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Writing as a productive skill in English has been valued greatly, especially in an academic context. The process approach was started to be considered when teaching writing as it offers more meaningful learning. Furthermore, the approach makes room for collaborative learning between students and teachers. For EFL students whose first language is not English, mastering writing skills could be more challenging. To address the issues, the idea of a writing center has been adapted to a higher educational level for students who want to improve their writing. The study was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive approach and its data collection was carried out through a number of instruments to fulfill the triangulation method of a qualitative approach such as observation, semi-structured interviews, surveys, and corpus-based research. From the eight purposive sampling of tutees and the four tutors, the study concluded that EFL students are not familiar with the process of writing, so many of them consider having support merely on revising their essay draft. Even though collaborative writing was successfully carried out, but EFL students need to improve their independent study to follow up on the discussion they had with the tutors.

O presente artigo, de caráter bibliográfico e método dedutivo, analisou a responsabilidade civil dos genitores por atos danosos praticados pelos seus filhos maiores e menores de idade. Iniciou com o estudo da responsabilidade civil dos pais pelos atos dos filhos menores, fundada na teoria do risco. À luz do direito civil, os pais respondem, perante terceiros, pelos atos dos filhos menores e não terão direito de regresso contra o descendente, inclusive não se fazendo distinção se a incapacidade do filho é absoluta ou relativa. Em geral, os pais não responderão civilmente pelas condutas praticadas pelos filhos maiores, com as exceções demonstradas e questionadas ao longo do trabalho.

Orientador: Cesar Apareciddo Nunes Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar, analisar e contextualizar a iniciativa do estado do Paraná em otimizar seu sistema educacional pela implantação oficial da pedagogia Histórico Critica nos anos 1980 e compreender as contradições e conseqüências dessa política educacional. Podemos conjunturalmente entender que a transição iniciada nos anos 1980 ainda não foi completada. Encontramo-nos no meio de um processo político de sistematização de novas práticas, instituições e concepções políticas, culturais, sociais e, especialmente educacionais. Por isso buscamos estudar a primeira implantação oficial, desvendar suas intrincadas contradições e identificar suas potencialidades, para então analisar os reais motivos da implantação dessa pedagogia, e investigar se de fato a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica se materializou enquanto proposta educacional no estado do Paraná. Desenvolvemos este trabalho tendo como ponto de partida o contexto político e econômico nacional e paranaense, contextualizando historicamente a organização da política educacional notadamente na esfera estadual, subsumida na dimensão nacional, no período de 1983 a 1996. Em seguida apresentamos a história das idéias pedagógicas no Brasil que antecederam a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica, assim como analisamos a matriz política e teórica da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. Finalizamos o trabalho mediante uma análise crítica a respeito dos processos, contradições e perspectivas quanto a implantação oficial da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica no estado do Paraná. Para a realização deste estudo utilizaremos, como procedimento metodológico, levantamento bibliográfico, além de entrevistas e análise de documentos. Fundamentando-nos a partir dos pressupostos teóricometodológicos do materialismo histórico dialético Abstract: The objective of this research is to investigate, analyze and contextualize the initiative of Parana State on improving the Educational System on the official implantation of Historic Critical Pedagogy in the 1980s also understanding the contradictions and consequences of the educational policy. We can understand conjecturally that the transition began in the 80s was not completed yet. We are in the middle of political process of institutions, conceptions, social, cultural and especially social of a new systematization practices. Thus we try to study the first official implantation, to find out its intricate contradictions and identify its potentialities so that analyze the real reasons of the implantation of the new pedagogy, besides we will investigate if the Historic Critic Pedagogy has been materialized as an educational proposal of Paraná State. We develop this work having as point of departure the political and economical context of the country and the state. Following we present the history of pedagogy ideas in Brazil that preceded the Historic Critic Pedagogy, as well as we have analyzed the political and theoretical matrix of Historic Critic Pedagogy. We conclude the study through a critical analysis on the process, contradictions and perspectives about the official implantation. For this study it will be used as methodological procedure, bibliography, besides the interviews documental analysis. Our fundaments are theoretical and pedagogical presupposition of the dialectic historical materialism Mestrado História, Filosofia e Educação Mestre em Educação

