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Introduction: Pigmented lesions in the oral cavity mucosa, primarily found in African, Asian, and Mediterranean populations, are caused by increased melanin granule production or melanocyte abundance. These lesions typically appear in childhood and increase with age. This study aimed to evaluate, based on the evidence in the literature, the efficacy of diode laser in the treatment of physiological gingival melanosis in terms of clinical and aesthetic variables, based on the patient, compared to conventional surgical therapy such as the scalpel technique. Materials and methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) were examined in March 2024, in the last 10 years. We performed a manual screening of the reference lists of potential studies. The risk of bias was measured with the ROBINS tool. Results: The search found 840 publications, but 40 of them were duplicates and were therefore excluded. Titles and abstracts of 800 articles were accessed and 646 were excluded. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 12 studies out of the remaining 154. Data were collected from the selected articles and organized into tables for comparison and study. Conclusions: The diode laser obtained better results in terms of intraoperative bleeding and perception of pain for the patient. However, there were no differences in depigmentation and wound healing intensity. Due to the small research samples and the heterogeneity of the data provided, more studies with a high degree of scientific relevance and with a clear research protocol are needed.

Aim: In regenerative dentistry, the success is influenced by the graft material, which should act as an osteoconductive scaffold. It provides a mineral substrate during resorption and induces the activity of osteoinductive cells capable of producing new bone, platelet growth factors, and cell differentiation factors that guide the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Given that dentin shares many biochemical characteristics with bone tissue, it has recently attracted considerable interest as a biomaterial for bone repair. The aim of this study is to compare two grinder types to determine the optimal method for producing dentinal particles using a mechanical grinder. Methods: A sample of 40 natural human teeth without restorations, prostheses, or root canal treatments was used and divided into two groups subjected to two different grinder speeds (high-speed and low-speed). Results: The high-speed showed a greater dispersion (53.5% ± 9.89% of the tooth) due to the pulverisation (highly thin granules) of part of the tooth. The low-speed grinder did not pulverize the dentin and the percentage of tooth loss is 9.16% ± 2.34%. Conclusions: The low-speed grinder allows to save a major part of the tooth and has a maximum quantity of graft material but requires more time. Further studies must be promoted to optimise the grinding procedures.

The infraocclusion (IO) of primary molars, often seen in retained deciduous teeth, is a common condition that presents significant challenges for pediatric oral health. It occurs when primary molars are positioned below the occlusal plane due to the absence of permanent successors, leading to complications such as misaligned teeth, impaired chewing, and long-term dental health issues. Objectives: This study examines IO prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles from the last 15 years. Nine articles were included for qualitative analysis. Results: IO was associated with several complications, including root resorption, altered eruption of adjacent teeth, and space loss within the dental arch. Clinical and radiographic evaluations are key to early detection. Severe cases often require invasive treatments, such as tooth extraction and space maintenance, while mild cases could be monitored. Conclusions: IO is prevalent in pediatric dentistry and can lead to significant dental issues if untreated. Early detection and intervention are crucial for preventing complications like tooth misalignment and impacted premolars. Tailored treatment strategies based on severity, along with increased awareness among dental practitioners, are essential to improve long-term outcomes for affected children.

Regenerative medicine in dentistry focuses on repairing damaged oral tissues using advanced tools like stem cells, biomaterials, and tissue engineering (TE). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from dental sources, such as dental pulp and periodontal ligament, show significant potential for tissue regeneration due to their proliferative and differentiative abilities. This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, evaluated fifteen studies and identified effective strategies for improving dental, periodontal, and bone tissue regeneration through scaffolds, secretomes, and bioengineering methods. Key advancements include the use of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) to boost cell viability and manage inflammation. Additionally, pharmacological agents like matrine and surface modifications on biomaterials improve stem cell adhesion and promote osteogenic differentiation. By integrating these approaches, regenerative medicine and TE can optimize dental therapies and enhance patient outcomes. This review highlights the potential and challenges in this field, providing a critical assessment of current research and future directions.

Chemotherapy (CT) and radiation therapy (RT), while effective against cancer, often cause severe side effects, such as oral mucositis and other oral diseases. Oral mucositis, characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the oral mucosa, is one of the most painful side effects that can reduce quality of life and limit cancer treatment. Curcumin, a polyphenol from Curcuma longa, has garnered attention for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties, which protect the oral mucosa by reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammation. This study reviews the therapeutic potential of curcumin in preventing and managing oral mucositis caused by CT and RT. Clinical trials show curcumin’s effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of oral mucositis. Although curcumin supplementation appears to be a promising and cost-effective approach for mitigating oral complications in cancer patients, further clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and optimize dosing strategies.

