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This study was conducting in order to evaluate the effect of adding lysine and arginine to improve the quality and sensory characteristics of processed low-sodium Beef meat where stored in freez for 45 days. The study included ten different treatments T1 (100% NaCL), T2 (50% NaCL + 50% KCL), T3 (25 % NaCL + 75% KCL), T4 (50% NaCL + 50% KCL + 3% Lysine), T5 (50% NaCL + 50% KCL + 3% Arginine), T6(25% NaCL + 75% KCL + 3% Lysine), T7(25% NaCL + 75% KCL + 3% Arginine), T8(100% KCL), T9(100% KCL + 3% Lysine), T10(100% KCL + 3% Arginine) Treatment were stored for 1, 15, 30, 45 days then some physical, chemical, microbial and sensory tests were conducted. The results showed that the added to potassium chloride, lysine and arginine added were, recorded a significant (P

This paper discusses the properties of metal oxide/biochar systems for use in wastewater treatment. Titanium, zinc, and iron compounds are most often combined with biochar; therefore, combinations of their oxides with biochar are the focus of this review. The first part of this paper presents the most important information about biochar, including its advantages, disadvantages, and possible modification, emphasizing the incorporation of inorganic oxides into its structure. In the next four sections, systems of biochar combined with TiO2, ZnO, Fe3O4, and other metal oxides are discussed in detail. In the next to last section probable degradation mechanisms are discussed. Literature studies revealed that the dispersion of a metal oxide in a carbonaceous matrix causes the creation or enhancement of surface properties and catalytic or, in some cases, magnetic activity. Addition of metallic species into biochars increases their weight, facilitating their separation by enabling the sedimentation process and thus facilitating the recovery of the materials from the water medium after the purification process. Therefore, materials based on the combination of inorganic oxide and biochar reveal a wide range of possibilities for environmental applications in aquatic media purification.

Concerns have grown in recent years about the widespread use of the pesticide thiram (TRM), which has been linked to negative effects on local ecosystems. This highlights the critical need for quick and accurate point-of-need pesticide analysis tools for real-time applications. The detection of TRM using gold nanorods (Au NRs) with a limit of detection of 10-11M (10 pM) and an enhancement factor of 2.8 × 106along with 6.2% of signal homogeneity (with respect to the peak at 1378 cm-1) is achieved through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The formation of an Au-S bond emphasizes the adsorption of TRM on Au NRs. The addition of Au NRs to TRM of higher and lower concentrations yields a side-by-side assembly (SSA) and a bridging facet assembly (BFA), respectively, and exhibited excellent hotspots for the ultralow detection of TRM. Bridging facets of Au NRs, such as (5 12 0) and (5 0 12) planes, are mainly responsible for the BFA. This kind of interaction is observed for the first time and not reported elsewhere. The detailed facets of Au NRs, namely, side facets, bridging facets, and pyramid facets were demonstrated with the 3D model of Au NRs. The computational studies confirming the SSA and BFA for Au NRs with varying concentrations of TRM are in well agreement with the experimental results. The interaction of Au NRs with TRM is highly sensitive, and the ultralow detection of hazardous TRM through SERS is an ideal technique for environmental protection, real-time applications, and analysis of one-of-a-kind materials.

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Thermal desalination processes suffer from the formation of scalants on the heat exchangers of the evaporator unit which negatively affect the process efficiency. This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of a pilot-scale forward osmosis (FO) process for the pretreatment of seawater to remove scaling ions before the multi-stage flash (MSF) process. A commercial hollow fiber FO membrane module was used in the pilot plant. The FO pilot plant used real seawater as feed solution and real MSF brine as draw solution. A maximum recovery rate of 27.7 % was achieved using a pressure gradient of 1.0 bar with the feed solution flowing through the membrane bore side and the draw solution flowing through the shell side with a temperature of 40 °C for both feed and draw streams. The FO membrane showed high rejection for scaling ions, where the rejection rate was almost 99 %, 96 %, and 92 % for sulfate, calcium, and magnesium, respectively. The specific power consumption of the FO process was about 0.01 kWh/m3. It was found that the water production cost for the FO process was almost 0.48 $/m3. The sensitivity analysis shows that the water production cost is highly sensitive to the water flux, especially at the lower range of water flux and high membrane cost. FO pretreatment provides a promising and economical solution for mitigating the scaling issue in MSF desalination plants. This research is made possible by the NPRP award ( NPRP10-0117-170176 ) from Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF). In addition, the authors wish to thank Qatar National Research Fund for the financial support provided to the co-authors through a graduate sponsorship research award ( GSRA6-1-0509-19021 ) and ( GSRA7-1-0429-20028 ). The authors wish to thank the Central Laboratories Unit (CLU) at Qatar University for the ion chromatography analysis. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Scopus

The removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from the aquatic environment is a universal concern due to the adverse effects of these substances on both the environment and public health. Different adsorbents, including carbon-based materials, ion exchange resins, biomaterials, and polymers, have been used for the removal of short-chain (C 6) and long-chain (C 7) PFAS from water with varying performance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new generation of adsorbents, have also been recently used to remove PFAS from water. MOFs provide unique properties such as significantly enhanced surface area, structural tunability, and improved selectivity compared to conventional adsorbents. However, due to various types of MOFs, their complex chemistry and morphology, different PFAS compounds, lack of standard adsorption test, and different testing conditions, there are inconclusive and contradictory findings in the literature. Therefore, this review aims to provide critical analysis of the performance of different types of MOFs in the removal of long-chain (C 7), short-chain (C 6), and ultra-short-chain (C 3) PFAS and comprehensively study the efficiency of MOFs for PFAS removal in comparison with other adsorbents. In addition, the adsorption mechanisms and kinetics of PFAS components on different MOFs, including Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL), Universiteit of Oslo (UiO), Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), and other hybrid types of MOF were discussed. The study also discussed the effect of environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of PFAS on MOFs. In addition to the adsorption process, the reusability and regeneration of MOFs in the PFAS removal process are discussed. Finally, challenges and future outlooks of the utility of MOFs for PFAS removal were discussed to inspire future critical research efforts in removing PFAS.

13 figures, 5 tables.-- Appendix A. The impact of recovery rate on the DSPRO net pressure difference.-- © 2022. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Two-pass reverse osmosis desalination is a common process to treat high-salinity feed solution and provides a low-salinity permeate solution. This study investigated the significance of the energy generated by the dual-stage pressure retarded osmosis (DSPRO) from the reverse osmosis (RO) brine stream. The main components of the DSPRO-RO hybrid system are RO, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), and energy recovery device, and their models are determined. Dymola software, using Modelica modelling language, was utilized for solving the hybrid system models. Two different flowsheets were built; the first included a two-pass RO, while the second is a hybrid of a two-pass RO (2RO)-DSPRO system. Seawater salinities of 40 and 45 g/L were the RO feed solution, and 1 g/L tertiary treated wastewater was the feed solution of the DSPRO process. The net specific energy consumption was calculated for the 2RO and 2RO-DSPRO systems for 40 and 45 g/L salinities. At a 47 % recovery rate and 40 g/L seawater salinity, the 2RO-DSPRO system was 14.7 % more energy efficient than the 2RO system. The corresponding energy saving at a 47 % recovery rate and 45 g/L seawater salinity was 17.5 %. The desalination energy for the 2RO system was between 3.25 and 3.49 kWh/m3, and for the 2RO-DSPRO system was between 2.91 and 2.97 kWh/m3. The results demonstrate the great potential of integrating the 2RO with the DSPRO to reduce desalination's energy consumption and environmental impacts., The authors wish to express their gratitude for the assistance provided by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. The RO-PRO pilot plant data used in this project was collected as part of the ongoing technology development project titled “Membrane-based efficient energy storage, clean energy generation, and wastewater treatment system”. This project is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, Project Number No. DST/TMIWTI/2K16/73 (G).

Due to the implications of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on the environment and public health, great attention has been recently made to finding innovative materials and methods for PFAS removal. In this work, PFAS is considered universal contamination which can be found in many wastewater streams. Conventional materials and processes used to remove and degrade PFAS do not have enough competence to address the issue particularly when it comes to eliminating short-chain PFAS. This is mainly due to the large number of complex parameters that are involved in both material and process designs. Here, we took the advantage of artificial intelligence to introduce a model (XGBoost) in which material and process factors are considered simultaneously. This research applies a machine learning approach using data collected from reported articles to predict the PFAS removal factors. The XGBoost modeling provided accurate adsorption capacity, equilibrium, and removal estimates with the ability to predict the adsorption mechanisms. The performance comparison of adsorbents and the role of AI in one dominant are studied and reviewed for the first time, even though many studies have been carried out to develop PFAS removal through various adsorption methods such as ion exchange, nanofiltration, and activated carbon (AC). The model showed that pH is the most effective parameter to predict PFAS removal. The proposed model in this work can be extended for other micropollutants and can be used as a basic framework for future adsorbent design and process optimization.