Dissertação de Mestrado em Serviço Social apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação A juventude é um período intermédio, temporário e transitório no ciclo da vida e geralmente está associado à fase de finalização do percurso educativo, à entrada no mercado de trabalho e, por consequência, com o período que dá início ao afastamento da família por via da concretização da independência social, económica e habitacional. Na sociedade moderna existe a possibilidade de criar oportunidades através do sistema de educação e do mercado profissional, porém, pode existir também uma vulnerabilidade nestes campos devido aos contextos sociais, às condições estruturais e à interdependência e sequência entre as transições para a vida adulta. Na presente dissertação pretendemos compreender o apoio e oportunidades geradas pelo Programa Escolhas para melhorar a trajetória escolar e a inserção laboral dos jovens que têm características de vulnerabilidade social, e por sua vez, captar as experiências dos jovens no Programa Escolhas. Esta é uma investigação qualitativa de carácter exploratório e a técnica de recolha de dados utilizada é a análise documental. Para tal, o campo de análise empírica são as Revista Escolhas, os Relatórios de Atividades e o Relatório de Avaliação Externa - 5.º Geração disponíveis na página eletrónica oficial do Programa Escolhas. Após a pesquisa, escolha e organização dos documentos realiza-se a grelha de análise documental detalhando a informação pretendida em conformidade com os objetivos da investigação, neste sentido, é exposto os dados recolhidos e efetuada a análise dos resultados. Com a realização deste estudo, conclui-se que o Programa Escolhas realiza um trabalho importante e essencial com as crianças e jovens que têm características de vulnerabilidade social e estes valorizam a sua presença e apoio para ultrapassarem as suas adversidades escolares e laborais. A informação recolhida revela que o Programa Escolhas se concentra em inovadoras e eficazes atividades para os jovens alcançarem o sucesso escolar e integrar o mercado de trabalho, na medida em que correspondem e satisfazem as problemáticas destes e referem a sua experiência no Programa como fundamental e positiva. Youth is an intermediate, temporary and transitory period in the life cycle and is generally associated with the finalization of the educational path, the entry into the labour market and, consequently, with the period that begins the removal of the family through the realization of social, economic and housing independence. In modern society there is the possibility of creating opportunities through the education system and the professional market, but there may also be a vulnerability in these fields due to social contexts, structural conditions and the interdependence and sequence between transitions to adulthood. In this dissertation we intend to understand the support, opportunities and motivation generated by the Choices Program to improve the school trajectory and the work insertion of young people who have characteristics of social vulnerability, and in turn, capture the experiences of young people in the Choices Program. This is a qualitative exploratory research and the data collection technique used is documentary analysis. To this end, the empirical analysis field is the Choices Magazine, the Activity Reports and the External Evaluation Report - 5th Generation available on the official website of the Choices Program. After the research, choice and organization of the documents, the document analysis grid is carried out detailing the desired information in accordance with the objectives ofthe research, in this sense, the collected data are exposed and the results are analysed. With this study, it is concluded that the Choices Program performs an important and essential work with children and young people who have characteristics of social vulnerability and they value their presence and support to overcome their school and work adversities. The information gathered shows that the Choices Program focuses on innovative and effective activities for young people to achieve school success and integrate the labour market, as they correspond and satisfy their problems and refer to their experience in the Program as fundamental and positive.

Hawkinsinuria is an autosomal dominant disorder of tyrosine metabolism. Mutations in the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene ( HPD) result in an altered HPD enzyme, causing hawkinsin and tyrosine accumulation. Persistent metabolic acidosis and failure to thrive are common features in patients with hawkinsinuria. We present the first known Latin American patient diagnosed with hawkinsinuria, and the tenth reported patient in the literature. We aim to establish clinical practice guidelines for patients with hawkinsinuria. The patient’s plasma tyrosine level was 21.5 mg/dL, which is several times higher than the reference value. Mutation analysis indicated heterozygosity for V212M and A33T variants in HPD. In the case of altered tyrosine levels found during newborn screening, we propose exclusive breastmilk feeding supplemented with ascorbic acid. Amino acid quantification is useful for monitoring treatment response. If tyrosinemia persists, protein intake must be decreased via a low-tyrosine diet. Molecular studies can be used to confirm a patient’s disease etiology. Further reports are required to elucidate new pathogenic and phenotypic variations to enable the development of an appropriate therapeutic approach.

