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Mn3O4 (MO) nanoparticles have drawn a lot of attention due to their use in batteries, ion exchange, sensors, and catalysts in various oxidation states. Here, prior to developing new hybrid freestanding films with different MO nanoparticle concentrations (0, 0.037, 0.37, and 3.7 wt%), it was essential to first manage the electrical and optical properties of the PVA/PVP blend. Several methods, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Atomic force microscope, FTIR, and XRD, were accustomed to verifying the emergence of the polymeric nanocomposite (PNC) films. The correlation between both the optical and dielectric properties of the films and the bandgap was altered using the doping ratio. In terms of its optical properties, MO is observed to have a significant impact on pure PVA/PVP, including the indirect optical energy gap, the localized state's order, the absorption coefficient, and the response of optical conductivity. Hervé–Vandamme, Moss, Singh-Kumar, and Ravindra are a few models that have studied the connection between energy gaps and refractive index. Moreover, PVA/PVP/xMn3O4 polymer nanocomposite samples with varied MO levels were examined for their linear together with nonlinear optical properties (NLOP). The exclusion of both ordinary and laser light is studied in the PVA/PVP enriched MO (NPs) samples that were created. Moreover, there are sharp decreases in the laser transmitted power from 315.88 to 13.6 mW for the pure blend to 0.135 and 0.00039 for PNC/3.75Mn3O4 nano-composition using a laser source of 623.8 and 533 nm, respectively. Thus PNC/3.75Mn3O4 sample is recognized as a good prospect for relatively inexpensive optical limiting and laser filter innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New polymeric nanocomposite films of PVOH (polyvinyl alcohol) embedded with Bi-nanoparticles have been described by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometer. From UV-visible spectroscopy, the absorption edge shifts to the higher wavelengths direction (redshift). Tauc's model for optical bandgap transitions demonstrates that the direct and indirect values are reduced with the increase of Bi percentage in the PVOH matrix. In contrast, Urbach energy (tail bandwidth), extinction coefficient, refractive index, and optical conductivity are increased. These indicate the rise of the charge transfer among the Bi nanoparticles and the macromolecules of the matrix. Using Wemple–Di Domenico model for single-oscillator, we calculated the nonlinear optical refractive index and susceptibility. The optical limiting characteristic has been tested via a green laser source of wavelength 533 nm. The present results offer new materials for optical Cut-Off and nonlinear optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVA composite films with different wt.% of CuCl 2 , by the cast method, were prepared. The semi-crystalline phases of PVA have been reduced by more addition of CuCl 2 as confirmed with the help of X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability is surveyed by differential thermal analysis. The morphology of CuCl 2 particles is studied by scanning electron microscopy, which shows the semi-spherical particles of size varied from (0.31–1.19) μm to (3.1–5) μm for 0.037 wt% CuCl 2 /PVA and 3.700 wt% CuCl 2 /PVA (CPVA5) films, respectively. With the increment of the additive, the absorptive property of the films is increased. The indirect and direct energy gap were estimated. The power with 632.8 nm and 533 nm of the laser sources has been reduced to 40% and 47% via CPVA5 films. The AC electrical conductivity follows the Jonscher's power law. The forward lnI (A) – lnV (V) behaviors show that the doped films have high voltage breakdown. • The PVA films doped with various concentration of CuCl2 were facile synthesized by a famous cheap casting method. • The XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy shows the decrease in the degree of crystallinity by increasing the wt.% of CuCl2 salt, while the EDX analysis indicates that there is no one of the particles was evaporated during the synthesis or casting. • The doping concentration plays a key role in the optical, dielectric, and I-V characteristic curve of the films. • The direct and indirect optical energy gap was estimated by using Tauc's model and the real type of electronic transition was determined from the relation between optical dielectric loss and photon energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, the authors report on the facile synthesis of CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) nanoparticles (NPs) with different citric acid (CA) concentrations and at a constant temperature. The synthesized nanostructures were investigated for structural, vibrational, morphological, opto-dielectric, and electrical characteristics. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed their cubic structural phase, while allowing other microstructural parameters to be investigated. The crystallite size based Scherrer and W–H plot methods ranged from 23 to 30 nm and 21–30 nm, respectively, and declined with the increase in CA concentration. The vibrational analysis confirmed the pure phase of CFO at all CA concentrations. Diffused reflectance spectra were measured to determine the bandgap energy of CFO NPs, which increased from 2.10 to 2.35 eV as the CA content increased, whereas CFO NP grain size declined, as confirmed by SEM measurements. EDX analysis and SEM e-mapping study further revealed that the CFO was synthesized with proper composition. According to the dielectric and electrical studies (performed up to 10 MHz), the dielectric constant ranged from 130 to 160, and the highest value was obtained for CFO containing 0.25 g of CA. Finally, the frequency exponent indicates the CBH model of carrier charge conduction mechanism in the CFO samples. Therefore, the low particle size, wide bandgap, and high dielectric constant values of the synthesized CFO NPs make them suitable candidates for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials exhibiting both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic (FM or AFM) ordering are exceptional and are desired for promising applications in future electronic devices. A ferroelectric material Mn 2 MnWO 6 corundum double oxide with AFM magnetic spin order is investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The structure relaxations and optimization confirmed that the non-centrosymmetric (space group R3) is the most stable ground state structure of the compound. The compound is found semiconductor with band gap value 1.8 eV in spin up and 2.47 eV in spin down channel. The electric polarization arises due to d 0 electronic configuration of W atom, and the magnetization occurs due to unpaired d n orbital configuration of Mn atom. The large value of polarization 61.98 μC/cm2 and magnetic moments 5.96μ B /f.u (f.u = formula unit) of Mn 2 MnWO 6 make it suitable candidate for magneto-electric and ferroelectric applications. The elastic and mechanical calculations show that Mn 2 MnWO 6 is mechanically stable in rhombohedral phase. The calculated piezoelectric coefficient d 33 = 528 pC/N is comparable to those of lead based piezoelectric materials. • Corundum double oxide Mn 2 MnWO 6 exists in a rare crystal phase where contradictory properties are found. • The minimum energy magnetic phase is investigated and the compound is found antiferromagnetic. • Electronic, optical, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties are investigated for the first time. • These compounds have large spontaneous polarization values. • These materials are found semiconductors and mechanically stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain and embedded polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/ polyvinyl alcohol PVOH (1:1) with different weights of NiO nanoparticles (x = 0.037, 0.37and 3.7 wt%) films were formed by casting technique. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by operating X-ray diffractometer, atomic force microscope (AFM) technique, UV-Vis.–NIR spectrophotometer, and optical limiting system. The structural examination reveals a considerable interaction between the PVP and PVOH as well as NiO nanoparticles. The AFM scans revealed that the surface roughness increases with the content of the dopant. Upon adding NiO nanoparticles to the PVP/PVOH blend matrix, the width of localized states (Urbach energy) increased and a redshift of the absorption edge was observed depending on the amount of doping, which allow the tailoring of the bandgap. The analysis revealed that the absorption index (k), dielectric constant, optical conductivity, dispersion parameters, and refractive index were altered by the NiO concentration. Also, tuning the nonlinear refractive index and the optical susceptibilities (x 1 & x 3 ) upon increasing NiO in the blend were allowed. The transmittance and the optical limiting properties of the films reflect the ability to candidates the PVP/PVOH with 3.7 wt% NiO as UV-Visible shielding. Thus, the NiO content makes the blend matrix effective use in various optical and optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New glass–ceramic (GC) nanocrystals of xBaTiO3–(80–x)V2O5–20PbO glasses (where x = 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol%) were synthesized via heat treatment at crystallization peak temperature (Tp) according to DSC thermograms. XRD together with dielectric measurements and E-P hysteresis loop were used to evaluate the microstructural and ferroelectric characteristics. Combining