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This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aqueous extract from various plants as an exogenous plant growth regulator (PGRs) in the morphology, growth, and nutrition of C. racemosa. The natural PGRs used were coconut water (CW), shallots and coconut water (AESCW), maize (AEM), moringa leaves and mung beansprout (AEMBS), and E. cottonii (AEEC). A 50g of C. racemosa was soaked on the natural PGRs and was cultivated for 30 days with a sandy mud substrate. The results showed that the soaking of C. racemosa on natural PGRs had a significant effect (PC. racemosa soaked in aqueous shallot and coconut water showed the best absolute growth (214.32±7.68 g) and SGR (5.55±0.08%/day), meanwhile C. racemosa soaked in coconut water had the best nutrition (protein: 9.54±0.16%; fibre: 1.37±0.21%; and fat 0.42±0.04%). The morphological analysis showed that soaking C. racemosa on natural PGRs resulted in long fronds, bigger stolons, a greener and fresh colour, and more ramulli.

Vibrio harveyi merupakan salah satu agen pembawa penyakit vibriosis yang menjadi penyebab kematian masal dalam budidaya ikan bersalinitas baik pembenihan maupun pembesaran. Bawang putih (Allium sativum) sebagai salah satu tanaman obat terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap spektrum luas bakteri Gram positif maupun Gram negatif, sehingga berpotensi dijadikan antibiotik alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan ekstrak bawang putih (A. sativum) pada pakan terhadap kelulushidupan ikan nila salin (Oreochromis niloticus) yang diinfeksi oleh bakteri V.harveyi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperiman menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Parameter yang diamati yaitu kelulushidupan (survival rate/SR), total leukosit, dan gejala klinis secara morfologi ikan nila salin yang diinfeksi bakteri V.harveyi. Total ikan uji sebanyak 120 ekor dengan panjang rata-rata ± 10 cm. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu A (0 ppm), B (50 ppm), C (100 ppm), dan D (150 ppm) didapat berdasarkan hasil uji pendahuluan berupa uji zona hambat. Pergantian air dilakukan setiap 3 kali sehari sebanyak 30% dari air pemeliharaan selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak bawang puith berpengaruh nyata terhadap kelulushidupan (p

Salah satu permasalahan pada budidaya ikan lele adalah Aeromonasis yang disebabkan oleh Aeromonas hydrophila . Berbagai upaya pencegahan dan pengobatan telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahan kimia maupun herbal. Bahan herbal, berupa epibiotik (tunggal maupun campuran) digunakan oleh pembudidaya untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit ini, karena mudah diperoleh, murah dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan campuran epibiotik, ekstrak daun binahong dan temulawak pada pakan terhadap profil darah dan kelulushidupan ikan lele yang diinfeksi A. hydrophila . Metoda yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (6 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan). Seratus delapan puluh ikan lele uji dengan panjang 7-9 cm yang dipelihara pada akuarium berisi air 10 L. Dosis campuran epibiotik, esktrak daun binahong dan temulawak menggunakan perbandingan untuk perlakuan A (0%:0%), B (100%:0%), C (75%:25%), D (50%:50%), E (25%:75%) dan F (0%:100%) dengan dosis dasar 2500 ppm untuk ekstrak daun binahong dan 900 ppm untuk temulawak. Campuran epibiotik tersebut ditambahkan pada pakan komersil sebagai pakan uji dengan metode spray . Pakan uji diberikan selama 14 hari, kemudian pada hari kelimabelas ikan uji diinjeksi A. hydrophila secara intramuscular dengan konsentrasi 10 6 CFU/mL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gejala klinis ikan lele yang terinfeksi A. hydrophila adalah nafsu makan rendah, bercak merah, luka, haemorhagi serta warna tubuh memucat. Penambahan campuran epiobiotik ekstrak daun binahong dan temulawak berpengaruh nyata ( p

