpha 7.2-J alpha33, IL-17.

Abstract This paper is an attempt to provide a dual-source inverter, an intelligent inverter topology that links two isolated DC sources to a single three-phase output through single-stage conversion. The converter is designed to be utilized in hybrid photovoltaic fuel cell systems, among other renewable energy applications. The proposed dual-source inverter employs a single DC-AC converter, as opposed to conventional dual-source hybrid inverters which make use of several input DC-DC modules to obtain the voltage formed across the inverter’s input DC-link. In the proposed topology, the semiconductor count is low, which leads to improved efficiency, cost, complexity, and reliability. The proposed topology makes use of two impedance networks connected by transformers, diodes, and capacitors. The regulation of the electrical power generated by primary sources and the independence of the converter on key factors like voltage and frequency are essential parameters in multi-input converters. This feature becomes highly prominent when the control algorithm is implemented by conventional processors. Viewed from this perspective, the control method described in this paper is worthy of consideration. The research work describes a 220-W/50 Hz prototype that employs Simple Boost-SPWM. Experimental results verify the analyses and corroborate the satisfactory performance of the suggested converter.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is crucial in controlling the highly aggressive and progressive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite extensive researches on severe COVID-19 infection, the etiology and/or mechanisms of lymphopenia, decreased T cell-mediated responses in patients, cytokine release storms (CRS), and enhanced pro-inflammatory mediators are not fully understood. Several T cell subpopulations, including innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) and conventional T cells, are involved in COVID-19 infection; however, their contribution to immunity and complications remains to be more elucidated. CD16+ T cells are among the effective players in the development of T helper1 (Th1) responses in COVID-19 infection, while their robust cytolytic properties contribute to lung tissue damage. While CD56-CD16bright NK cells play a protective role, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells and their roles in COVID-19 require further investigation. The involvement of the other T cell subsets, such as Th17, along with neutrophils, adds to the complexity of the situation. In this review, we presented and discussed the findings of recent studies on T cell responses and the contribution of each type of immune cells to COVID-19.

Abstract Introduction: Free radicals generated by ionizing radiations, as a powerful cytotoxic agent, can damage DNA and proteins. Thymus vulgaris L (thyme) plant is a rich source of antioxidant phenolic compounds, which makes it a preferable candidate for medical applications. Given this, we set out the present study to investigate the effectiveness of thyme essential oil on human blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a radioprotector agent against ionizing radiations. Materials and Methods: We extracted the thyme essential oil by the conventional Clevenger extraction method. Heparinized peripheral blood samples were also collected from five male volunteers, aged 22-25, without a history of smoking and irradiation. PBMCs were isolated and the maximum nontoxic concentrations (85µg/ml (of thyme essential oil were determined based on the result of the MTT method. In the next step, the PBMCs were cultured in the presence of thyme essential oil before and after X-irradiation with doses of 0.25 and 2.00 Gy. Results: The most radioprotective effect was observed in the dose of 2.00 Gy for thyme-treated cells 24 hours before the irradiation (p-value≤0.001) by a survival enhancement factor of 1.67, compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our results showed that thyme essential oil can be used as an effective radioprotector agent for PBMCs against ionizing radiations. The most radioprotective effect was observed in the presence of thyme essential oil during irradiation.

Background Early detection of patients with clinical deterioration admitted to the hospital is critical. The early warning system (EWS) is developed to identify early clinical deterioration. Using individual patient’s vital sign records, this bedside score can identify early clinical deterioration, triggering a communication algorithm between nurses and physicians, thereby facilitating early patient intervention. Although various models have been developed and implemented in emergency rooms and paediatric units, data remain sparse on the utility of the EWS in patients admitted to general internal medicine wards and the processes and challenges encountered during the implementation.Local problem There is a lack of standardised tools to recognise early deterioration of patient condition.Methods This was a quality improvement project piloted in the clinical teaching unit of a tertiary care hospital. Data were collected 24 weeks pre-EWS and 55 weeks post-EWS implementation. A series of Plan, Do, Study, Act cycles were conducted to identify the root cause, develop a driver diagram to understand the drivers of unexpected deaths, run a sham test trial run of the EWS, educate and obtained feedback of clinical care teams involved, assess adherence to the EWS during the pilot project (6 weeks pre-EWS and 6 weeks post-EWS implementation), evaluate outcomes by extending the duration to 24 weeks pre-EWS and 55 weeks post-EWS implementation, and retrospectively review the uptake of the EWS.Interventions Implementation of a standardised protocol to detect deterioration in patient condition.Results During the pre-EWS implementation phase (24 weeks), there were 4.4 events per week (1.2 septic workups, 1.9 observation unit transfers, 0.7 critical care transfers, 0.13 cardiac arrests and 0.46 per week unexpected deaths). In the post-EWS implementation phase (55 weeks), there were 4.2 events per week (1.0 septic workup, 1.9 observation unit transfers, 0.82 critical care transfers, 0.25 cardiac arrests and 0.25 unexpected deaths).Conclusion The EWS can improve patient care; however, more engagement of stakeholders and electronic vital sign documentation may improve the uptake of the system.