these methods made it feasible to improve the conditions for the production of the obtained nanomaterial and to identify correspondences among its nanostructure and ferroelectric features. The ability of appropriate heat treatment to transform glasses into nanocrystalline materials with crystallites smaller than 60 nm embedded in the glassy matrix was demonstrated by XRD measurements. The present glasses' fulfilled dielectric constant values do not show any ferroelectric behavior. Nevertheless, by thermal treatment of the glass system at Tp, GC nanocrystals exhibited an average broad peak of around 330 K in the dielectric constant. The Curie temperature of BaTiO3 with particle size smaller than 100 nm is extremely close to the average Curie temperature of 338 K measured in the current glass system. By properly adjusting teat-treatment time and BaTiO3 content, this finding of these samples can be employed to manage BaTiO3 crystal size and, consequently, transition temperature. As a result, the glass–ceramic samples segregated with nanocrystalline BaTiO3 are supported by this result's dipolar direction and phase transition. A GC nanocrystal has an intentional energy storage density of 104 mJ cm−3. These findings indicate that the current glass–ceramic nanocrystals are a promising material for creating energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, flexible composite films consist of PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrolidone), PVAL (Polyvinyl alcohol), and silver nitrate (AgNO 3) were easily fabricated via a cast synthesis method for optical energy uses. The composite structure was analyzed via XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and IR spectroscopy. They indicated the successful interaction of PVP and AgNO 3 with the PVAL blend. AFM (Atomic Force) and SEM (Scanning Electron) microscope pictures are indicating an increase in roughness and clusters with rising loading of AgNO 3 into the PVP/PVAL blend. The optical factors such as E ed (absorption edge), E u (Urbach energy), E g (transition bandgap), refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity, and dispersion energy (E o and E d) of pure PVAL, PVP/PVAL, and blend/ AgNO 3 films were estimated via the UV-Vis optical absorbance. The influence of AgNO 3 loading percentage and PVP on PVAL polymer linear susceptibility (LS) and nonlinear (NL) optical parameters (refractive index n (2) , and susceptibility X (3) ) are studied. The photoluminescence and optical absorption limiting for various AgNO 3 concentrations in PVP/PVAL blend films were analyzed. The results revealed a reduction in the transition bandgap of blend/ AgNO 3 in comparison with the PVAL film. The inclusion of AgNO 3 and PVP has improved the optical parameters of the PVAL, giving new composites useful for optical limiting, biosensors, nonlinear optical, and solar cell devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study proposed outstanding thin films of NaIO 3 doped PVA with higher linear and nonlinear optical parameters using a practical, effective, simple, and low-cost approach. Polymeric thin films based on the combination of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), used as a matrix, with sodium iodate (NaIO 3) nanoparticles, considered a filler, were synthesized using a solution casting approach. The structural morphology of pure PVA and NaIO 3 doped PVA nanostructured films was investigated though X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The obtained XRD results concluded an increase in the crystallinity of the host PVA polymer matrix as the weight concentrations of the NaIO 3 dopants increase. SEM images illustrated the external structure morphology of the prepared films, where the cluster agglomeration shows a size increased as increasing the weight concentration of NaIO 3 in the PVA matrix. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy was used in this study to study the optical enhancement of the NaIO 3 /PVA nanocomposites as a function of the weight concentration of sodium iodate (NaIO 3) nanoparticles. In this proposed study, it was critical to consider some of the NaIO 3 /PVA optical parameters, including transmittance, absorbance, absorption and extinction coefficients, energy bandgaps, refractive index, optical and electrical conductivities, nonlinear parameters, linear and third nonlinear susceptibilities, and nonlinear refraction coefficient, as well as optical limiting effects. It was observed that with the increase in the NaIO 3 weigh concentrations, the values of the direct and indirect energy bandgaps for NaIO 3 /PVA thin films decrease, compared to the host PVA matrix. The proposed NaIO 3 doped PVA nanocomposites are outstanding promising candidates to pave the way in various optoelectronic devices, taking advantage of the amazing linear optical parameters, huge nonlinear optical properties, low optical energy bandgaps, and large optical limiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper investigates the impact of silver iodide (AgI) on the structure, optical, and radiation shielding parameters of borate glasses embedded with low amounts of CrO 3 , high levels of Na 2 O, and various quantities of AgI (from 1 to 5 mol%). These glasses (named BNaCrAg-glasses) were synthesized and their properties were investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses of BNaCrAg-glasses demonstrated that the ratio of BO 4 /BO 3 units increased with increasing AgI. The existence of Cr cations, with their Cr6+ state, was recognized from the absorption bands at 384–392 nm and 334–338 nm. Furthermore, the absorption bands at 580–589 nm at 409–440 nm through the visible region confirmed the existence of Cr-ions as Cr3+ in the octahedral symmetry. The crystal field splitting (10Dq) was calculated from the 580–589 nm bands. The values of 10Dq decreased with AgI doping due to replacing oxygen with iodide anions. The transmittance at 700 nm increased from 24 to 80%, while AgI addition increased from 0 to 5 mol%. The glass sample with the highest AgI content had the lowest half-value layer and maximum linear attenuation coefficient. Thus, the new BNaCrAg-glasses combine good transparency with good attenuation of low energy radiation and can be used to protect the radiation workers. Furthermore, these glasses offer high-energy optical transitions suitable for UV optics, such as ultraviolet digital photography and insect light traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Taguchi Grey response surface approach, this study investigates the effect of novel ultrasonic-aided stir casting conditions on the production of AA6061/zirconia nanocomposites. A Taguchi L16 orthogonal array was utilized to conduct the researches, which included ultrasonic power (1.75-2.5 kW), time (5-20 min), temperature (750-900°C), which can cause premature solidification, stir pressure (100-250 MPa), and reinforcement weight percentage (wt% of reinforcement). Ultrasonic-aided stir casting technique has five adjustable parameters (2-5). The ultimate tensile strength, elongation percentage, hardness, and size of the grain material were some of the metrics used to evaluate the process performance. It was decided to employ the response surface approach to model and optimize the numerous replies into one grey relational analysis. AA6061/zirconia nanocomposites were studied using statistical methods such as 3D surface plots and variance analysis. 2.2537 kW, 16.28 min ultrasonic duration, weight % of reinforcement of 1.9, stirring temperature of 700.73°C, and stirring pressure of 142.63 MPa were found to be the best parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the impact of yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3) on the optical properties of iron-doped borate glasses. A series of borate glasses, with a diluted and constant amount of Fe 2 O 3 , doped with various amounts of Y 2 O 3 (labeled as BNaFeY-glasses) was prepared and studied. The impact of Y 2 O 3 doping on the optical transitions of BNaFeY-glasses was studied by analyzing the optical absorption spectra. The presence of Fe cations, with their Fe3+ state, leads to the appearance of absorption in the ultraviolet region. Furthermore, the optical transmittance spectra proved the transparency of all BNaFeY-glasses. Moreover, the transmittance of the sample with the highest Y 2 O 3 content is about 93 % within the visible range. Because of the diluted Fe content within BNaFeY-glasses, the five absorption bands of Fe are not observed. So, these bands are detected by magnifying the spectra within the visible region. These bands are labeled ʋ 1 , ʋ 2 , ʋ 3 , ʋ 4 and ʋ 5 at wavelengths 454.5, 518.4, 652.5, 707 and 808 nm respectively. These bands were used to calculate the crystal field splitting (10Dq) for all BNaFeY-glasses. The outstanding 10Dq increment with further Y 2 O 3 doping was explained in terms of more interactions between Fe cations and their surroundings. On the other side, the shielding parameters were considered to examine the competence of these transparent glasses against nuclear radiation. We found that the sample doped with the highest amount of Y 2 O 3 has the highest linear attenuation coefficient and the lowest half-value layer (HVL). From the HVL results, we need a thickness of 3.646 cm from the sample with 5 mol% of Y 2 O 3 to get protection from 50% of the photons with energy of 0.662 MeV, and this thickness is increased to 5.137 cm when the energy is 1.333 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current report, we have facilely synthesized the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles (ZFO NPs) using the flash combustion route at 600 °C with various concentrations of citric acid (CA). The structural, vibrational, and elemental/homogeneity analyses through XRD, Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy/Scanning electron microscopy e-mapping confirmed the cubic phase and composition of synthesized ZFO NPs. The crystallite size was estimated using Scherrer and Williamson-Hall plot methods and noticed to be reduced with an increasing amount of CA in ZFO and found between 15 and 30 nm, which was also supported by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the synthesis of ZnFe 2 O 4. The ZFO NPs were excited at 417 nm to record the luminescence spectra and found the emission peaks at 456±2, 530±3, and 625±5 nm. The dielectric constant was found to be between 147 and 165 with low loss values, and the electrical conductivity was found to be enhanced with CA content in ZFO NPs. The magnetic properties were also studied at 300 K and disused. These outcomes indicate that the properties of ZFO NPs have been greatly influenced by crystallite/grain size variation, which resulted from different CA concentration-assisted synthesis of ZFO and possess the potential for optoelectronic and energy storage devices. [Display omitted] • Flash combustion ZFO NPs synthesis with various CA concentrations is reported for the first time. • Cubic system of ZFO NPs was confirmed from XRD, Raman, HRTEM/SAED analyses • Strong reduction in crystallite/grain size from 30 to 15 nm with CA contents was observed • ZFO NPs luminescence spectra possess emission peaks at 456±2, 530±3, and 625±5 nm. • ZFO NPs possess high dielectric constant in the range of 147–165. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, flexible polymeric nanocomposite film of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA–PEG) blend filled with aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanoparticles has been successfully synthetized and characterized. The solution casting technique was used to prepare pure PVA–PEG polymeric blend and polymeric blend nanocomposite (PNC) films filled with different concentrations of AZO nanoparticles. The morphological, structural and optical properties of AZO NPs and PNC films were investigated using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) spectroscopy and UV–VIS–NIR spectrophotometer. The XRD results shows that nanoparticles are well distributed in the host blend matrix. TEM observation reveals an average particle size about 49 nm. The contact angle analysis was carried out for PNC films to investigate the effect of AZO filling upon the nanocomposite water wettability. Loading PNC with nanopowder AZO influences their electrical optical properties. The addition of AZO nanoparticles in the polymeric blend reduces its band gap and increases its DC electrical conductivity. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposite films was tested against various pathogenic bacteria including two types of gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus) and two types of gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)). The assay results suggested that the pure blend film has no activity against all types of bacteria. While filled PNC films exhibit a significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Bacillus and P. aeruginosa bacteria, they have no any activity against E. coli bacteria. This activity is improved with increasing the filler concentrations in blend matrix. Finally, the obtained results suggest that the prepared PNC films can be a potential multifunctional candidate for different applications, especially optoelectronic devices and biomedical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the influence of starch on the structure, and consequently, the properties of manganese oxide have been investigated at room temperature. Different weights of starch have been added to manganese nitrate during a solid-state combustion process. All the samples have been annealed at 600 °C for 2 h. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) and FT (Fourier transform)-Raman spectroscopy have shown the formation of α -Mn 2 O 3 cubic structure for weight ratio equal to or less than (1/5) of starch/ Mn(NO 3) 2 , while above this amount the phase changed to tetragonal phase Mn 3 O 4. The crystallite size calculated via the Scherer equation is ranged from 21.3 nm to 23.8 nm. The strain and the dislocation density have values in the order of 10−3. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) indicates a discrepancy in the size and the form of the particles due to the effect of starch weights. The sizes of spherical nanoparticles vary in the range of 780 nm - 30 nm. The energy gap estimated from the theory of Kubelka-Munk is reduced from 3.45 eV to 1.75 eV due to the effect of 0 and 0.5/5 ratio of starch/ Mn(NO 3) 2 and increased again to 2.63 eV for Mn 3 O 4. Also, the dielectric permittivity has been influenced by starch weight. The electrical conductivity depends on the frequency and complies with the universal power law of Jonscher. Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles have been synthesized at low temperatures with a high percentage of low-cost starch with improved characteristics. Therefore, it is a promising material for the production of lithium manganese oxide to be employed in batteries of lithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the impact of the rare earth element yttrium on the optical properties of chromium (Cr)-doped borate glasses. A series of borate glasses (labeled as BNaCrY glasses) were prepared and studied, each with a constant amount of chromium trioxide (CrO 3) but doped with varying amounts of yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3). Infrared analysis revealed four distinct spectral areas in the internal structure of all BNaCrY glasses. Optical absorption spectra were used to investigate the impact of Y 2 O 3 doping on the optical transitions of BNaCrY glasses. The presence of Cr cations caused the appearance of an absorption band at 379–383 nm, which overlapped with the Urbach edge that is commonly given an edge-like at 430 nm. The Urbach edge has been manifested through a full deconvolution attempt. Cr cations in the Cr3+ state were confirmed by visible absorption bands and are nestled in the octahedral positions. The band at 574–593 nm was used to determine the crystal field splitting (10Dq) for all BNaCrY glasses. Due to the increased number of O anions around the Cr cation, the values of 10Dq increased with Y 2 O 3 doping. The remarkable increase in 10Dq was attributed to increased interaction between Cr cations and their surroundings. In contrast, the shielding parameters were taken into account when evaluating the ability of these transparent glasses to protect against nuclear radiation. We found that the sample with the highest Y 2 O 3 concentration had the highest linear attenuation coefficient and the lowest half-value layer. Thus, BNaCrY glasses are more efficient as attenuators than commercial glasses (such as the Rider and Osmania glasses), especially at low photon energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS)/ Polyethylene oxide (PEO) blend doped with Copper Oxide (CuO) have been produced by casting technique and the copper oxide was inserted through co-polymeric blend via laser ablation route. The nanocomposites have been investigated via XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, and FESEM, thermal, electrical, and optical examinations. The morphological features with TEM technique show injected CuO average grain size 6.7 nm for co-polymeric based nano-composites with t = 10 min, while with increasing irradiation time to reach 20 min (raising CuO content), size increases that the CuO clumps display average grain size 12.1 nm. FESEM micrographs clarify that the raising of laser irradiation time to 20 min boosts porous structure formation. Additionally, roughness average shows clear enhancement with CuO insertion that Pure Co-polymeric blend records 30.09 nm and it gets the highest value with the highest concentration of transition metal oxide (CuO) at t = 20 min (37.25 nm). Moreover, in the liquid phase pure blend represents the widest direct bandgap with 2.7 e.V, while in film form CuO/CS/PEO ternary composite with t = 10 min represents the widest direct bandgap with 3.8 e.V. The change in dielectric constant (ε′) with raising frequency then comes to be almost stable. The observed decreasing pattern is explained by the interaction of dipoles by the applied field. Henceforth, compositional, and morphological changes of polymeric composites provoke a huge development for optoelectrical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric composite films with tunable electrical and dielectric performance have several uses in electronics based on organic materials. This paper reports the fabrication and the role of TiO 2 NPS (nanoparticles) on the dielectric and nanocomposites' conduction of pristine polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The nanopowder of biphase TiO 2 and the nanocomposites of different NPS weight percentages have been fabricated via the sol-gel and casting methods. Structure of the synthesized NPS and nanocomposites were analyzed via PXRD (Powder X-ray diffraction), HR-TEM (High-resolution microscopy of transmission electron), and FTIR (Fourier transform-IR). The average size of the biphase TiO 2 NPS crystallite is around 52 nm, as calculated from Scherer law. Frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric properties have been studied in a wide range. The dielectric