Desrina, Prayitno S B, Haditomo A H C, Latritiani R, Sarjito S. 2020. Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) DNA in the polychaetes from shrimp ponds suffering white feces syndrome outbreaks. Biodiversitas 21: 369-374. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is the newly emerging pathogen of farmed shrimp in Asia. EHP was associated with white feces syndrome (WFS) in shrimp because the spores existed in the feces of shrimp with WFS. Polychaetes are benthic invertebrates and potential to contribute to EHP outbreaks in a pond by acquiring the pathogen and transfer it to shrimp upon feeding. The objective of this study was to determine (1) the occurrence of EHP in polychaetes with Giemsa staining of the coelomic fluid, 1-step PCR and histopathology and (2) to determine pathological changes of EHP infected tissues. Polychaetes were obtained from 20 shrimp ponds located in 9 districts along the North Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. There were no EHP spores detected in the stained coelomic fluid. The 1-step PCR analysis was able to detect the EHP DNA (prevalence was 10%). The Alignment of EHP DNA sequence found in polychaetes showed 100% identity with a published sequence. Histopathological examination showed hypertrophy cells and nuclei, however, no EHP mature spores were found in the epithelial cells on the mucosal layer of the stomach and intestines. Although methods used did not give the convergence results, however, a result of PCR and sequence analysis showed that EHP occurred in the polychaetes in the WFS infected ponds at low point prevalence.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacteria that causes of MAS disease (motile aeromonad septicemia) in freshwater fish cultivation and can cause mass death in a fairly short period of time in some species including tilapia. There are several alternative strategies in prevention, one of which is the use of probiotic bacteria as agents for controlling or preventing this disease. One candidate for probiotics that has been molecularly identified as 16sRNA and is known to have the ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria is B. methylotrhrophicus. The aim of this research was to study B.methylotrophicus in inhibiting A. hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus culture. This research consisted of in vitro and in vivo test that used experiment method with completely randomized design with 4 treatments (density of 1 fishes/ l ) and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of a mixture of A. hydrophila 10 2 CFU/mL with B. methylotrophicus 10 9 CFU/mL (a) without addition of B. methylotrophicus (b) Addition every 3 days, (c) Addition every 5 days, (d) Addition every 7 day. 120 fishes at average weight of 17,5±1,9 g was used as experimental animals. Based on the in vitro test, the most powerful concentration of B. methylotrophicus to inhibit A. hydrophila was 10 9 cfu /mL with clear zone of 24,9±4,2 mm. In vivo tests show that the addition of B. methylotrophicus periodecally does not significantly affect survival rates, but can slow the gowth of A. hydrophila. Treatment D showed the highest survival rate (13.33%), followed by treatment A (6.66%), B (3.33%), and C (3.33%). These results indicate that B.methylotrophicus can prevent the gowth of A. hydrophila in vitro, and can increase SR by 6.66% in the in vivo test.

Ikan nila (O.niloticus) merupakan salah satu komoditas ikan air tawar dengan nilai ekonomis penting dan mempunyai nutrisi yang cukup tinggi. Peningkatan produksi budidaya dapat dilakukan dengan efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan sebagai upaya memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi ikan nila. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan yaitu penggunaan enzim eksogenus dengan penambahan probiotik penghasil enzim ke dalam pakan yang mampu meningkatkan efisiensi pakan karena lebih mudah dicerna dan enzim dapat bekerja lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun ikan nila. B.methylotrophicus merupakan salah satu kandidat bakteri probiotik yang diduga mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan respon imun ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan bakteri kandidat probiotik B.methylotrophicus pada pakan buatan terhadap efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan, pertumbuhan, rasio konversi pakan, kelulushidupan, serta pengaruhnya terhadap gejala klinis, profil darah ikan nila (O.niloticus) yang diuji tantang terhadap A. hydrophila. Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan nila (O.niloticus) dengan bobot rata-rata 14,43±0,11 g. Metode penelitian yaitu eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri atas 4 perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan yaitu perlakuan A (0 CFU/mL), B (105 CFU/mL), C (107 CFU/mL) dan D (109 CFU/mL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berpengaruh nyata (P0,05) terhadap efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan (EPP) dan rasio konversi pakan (FCR) ikan nila (O.niloticus). Hasil berpengaruh terhadap dinamika profil darah ikan nila (O.niloticus) yang diuji tantang dengan gejala klinis menunjukkan adanya infeksi. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa B.methylotrophicus mampu menghambat pertumbuhan A.hydrophila secara in vitro, dan belum mendapat hasil maksimal pada 109 CFU/mL.