Background: Rosemary plant, with phenolic compounds, is known as an antioxidant herb and able to scavenge free radical agents in the biological environment; therefore, it is expected that the rosemary essential oil (R-EO) shows the radioprotective effect to protect individuals who are physically in contact with ionizing radiation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the radioprotective effect of R-EO on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Material and Methods: In this experimental study, the toxicity of the rosemary essential oil on PBMCs was assessed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells were irradiated at 0. 25 and 200 cGy using a 6 MV X-ray linear accelerator. The survival, apoptosis, necrosis, and survival enhancement factors of cells were analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry analyses with a non-toxic concentration of the rosemary essential oil (IC10). Results: Irradiation of cells in the presence of R-EO caused a significant increase in cell survival compared with the control in both 25 and 200 cGy radiation doses. Also, the percentages of apoptosis and necrosis of cells showed a significant decrease compared with the control. Conclusion: Rosemary essential oil as a natural and non-toxic compound could show favorable radioprotective effects in such a way that significantly increases the survival rate and decreases the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis of PBMCs.

Purpose: To investigate the possibility to be able to offer left sided breast cancer patients, not suitable for DIBH, an organ at risk saving treatment. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients receiving radiotherapy for left breast cancer in DIBH were enrolled in the study. Planning CT scans were acquired in the same supine treatment position in FB and DIBH. 3DCRT_DIBH plans were designed and optimized using two parallel opposed tangent beams (with some additional segments) for the breast and chest wall and anterior-posterior fields for regional lymph nodes irradiation. Additionally, FB helical tomotherapy plans were optimized to minimize heart and lung dose. All forty plans were optimized with at least 95% of the total CTV covered by the 95% of prescribed dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Results: HT_FB plans showed significantly better dose homogeneity and conformity compared to the 3DCRT_DIBH specially for regional nodal irradiation. The heart mean dose was almost comparable in 3DCRT_DIBH and HT_FB while the volume (%) of the heart receiving 25 Gy had a statistically significant reduction from 7.90 ± 3.33 in 3DCRT_DIBH to 0.88 ± 0.66 in HT_FB. HT_FB was also more effective in left descending artery (LAD) mean dose reduction about 100% from 30.83 ± 9.2 Gy to 9.7 ± 3.1. The ipsilateral lung volume receiving 20 Gy has a further reduction of 43 % in HT_FB compared with 3DCRT_DIBH. For low dose comparison, 3DCRT_DIBH was superior for contralateral organ sparing compared to the HT_FB due to the limited angle for dose delivery. Conclusion: For patients who cannot be a candidate for DIBH for any reason, HT in free breathing may be a good alternative and provides heart and ipsilateral lung dose sparing, however with the cost of increased dose to contralateral breast and lung.

Background: The Mentha-Pulegium essential oil (MP-EO) contains different antioxidant compounds and reduces the indirect effects of dispersed ionizing radiation on biological systems. Objective: The current study aimed to assess a possible radio-protective effect of MP-EO on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Material and Methods: In this experimental study, MP-EO was firstly prepared and PBMCs were then irradiated in various groups with doses of 25 and 200 cGy of X-rays in the presence of IC10 of MP-EO. After incubation times of 48h and 72h, the survival, apoptosis, and necrosis percentages of PBMCs were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry analyses; the radio-protective effect of MP-EO was examined. Results: In the presence of 80 µg/ml (IC10) MP-EO, the mean survival percentage of irradiated PBMCs by radiation doses of 25 and 200 cGy was significantly increased after 48h of incubation compared with the control. At 72h of incubation, the mean survival percentage of irradiated PBMCs was significantly increased only at 25 cGy. The percentage of apoptosis and necrosis of PBMCs was significantly reduced in the presence of the MP-EO at both incubation times and radiation doses; therefore, the highest reduction was at 200 cGy and 48h incubation compared to the control. Conclusion: MP-EO as a natural, non-toxic, and cost-effective compound can exhibit a favorable in-vitro radio-protective effect by increasing the survival and decreasing the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis of irradiated PBMCs.