Membrane cleaning is critical for economic and scientific reasons in wastewater treatment systems. Sodium docusate is a laxative agent and removes cerumen (ear wax). Docusate penetrates the hard ear wax, making it softer and easier to remove. The same concept could be applied to soften and remove fouling layers on the membrane surface. Once softened, the foulants can be easily flushed with water. This innovative approach can address the challenge of developing superior methods to mitigate membrane fouling and material degradation. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of sodium docusate for cleaning fouled forward osmosis membranes with real landfill leachate wastewater. Experiments were conducted to examine the impact of dose rate, contact time, flow or static conditions, and process configuration (forward osmosis (FO) or pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) upon fouling created by landfill leachate dewatering. A remarkable (99%) flux recovery was achieved using docusate at a small concentration of only 0.1% for 30 min. Furthermore, docusate can also effectively restore flux with static cleaning without using pumps to circulate the cleaning solution. Furthermore, cleaning efficiency can be achieved at neutral pH compatible with most membrane materials. From an economic and energy-saving perspective, static cleaning can almost achieve the same cleaning efficiency as kinetic cleaning for fouled forward osmosis membranes without the expense of additional pumping energy compared to kinetic cleaning. Since pumping energy is a major contributor to the overall energy of the forward osmosis system, it can be minimized to a certain degree by using a static cleaning approach and can bring good energy savings when using larger membrane areas. Studies of the contact angle on the membrane surface indicated that the contact angle was decreased compared to the fouled membrane after cleaning (e.g. 70.3° to 63.2° or FO mode and static cleaning). Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that the cleaning strategy was successful. Infrared Spectroscopy showed that a small amount of sodium docusate remained on the membrane surface. Docusate is more environmentally friendly than acid or alkaline solutions from an environmental perspective. Furthermore, the cleaning solution can be reused for several cycles without discarding it due to the surfactant properties of docusate.

Objectives: The present research has been conducted to assess the Nephroprotective effects of the Moringa Oleifera Extract against contrast -induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits. Study Design: Experimental design Place and Duration of Study: it was carried out in the Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Kufa, Iraq/Al-Najaf Town .The study began at October 2020 and end at March 2021. Methodology: Twenty one adult (male rabbits) weighing range(1.2-1.5kg). Rabbits are divided in a random manner into three equal groups each group including seven rabbits. Group1:control group administered DW, Group2:has been treated with Iodide contrast(2.5mg/kg) of (370mg/ml),group 3: dosed alcoholic extracts of Moringa 250 mg/kg and contrast (2.5mg/kg).By accounting data on the MDA levels ,Glutathione level and features of kidney histopathology. All efforts have been made to reduce the suffering of a animals prior to and throughout the experiment and sampling. Results: The alcoholic Moringa extract at 250mg/kg body weight doses orally considerably protected contrast induced toxicity of the kidneys in the rabbits through the increment of the level of GSH and reduces the level of MDA. In the Histological data, the extract activities also protect the damage of the kidney, which is induced by the contrast that has been represented by the de-generation of some tubules and atrophy of glomerular, glomerular tuft congestion and expanded Bowman’s Space. Conclusions: This study proposed that Moringa’s alcoholic extract results in the enhancement of the defense status of the oxidative stress against the renal toxicity.(Moringa Oleifera have Nephroprotective effect against contrast induce Nephrotoxicity).

Increasing population and industrial growth, combined with climate change, led to global water problems. This review paper summarizes the next-generation hybrid graphene-based membrane materials th...