constant of the host matrix has been enhanced by adding TiO 2 NPS. AC conductivity increases with the further addition of TiO 2 NPS contents, and its frequency dependence follows the universal power law. The nanocomposite with 6.6 wt% of TiO 2 NPS shows higher conductivity as compared to other concentrations. The exponent power (s) has values in the range of 0.2–0.9, indicating that the conduction mechanism is correlated with barrier hopping (CBH). The dependence of the DC conductivity on absolute temperature has been studied and obeys Arrhenius relation. Three discrete sections were recognized from the AC conductivity spectra. In light of polaronic hopping conduction models, the electrical conductivity data were analyzed. The analysis shows that the high-temperature conductivity is well explained by the polaronic model, while at an intermediate temperature, the Greaves VRH (variable-range hopping) model is appropriate. Also, the non-adiabatic conduction was established in the nanocomposite system via the application of different suggestions. The values of the decay constant and the density of states confirmed the presence of the localized states. Finally, a small polaron coupling constant (γ p) is more significant than four, which indicates a strong electron-phonon interaction. • The biphase TiO 2 (Rutile and Anatase) was prepared by the sol-gel technique. • The AC conductivity was improved with frequency and followed universal Jonscher's law. • The conduction mechanism is correlated with barrier hopping (CBH). • The 6.6 % w.t nanocomposite film has high electrical conductivity, and high transparency. • 6.6 % w.t sample utilize it as transparent conductive electrodes appropriate to solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical limiting characteristics of the Cobalt (Co) metal-doped PVA films have been measured using two laser beams at 632.8 nm and 533 nm wavelength. Different weight percentages of Co metal were stirred with PVA solution to get polymeric composite films by casting method. The crystallinity degree and the intermolecular structure of the samples have been tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR spectroscopy. The semi-crystalline order of the pure PVA reduced with more adding of Co-metal due to the interaction of dopant ions with one pair of electrons of oxygen in the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the matrix as confirmed by the FTIR spectra. Moreover, the formation of the Co clusters with different size and non-uniform distribution on the composite films surface morphology has been presented by SEM. The thermal stability was carried out via DTA (Differential thermal analysis) and revealed that the Co-metal/PVA composites are more stable than PVA pure. The doped PVA film absorption increased, while the absorption edge shifted from 5.33 eV to 4.61 eV with the Co metal ratio due to the formation of localized states in the forbidden gap during the interaction between the –OH groups in the matrix of PVA and Co-metals. Also, the Urbach energy of the present films has been estimated. The direct electronic transitions have been observed only at doping ≥7.5%, as established from the results obtained from Tauc's model and optical dielectric loss. The film with ten wt.% of Co-metal shows a small energy gap and significant absorption properties. Thus, the present polymeric composite films with high Co-metal concentrations are suitable for laser attenuation and optical limiting in photonic devices. • Laser optical limiting characteristics of Co-metal doped PVA films have been studied. • Co-transition metal enhanced the absorption of PVA films and decreased its transmission. • The absorption edge shift to lower energy due to the ascending of the Co-transition metal doping ratio in PVA. • The type of electronic transition has been determined from Tauc's model and quantum theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the progress work, the facile microwave method has been used to synthesize BiI 3 nanoparticles at low temperatures, while nanocomposite films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) filled with selective content of BiI 3 nanoparticles (from 0 to 18.51 wt %) have been prepared by casting technique. The structural analysis has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, EDX (energy dispersive analysis spectroscopy of X-rays), HR-TEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscope), and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The thermal behavior such as DTG (derivative thermogravimetric) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) of BiI 3 /PVAL nanocomposite was also studied. At the same time, the optical performance of these films was measured using UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. The structure study shows significant incorporation between the two phases of PVAL and BiI 3 in all films. The AFM images show an increase in surface roughness with the nanoparticle content. The BiI 3 level has influenced optical parameters like the energy of the band tail, the energy gap, the absorption coefficient, and the dielectric loss of the PVAL matrix. 18.51 wt % BiI 3 /PVAL film has a direct transition with the lowest energy gap, while its higher absorbance is due to the increase of the influence of the crystalline phases of BiI 3 in the polymeric matrix. The strong competence of the films to reduce the power of the two laser beams (632.8 nm & 533 nm) has been detected. Therefore, the results support that this nanocomposite is a fruitful material for commercial laser cut-off and optoelectronics. • BiI 3 nano-filler was facile synthesized at low temperatures by the microwave method. • The crystallinity and the morphology of the films were characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, and AFM. • The thermal stability of the polymeric nanocomposite films was tested. • Optical absorption edge is reduced from 5.27 eV to 1.3 eV. • The optical limiting measurement shows that the films are suitable for the laser CUT-OFF application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overtaking collisions of nonlinear ultra-low frequency (NULF) shock waves are examined in a degenerate ultra-relativistic plasma, containing inertial mobile heavy-ion fluid and inertialess degenerate light ions and electrons. The well-known reductive perturbation analysis then is used to obtain a Burgers’ equation (BE), which describes the propagation of ultra-low frequency shock waves in the plasma model. The Cole-Hopf transformation and the exponential function have been applied to get NULF multi-shock waves. Here, the findings illustrate that the excitation, amplitude, and steepness of overtaking collisions of NULF multi-shock waves and their electric fields are modified with the influence of heavy-ion kinematic viscosity. It is found that the amplitude and the steepness of NULF multi-shock waves increase with the decrease in the light-to-heavy ion density ratio. The numerical simulation gives rise to significant highlights on the dynamics of overtaking collisions of NULF multi-shock waves in astrophysical plasmas such as white dwarfs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW)-to-energy systems have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential to produce renewable energy from waste. These systems involve the conversion of MSW into electricity, heat or fuel. One of the most promising applications of MSW-to-energy systems is the production of hydrogen, which is considered a clean and sustainable fuel. Machine learning algorithms have the potential to revolutionize the way MSW-to-energy systems are managed. The integration of machine learning into MSW-to-energy systems has the potential to significantly improve the sustainability and profitability of this industry. In this study, a novel integrated MSW-to-energy system is modeled to produce hydrogen, power, and oxygen and with capacities of heating water and air. Hydrogen production, power production, oxygen storage, hot water, hot air, and system emission are predicted using machine learning algorithms based on regression models with high validity and R2 values more than 99.8% having errors smaller than 1%. The reduced regression models are developed by eliminating the insignificant variables from the full algorithms using the analysis of variance. The findings reveal high accuracy for the reduced regression models while their errors slightly decrease to 2%. This suggests that the machine learning algorithms can also be used as an effective tool to further improve MSW-to-energy systems. [Display omitted] • A novel municipal solid waste-to-energy system is modeled. • Hydrogen and oxygen are produced as well as electrical power, hot water and air. • Machine learning algorithms are developed using regression models. • Reduced regression models are developed using analysis of variance. • Machine learning algorithms show a high accuracy with errors less than 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing CHP (combined heat and power) systems-based biomass gasification is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability. These systems offer numerous profits, counting abridged greenhouse gas emissions, efficient energy utilization, and sustainable waste management. By investing in and promoting the adoption of biomass gasification-based CHP systems, it can be moved towards a more sustainable and greener energy future. In this regard, a clean CHP system is integrated by comprising a sugarcane bagasse gasifier, a proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell, a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, and