Objective: Different timing of performing stretching and strengthening exercises can have different effects on the condition of Lower Crossed Syndrome (LCS). This study aims to compare the effects of eight-week training using stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently and simultaneously on the status of LCS in female college students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the study population consists of 300 female students of Guilan University aged 19-25 years. To assess LCS, the New York Posture Rating tool was used. 120 patients who had hyperlordosis were re-evaluated using flexible ruler for precise measurement of LCS. Finally, 45 students with a lumbar curvature angle of >45 degrees were selected and randomly divided into three groups of intermittent training (n=15), simultaneous training (n=15), and control (n=15). The training program consisted of corrective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis in SPSS v. 20 software Results: The difference between the intermittent training and control groups was significant (P=0.30), while no significant difference was observed between the simultaneous training and control groups (P=0.68). Conclusion: Performing stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently has a greater effect on reducing LCS than performing these exercises simultaneously.

Nowadays, radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for breast cancer. In order to overcome the radioresistance of cancer cells, radio-sensitizing agents can be used combined with irradiation to increase the therapeutic efficiency. Curcumin can enhance the radiosensitivity of cancer cells and decrease their viability by the accumulation of these cells in the G2 phase. The encapsulation of curcumin in a nanoniosomal delivery system increases aqueous solubility and bioavailability, resulting in increased radio sensitivity. The present study aimed to enhance the radio-sensitizing effect of the curcumin-containing nanoniosome (Cur-Nio) when combined with irradiation. Thus, curcumin (0.5 mg ml−1) was loaded on a PEGylated nanoniosome containing Tween 60, cholesterol, DOTAP, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG) (at ratios of 70:30:10:5, respectively) by the thin-film hydration method. The particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug-release rate of formulated nanoniosomes were determined. In order to assess cytotoxicity and apoptosis, different doses of irradiation along with various concentrations of free curcumin and Cur-Nio (single or in combination with irradiation) were treated with breast cancer cells. The particle size and zeta potential of Cur-Nio were reported to be 117.5 nm and −15.1 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) and loading capacities were 72.3% and 6.68%, respectively. The drug-release rate during 6 h was 65.9%. Cell survival in the presence of curcumin at doses of 1 and 3 Gy showed a significant reduction compared with cells irradiated at 48 h and 72 h (p < 0.000). Also, the rate of cytotoxicity and apoptosis was significantly higher in cells treated with the combination of curcumin-containing nanoniosomes and irradiation in comparison with those treated with free curcumin. These findings indicate that the efficacy of pre-treatment with Cur-Nio as a radiosensitizer during radiotherapy enhances irradiation-induced breast cancer cell apoptosis and is a useful strategy to increase the effectiveness of breast cancer therapy.

Abstract Background and Objective: Climate change has had a significant impact on agriculture, and farmers are reacting differently. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study is to identify the Adaptation strategies used and the factors affecting farmers' behavior in this area. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this apllied-correlational study consisted of all farmers of Zanjan province who 393 were selected by using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and were selected through a multi-stage randomized sampling method. Results: The results showed that farmer's use of 14 adaptation strategies was above average and in other 15 strategies was below average and 79.1% of farmers had used adaptation strategies on average. Correlation coefficient showed that climate perception, training attendance, adaptation knowledge, access to credit, non-agricultural income, agricultural income, rainfed land area, irrigated land area, access to inputs, use of information resources, social capital, soil quality of farm, farm expericne, household size and exposure to climate change had positive and significant relationship with farmers' adaptation strategies. Multiple linear regression showed that access to inputs, use of information resources, irrigated land area, social capital, training attendance, exposure to climate change and rainfed land area explainded 51.4% of the variance of farmers' adaptation behavior. Conclusion: This study showed that the higher the human, social, and physical capital of farmers, and the more they have been affected by climate change in recent years, the more they use adaptation strategies. It is suggested that more planning be done to increase the human and social capital of farmers, as well as to inform farmers about the long-term effects of climate change on the agricultural sector.

Agricultural land expansion is a solution to address global food security challenges in the context of climate change. However, the sustainability of expansion in arid countries is difficult because of scarce surface water resources, groundwater salinity, and the health of salt-affected soil. Developing expansion and sustainability plans for agriculture requires systems thinking, considering the complex feedback interactions between saline groundwater, salt-affected soil, plant growth, freshwater mixing with saline groundwater, irrigation systems, and the application of soil amendments to alleviate the salinity impacts. This study presents an extensive literature review on the effects of salinity on soil and plant health, the constraints and opportunities for sustainable agriculture in Egypt, and a systems thinking approach to the feedback interactions between saline water, salt-affected soil, and the application of soil amendments to achieve required crop yields. Insights and strategies are discussed, including a system-dynamics-based decision model, irrigation systems with diversified and decentralized water sources, urban water demand management, energy availability, smart irrigation systems, and active participation of stakeholders to achieve sustainable agriculture under climate and socioeconomic changes. The insights are expected to encourage stakeholders and academic communities in the water, agriculture, and related food security sectors to develop a quantitative and systematic decision-making framework for sustainable agriculture systems in arid regions.