Background: Identification of novel biomarkers could provide prognostic information and improve risk stratification in patients with aortic stenosis (AS). YKL-40 (chitinase-3-like protein 1), a protein involved in atherogenesis, is upregulated in human calcific aortic valves. We hypothesized that circulating YKL-40 would be elevated and associated with the degree of AS severity and outcome in patients with symptomatic AS. Methods: Plasma YKL-40 was analyzed in 2 AS populations, one severe AS (n=572) with outcome measures and one with mixed severity (n=67). YKL-40 expression in calcified valves and in an experimental pressure overload model was assessed. Results: We found (1) patients with AS had upregulated circulating YKL-40 compared with healthy controls (median 109 versus 34 ng/mL, P P Conclusions: YKL-40 levels were elevated in AS and associated with mortality but not with other metrics of disease severity including the degree of AS severity. Despite scientific rationale for its role in AS, the clinical utility of circulating YKL-40 as a biomarker is limited. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01794832.

The research shows the historical evolution of the society to the actual moment to trace the necessary plan of understanding of the application and concept of the rights to privacy and intimacy, and to discover ways to resolve the conflict between the right to privacy and social security. Until being characterized as a fundamental right, privacy went through evolutions gaining edges of a right more essential over time, especially in a technological society, in which the evolutions occur in a faster manner and the relations develop in an ephemeral way. With this evolution, the treatment of this rights became more sensitive and unique. Passing through the positivation of these rights and arriving at the limitations that they can – and should – have, it is understood how they are of an essential value to the functioning of the current social contract, both in the sense of individual protection and in the of the society as an active body. A pesquisa mostra a evolução histórica da sociedade até o momento atual para traçar o plano necessário ao entendimento da aplicação e do conceito dos direitos à privacidade e à intimidade, e descobrir formas de solucionar o conflito entre o direito à privacidade e a segurança social. Até ser caracterizada como direito fundamental, a privacidade passou por evoluções ganhando contornos de direito cada vez mais necessário, mais evidentemente na sociedade tecnológica, onde as evoluções acontecem de maneira muito rápida e as relações se desenvolvem de forma efêmera. Com essa evolução, o tratamento desses direitos tomou um caráter diferenciado e sensível. Passando pela positivação desses direitos e chegando às limitações que eles podem – e devem – ter, compreende-se como eles são de essencial valor para o funcionamento do contrato social vigente, tanto no sentido de proteção individual de proteção da sociedade como corpo atuante.

A presente investigação pretende estudar os riscos associados ao uso das tecnologias digitais, e dar um contributo para compreender o fenómeno do cyberbullying, na perspetiva dos adolescentes e das famílias. Para o efeito conduziu-se um estudo qualitativo, tendo-se elaborado dois guiões de entrevista. As entrevistas eram semiestruturadas que foram conduzidas com 13 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendias entre os 10 e os 17 anos, e ainda com 5 mães e 1 pai. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: conhecer qual a frequência e tipo de utilização que os adolescentes fazem das TD; identificar os riscos/perigos associados ao uso das TD nos adolescentes; identificar / compreender ocorrências de cyberbullying entre adolescentes, nos papéis de vítima, agressor e observador; identificar os motivos invocados pelos adolescentes para as ocorrências de cyberbullying e o modo como lidaram com as mesmas nos diferentes papéis e identificar as opiniões e perspetivas das famílias sobre a utilização das TD por parte dos adolescentes (imposição ou não de regras de utilização das TD; conhecimentos sobre os riscos de utilização da internet e em particular sobre o cyberbullying e a experiência dos seus filhos nesta matéria). This research aims to study the risks associated with the use of digital technologies, and to contribute to understanding the phenomenon of cyberbullying, from the perspective of adolescents and families. For this purpose, a qualitative study was conducted, and two interview guides were prepared. The interviews were semi-structured and were conducted with 13 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 10 and 17 years, and with 5 mothers and 1 father. The present study aimed to: know how often and how adolescents use DTs; identify the risks / dangers associated with the use of DT in adolescents; identify / understand occurrences of cyberbullying among adolescents, in the roles of victim, perpetrator and observer; identify the reasons given by adolescents for the occurrence of cyberbullying and how they dealt with them in the different roles and identify the opinions and perspectives of families about the use of DTs by adolescents (imposing or not the use of DT rules; knowledge about the risks of internet use and in particular about cyberbullying and your children's experience in this area).