a heating recovery unit. The system performance is evaluated with respect to input variables from energy and environmental viewpoints. The integrated system performs more efficiently at lower equivalence ratios, higher temperatures, lower utilization factors, and higher pressure ratios. The efficiency initially improves with an increase in current density from 1400 A/m2 to 3000 A/m2, but starts to decline when the current density is pushed beyond this threshold to 5400 A/m2. According to the results, it has been concluded that the most favorable conditions for attaining the optimum goals are an equivalence ratio of 0.4, current density of 5400 A/m2, temperature of 1200 K, utilization factor of 0.7, and pressure ratio of 3.7. The best performance yields a power generation of 344.6 kW, heating generation of 3422.9 g/s, efficiency of 28.60%, and emissions of 1281 g/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bi1−xBaxFeO3 (BiBaFeO3) multiferroic nanoparticles with different Ba molar concentrations were fabricated in reliance on the solid-state reaction technique. Nanostructures of the prepared samples were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) together with Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, whereas the ac conductivity, dielectric and ferroelectric features were examined depending on the RLC Bridge, and Sawyer–Tower circuit. XRD patterns displayed the creation of rhombohedral–hexagonal single-phase of BiBaFeO3. The formation of BiBaFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR spectra. Curie temperature (TC) was observed around 1121–1189 K. Ferroelectric polarization was enhanced with remnant polarization of 88.8 μC cm−2 by Ba2+ ions substitution at x = 0.15 mol%. Besides, ac electrical conductivities as a function of frequency as well as temperature were reported for all BiBaFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles, which exhibit a strong frequency dependence with conduction mechanism is the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model. The obtained high polarization and Curie temperature enhance their use in information storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universal casting method for an aqueous solution has been used to synthesize PVA solid samples with 0, 0.037, 0.37, 3.7, 18.5, and 37 wt% of Er3+-ions. The semi-crystalline nature of solid films was proved by analyzing the pattern of the XRD, while the complex formation has been confirmed via FTIR spectroscopy. SEM shows the formation of clusters of the Er3+-ions on the superficiality of PVA. The optical parameters, dielectric permittivity, and I-V characteristics have been studied. The incident light is completely absorbed in UV-region by PVA: 37 wt% Er3+-sample. Moreover, the indirect energy, Eg1, gap decreased from 4.98 to 4.74 eV, whereas the index of refraction increased from 1.53 to 2.85 with Er3+-ions concentration. Dielectric permittivity decreases with a high proportion of Er3+-ions in PVA and an interesting nonlinear behavior of I-V characteristics is observed in PVA: 37 wt% Er3+-sample. The characteristics of synthesized materials revealed that it can be used for manufacturing cheaper varistor device, UV-protector, and optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New films for visible laser filter were fabricated from poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, and various levels of chrome(III) chloride, CrCl3, by a known simple process named casting. The structure order degree, complex interaction, as well as optical filtering characteristic of the PVA + xCrCl3 (x = 0.037, 0.37, 3.7, 18.5 and 37 wt%) samples were investigated via the diffraction of the X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV/Vis/NIR spectrum, respectively, while the behavior of optical limiting was tested by set-up laser limiting measurement. The increment of Cr3+-doping level in the PVA gives some results as, (I) a marked increase in the degree of random structure of the samples, and (II) two clearly absorption peaks are seen around 428 nm and 608 nm with a progressive increase in the intensity and a slight shift to a higher wavelength. (III) Three distinguished energy gaps were clearly observed, as well as, (IV) the dielectric spectroscopy of the samples was decreased with increasing the Cr3+-doping, which contributes to the strong interaction among the mixtures. Furthermore, at concentrations above 0.37 wt% of Cr3+-doping, a notable decrease in the output detected laser power was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new 2D material, MXenes are anticipated to impact future energy storage and conversion technologies significantly. This article reviews recent progress in MXene-based nanomaterials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In addition, the method of synthesizing these materials as an OER and essential concepts to motivate future research were highlighted, and obstacles to the sustainable development of this field were presented. A-layer selective etching with aqueous solutions containing fluoride ions is now the preferred method for developing MXenes. Until now, the difficulty in synthesizing a wide variety of MXenes has been attributed to Al high reactivity with fluoride-based aqueous media, which is particularly potent for those produced from MAX-phase precursors of containing Al. • Recent progress in MXene-based nanomaterials for oxygen evolution reaction is assessed. • Method of synthesizing these materials as an OER and essential concepts were highlighted. • Obstacles to the sustainable development of this field were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with axisymmetric circular/annular disks made of three-phase multi-scale hybrid laminated nanocomposite under distributed static loadings. The structure is placed on Winkler-Pasternak substrate with friction effects. Initial stress is also considered in the composite structure. The mathematical model is prepared using three-dimensional elasticity theory (3D-elasticity theory). The derived differential equations are solved by employing the semi-analytical method of state-space-based differential quadrature method (SS-DQM) to obtain the stress and displacement fields of the composite structure. In the numerical analyses, a comprehensive parametric study is performed to observe the effects of some geometrical and physical parameters on bending characteristics of composite circular/annular disks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing novel and low-emission multi-generation systems is attracting considerable critical attention. In this regard, a novel tri-generation of power, fresh water and hot air has been developed in this study based on solid oxide fuel cell. Power has been generated by a solid oxide fuel cell, a gas turbine cycle and a super-critical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle. An air flow has been heated in a heat exchanger and fresh water has been produced through a desalination unit. Super-critical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, heat exchanger of hot air and desalination unit have been all triggered by a co-combusted gas of apricot stone and synthesis gases of solid oxide fuel cell. Analysis of variance has been utilized to identify the significant influences on power production, fresh water, hot air, emission effect of system and system efficiency. Multi-objective optimization has showed that apricot stone of 200 kg/h, fuel utilization of 0.77, current density of 9697 A/m2 and pressure ratio of 3 in gas turbine system are the optimum conditions. The system has produced 2.10 MW of power, 837 g/h of fresh water and 57 m3/h of hot air with an emission effect of 2069 kg/MW.h and an efficiency of 43.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community is currently very interested in energy and environmental concerns. Due to their distinctive features, two-dimensional materials have drawn a lot of interest for technological applications. The MXene family of 2D materials, which is expanding quickly, has many advantages in energy and storage due to its excellent physiochemical properties. This study covers important developments in the area of 2D MXene and talks about how design, synthetic methods, and stability have changed over time. In addition to emphasizing the state-of-the-art applications, we also discuss the challenges and limitations facing the scientific community in the development of functional MXene with controlled structures and properties for renewable clean energy conversion and storage applications. Finally, the key issues and considerations that will shape the future of these 2D MXene-based materials in energy storage applications are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the benefits of geothermal energy in low-temperature combined processes, this study intends to present, examine, and optimize a novel thermal integration process incorporated into a two-stage geothermal flash cycle. In order to meet this objective, a modified bi-evaporator refrigeration technology using an ejector has been designed, with the capability of generating coolant for air-conditioning and industrial requirements. Furthermore, the entire system utilizes a low-temperature water electrolysis process for hydrogen production. In addition to designing a new process, this study incorporates advanced methodologies to comprehensively analyze the proposed system's thermodynamic, economic, and exergoenvironmental aspects. In this context, an extensive parametric study is undertaken, followed by the definition of two distinct multi-objective