Among the numerous problems that decrease the capability of a harbor in the country, seasonal sedimentation is identified as a major problem for many fishery harbors. In 2007, Zarabad Fishery Harbor conditions were also identified as critical due to the large volume of sand accumulation and consequent closure of its entrance. Numerical modeling of coastal bed level change was implemented to provide insight into the typical response of the Zarabad beach to regular wave attacks, and to obtain an operational and validated model for the site. Advanced numerical models employed to predict coastal evolution at a variety of time and spatial scales usually include many free parameters that require calibration to the available field data. The XBeach numerical model was selected for its capacity to accurately model hydrodynamic and morphological processes over a two-dimensional domain. It comprises about 250 model settings that approximately 150 of these settings relate to physical and numerical Behavior and the other 100 are case-specific parameters. In this research, 11 parameters are adopted to optimize the model prediction efficiency for Zarabad Fishery Harbor area. For calibration and validation stages, two cross-shore profiles and two medium-term time periods are selected. The model showed great promise in predicting the evolution of cross-shore profiles under water, but as expected, the dry part results showed major errors. XBeach proved to be an operational tool to predict cross-shore profiles in the area, in such timescales. Although, more tests are needed to utilize the model in longer time periods with regard to the duration of simulations.

Radiotherapy which consists of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and internal radioisotope therapy (RIT), has a wide usage for treating cancer as clinical trials.This study provides some conditions to prove that tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO3) is a radiosensitizer.The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used to calculate inhibitory concentration (IC).The AGS cell line exposed the concentration of 89.6 µg/mL (IC20) nanoparticle WO3 that was optimal and its radiosensitization was examined in megavoltage photons radiation of 6 MV x-rays. The sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) and dose enhancement factor (DEF) was determined 1.24 and 1.68 respectively. We described the mechanisms of creating nanoparticles WO3 toxicity and genotoxicity in different concentrations on AGS cell line. The mean size of WO3 NPs by transmission electron microscopy wasmeasured 31.89 3.82 nm.Tungsten oxide Nanoparticles cause to reduce cell viability, remove membrane and damage to DNA. There was a meaningful increasing in damages to DNA and proliferation cell potency and also significantly reducing cell viability in concentrations more than 100 µg/mL.

Background: Healing bone involves osteoconductive and osteoinductive components as well as a scaffold with adequate porosity to allow good cell infiltration. Materials and Methods: Herein, cytocompatibility and osteogenic induction potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous electrospun scaffold with different electron microscopy, MTT assay, DAPI and alizarin porosities (35%-90%) and chemical bonding was assessed through scanning red S staining, calcium content and alkaline phosphatase assay. Moreover, the relative expression of three important osteogenic-related genes Col I, RUNX 2 and osteocalcin was studied. Results: Covalent bonding played a more significant osteogenic role in scaffolds in scaffolds with lower porosity, namely H35cov. Although low porosity limits cell infiltration, substrate with lower porosities were easier to handle. On the other hand, substrates with higher porosity showed higher levels of cell proliferation, mineralization as well as osteogenic differentiation. Conclusion: Results indicated that PCL scaffold with higher porosity degree up to 90%, covalently functionalized by collagen, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was a good candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biochar application is a promising sustainable strategy for enhancing soil properties thus crop production. However, biochar application to soil certainly alters its biological and physical properties, and could require extra costs. Therefore, biochar suitability to agroecosystems must be proactively estimated. The advantage of biochar addition to poor fertile or weathered soils has been well studies, however, its feasibility to fertile soil under low quality (saline) irrigation water was not frequently studied. Consequently, this work investigates the hypothesis of whether the application of biochar at a rate of 4.8 tons/ha to fertile soil (Nile Valley, Giza, Egypt) would ameliorate the negative effects of saline irrigation regime (3000 ppm) on tomato crop and soil. The results of two seasons experiments showed that saline irrigation significantly reduced tomato crop yield by an average reduction ratio of 51%, and biochar addition could not compensate such reduction. Furthermore, biochar did not reduce accumulated Na+ in fruits or roots. Tomato fruits produced from biochar-added soil were lower in TSS levels (41.7% reduction ratio) yet larger in diameter by approximately 1.5-fold increase. Interestingly, biochar addition into soil greatly promotes the length of stem-borne lateral roots and elevates the expression of LeNR (encodes nitrate reductase enzyme) in leaves yet under fresh irrigation regime. For soil properties, biochar application enhanced the soil properties under either saline or fresh water irrigation conditions. Collectively, it is assumed that biochar application to fertile soil in Nile Valley of Egypt could not alleviate tomato fruits yield reduction affected by applied saline irrigation regime.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that is responsible for the 2019–2020 pandemic. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current published literature surrounding the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We examine the fundamental concepts including the origin, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory, radiology, and histopathologic findings, complications, and treatment. Given that much of the information has been extrapolated from what we know about other coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we identify and provide insight into controversies and research gaps for the current pandemic to assist with future research ideas. Finally, we discuss the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and provide thoughts regarding lessons for future pandemics.