El propósito de la siguiente investigación es analizar la importancia de presentar información razonable y estandarizada al implementar la sección 13: Inventarios de NIIF Pymesen la empresa SATURNO en el periodo 2018. El estudio se aplicó a una empresa debidamente constituida y se determinó que no utiliza de manera correcta el registro y control de sus inventarios, carecen de información para el eficiente manejo de sus recursos; lo cual les impide presentar la razonabilidad de las cifras presentadas en los estados financieros en la cuenta de inventarios.La importancia de esta investigación radica en analizar la adopción de la NIIF para Pymesen la empresa, lo cual le ayudará a obtener más beneficios como un control interno eficaz y eficiente, que le permita medir y registrar adecuadamente su inventario, adoptar mejores políticas para su debido registro en los libros contables. Toda la información utilizada para la elaboración del presente trabajo fue obtenido gracias a la aplicación de instrumentos como guías de observación, entrevistas al personal encargado de diferentes actividades y de la emisión de los registros contables que actualmente tiene la empresa. De igual forma poder comparar procedimientos correctamente como lo establecen los estándares internacionales de contabilidad y finanzas. Se estableció un método para la valuación del inventario en la empresa SATURNO, así como la elaboración de múltiples formatos contables y financieros,que apoyen al momento de registrar los inventarios de acuerdo a la normativa establecida en la NIIF para Pymes.

No presente trabalho debruça-se sobre a possibilidade ou não do direito ao esquecimento em âmbito virtual. Discorre-se sobre a Constituição Brasileira de 1988, o direito à liberdade, à intimidade e à liberdade de imprensa. Por fim, verifica-se a dimensão dos Direitos Fundamentais (três dimensões básicas), seguindo-se com o estudo sobre a técnica da ponderação de Robert Alexy. Ainda, o estudo se realizou sobre o direito ao esquecimento e julgados relevantes sobre tal tema. Para finalizar, menciona-se a Lei do Marco Civil na Internet e o Decreto n. 8.771/2016, que a regulamenta. Conclui-se pela impossibilidade do direito ao esquecimento em âmbito virtual.Palavras-chave: Direito ao esquecimento. Internet. Lei do Marco Civil.

Transient neonatal tyrosinemia (TNT) is a form of hypertyrosinemia produced by the immaturity of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4-HPPD), a high intake of phenylalanine and tyrosine, and a relative ascorbic acid deficiency. Our objectives are to determine the incidence of TNT in Mexican newborns and to correlate it based on their sex, gestational age, and weight for gestational age to determine whether these are risk factors that predict the development of TNT. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 2006 to August 2017. We analyzed 175 976 of newborn screening reports and found that the overall incidence of TNT was 1 (0.29%) in 342 newborns. It is more prevalent in preterm infants and in small for gestational age newborns (0.35%).The TNT incidence was determined in this Mexican population, and it was established as the most frequently occurring amino acid defect. We propose that pediatricians intentionally search for this pathology to offer patients access to adequate and timely treatment.