optimization scenarios: the energy-environment and the energy-cost scenarios. Based on the outcomes derived from the first scenario, the corresponding objective functions, namely energy efficiency and exergoenvironmental index, are determined to be 52.89% and 0.5, respectively. This condition is also responsible for generating net output electricity, cooling load, and hydrogen production rate of 3.897 MW, 26.88 MW, and 4.02 kg/h, respectively. Moreover, it exhibits an exergy destruction rate of 5493 kW. In the second scenario, the objective functions, i.e., energetic efficiency and payback period, are calculated to be 39.37% and 3.94 years, respectively. The aforementioned products demonstrate capacities of 3.697 MW, 17.66 MW, and 5.0 kg/h, respectively. Besides, the exergy destruction rate is determined to be 4667 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol–gel-assisted spin coating technique has been employed to deposit Ce-doped cadmium oxide films (CdO) thin films on a glass substrate. Structural analysis carried out by XRD revealed that the films are polycrystalline and crystallize in a cubic structure. The preferential directions for the CdO growth are (2 0 0), and (2 1 0) and doping of Ce ions inhibits the growth. In addition to XRD, Raman analysis also supports the crystalline phase with no impurities. Using the Kramers–Kronig relations, the dispersion relation is evaluated from which the refractive index and the absorption coefficient were derived. The deposited doped and pure CdO films are highly transparent. The energy gap values of pure and doped CdO films are in the range of 2.2–4.2 eV, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications. The lower values of 'n' and 'k' are making the films most significant. The dielectric constant and nonlinear optical properties showed an increasing tendency on doping Ce ions into CdO films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising alternative to antibiotics for targeting microorganisms, especially in the case of difficult-to-treat bacterial illnesses. Antibacterial coatings for medical equipment, materials for infection prevention and healing, bacterial detection systems for medical diagnostics, and antibacterial immunizations are potential applications of nanotechnology. Infections in the ear, which can result in hearing loss, are extremely difficult to cure. The use of nanoparticles to enhance the efficacy of antimicrobial medicines is a potential option. Various types of inorganic, lipid-based, and polymeric nanoparticles have been produced and shown beneficial for the controlled administration of medication. This article focuses on the use of polymeric nanoparticles to treat frequent bacterial diseases in the human body. Using machine learning models such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), this 28-day study evaluates the efficacy of nanoparticle therapy. An innovative application of advanced CNNs, such as Dense Net, for the automatic detection of middle ear infections is reported. Three thousand oto-endoscopic images (OEIs) were categorized as normal, chronic otitis media (COM), and otitis media with effusion (OME). Comparing middle ear effusions to OEIs, CNN models achieved a classification accuracy of 95%, indicating great promise for the automated identification of middle ear infections. The hybrid CNN-ANN model attained an overall accuracy of more than 0.90 percent, with a sensitivity of 95 percent and a specificity of 100 percent in distinguishing earwax from illness, and provided nearly perfect measures of 0.99 percent. Nanoparticles are a promising treatment for difficult-to-treat bacterial diseases, such as ear infections. The application of machine learning models, such as ANNs and CNNs, can improve the efficacy of nanoparticle therapy, especially for the automated detection of middle ear infections. Polymeric nanoparticles, in particular, have shown efficacy in treating common bacterial infections in children, indicating great promise for future treatments. [Display omitted] • NPs are a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating infections. • Researchers used machine learning models to evaluate the efficacy of polymeric NPs in treating bacterial illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses are promising and efficient radiation shielding materials. However, they still suffer from low transparency with different types of additions, which need improvements for better transparency, consistency, and service life. This paper shows the significant improvements in radiation shielding and optical properties of cadmium oxide (CdO) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3) sodium borate glass system upon changing CdO/B 2 O 3 ratios. Optical absorbance and transmittance were measured, while the band gap values were obtained from investigating the fundamental absorption edges using Tauc's plot. Our analyses show that all glass samples show good transparency in the visible range; but the transparency slightly decreases with increasing CdO/B 2 O 3 contents. Moreover, with increasing CdO/B 2 O 3 contents, the BO 4 units increase, the density increases, and the BO 3 units decrease. Furthermore, with increasing CdO/B 2 O 3 contents, the fundamental absorption edges shift toward higher wavelengths, and the optical band gaps decrease. Also, with increasing CdO/B 2 O 3 contents, the linear and nonlinear refractive indices increase. These behaviors were justified by electronegativity decreases and electronic polarizability increases. On the other hand, the radiation shielding properties, like the mass attenuation coefficient and half-value layer, show enhanced behaviors with further CdO additions. The combination of enhanced radiation shielding properties and enhanced transparency makes the present glasses good candidates in the radiation shielding field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen as a clean fuel can simultaneously respond to the challenges of energy shortage and environmental issues, provided that it is produced in a clean and cheap way. In this research, a hydrogen production system based on the combination of a solid oxide electrolyzer with a gasifier and a hydrogen separation membrane has been studied from a techno-economic outlook. In order to achieve a proper approximation of the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), an elaborated economic analysis has been performed considering all aspects, where the life of the hydrogen separation membrane (HSM) and the solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) has been taken into account. Finally, the minimization of the levelized cost of hydrogen and the levelized carbon dioxide emission (LCE) was carried out through multi-objective optimization. The cost of selling hydrogen was determined according to the various payback times. According to the conducted optimization, it is possible to obtain the minimum levelized cost of hydrogen of 3.63 $/kg. This condition leads to the levelized emission of 10.17 kg CO 2 /kg H 2. Also, the system has the ability to bear levelized CO 2 emissions up to 2.92 kg CO 2 /kg H 2 , so that the levelized cost of H 2 production is 6.45 $/kg. In the four optimal conditions obtained from the optimization, considering the payback time of 5 years, the cost of selling the produced H 2 can be 3.64 $/kg, 6.45 $/kg, 5.98 $/kg, and 5.29 $/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the past few decades, scientific agencies have paid a lot of attention to environmental issues such as acid rain, water poisoning, and global warming. In order to solve these environmental problems, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are made up of metal ions and/or clusters attached to organic ligands, have shown some promise. With a focus on the usage of MOFs, this paper examines the most recent developments, difficulties, and potential future directions in the separation and storage of carbon compounds in buildings for a sustainable environment. The importance of using MOFs in decarbonizing water systems and lowering environmental concerns in buildings is highlighted in the research. It addresses the most recent developments in the use of MOFs for renewable energy, such as the elimination of dangerous gases like CO2 and CH4 from water systems. The article also looks at how MOFs might be used to decarbonize water systems in structures, with a focus on how carbon-containing compounds are stored chemically and physically using artificial neural network models. MOFs are a potential solution for renewable energy and environmental remediation in buildings because they have special physical and chemical characteristics like adjustable pores, high porosity, and tiny pore size. The report offers insights into existing treatments and invites academics to investigate MOFs' potential for resolving environmental problems in order to create a sustainable environment in buildings. Microporous MOF with open metal sites for CO 2 absorption, Reproduction with permission from Cai et al., (2020).A schematic of iron(III) MBB [Fe3(μ3-O)(H2O)3(−COO)6] and rectangular tetracarboxylate ligand pbpta4- (the yellow cubic crystals represent Fe-pbpta), Copyright (2021) Springer Nature with permission from Verma et al., (2021). [Display omitted] • MOFs show promise in addressing environmental issues such as acid rain andwater contamination. • Unique crystal structures, high porosity, and small size of pores are some of the most apparent features of MOFs. • This study provides insight into the use of MOFs in the building industry for decarbonization and energy use in buildings. • The