In recent years due to climate change and water resource mismanagement, the agricultural sector in Iran hase faced with water shortages crisis and one of the important solutions to the water crisis, is improving the water resources management by farmers.This descriptive- correlational study aimed to investigate the intention of fruit farmers in Sustainable Management of Agricultural Water Resources and factors affecting on the intention level of them. Research tool was a researcher made questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by related experts and by conducting a pilot study and calculation of Cronbach's alpha higher than 7.0 for the composition indicators, its reliability was obtained. The statistical population consisted all fruit farmers of Maragheh township (N= 11742) which based on Cochran sampling formula 228 farmers were selected by using multistage randomized sampling method. Data collected by personal interview with fruit farmers in 14 villages and analyzed through software SPSS21.Results showed that, the majority of them (88.9 percent) highly tended to use sustainable management strategies. According to regression analysis, five variables of social trust, educational need, the status of consumed water, the perception of the fruit growers regarding the reduction of water resources and perception of the fruit growers regarding the salinization of water resources explained 55% of their tendency to use of sustainable water resource methods.

The goal of this study is to assess the use of saline groundwater in combination with soil amendments to increase the efficiency of wheat production in new agricultural soil in Egypt. The experiment was conducted during the two consecutive growing seasons, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, at the Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt. In this study, plants of Shandaweel 1 spring bread wheat cultivar were grown under the combinations of the two water treatments, i.e., freshwater (307.2 ppm) and saline water (3000 ppm (NaCl + MgCl2)) representing groundwater in Egypt delivered by drip irrigation and the two biochar rates, i.e., zero and 4.8 ton/ha as a soil amendment. The cob corn biochar (CCB) was synthesized by using the slow pyrolysis process (one hour at 350 °C). The results revealed that saline water reduced the grain yield ratio by 8.5%, 11.0%, and 9.7% compared to non-saline water during seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 and over seasons, respectively. Concerning, combined over seasons, the biochar addition enhanced the grain yield by 5.6% and 13.8% compared to non-biochar addition under fresh and saline irrigation water conditions, respectively. Thus, the results indicated and led to a preliminary recommendation that saline groundwater is a viable source of irrigation water and that biochar seemed to alleviate salinity stress on wheat production and in reclaimed soils of Egypt.

Cyanobacteria are gram-negative photosynthetic microorganisms. Because they contain a variety of chemical compounds such as pigments, vitamins, and enzymes, theses microorganisms have found many applications in the industry. Several studies have reported that cyanobacteria can improve the plant growth by improving the soil structure as they have potential to secrete extracellular polysaccharides that help in soil aggregation and water retention. Numerous plant-associated bacteria produce auxin and related indolic compounds. The role of microorganisms as plant growth stimulators is widespread in nature, especially in relation to the production of phytohormones. Auxins represent a group of plant hormones that are implicated in the regulation of diverse biological processes. The aim of this research was to study the production capability of auxin and some photosynthesis pigments in heterocystous cyanobacteria serovars isolated from paddy fields in eastern part of Mazandaran. After collecting soil samples, cyanobacteria cultures were cultivated on a typical BG110 medium, for purification purposes, repeated sub-culturing was carried out on solidified and liquid medium before the strains were characterized morphologically. Results indicated that a great range of isolated cyanobacteria had the potential to produce auxin as a main factor for improving plant growth and there were significant differences in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; however, potential of each species according to different ecological diversity and genus were different. Maximum chlorophyll, carotenoid, and auxin contents were observed in MGCY277 (Lyngbya diguetii), MGCY497 (Nostoc ellipsosporum), and MGCY358 (A nabaena variabilis) serovars, respectively.