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors Adsorption is a well known effective technology for water treatment. Although limited capacities of adsorbents and regeneration issues are two common challenges. This study proposed and tested innovative approaches for improving adsorption/desorption of biochar made from macadamia nutshell (MBC). These approaches are capacitive deionization (CDI) and degaussing (full process detailed in methods), for the respective enhancement of adsorption and desorption of MBC. Nitrate was used as a model contaminant. It was found that CDI could extend the saturation time of MBC by increasing the bed specific throughput by 10 fold. Modeling of the breakthrough curves showed that the modified dose-response model fits well the experimental data. The regeneration of MBC with degaussing and deionized water backwash was compared with conventional tap and deionized water backwash. Degaussing increased the maximum nitrate recovery for deionized water from 50% to 73%. In comparison, the maximum nitrate recovery with tap water was 23%. The degaussing improvement of nitrate desorption holds for only the first 60 min. The obtained charge efficiency for MBC-CDI was slightly higher than literature values for the same applied voltage (78,6%). The degaussing system was also proven to be efficient with energy consumption of 43,7 J/mmol of NO3−. The possible mechanism behind degaussing improvement of nitrate desorption is the removal of the static charges on nitrate ion hydration. The regenerated MBC with degaussing and deionized water was tested with CDI for nitrate adsorption and compared to fresh MBC. The regenerated MBC-CDI exhibited better nitrate adsorption than fresh MBC for two cycles.

Forward osmosis (FO) technology has gained tremendous attention in recent years in desalination and wastewater treatment. Developing a new state of the art forward osmosis membranes is vital for advancing the FO technology to achieve commercialization status in the near future. Polymeric membranes such as cellulose triacetate and thin-film composite (TFC) membranes are the only available commercial membranes. Besides being expensive compared to the reverse osmosis membranes, these membranes exhibit lower water flux, high reverse salt flux, prone to irreversible fouling and have a limited lifetime. The emergence of nanotechnology has enabled researchers to design new membranes with superior performance compared to the commercially available membranes. One promising field is the incorporation of nanomaterials into polymeric membranes to enhance their performance. Researching in this space has resulted in the emergence of a new class of membranes discussed in this chapter. The study covered the synthesis process of flat sheet and hollow fibre membranes modified by incorporation of nanoparticles and discussed stimuli-responsive membranes such as pH-responsive, electric field responsive and salt responsive membranes for water purification. The main challenges associated with the commercialization and future research perspectives are also discussed to identify future research aspects.

Wind energy is a vital part of Australia's energy mix. The first step in a wind power project at a particular site is to assess the wind resource potential and feasibility for wind energy production. Research on wind potential and statistical analysis has been done throughout the world. Currently, recent potential wind studies are lacking, especially in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This study highlighted the feasibility of wind potential at four sites in NSW, namely Ballina, Merriwa, Deniliquin, and the Bega region. The type of wind speed distribution function dramatically affects the output of the available wind energy and wind turbine performance at a particular site. Therefore, the accuracy of four probability density functions was evaluated, namely Rayleigh, Weibull, Gamma, and Lognormal distributions. The outcomes showed Weibull provided the most accurate distribution. The annual average scale and shape parameters of Weibull distribution varied between 2.935-5.042 m/s and 1.137-2.096, respectively. The maximum shape and scale factors were at Deniliquin, while the minimum shape and scale factors were at Bega area. Assessment of power density indicated that Deniliquin had a marginal wind speed resource, while Ballina, Bega, and Merriwa had poor wind resources.

The energy requirements for reverse osmosis (RO) seawater desalination continue to be a major matter of debate. Previous studies have shown the dependence of optimum RO desalination energy on the RO recovery rate. However, they overlooked including the effect of Energy Recovery Device (ERD) and pretreatment on the power consumption. In this work, a computer model was used to analyze the energy requirements for RO desalination, taking into account the effect of ERD efficiencies and pretreatment. The specific power consumption (SPC) of the RO was found to increase with the increase of RO recovery rate when the ERD system was included. The optimum SPC became more dependent on the RO recovery rate when the pretreatment energy was added. The recovery for optimum desalination energy was 46%, 44%, and 40% for the RO system coupled with an ERD of 65%, 80%, and 95% efficiency, respectively. The results showed that RO process could be operated at lower recovery rate and still meet the projected desalination capacity by increasing the feed flow rate and coupling with high-efficiency ERD. A trivial decrease of the total desalination energy was achieved when the feed flow rate increased from 7 m3/h to 8 m3/h and recovery rate decreased from 46% to 44% by coupling the RO with an ERD of 95% efficiency. This suggests that the RO–ERD system can be operated at a high feed flow rate and low recovery rate without affecting the plant capacity.