challenges related to MOFs use in environmental mitigation were examined and the prospects of commercial and widespread use were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the radiation shielding ability and the high transparency of glasses are combined. Glass systems with the formula xPbO-(79-x)B 2 O 3 + 19.2 K 2 O+ 1.8Sm 2 O 3 with x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol% were prepared using the melt-quenching method. Also, the optical transmittance was examined in wavelengths between 200 nm and 800 nm. An increase in average density was observed with further PbO additions. In detail, the density values increased from 2.361 to 3.027 g/cm3 with further PbO additions. The optical transmittance of these glasses indicates that all glass samples have good transparency. In detail, the PbO-free glass sample exhibits the maximum transmittance, around 73 %, in the wavelength range of 500–600 nm. While the transmittance of the glass sample containing 20 mol% of PbO is 60–62 % in the 500–600 nm wavelength range. The optical band gap (E g) values of these glasses were obtained using the absorption spectrum fitting (ASF) method. The E g values showed decreasing behavior with PbO additions. Also, the radiation shielding parameters are much higher than some common and standard glasses and materials used to block radiation. Based on these findings, the present glasses are good candidates for use as shielding materials in the radiation shielding field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of hydrogen to be an energy source has made the hydrogen storage as one of the most investigated research fields during the recent years, and novel perovskite materials have become the current focus for hydrogen storage applications. Here we study the AeVH 3 (Ae = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr) perovskite-type hydrides to explorer their potential for hydrogen storage applications using the density functional theory (DFT) implemented CASTEP code along with exchange correlation potential. The study examines the electronic structure, optical properties, elastic features and mechanical stability of the materials. The crystal structure of AeVH 3 compounds is found to be cubic with lattice constant as 3.66, 3.48, 3.76 and 3.83 for Ae = Be, Mg, Ca and Sr compounds, respectively. The calculated electronic structures of these compounds show ionic bonding and no energy bandgap. The mechanical characteristics of compounds are also investigated as to meet the Born stability criterion, these compounds should be mechanically stable. The Cauchy pressure and Pugh criteria revealed that these materials have a brittle character and rather hard. In low energy range, all optical properties are found to be suitable as needed for storing the hydrogen. Furthermore, the gravimetric ratios suggested that all the compounds are suitable for hydrogen storage as a fuel for a longer time and may provide remarkable contributions in diversity of power and transportation applications. • Four new hydride perovskites have been investigated for hydrogen storage. • The electronic analysis showed that these metal based hydride perovskites are metallic in nature. • These metal hydrides are found to be structurally and mechanically stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites were investigated by employing Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package code using density functional theory. LDA+U was used to investigate the structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites at different pressures 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 GPa. The simulated X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites was investigated and the computed lattice parameters decreased 8.62–8.32, 8.68–8.35, and 8.567–8.267 Å at 0–20 GPa, respectively. XRD revealed that the unit cell's volumes (640.50–575.93, 653.97–582.182, 627.22–563.550), X‐ray densities (4.86–5.40, 4.70–5.28, 3.97–4.43), and interatomic distance (2.6099–2.5180, 2.6221–2.4260, 2.5831–2.4928) of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites were also decreased with the increasing pressure 0–20 GPa, respectively. The LDA+U calculations predicted that the NiFe2O4, Fe3O4, and CoFe2O4 ferrite followed the properties of a semiconductor exhibiting a direct band gap of 1.2, 1.13, and 0.710 eV at 0 GPa which were decreased to 0.846, 0.710, and 0.461 eV at 20 GPa, respectively. The computed density of states revealed that MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites exhibited good spin polarization behavior, and Ni–O, Fe–O, and Co–O bonds were covalent. The Mullikens investigated the ted decrease in bong length of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites versus 0–20 GPa as well as according to Hirschfeld analysis the magnetic moment (3.348–3.335, 4.12–4.10, 3.737–3.735) and saturation magnetization (79.06–78.7, 99.33–98.9, 88.93–88.352) of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) ferrites were decreased with increased pressure 0–20 GPa, respectively. The reflectivity and absorption specialize in visible and ultraviolet regions showing their stability for optoelectronics, photocatalysis, and solar cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited resources of fossil fuels and bio energies, along with the environmental pollution caused by their combustion, make it necessary to search for renewable and clean alternative sources and to optimize the available current energies specifically for required energy for using in buildings. This is mandatory for a solution of future energy production issues as huge consumption of energy in buildings and structures is unavoidable in buildings for instance China's higher education buildings consume huge amounts of bioenergy. Most of the attention in the production of biofuel has been focused on the use of plant biomass, agricultural waste, solid waste, and sewage treatment sludge. Today, there are renewable resources to replace fossil fuels such as biofuels for usage in buildings required energy; however, in the last decade, the cultivation of microalgae has been proposed as another option for biomass production. Utilization of algae biomass is more cost-effective than vegetable crops in terms of water consumption and cultivated area and reduces costs and greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels. Artificial intelligence is a tool to help for this utilization and becoming much better in recent researches. Many types of microalgae, due to their high ability to consume organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, can grow in different water environments, including urban, industrial, agricultural wastewaters, and wastewaters containing animal waste, which contain large amounts of organic and inorganic carbon. There are nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements that act as a biological filter that with extensive studies and inventing new methods, cost-effective production of algae-biofuels can be achieved. This review goals to run over the latest innovations and artificial intelligence approaches for biohydrogen generation from algal towards sustainable energy optimization and greener environment for buildings required energy. The current state of the art, existing and upcoming challenges, latest technologies, and solutions to overcome existing limitation are presented in details. • This review cover the latest innovations for biohydrogen generation from algal. • The sustainable energy and greener environment aspect are considered. • Latest innovations of AI for biohydrogen generation from algal are reviewed. • Current literature, existing and future challenges and technologies are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to synthesize the aluminium oxide nanoparticles using Ixoro coccinea leaf extract. Furthermore, the synthesized Ixoro coccinea aluminium oxide nanoparticles (I–Al 2 O 3 -NPs) and nanocomposites (I–Al 2 O 3 -NC), including them as the fillers in a chitosan matrix were characterized, and I–Al 2 O 3 -NC was applied to remove the toxic metals (TMs) including Cd, Ni, and Pb from water. Optimization of different batch experimental adsorption parameters (pH, concentration of TMs, dose of I–Al 2 O 3 -NC, temperature, and time of contact) was done to check the feasibility of I–Al 2 O 3 -NC for maximum removal of TMs from water. The extreme adsorption capacities using nanocomposites for Cd, Ni, and Pb were 66.0, 60.0, and 66.4 mg g−1, respectively. The I–Al 2 O 3 -NC followed the Freundlich isotherm model for removing Cd and Ni while showing the monolayer surface coverage for the removal of Pb. For this process, the best-fitted kinetic model was the pseudo-second-order equation. The enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of metal ion adsorption, among other parameters of thermodynamics, were estimated. The process was found to be exothermic, advantageous, and spontaneous. Kinetic studies show that intra-particle diffusion is essential for eliminating TMs. In addition, I–Al 2 O 3 -NC was applied for the adsorption of TMs from surface water and determined to be effective in removing these contaminants up to an acceptable drinking water standard. Regeneration of adsorbent suggested that green synthesized I–Al 2 O 3 -NC may be an active tool for removing Cd, Ni, and Pb ions from contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a recognized need for treating the municipal solid waste which causes serious environmental problems. There has been substantial research undertaken on the role of municipal solid waste in integrated energy