No presente estudo discorre-se sobre o conceito e relevância dos princípios constitucionais do dever de fundamentação das decisões judiciais e da celeridade processual. Aborda-se a colisão de princípios nas teorias de Robert Alexy, Herbert Hart e Ronald Dworkin. Analisam-se os impactos do maior rigor na fundamentação das decisões judiciais ao princípio da celeridade processual em virtude da inserção do parágrafo único no artigo 489 do Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Utiliza-se a teoria da integratividade do ordenamento jurídico proposta pelo filósofo Ronald Dworkin para concluir pela prevalência do princípio da celeridade processual em detrimento do dever de fundamentação trazido pelo parágrafo único do artigo 489 do Código de Processo Civil de 2015.Palavras-chave: Celeridade processual. Dever de fundamentação das decisões judiciais. Integridade do direito. Princípios constitucionais. Processo civil.

Myocardial infarction (MI) triggers a reparative response involving fibroblast proliferation and differentiation driving extracellular matrix modulation necessary to form a stabilizing scar. Recently, it was shown that a genetic variant of the base excision repair enzyme NEIL3 was associated with increased risk of MI in humans. Here, we report elevated myocardial NEIL3 expression in heart failure patients and marked myocardial upregulation of Neil3 after MI in mice, especially in a fibroblast-enriched cell fraction. Neil3−/− mice show increased mortality after MI caused by myocardial rupture. Genome-wide analysis of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) reveals changes in the cardiac epigenome, including in genes related to the post-MI transcriptional response. Differentially methylated genes are enriched in pathways related to proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation. Accordingly, Neil3−/− ruptured hearts show increased proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. We propose that NEIL3-dependent modulation of DNA methylation regulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation and thereby affects extracellular matrix modulation after MI. © 2017 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Aim. Inflammation is important in heart failure (HF). The role of the immune receptor toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in HF is not understood and not investigated in diastolic HF. We investigated the role of TLR9 in a murine diastolic HF model caused by cardiomyocyte SERCA2a excision.Methods and Results. We crossed SERCA2a KO and TLR9 KO mice to generate four mouse lines. Tamoxifen-induced cardiomyocyte SERCA2a gene excision was carried out in mice, causing diastolic HF. After 7.6 weeks, cardiac functions and dimensions were analyzed by echocardiography and heart tissues were processed. HF mice depleted of TLR9 demonstrated reduced survival compared to SERC2a KO mice, with a median life expectancy of 58 days compared to 63 days. Both HF groups displayed increased left atrium size, lung weight, fetal gene expressions, monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis. However, there were no significant differences between the groups.Conclusion. In mice with SERCA2a KO-induced diastolic HF, the absence of TLR9 reduced median life expectancy. The cause remains elusive, as all investigated HF parameters were unaltered. Still, these findings support a salutary role of TLR9 in some subsets of HF conditions and underline the importance for future studies on the mechanisms of TLR9 in diastolic HF.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2021-06-18T13:32:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Alexandra_Vanessa_de_Moura_Baczinski.pdf: 999629 bytes, checksum: 77de6a0d969d5f6f860e9045379507d9 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2021-06-18T22:48:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Alexandra_Vanessa_de_Moura_Baczinski.pdf: 999629 bytes, checksum: 77de6a0d969d5f6f860e9045379507d9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-18T22:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Alexandra_Vanessa_de_Moura_Baczinski.pdf: 999629 bytes, checksum: 77de6a0d969d5f6f860e9045379507d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 Este trabalho de tese é parte integrante das pesquisas realizadas no Grupo de Pesquisa Filosofia, Educação e Práxis Social – FEPráxiS, inserido na linha de pesquisa Filosofia e História da Educação, estuda o fenômeno educativo sob o ponto de vista histórico e filosófico, almejando o reconhecimento da prática educativa como uma práxis social emancipadora. Resulta do trabalho de pesquisa que foi desenvolvido em torno da seguinte problemática teórica: quais são os limites e possibilidades da educação escolar brasileira para superar a condição de reprodutora social e promover uma formação omnilateral dos sujeitos, visando ao desenvolvimento máximo de suas potencialidades? Seu objetivo central consiste em destacar os espaços de contradição que possibilitam a concorrência para uma formação omnilateral do ser humano, após análise do contexto atual da educação escolar brasileira. A metodologia utilizada para atingir os objetivos propostos contemplou os pressupostos de uma pesquisa qualitativa, bibliográfica e documental, seguindo o método de investigação do materialismo histórico e dialético. Por meio de um estudo bibliográfico e documental, buscou-se destacar os espaços contraditórios no seio do capitalismo, que possibilitam a superação da formação humana unilateral, abrindo espaço para inaugurar o movimento em prol do desenvolvimento omnilateral do ser humano, mediado pela educação escolar. A exposição do objeto investigado se estrutura em três momentos. Inicialmente são apresentados aspectos da trajetória histórica da educação escolar brasileira, enfocando especialmente os ideais liberais de homem, sociedade e educação que, de modo implícito, determinam a constituição e a organização da escola. O segundo momento contempla uma exposição sistemática acerca do conceito de omnilateralidade enquanto um modelo formativo, buscando sua gênese e seu desenvolvimento na obra de Marx. A seguir, sistematiza-se o conceito de Emancipação Humana, entendido como um estágio máximo de desenvolvimento do ser humano e como uma consequência da formação omnilateral. Por fim, são expostas as contradições que se apresentam na organização escolar brasileira. A complexidade explicitada neste texto visa a demonstrar limites e possibilidades para se avançar na luta contra-hegemônica, apontando a educação escolar como uma instituição cujo papel principal deve ser a formação omnilateral do ser humano, que lhe possibilita a conquista da emancipação, contribuindo, dessa forma, com o fortalecimento do processo para a superação do modo de produção capitalista. This thesis work is part of the performed researches in the Group of Research, Philosophy, Education and Social Praxis - FEPraxiS, inserted in the research line of Philosoply and History of the Education, studying the educational phenomena in the historic and philosophic view, aiming the recognition of the educational practice as an emancipatory social praxis. Resulting from the research work that was developed around the following theoretical problematic: what are the limits and possibilities of Brazilian school education to overcome the condition of social reproducer and to promote an omnilateral formation of the individuals, aiming at the maximum development of their potentialities? Its central objective is to highlight the spaces of contradiction that allow the competition for an omnilateral formation of the human being, after analyzing the current context of Brazilian school education. The methodology used to reach the proposed objectives contemplated the presuppositions of a qualitative, bibliographical and documentary research, following the research method of historical and dialectical materialism. Through a bibliographical and documentary study, the contradictory spaces in the core of the capitalism were highlighted, which make it possible to overcome unilateral human formation, making room to inaugurate the movement in favor of the human being omnilateral development, mediated by school education. The exposition of the investigated object is structured in three moments. Initially, aspects of the historical trajectory of Brazilian school education are presented, focusing especially on the liberal ideals of man, society and education that implicitly determine the constitution and organization of the school. The second moment contemplates a systematic exposition about the concept of omnilaterality as a formative model, seeking its genesis and its development in the work of Marx. Next, the concept of Human Emancipation which is understood as a maximum stage of human development and as a consequence of omnilateral formation, is systematized. Finally, the contradictions that are presented in the Brazilian school organization. The complexity explained in this text aims to demonstrate limits and possibilities to advance the counter-hegemonic struggle, pointing out the school education as an institution whose main role should be the omnilateral formation of the human being, which enable them to achieve the emancipation, thus contribute to the strengthening of the process of overcoming the capitalist mode of production.

