Search

Abstract AIDS-associated, CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 clones, isolated from a patient that never developed CXCR4-tropic HIV-1, replicate to a greater extent and cause greater cytopathic effects than R5 HIV-1 clones isolated before the onset of AIDS. Previously, we showed that HIV-1 Env substantially contributed to the enhanced replication of an AIDS clone. In order to determine if Nef makes a similar contribution, we cloned and phenotypically analyzed nef genes from a series of patient ACH142 derived R5 HIV-1 clones. The AIDS-associated Nef contains a series of residues found in Nef proteins from progressors 1. In contrast to other reports 123, this AIDS-associated Nef downmodulated MHC-I to a greater extent and CD4 less than pre-AIDS Nef proteins. Additionally, all Nef proteins enhanced infectivity similarly in a single round of replication. Combined with our previous study, these data show that evolution of the HIV-1 env gene, but not the nef gene, within patient ACH142 significantly contributed to the enhanced replication and cytopathic effects of the AIDS-associated R5 HIV-1 clone.

Context.--Pathologic tumor size is significant in the treatment of breast carcinoma and is routinely measured on excision. Objective.--To analyze the need for measuring size of invasive mammary carcinoma on biopsy. Design.--Nine hundred twenty-two cases of invasive carcinoma whose size was measured (greatest linear measurement) on biopsy and excision was correlated, including imaging when available (110 cases). Results.--Patient mean age was 62 years. Most (90%; 830 of 922) carcinomas were ductal and sampled by ultrasound and graded as follows: well, 13% (113 of 922); moderately, 58% (532 of 922), and poorly differentiated, 28% (258 of 922); 19 microinvasive not graded. Tumor mean size was 7.5 mm on biopsy and 14.4 mm on excision. Biopsy modality was as follows: ultrasound, 7.8 mm (92%, 844 of 922); mammotome, 3.3 mm (7%, 65 of 922); and magnetic resonance imaging, 5.9 mm (1%, 13 of 922). Size comparison on biopsy versus excision was biopsy > excision: 8% (72 of 922), biopsy = excision: 10% (95 of 922), and biopsy < excision: 82% (755 of 922). Half (36 of 72) of the biopsy > excision tumors were less than 5 mm, 96% (726 of 755) of biopsy < excision tumors were greater than 5 mm, while those equal on both were predominantly (88%, 84 of 95) less than 10 mm, 20% (19 of 95) of which were microinvasive. Stage changed in 600 cases, staging based on excision in 581 (63%), and staging based on biopsy in 19 (2%). Radiologic-pathologic correlation (n = 110) showed perfect concordance in 11 (10%), 83 (75%) were [+ or -]1 to 2 mm, and 16 (15%) were [+ or -] more than 3 mm. Difference between the biopsy and excision ranged from a lower limit of 1.3 mm for T1a tumors to 18 mm for T2. Conclusions.--While most carcinomas are larger on excision, 18% (167 of 922) are larger or equal on biopsy. Factors predictive of biopsy > excision tumors include stage 1 tumors (P < .001), especially less than 5 mm, and sampled by mammotome. We recommend measuring invasive carcinoma on biopsy and excision. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2021;145:1432-1437; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0287-OA), After lymph node status, pathologic tumor size is the next most important prognostic factor in the staging and treatment of invasive breast carcinoma. Thus, it is incumbent upon the pathologist [...]

With more individuals with disabilities participating in interscholastic activities, it is important that athletic trainers (AT) understand how to best provide services for all athletes. Sixty-six program directors were surveyed using multiple-choice and open-ended questions to determine what course content related to people with disabilities is currently included in their AT preparation curriculum and what their opinions are related to including this content. Frequency counts and percentiles were calculated based on responses. Seventeen percent of the directors reported including a course on providing care for people with disabilities. Eighty-five programs included some content within a course, though only 55% of the programs cover more than three disabilities. Further findings and their implications are discussed. Keywords: Athletic training, people with disabilities, preparation, In 2010, a report was released by the United States Government of Accountability Office stating that students with disabilities were not being provided the same opportunities as were their peers [...]

* Context.--Mammographic screening has increased the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but this has not been accompanied by a decline in the incidence of invasive carcinoma (IC). Consequently, the surgical treatment of DCIS has recently been questioned, with some advocating only surveillance (with or without neoadjuvant endocrine therapy) after a core biopsy diagnosis of DCIS.Objectives.--To examine the predictive value of a core biopsy diagnosis of DCIS, particularly the upgrade rate to IC, and to identify associated factors.Design.--Using the pathology database, we identified 2943 cases of DCIS diagnosed on core biopsy from 2000 to 2015, of which 229 cases (8%) later had the stage upgraded to IC.Results.--Ages ranged from 25 to 90 years (mean, 59 years). The DCIS presented with calcifications in 151 of 229 cases (65.9%), was widespread in 26 of 151 cases (17%), had a mass or density present in 70 of 229 cases (31%), with heterogeneous echogenic features in 44 of those 70 cases (63%), and an enhancement upon magnetic resonance imaging in 8 of 229 cases (3.5%). Of the 229 cases, the DCIS grades were as follows: low in 29 cases (13%), intermediate in 79 cases (36%), and high in 121 cases (53%). Of the 229 cases, necrosis was present in 152 (66.4%) and was comedo necrosis in 99 cases (43%). Of the 229 cases of IC, the tumor stage was as follows: microIC in 36 (16%), T1a in 119 (52%), T1b in 35 (15%), T1c in 28 (12%), T2 in 8 (3%), and t3 in 3 cases (1%). Axillary lymph nodes were staged in 167 patients as follows: N0, 141 cases (84%); N0(i+), 14 cases (8%); and N1,12 cases (7%). The 12 N1 cases were subclassified by T stage as follows: T1a, 1 case (8%); T1b, 4 cases (33%); T1c, 2 cases (17%); T2, 4 cases (33%); and T3, 1 case (8%). The IC cases of stage upgrading were predominantly smaller than 2 cm (218 of 229; 95%), and more than twothirds were smaller than 0.5 cm (155 of 229; 95%), most of which were accompanied by extensive DCIS.Conclusions.--Approximately one-half of the upgrades were associated with high-grade DCIS, especially with comedo necrosis; nevertheless, the other one-half of the upgrades were due to low- and intermediate-grade DCIS and should not be underestimated. There were few positive results from axillary lymph node biopsies, but they occurred in 3% (7 of 218) of the carcinomas smaller than 2 cm. Our findings indicate that caution is needed when DCIS cases diagnosed by core biopsy are treated nonsurgically with surveillance (with or without neoadjuvant endocrine therapy), given the number of cases (229 of 2943; 8%) that are upgraded to IC and those with axillary lymph node metastases (12 of 167; 7%).doi: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0366-OA), The advent of mammographic screening led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but that has not been paralleled by a decrease in invasive [...]