There is a good chance for Indonesia, the largest archipelagic state in the world, to contribute to climate change mitigation effort by optimizing the ‘regulating and maintenance’ ecosystem service in the form of ‘blue carbon’ function provided by mangrove and seagrass. These so called ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems have 3-5 times capacity of storing and sequestering carbon compared to terrestrial vegetation. This paper attempts to provide the estimation of baseline or Business as Usual (BAU) scenario for blue carbon ecosystems which would be required if formal emission inventory of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems is to be implemented. The result shows mangrove degradation occurs both during base years of 2000 - 2016 and during the projected emission period of 2017 - 2030. Mangrove conversion to aquaculture pond is the main cause of degradation, contributing up to 72.50 % of the total carbon emission. Blue carbon climate change mitigation by mangrove rehabilitation can only reduce up to 6 % of carbon emission from baseline in 2030. Significant emission reduction of 73,38% from BAU emission in 2030 can only be achieved through integration of mangrove rehabilitation, silvofishery practice and the prevention of mangrove conversion to other land-uses.

Mass mortality in catfish culture frequently occurs in Boyolali as a central production due to the outbreak of bacterial diseases. The main causative agent of bacterial disease is Aeromonas hydrophila. This research aimed to find out the bacteria isolates were potential against A. hydrophila. The exploratory method was commenced. Thirty-four isolates were gained from water (SBA01–SBA14) and mud (SBL01 – SBAL20) that were collected from the fish pond of Boyolali Regency, Indonesia with TSA medium. Screening the potential bacteria candidates against A.hydrophila using the sensitivity test that was conducted with in vitro method. Based on the screening results showed that three isolates (SBA14, SBL11, and SBL20) were potential candidates against A. hydrophila. On the basis of sequence 16S rDNA analysis, the result showed that SBA 14, SBL 11 and SBL 20 were closely related to Bacillus flexus, Bacillus subtillis, and Bacillus velezensis respectively.

Pengendalian penyakit bakterial yang umum dilakukan dengan pemakaian antibiotik atau bahan kimia sudah tidak diperbolehkan lagi karena menimbulkan patogen yang resisten terhadap bahan kimia tersebut, terlebih jika penggunaan tidak sesuai dengan anjuran yang diberikan. Dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan konsumen berupa residu antibiotik juga menjadi pertimbangan yang harus diperhatikan. Manipulasi terhadap populasi mikroba yang berada di perairan guna pencegahan sebelum terjadinya serangan bakteri yang bersifat mematikan perlu dilakukan sebagaimana konsep probiotik sebagai biokontrol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji kandidat probiotik dalam menekan atau menghambat bakteri patogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini dilaksananakan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah tahap pengujian bakteri kandidat probiotik secara in vitro menggunakan metode zona hambat dan kultur bersama pada media agar. Tahap kedua adalah uji tentang bakteri kandidat probiotik dengan patogen pada media budidaya. Hasil terbaik penelitian tahap pertama pada uji kultur bersama antara kandidat probiotik B. firmus dengan A. hydrophila pada skala in vitro adalah dengan penambahan probiotik B. firmus sebanyak 108 cfu/ml. Sedangkan pada penelitian tahap kedua didapatkan hasil berturut-turut perlakuan D dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR) mencapai 90%, perlakuan C dengan SR 75%, perlakuan A dengan SR 50% dan perlakuan K dengan SR 50%. Kata kunci: Bacillus firmus, probiotik, Aeromonas hydrophila, media budidaya ABSTRACT Controlling bacterial disease with the use of antibiotics or chemicals is no longer allowed as it results in pathogens that are resistant to the chemicals, especially when not in accordance with the recommendations provided. The negative impactsof the antibiotics residues on the consumers’ health also need to be considered. Manipulation of microbial populations present in the waters as preventation before the lethal attack of bacteria needs to be done which is in accordance with the concept of probiotics as biocontrol.The purpose of this study was to test the probiotic candidates in suppressing or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. This study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was to test a candidate probiotic bacteria in vitro using culture methods and inhibition zone on the media together. The second stage wasto test candidate probiotic bacteria to pathogens on the cultivation media. The best results in the first phase of the research is shared culture test between probiotic candidate B. FIRMUS with A. hydrophila on vitro scale is the addition of the probiotic B. FIRMUS 108 cfu / ml. While in the second phase of the research results obtained successively: treatment D with a survival rate (SR) reaches 90%, treatment C with SR 75%, treatment A with SR 50% and treatment K with SR 50%. Keywords: Bacillus FIRMUS, probiotics, Aeromonas hydrophila, media cultivation