No presente artigo analisou-se a aplicação do Direito Humano Fundamental ao Esquecimento no ambiente virtual. Nesse contexto, ressaltou-se que a invenção da internet modificou profundamente a vida social, sendo necessário repensar as consequências dessa alteração no que se refere ao Direito ao Esquecimento, eis que as informações são repassadas pela internet velozmente. Assim, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa acadêmica qualitativa e teórica, por meio do método analítico, no qual se empregou a pesquisa bibliográfica. O trabalho foi dividido em três tópicos: no primeiro, avaliou-se a distinção dos Direitos Humanos Fundamentais à privacidade e ao esquecimento; por sua vez, no segundo, analisou-se a aplicação do Direito ao Esquecimento em casos práticos, bem como sua previsão no ordenamento jurídico pátrio; já no último tópico, investigou-se a (in)eficiência do Direito Humano Fundamental ao esquecimento na internet, restando evidenciado que a exclusão dos links, nas ferramentas de busca, não garante a eficiência do Direito ao Esquecimento, pois, embora não sejam mais listados, os resultados permanecem na rede. Ademais, destacou-se a impossibilidade de excluir definitivamente uma informação da internet, porque com as ferramentas corretas é possível reavê-las. Por fim, concluiu-se pela ineficiência do Direito ao Esquecimento no âmbito virtual.Palavras-chave: Direito ao Esquecimento. Direitos Fundamentais. Privacidade. Era digital.