The investigation’s goal was to obtain further knowledge about the connection between Herpes Zoster infection and dentistry therapy for the osteonecrosis of the jaws, combining the review with a case report relevant to the purpose. It is important to study this association because it is a possible additional factor to be considered in the causes of the osteonecrosis of the jaws. We limited our search to English-language papers published between 1 January 2004 and 7 June 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that were relevant to our topic. In the search approach, the Boolean keywords “Herpes Zoster AND osteonecros*” were used. Results: This study analyzed 148 papers from Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, resulting in 95 articles after removing duplicates. Of these, 49 were removed because they were off topic, and 46 were confirmed. This study includes a qualitative analysis of the final 12 articles, removing 34 articles that were off topic. The literature highlights severe oral complications from Herpes Zoster reactivation, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis, comprehensive management, and multidisciplinary care. Treatment strategies include antiviral therapy, pain management, surgical debridement, and antibiotics. Immunocompromised individuals require vigilant monitoring and balanced immunosuppressive therapy. Further research is needed to enhance therapeutic approaches.

Conclusion: Despite valuable insights, further research is needed to comprehensively understand the characteristics of growth factors in various surgical interventions, ensuring informed decision-making in bone regeneration surgery.

Aim. The current review aims to explore postoperative neurological complications in third molar extractive surgery. Materials and Methods. The PRISMA protocols were followed when conducting this review. We found a total of 2,250 articles that matched our topic using the Boolean keywords, mandibular nerve complications AND oral surgery, from PubMed (1,083), Scopus (435), and Web of Science (732), with the filters of English language articles, time range January 1, 2003, to September 30, 2023, and human studies. After 762 duplicates were eliminated, there remained 1,488 articles. Eleven final articles were deemed of the highest relevance to our topic by eliminating articles in animals, non-English language, reviews, meta-analysis, and off-topic. A potential risk in the third molar extraction was temporary loss of sensibility often caused by mild compression or irritation of the mandibular nerve. This typically resolves within weeks or months, but in severe cases, recovery might take longer. Permanent loss of sensation can occur, indicating significant nerve damage and lasting effects on touch, temperature, or pain perception. Conclusions. Various treatments exist for nerve damage, including low-level laser therapy, pain management medications, or physical therapy. While these therapies may improve neurosensory impairment, patients often report a decline in their quality of life.

The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in human health, particularly during the first years of life. Differences in GM between breastfed and formula (F)-fed infants may influence long-term health outcomes. This systematic review aims to compare the gut microbiota of breastfed infants with that of F-fed infants and to evaluate the clinical implications of these differences. We searched databases on Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed with the following keywords: “gut microbiota”, “gut microbiome”, and “neonatal milk”. The inclusion criteria were articles relating to the analysis of the intestinal microbiome of newborns in relation to the type of nutrition, clinical studies or case series, excluding reviews, meta-analyses, animal models, and in vitro studies. The screening phase ended with the selection of 13 publications for this work. Breastfed infants showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, while F-fed infants had a higher prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Clostridium difficile and Enterobacteriaceae. Infant feeding type influences the composition of oral GM significantly. Breastfeeding promotes a healthier and more diverse microbial ecosystem, which may offer protective health benefits. Future research should explore strategies to improve the GM of F-fed infants and understand the long-term health implications.

Aim: Cytokines are crucial low-molecular-weight proteins involved in immune responses. This systematic review highlights the need for in-depth studies on cytokines’ biological mechanisms, providing insights into disease onset and potential therapeutic strategies. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search identified 18 relevant articles, emphasizing the multifaceted role of cytokines in orthodontic treatment (OT). The quality assessment using the ROBINS-I tool ensures a rigorous evaluation of the included studies, contributing to the overall reliability of the findings. Results and Conclusions: This systematic review explores the intricate relationship between cytokines and OT. Cytokines exhibit different properties, influencing cellular activities through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine activities. OT, aimed at achieving stable occlusion, induces tension and compression in the periodontal ligament (PDL), triggering cytokine release. Proinflammatory cytokines play a role in inflammation, influencing bone and soft tissue metabolism. Studies show elevated cytokine levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after orthodontic force application. The choice of orthodontic devices, such as self-ligating brackets, influences cytokine concentrations, indicating the importance of attachment design. Further research promises to enhance orthodontic practices, and optimize patient care.

Curcumin (Curcumin) belongs to the polyphenol family. It is extracted by drying the root of a plant of Asian origin, belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. The best-known species is Curcumincuma Longa. Curcumin has been recognized as having great therapeutic powers since ancient times. Studies on curcumin have since confirmed its powerful antioxidant properties, preventing both the formation of free radicals and their neutralization, having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunological, and neuroprotective properties, as well as being a regulator of the intestinal microbiota with beneficial effects on the clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Our study aimed to highlight how all these therapeutic aspects could benefit oral health, both preventing and improving the course of pathological processes. The effect of mouthwashes, and curcumin-based gels on the regulation of bacterial plaque and in the control of gingivitis, was largely comparable to that of using 0.20% chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. Being a highly hydrophobic substance, it has a high permeability to cross the cell membrane. Bioavailability increases when combined with liposoluble substances (e.g., olive oil) and piperine, which improves absorption. Curcumin also has a negligible degree of toxicity, making it an excellent alternative to the use of gold standard products for oral disinfection.