Due to the low compliance of greenhouse production with the principles of sustainable agriculture, a meaningful effort in this regard needs to be done. One of the important factors affecting the success of future planning is the positive attitude of greenhouse owners toward sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors affecting greenhouse owners’ attitude toward sustainable agriculture. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to obtain its reliability, calculated alpha Cronbach coefficient was higher than 0.75 for different parts. The statistical population consisted all greenhouse owners in Zanjan province (N=80) and based on Krejci and Morgan sampling Table and using randomized sampling method 66 greenhouse owners selected. Results showed that majority of greenhouse owner use moderately of information channels and mass media. The majority of greenhouse owners (59.6 percent) had a medium level of knowledge regarding sustainable agriculture and Majority of them (73.7 percent) had a positive attitude toward sustainable agriculture. Correlation coefficient showed that greenhouse owners’ attitude had a positive meaningful correlation with information using level, income from the greenhouse, number of educational classes and their job satisfaction but a negative meaningful correlation with the number of household members participating in the activity. Regression analysis revealed that five variable of information using level, the number of household members participating in activity, knowledge and daily time spending in the greenhouse were explained 55.4 percent of greenhouse owners’ attitude toward sustainable agriculture.

Background: The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire-50 (NOSACQ-50) was developed by a team of Nordic occupational safety researchers based on safety climate and psychological theories. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Persian version of NOSACQ-50 and assess the score of safety climate on a group of workers in a steel company in Iran. Methods: The Persian version of NOSACQ-50 was distributed among 661 employees of a steel company in Qazvin Province (Iran). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the dimensions of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach α coefficient. Pearson correlation test was applied to investigate the correlation between different dimensions. Results: The results of EFA showed that the Persian version of NOSACQ-50 consisted of six dimensions. The Cronbach α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.94. The mean score of safety climate in all dimensions was 2.89 (standard deviation 0.60). Conclusion: The Persian version of NOSACQ-50 had a satisfactory validity for measuring safety climate in the studied Iranian population.

Background: Although antibiotics are well-known for their anti-bacterial effects, their inaugurated immunomodulatory roles in chronic inflammatory diseases have not elucidated yet. Anecdotal reports support the beneficial effects of parenteral penicillin in arthritis suggesting an immunomodulatory other than antibacterial effects for penicillin. The present study was designed to address the possible effects of penicillin G sodium (PCN-G) on different T-helper cells differentiation. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 healthy donors were isolated using Ficoll density gradient. The stimulated PBMCs by anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and anti-CD69 were cultured in the presence of 120 μg/ml of PCN-G. Foxp3, T-bet, RORγT, GATA3 as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-17A mRNA in stimulated cells were measured by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mann–Whitney U-test was used for determining differences between the medium of gene expression levels of stimulated cell population and unstimulated cells by PCN. Correlations between the related genes were determined using the Spearman test. Results: Based on the results, T-bet gene expression levels were similar in stimulated cells by PCN G after 24 and 48 h while significant reduction was observed after 72 incubation with PCN G (difference = 3; 0.09–0.34; P = 0.031). Meanwhile, treated cells with PCN G expressed decreased levels of IFN-γ (difference = 8.0; 0.49–1.07; P = 0.001) and IL-17A (difference = 2.2; 0.05–0.75; P ≤ 0.05) genes comparing to unstimulated cell by PCN-G. GATA3 genes expression levels downregulated by PCN G after 72 h of incubation by PBMCs (difference = 1.1; 0.77–0.88; P = 0.035). Conclusion: Our results confirmed the immunomodulatory role of PCN G by affecting the expression of different cytokines genes in PBMCs.

In recent years, focusing on organic agriculture has been emphasized because of the negative effect of conventional agriculture. Any persuading planning of farmers to use organic agriculture methods requires investigating their current attitude toward organic agriculture. The main purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to investigate effective factors on farmers' attitude towards organic agriculture. The statistical population consisted of all wheat farmers in Khodabande township (N= 24350) of them 275 were identified based on Cochran’s formula and through a stratified randomized sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity was verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability, a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was calculated 0.78. The results showed that the attitude of the majority of respondents (50.9 percent) towards organic farming was at the neutral level and the attitude of 49.1 percent was positive. Correlation analysis revealed that age, family household number and experience had a negative meaningful correlation with farmers’ attitude but education, income and acquaintance with organic farming had a positive meaningful correlation. Comparison analysis showed that there were significant differences between the farmers’ attitude towards organic agriculture based on groups of different cultivation method, using of pesticide and Herbicide. In addition, logistic regression analysis indicated that 46.5 of farmers' attitude explained by three variables named as farmer’s experience, their acquaintance with organic farming and income.