Background— Chromogranin B (CgB) is a member of the granin protein family. Because CgB is often colocalized with chromogranin A (CgA), a recently discovered cardiac biomarker, we hypothesized that CgB is regulated during heart failure (HF) development. Methods and Results— CgB regulation was investigated in patients with chronic HF and in a post–myocardial infarction HF mouse model. Animals were phenotypically characterized by echocardiography and euthanized 1 week after myocardial infarction. CgB mRNA levels were 5.2-fold increased in the noninfarcted part of the left ventricle of HF animals compared with sham-operated animals ( P r =0.74, P =0.04) but not with CgA mRNA levels ( r =0.20, P =0.61). CgB protein levels were markedly increased in both the noninfarcted (110%) and the infarcted part of the left ventricle (70%) but unaltered in other tissues investigated. Myocardial CgB immunoreactivity was confined to cardiomyocytes. Norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and transforming growth factor-β increased CgB gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Circulating CgB levels were increased in HF animals (median levels in HF animals versus sham, 1.23 [interquartile range, 1.03 to 1.93] versus 0.98 [0.90 to 1.04] nmol/L; P =0.003) and in HF patients (HF patients versus control, 1.66 [1.48 to 1.85] versus 1.47 [1.39 to 1.58] nmol/L; P =0.007), with levels increasing in proportion to New York Heart Association functional class ( P =0.03 for trend). Circulating CgB levels were only modestly correlated with CgA ( r =0.31, P =0.009) and B-type natriuretic peptide levels ( r =0.27, P =0.014). Conclusions— CgB production is increased and regulated in proportion to disease severity in the left ventricle and circulation during HF development.

Background— Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF), but knowledge about the production and role of inflammatory actors remains incomplete. On the basis of its role in vascular inflammation, vascular proliferation, and matrix degradation, we hypothesized a role for the chemokine CXCL16 in the pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling and development of HF. Methods and Results— Our main findings were (1) patients with chronic HF (n=188) had increased plasma levels of CXCL16, which correlated with disease severity. (2) Left ventricular tissue from patients with end-stage HF (n=8) showed enhanced CXCL16 levels compared with nonfailing left ventricular (n=6) as assessed by Western blotting. (3) In mice with postmyocardial infarction HF, expression of CXCL16, as assessed by real-time RT-PCR, was increased in the infarcted and the noninfarcted areas of left ventricular 3 and 7 days after coronary ligation, indicating early onset of CXCL16 production. Furthermore, mice exposed to aortic banding had enhanced CXCL16 expression in left ventricular, indicating that CXCL16 expression is not related to ischemia alone. (4) In vitro, CXCL16 promoted proliferation and impaired collagen synthesis in myocardial fibroblasts, and in cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibroblasts, CXCL16 increased matrix metalloproteinase activity, primarily reflecting increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels. (5) By using specific inhibitors, we showed that the effect of CXCL16 on fibroblasts involved activation of Jun N-terminal kinase. Conclusion— We show enhanced myocardial CXCL16 expression in experimental and clinical HF. The effect of CXCL16 on cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts suggests a role for CXCL16 in matrix remodeling and ultimately in the development of HF.