AIDS-associated, CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 clones, isolated from a patient that never developed CXCR4-tropic HIV-1, replicate to a greater extent and cause greater cytopathic effects than R5 HIV- 1 clones isolated before the onset of AIDS. Previously, we showed that HIV- 1 Env substantially contributed to the enhanced replication of an AIDS clone. In order to determine if Nef makes a similar contribution, we cloned and phenotypically analyzed nef genes from a series of patient ACH142 derived R5 HIV- 1 clones. The AIDS-associated Nef contains a series of residues found in Nef proteins from progressors [1]. In contrast to other reports [1-3], this AIDS-associated Nef downmodulated MHC-I to a greater extent and CD4 less than pre-AIDS Nef proteins. Additionally, all Nef proteins enhanced infectivity similarly in a single round of replication. Combined with our previous study, these data show that evolution of the HIV- 1 env gene, but not the nef gene, within patient ACH142 significantly contributed to the enhanced replication and cytopathic effects of the AIDS-associated R5 HIV- 1 clone.

We tested the hypothesis that quiet eye, the final fixation before the initiation of a movement in aiming tasks, is used to scale the movement's parameters. Two groups of 12 participants (N = 24) threw darts to targets in the horizontal and vertical axes under conditions of higher (random) or lower (blocked) target variability. Supporting our predictions, random practice and target changes in the vertical axis led to longer quiet eye duration than did blocked practice and target changes in the horizontal axis. Our data suggest that quiet eye is not simply a mediating factor in accuracy, but is responsive to the task's programming demands, being influenced by the necessity to reparameterize the movement from one trial to the next. (Contains 1 figure.)

The purpose of the study was to determine if young adult Special Olympics participants could develop, generalize, and maintain target social skills (eye contact, contributing relevant information, and turn taking) as a result of a 14-week Social Skills and Sports (S[superscript 3]) Program that combined classroom instruction with soccer activities. Data were collected through direct observation during soccer practices, parent interviews, and parent rating forms. Visual analysis and qualitative methodology were applied to analyze the four case studies. All of the participants increased their ability to demonstrate at least one of the targeted skills, generalized the skill(s) to other settings, and maintained the skill(s) five weeks after completing the intervention. Participants also developed social skills that were not targeted in S[superscript 3]. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)

Since 2002, the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, in conjunction with Federal Districts around the country, has undergone a series of philosophical, policy, and funding changes that intend to move the system towards an outcome-based focus. This article describes the history, current status of the system's attempts to become evidence-based, and a model of organizational change for supervision agencies.

This article discusses teaching social skills and assertiveness to students with disabilities. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) content standards for physical education emphasize teaching responsible personal and social behaviors to students of all abilities, to help them develop an understanding of and respect for differences among people (NASPE, 2004). Social skills and assertiveness are also frequently emphasized in individualized education plans (IEP) and individual transition plans (ITP) for students with disabilities. Thus, teachers need to understand social skills and assertiveness, why these life skills are important, how to teach such life skills, and how to evaluate the development of these skills. Thus, teachers should explicitly focus on teaching appropriate social and assertiveness skills. In this article, the authors state that physical education teachers must establish a safe and successful learning environment for learning life skills. (Contains 2 tables.)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is now diagnosed in approximately 1 in 88 children (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). People with ASD have difficulties with communication and social [...]

THE LAST DECADE has seen an explosionin community corrections practices that, atleast in theory, can contribute to more successfuloutcomes. From a deputy chiefstandpoint, KIWIs have been instrumental inhelping with team development, individualdevelopment, and mindset change (i.e., unitthinking vs. individual supervisor (SUSPO)and/or office thinking). Example Officer KIWI:Time Management Although this article is mainly focused on howKIWIs improve implementation overall, wealso want to point out how KIWIs can assist inimplementing individual performance needs. [Extracted from the article]

The article looks at using physical activity to teach assertiveness and social skills to students with disabilities. According to the article, students with disabilities need direct teaching and practice in social skills because typically they have less opportunity to practice such skills and they face challenges in coping with their disability in inclusive settings. Furthermore, the authors state that physical education is a good environment for teaching life skills because many of the activities center around cooperation. The article discusses the National Association for Sport and Physical Education and how to establish a safe learning environment.