Background: The role of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in tumor invasion and progression is prominent. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of MMP9 (-1562 C/T) increases the transcription and expression of this gene. On the other hand, MHC class I chain-related protein A and B (MICA/B) in soluble forms may impair tumor immunogenicity by reducing Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) densities on NK cells and MMP9 enzyme activity has a prominent role in shedding of MICA/B. Objectives: To investigate the association between MMP9 (-1562 C/T) polymorphism and serum MICA/B level in breast cancer patients. Methods: In this case-control study, 105 patients with breast cancer and 100 healthy age-matched women were selected from Yazd hospitals, Iran. The polymorphism of MMP9 (-1562 C/T) was determined by PCR-RFLP. Concentration of MICB and MICA in the sera of breast cancer patients and healthy women were measured using ELISA method. Results: The frequency of CC, CT and TT genotypes and T allele of the MMP9 (-1562 C/T) did not show significant differences between breast cancer patients and healthy donors (p>0.05). On the other hand, the mean serum levels of MICB and MICA were significantly elevated in patients compared with healthy individuals (pConclusion: The T allele of the MMP9 (-1562 C/T) does not show a correlation with serum levels of MICA and MICB in breast cancer patients.

The marketing behavior of olive farmers is different and their behavior is affected by several factors. Because of the strategic importance of olive in the agricultural economics of the Tarom Township, this descriptive - correlational study was aimed to investigate the marketing behavior of olive farmers and the relevant factors effective in the Tarom Township. The statistical population under study consisted of all of the olive farmers in the Tarom Township in 2013 (N=7500) 160 of whom were selected by randomized multi-stage sampling based on Cochran's sampling formula. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was verified by a panel of experts in this field and its reliability were obtained by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than 0.7 for composite indices. The results showed that olive farmers market their olive products by three methods named as green, canned and broken and the variables of age, olive price, quantity and quality of production, size of garden, number of participants in extension classes and risk taking status have a significant relationship with marketing behavior of the farmers.

Proper planning and implementation of sound programs and strategies is vital to agricultural development. Recognizing current problems and strengths of any section is required in the first step. One of the most important problems in the Iranian agriculture sector is land fragmentation. The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to investigate wheat farmers’ attitude and land consolidation solutions from their viewpoints in the Hashtrood Township in year 2013. A group of experts from different majors confirmed the validity of the questionnaire used as our research tool and by conducting a pilot test and the Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be equal to 0.85 for attitude scale and 0.8 for solution scale, and hence its reliability was verified. The target population consisted of all of the wheat farmers in the Hashtrood Township in the East Azerbaijan province 186 of whom were selected as samples from 15 villages based on Cochran’s sampling formula and the multi stage randomized sampling method. An analysis of the attitudes of wheat farmers revealed that 67.7 and 32.3 percent of them have unfavorable and neutral attitudes towards land consolidation. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between farming experience and their attitude in land consolidation, but there is a negative relationship between it and their total land segments. Factor analysis of data revealed that four factors named as deterrent actions, cooperative-common actions, supportive-infrastructural actions and motivational extension actions explained 59.9% of land consolidation solutions by wheat farmers.

Background: The 4T1 cells tumor growth and metastatic pattern in BALB/c mice very closely mimic human breast cancer. These herbal remedies used in traditional folk medicine have been the source of many medically beneficial drugs. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of the asafoetida, ginseng and fennel ethanolic extracts on mouse breast cancer 4T1 cell-line invitro.Method: in this experimental study, Asafoetida, gensing and fennel were extracted; 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line were cultured in 48-well flat bottom plate in density of 50x103 per well in 100 µl RPMI1640 medium then different dilutions of each extract (25 , 50, 100, 200, 500, and 2000 μg/ml) were added to cell culture. Cells then were incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours. After 24 h, cell Proliferation was determined by the BRDU assay . dataset of experiments were collected and analysed with SPSS19 software. Significant level of Data was Examined with one-way ANOVA method and P

Objectives: Arterial stiffness is becoming a major global condition associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and death. Several markers have been linked to arterial stiffness. Methods: To determine and evaluate these relations, anthropometric parameters (weight, height, and pulse rate), biochemical profile, and central and peripheral indices of arterial function were measured in 114 Lebanese subjects with Grade I essential hypertension. Results: Age was associated with a higher pulse wave velocity (p = .001), central systolic blood pressure (p = .013), central pulse pressure (p = .028), central augmentation index (p ≤ .0001) with a lower heart rate (p = .08), and glomerular filtration rate (p = .019). Pulse wave velocity was found to be higher in older subjects (>65 years) and correlated with higher body mass index (r = .85) independent of age. Aging also correlated with higher plasma glucose and alterations in calcium–phosphorus metabolism. Conclusion: Aging is associated with increased arterial stiffness which is reflected by an increase in the pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, central pulse pressure, and central systolic blood pressure with a reduction in heart rate. Also, a higher body mass index and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) are associated with increased arterial stiffness while calcium and phosphorus metabolism may play a role by promoting vascular calcification.