Renewable energy technologies are receiving much attention to replacing power plants operated by fossil and nuclear fuels. Of all the renewable technologies, wind power has been successfully implemented in several countries. There are several parameters in the aerodynamic characteristics and design of the horizontal wind turbine. This paper highlights the key sensitive parameters that affect the aerodynamic performance of the horizontal wind turbine, such as environmental conditions, blade shape, airfoil configuration and tip speed ratio. Different turbulence models applied to predict the flow around the horizontal wind turbine using Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and concluding remarks for future research directions in wind turbine design are discussed.

In order to reduce scaling in a multistage flash (MSF) desalination plant, the brine reject can be diluted using forward osmosis (FO) before recycling. In this FO process, the brine is used as the draw solution (DS) and seawater is used as the feed solution (FS). However, the FO process suffers from low water flux owing to membrane fouling. The water flux in FO can be enhanced by reduc-ing the foulant concentration in the FO feed solution (FS). Thus, in this paper seawater, multimedia sand filtered seawater, and ultrafiltrated seawater is being used as feed solution for the FO process. The flowrate of the feed solution was kept constant at 2.0 L/min. However, the flowrate of the draw solution (DS) were tested at 2.0 and 0.8 L/min. When the flowrate of the DS was 0.8 L/min, the highest initial flux of 44.1 L/m2 h were obtained using ultrafiltrated seawater as FS. After the initial run, the membrane was cleaned and during the second run, 83% of the initial flux was recovered using the ultrafiltrated seawater as FS. For ultrafiltrated seawater, the water recovery rate and specific energy consumption was 36.2% and 0.065 kWh/m3, respectively. 2020 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved. This research is made possible by NPRP award (NPRP10-0117-170176) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. In addition, the authors wish to thank Qatar Foundation for the financial support pro-vided to one of the co-authors through a graduate sponsorship research award (GSRA6-1-0509-19021). The authors also wish to thank Qatar Electricity and Water Company (QEWC) for the supply of brine. Also, the authors would like to thank the Central Laboratories Unit (CLU) at Qatar University for generating the SEM images. Scopus

This study evaluates the performance of sand filtration (SF) and ultra-filtration (UF) as pretreat-ment processes for reverse osmosis (RO) for seawater with turbidities of 4.8, 23.2, and 99.7 NTU. For seawater with a turbidity of 4.8 and 23.2 NTU, the average membrane flux and the water recovery rate in the RO process did not improve significantly by pretreating the seawater using SF or UF. However, when the turbidity of seawater was 99.7 NTU, pretreating the seawater with UF improved the average membrane flux and the water recovery rate in the RO process by 5 LMH and 1.7%, respectively. Pretreatment of seawater with a turbidity of 99.7 NTU with UF reduces the specific energy demand and increases the average membrane flux and water recovery rate. This research is made possible by NPRP award (NPRP10-0117-170176) from Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. In addition, the authors wish to thank Qatar Foundation for the financial support provided to one of the co-authors through a graduate sponsorship research award (GSRA6-1-0509-19021). We would also like to thank Central Laboratories Unit (CLU) for generating the SEM images. Scopus

This work presents the thermodynamic and techno-economic assessment of a forward osmosis – multi-effect distillation (FO-MED) system able to improve the thermal performance of the MED seawater desalination process and reduce its environmental impact. Energy, exergy and techno-economic analyses have been carried out to identify the best boundary conditions that enhance the process efficiency and water cost, predicting the scale formation with the Ryznar index. Results show that using FO pretreatment in a 100 m3/d MED plant of 8 effects at 65 °C allows increasing the heating steam temperature up to 100 °C and the number of effects to 16 without increasing the risk of scaling. This results in 44 % reduction of the specific thermal energy consumption and 21 % decrease in the specific heat transfer area. The volume of saline water rejected to the sea is reduced 40 % and the water footprint 36 %. The exergy analysis reveals that the MED is the component with the highest exergy destruction. Finally, the levelized cost of water of the FO-MED is higher (7.6 $/m3) than the standalone MED process (4.6 $/m3). If high-performing and cost-effective membranes are used, the product cost could be reduced 33 % (5.1 $/m3). This research was also made possible by the NPRP award ( NPRP10-0117-170176 ) from Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF). This work has been carried out within the framework of the European project EERES4WATER (Promoting energy-water nexus resource efficiency through renewable energy and energy efficiency, EAPA 1058/2018). This project is co-financed by the Interreg Atlantic Area Programme through the European Regional Development Fund. Scopus