systems. However, the contribution of Taguchi technique has received little attention within the field of municipal solid waste-to-energy systems. This study set out to examine the capability of utilizing the Taguchi technique in optimization and evaluation of a tri-generation system based on gas turbine. L25 orthogonal array of Taguchi technique has been utilized considering compression factor of compressor, maximum temperature of input stream to the gas turbine, and municipal solid waste fed to the combustion chamber as the input variables. Electrical power of the system, heating air and water capacities of the system, system efficiency, and normalized emission have been also considered as the tri-generation system performance indicators. The air-based system operates optimally at compression ratio of 10, maximum temperature of 900 °C, and fed MSW of 1 mol/s while compression factor of 15, maximum temperature of 1000 °C, and fed MSW of 1.2 mol/s are optimum conditions for steam-based system. Overall, air-based system operates better than steam-based system with electrical power of 317.6 kW, heating air capacity of 678.4 m3/min, heating water capacity of 288.7 L/min, efficiency of 79.3%, and normalized emission of 8.58 g/kW.min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic materials attracted much attention in the field of optoelectronics for several applications such as infrared radiation detection. In present study, electronic, optical and thermoelectric spectra of Sm and Ce co doped Bi2Te3 materials have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electronic study of the studied material indicates metallic and good optical and thermoelectric properties. Optical spectra of the doped Bi2Te3 show that absorption lies in visible and near UV region of the radiation. Thus, it seems to have potential applications in optoelectronics. Thermoelectric properties favor the semiconducting nature with high Seebeck coefficient and dominant character of p-type charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Eggshell concrete is a novel green material that aids the recycling of eggshell powder (ESP) waste while decreasing the environmental damage due to higher manufacture to develop sustainable energies. Nevertheless, current investigations on eggshell concrete are limited, and the results might vary according to admixture design variations. Despite the fact that the design of experiments is utilized to simplify and optimize the research of sustainable energies, the studies employing eggshell concrete are still uncommon. The powdered egg shells were employed as fine concrete aggregate as a tool of sustainable energies. The flexural and compressive strength of concrete with (5%, 10%, and 15%) and without egg shell are examined, and the findings are predicted by artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) as a hybridized model of ANN‐GA. The contour plot research revealed that eggshell powder boosted the energy stability in an appropriate replacement proportion of 5% to 10%. Conversely, for mix designs with a larger water ratio, the partial substitution with eggshell powder is preferable. The findings demonstrate that with 5% ESP replacement, the strengths were greater than in control concrete, indicating that 5% ESP is an ideal content for maximal strength. Furthermore, in terms of transport qualities, the performance of ESP concretes was equivalent to control concrete up to 15% ESP substitution. The statistical regression indices as determination coefficient (R2) and root‐mean‐square error demonstrated that the ANN‐GA model is an effective tool for formulating and predicting the flexural and compressive strength of eggshell concrete to develop sustainable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdS is a potential candidate for material in optoelectronic applications. The magnetic, electronic and optical properties of Ag-doped and Co -codoped CdS were calculated using full potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) based on popular density - functional theory (DFT). The band gap and density of states for Ag -doped and Cocodoped CdS have been determined by using Tran Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (TBmBJ) potential. The optical and electronic properties of Ag-doped and Co-codoped CdS such as absorption coefficient, energy loss function, reflectivity, refractive index, electrical conductivity and extinction coefficient are presented. The results indicate that the magnetic and electro-optical properties are improved by this doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The density function theory (DFT) with GGA and PBE was employed to determine the structural, electrical, and optical characteristics of pure and Cu doped AgZnF 3 type Fluro-perovskite. The structural properties of composite are calculated in realistic agreement with those testified in the literature. The band gap of the hybrid AgZnF 3 is small and indirect. AgZnF 3 contained a calculated band width of 1.52 eV. AgZnF 3 's total electronic properties were principally controlled by the Zn atom, whereas the Zn-d state and the F-p state had a minor impact on its partial electronic properties and state density. Cu doping modified AgZnF 3 's electrical band structure by narrowing the band gap. With increasing doping concentrations, the partial densities of states, which are likewise impacted by doping concentrations decreased. This material is appropriate for a variety of applications due to the improvement in optical characteristics and decrease in the band gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless steel is a material which has high corrosive resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperature with the combination of chromium, nickel, and niobium as a primary constituent. This material which is difficult to machine with complex shape is taken by using wire cut electric discharge machining. Wire electrical discharge machining is a nontraditional process widely taken for cutting and machining for complex shapes. This review paper involves wire cut EDM optimization parameters. Pulse interval, pulse duration, wire feed, voltage, and mean current are the operational parameters. The Taguchi orthogonal array method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and grey relation analysis (GRA) methods are taken for different kinds of machining various kinds of materials, and different kinds of result with best material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) are analyzed. This work suggests the most influencing process parameters and best optimization method for various steel materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic, electronic, and optical properties of Cr doped LaAlO3 are examined by Full Potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within Density functional theory (DFT). The pure compound (LaAlO3) is doped with different concentrations of chromium (Cr) to examine the doping effects on its characteristics. The calculations of band structure (BS) and density of states show Cr has major contribution while La, Al and O atoms have little involvement in the states near Fermi level. The magnetic features revealed that Cr plays major participation in ferromagnetic nature of LaCrxAl1-xO3. The results of electronic and optical revealed that the compound under study is suitable for spintronics and optoelectronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability constants of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethoxybenzylidene) hydrazine (DMBH) were determined using the modified Job's method with the addition of the UV-Vis approach using salts of copper (II) (chloride and acetate) and salts of cobalt (II) (chloride and nitrate). Copper (II) chloride with a ligand at 1L:2M (stoichiometric ratio) was discovered to have a higher stability constant log value (6.995) than other metal salts. The stability constant log value (5.811) for cobalt (II) nitrate at 1L:2M (stoichiometric ratio) was found to be less stable than the other stability constants evaluated. Antimicrobial properties of the ligand were tested against Entamoeba coli, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ligand was found to be effective against these strains, with positive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared Fe 3 O 4 -decorated SiO 2 (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2) nanostructure using rice husk as a silica source through a microwave-assisted combustion process. The results of the X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscope analyses corroborate that polycrystalline Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with 5–10 nm size were decorated on the amorphous SiO 2 nanosphere having a size of 50 nm in diameter. A vibrating sample magnetometer indicated that Fe 3 O 4 decoration on rice husk–derived SiO 2 (RH SiO 2) was able to transform nonmagnetic into ferromagnetic material with saturation magnetization of 45 emu/g. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, and time on the removal of Hg2+ by RH SiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 samples were investigated and it was found that 100 mg adsorbent dosage at pH 6 for 20 min contact time is suitable for the sufficient removal (>90%) of Hg2+ ions with 100 mg/L concentration. The ferromagnetic characteristic, mesoporous structure, and high specific surface area (174.930 m2g−1) of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 nanostructure help develop a magnetically recoverable adsorbent for removal of Hg2+ ions from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]