Background: Many studies have suggested the benefits of garlic oil extracts against Leishmania parasites. Recent research has proved that these derivatives (such as allicin) are cytotoxic and therapeutic effects of garlic are in fact due to an odorless compound (S-allyl-cysteine). Considering the small number of studies in this field, we evaluated the effectiveness of S-allyl-cysteine on survival, apoptosis, and proliferation of Leishmania major promastigotes in vitro. Methods: In this study Leishmania major promastigotes (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were used. The parasites were first cultured and then treated with S-allyl-cysteine at end concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0, and 50.0 mM. Their survival, apoptosis, and proliferation was assessed after 72 hours. Findings: None of the concentrations of S-allyl-cysteine could induce apoptosis in parasite promastigotes. Lower concentrations (5.0 and 10.0 mM) of S-allyl-cysteine had greatest effect on proliferation. On the other hand, direct observation showed that cultures comprising S-allyl-cysteine at end concentration of 20.0, 40.0, and 50.0 mM formed more rosettes. Conclusion: The antioxidant effects of S-allyl-cysteine have been previously proved. Similarly, this study showed that some concentrations of S-allyl-cysteine could affect the survival and growth of promastigotes in culture medium. Therefore, this substance seems to be a good stimulating factor for growth of parasite promastigotes in culture media.

This publication uses a colorimetric method based on the absorbance spectra of dye solutions to improve on Beer’s law when calculating the dye concentrations of a three-component mixture. The performance of the new method is compared with that of Beer’s law evaluated at three wavelengths, and Beer’s law evaluated at 16 wavelengths. Colorimetric method gives the best prediction of dye concentrations: the average relative errors in its predictions of the blue, red, and yellow concentrations are 55.64%, 12.3% and 14.84% respectively for new test solutions. Its average ternary relative error is 11.68% which is comparable to 14.31% for Beer’s law at three wavelengths.

Background: Incarcerated youths have a higher prevalence of behaviors that might put them at more risk for hepatitis C than the general public. This study was performed to determine prevalence of hepatitis C in inmates of a correctional center in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, during one year, 160 under 18-year old incarecerated individuals using nonprobable sampling method were enrolled in the study. Risky behaviours were obtained by a validated questionaire and blood sample for hepatitis C detection. The experiences of administration were gathered and analysed by content analysis. Finding: All of the elligible participants were voluntarily enrolled in the study. This population consisted of the 147 boys and 13 girls. Seven cases of hepatitis C were diagnosed that makes HCV prevalence 4.4%. Conclusion: This was a successful experience due to the excellent caoperation between suffs of correctionl centers and the investigators. However, the high HCV prevalence obserrved in this study leads us to prepare and education programmes to decrease HCV spread and risky behavours in this population.

Background: Head and Neck cancers remain a significant problem due to their high morbidity and mortality and in most cases, require regional lymph nodes radiotherapy treatment. This work aims to evaluate and compare two methods of Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT) and Helical Tomotherapy (HT) based on treatment planning and selection of the most appropriate method to reduce side effects.Methods: In this study, 20 patients with head and neck cancers were considered for treatment in the radiotherapy department of Seyed Alshohada Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Two methods of HT and 3D-CRT were done using a 6 MeV photon energy apparatus and specific treatment planning algorithms. The dose-volume distribution curve (DVH), the dosimetric variables of the target organ, the radiation delivery efficiency, and the organs at risk were determined and results were compared with each other.Findings: In HT the dose received by %95 planning target volume (PTV) and value doses of %2 and %98 showed significant improvement over 3D-CRT. For all studied organs at risk (OARs), the decrease in Dmax of HT was significant compared to 3-DCRT.Conclusion: Helical tomotherapy enhances the target volume coverage and offers a good dose distribution. HT compared to 3D-CRT is a desirable method in treating head and neck cancer patients with the involvement of regional lymph nodes.

The descriptive- survey research was conducted to evaluate the rural waste management problems in Qazvin Township. The statistical population was consisted of all rural households in Qazvin Township (N=31338) which were selected and studied base on Cochran sampling formula and using randomized multi-stage sampling method 464. The research tool was a researcher made questionnaire. In this field, the content and face validity was verified by an expert panel. The reliability of research tool was acquired by conducting a pilot study and calculation cronbach alpha coefficient equals to 0.9. Data were analyzed by SPSS/Win 18 software and exploratory factor analysis technique was used. The results revealed that six factors named as final disposal problem of household waste management (17/11 percent), educational and cultural problems of household waste (14/11 percent), health problems of household waste (12/11 percent), knowledge and health problems of agricultural wastes (8/98 percent), knowledge problem of household waste (6/99 percent), and education problem of agricultural waste (5/47 percent) were explained as 64.68 percent of total waste problems in the region.