O texto é resultado de estudo feito para a elaboração da dissertação de mestrado em educação, a qual partiu da problemática de como se deu a implantação oficial da pedagogia histórico-crítica no estado do Paraná, no períodode 1983 a 1994. O trabalho teve como ponto de partida o contexto político e econômico paranaense, contextualizando historicamente a organização da política educacional notadamente na esfera estadual, subsumida na dimensão nacional, no período de 1983 a 1996.

Palmitate triggers inflammatory responses in several cell types, but its effects on cardiac fibroblasts are at present unknown. The aims of the study were to (1) assess the potential of palmitate to promote inflammatory signaling in cardiac fibroblasts through TLR4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome and (2) characterize the cellular phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts exposed to palmitate. We examined whether palmitate induces inflammatory responses in cardiac fibroblasts from WT, NLRP3-/- and ASC-/-mice (C57BL/6 background). Exposure to palmitate caused production of TNF, IL-6 and CXCL2 via TLR4 activation. NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated in a two-step manner. Whereas palmitate did not prime the NLRP3 inflammasome, it induced activation in LPS-primed cardiac fibroblasts as indicated by IL-1β, IL-18 production and NLRP3-ASC co-localization. Palmitate-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-primed cardiac fibroblasts was associated with reduced AMPK activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dysfunction. The cardiac fibroblast phenotype caused by palmitate, in an LPS and NLRP3 independent manner, was characterized by decreased cellular proliferation, contractility, collagen and MMP-2 expression, as well as increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and consistent with a state of cellular senescence. This study establishes that in vitro palmitate exposure of cardiac fibroblasts provides inflammatory responses via TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Palmitate also modulates cardiac fibroblast functionality, in a NLRP3 independent manner, resulting in a phenotype related to cellular senescence. These effects of palmitate could be of importance for myocardial dysfunction in obese and diabetic patients.

Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and possibly nuclear DNA (nDNA) are released as danger-associated molecular patterns during cardiac stress, and may activate several innate immune receptors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of these danger-associated molecular patterns during human heart failure (HF). Methods and Results Plasma levels of mtDNA and nDNA from HF patients (n = 84) were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and compared with controls (n = 72). Increased levels of mtDNA were found in New York Heart Association (NYHA) I-II and NYHA III-IV. There was evidence of increased nDNA in NYHA III-IV compared with controls and NYHA I-II. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed higher mortality in patients with high nDNA levels, whereas high levels of mtDNA were associated with survival. Conclusions Plasma levels of mtDNA and nDNA are elevated in human HF associated with increased and decreased mortality, respectively. This study may suggest a rationale for exploring interventions within inflammatory signaling pathways activated by nucleic acids as novel targets in treatment of HF.

Finsen, Alexandra Vanessa, Per Reidar Woldbaek, Jian Li, Jiaping Wu, Torstein Lyberg, Theis Tonnessen, and Geir Christensen. Increased syndecan expression following myocardial infarction indicates a role in cardiac remodeling. Physiol Genomics 16: 301-308, 2004. First published November 18, 2003; 10.1152/physi-olgenomics. 00144.2002.—The purpose of this study was to identify essential genes involved in myocardial growth and remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI). Left ventricular noninfarcted tissues from six mice subjected to MI under general anesthesia and from six sham-operated mice were obtained 1 wk after primary surgery and analyzed by means of cDNA filter arrays. Out of a total of 1,176 genes, 641 were consistently expressed, twenty-three were upregulated and thirteen downregulated. Five genes were only expressed following MI. Syndecan-3, a transmembranous heparan sulfate proteoglycan, was found to be upregulated together with a transcriptional activator of syndecans, Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT-1). Northern blotting demonstrated a significant upregulation of syndecan-1, -2, -3, and -4, WT-1, fibronectin, and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 1. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed statistically significant increases in protein levels for syndecan-3 and -4. In conclusion, we have identified a subset of genes with increased expression in noninfarcted left ventricular tissue following MI, including syndecans 1–4, WT-1, fibronectin, collagen 6A, and FGF receptor 1. Since the syndecans link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and function as required coreceptors for FGF, we suggest a role for the syndecans in cardiac remodeling following MI.