Aim: The objective of this study was to explore the effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on enamel structure by assessing microfractures, surface roughness, and alterations in color. Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A systematic search of online databases was conducted using the keywords ‘enamel’ AND ‘orthodontic debonding’. Eligibility criteria included both in vivo and ex vivo clinical trials conducted on human teeth. Results and Discussion: A total of 14 relevant papers were analyzed. Various instruments and techniques were utilized across different studies to assess surface roughness, color change, and surface fractures. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that ceramic brackets may lead to an increase in enamel fractures, particularly during bracket removal. The surface roughness of enamel exhibits variability depending on the adhesive substance and polishing methods used post-removal. Fixed orthodontic appliances could induce changes in enamel color, which may be alleviated by the use of nano-hydroxyapatite or specific polishing techniques. Further research is necessary to identify effective strategies for managing these color changes and improving the overall outcomes of fixed orthodontic treatment.

Aim. The sulfhydryl (thiols) group of glutathione plays an important role in the neutralization of foreign organic compounds and the reduction in peroxides. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, and to examine the differences between these groups. Material and methods. To assess the concentration of sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, we used spectrophotometric analysis using dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) as a reagent to measure the accessible sulfhydryl groups present in gingival tissue proteins. The sample was divided into three distinct groups: individuals with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, and different indices were used to assess the periodontal status of the participants. Next, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the concentrations of sulfhydryl groups among the different groups of patients. Conclusions. The results of this study showed significantly decreased levels of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in gingival tissue from patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, compared with healthy people (control group). These results confirm the role of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in defense against free radicals. They share a significant role in detoxification, signal transduction, apoptosis, and various other functions at the molecular level.

Background: Tooth decay is considered a global scourge by the World Health Organization (WHO) starting at an early age. In recent years, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has regained interest, particularly in pediatric dentistry, used to prevent the development of carious lesions or arrest their progression. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess, through a systematic review of the literature, the effectiveness of SDF, used in pedodontics, in temporary teeth, in preventing or arresting dental caries. Material and Methods: An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The effect of SDF on both temporary and permanent teeth has been considered. Results: The inclusion criteria identified 16 randomized controlled trials involving patients aged 18 months to 13 years and followed over a period of 12–30 months. Conclusions: SDF is a practical, accessible and effective non-invasive way to prevent and arrest caries in temporary and permanent teeth. Its application requires regular monitoring. The resulting black spot is diminished by immediate application of potassium iodide but this may affect its effectiveness.

The goal of this review is to shed light on the management of orofacial discomfort after a cancer diagnosis in the head and neck region. A search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies on postoperative pain control in oral cancer. The review included open-access research, investigations into pain management, randomized clinical trials, retrospective studies, case-control studies, prospective studies, English-written studies, and full-text publications. Exclusion criteria included animal studies; in vitro studies; off-topic studies; reviews, case reports, letters, or comments; and non-English language. Three reviewers independently accessed databases and assigned a quality rating to the chosen articles. The review explores postoperative pain management in oral cancer patients; highlighting persistent opioid use; the efficacy of adjuvant drugs, such as gabapentin; and a multimodal approach. It emphasizes the need for personalized pain management, recognizing individual pain perception and tailoring interventions. Integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies is crucial for comprehensive pain management. The review also serves as a guide for future research, emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies and diverse participant populations.

Mixed dentition represents a critical phase in the oral development of pediatric patients, characterized by the simultaneous presence of primary and permanent teeth. This article proposes a comprehensive systematic review of the application of aligners as an innovative methodology in managing mixed dentition. The primary objective is to explore the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of this emerging orthodontic technology in the evolving age group. This systematic review focuses on randomized controlled trials, cohorts, and observational studies investigating the use of aligners in patients with mixed dentition. Clinical, radiographic, and psychosocial parameters will be considered to assess the overall impact of aligner therapy in this critical phase of dental development. An in-depth analysis of such data aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential of this technology in pediatric orthodontics. Expected outcomes may contribute to outlining practical guidelines and targeted therapeutic strategies for orthodontists involved in managing mixed dentition. Furthermore, this article aims to identify gaps in the current research and suggest future directions for studies exploring the use of transparent aligners in patients with mixed dentition, thereby contributing to the ongoing evolution of evidence-based orthodontic practices.

In recent years, pediatric dentistry has evolved considerably in terms of both the techniques and materials used. A clear, odorless liquid called silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is recommended for molars affected by hypoplasia and dentinal hypersensitivity. In adults and children who are at a high risk of developing caries, it is also helpful to prevent the progression of carious lesions. Teeth too compromised to be reconstructed that are not accompanied by discomfort or infection can be treated with SDF. The current review aims to provide an overview of the most recent research over the last 10 years on the potential of SDF, focusing on the clinical evidence of professionally applied fluoride therapy to prevent and arrest caries in children’s primary molars. Research was conducted according to the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. “silver diamine fluoride”, “primary molar”, and “primary molars” were the search terms utilized on the databases Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, with the Boolean operator “AND” and “OR”. Of these 195 studies, 13 primary studies were included in this review. The quality of the included papers was assessed using the reputable Cochrane risk of bias assessment for randomized trials. The studies reviewed consistently support the effectiveness of SDF in stopping the progression of existing caries in deciduous molars; on the contrary, there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about SDF being effective for the prevention of carious lesions in deciduous molars.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a respiratory illness that is associated with recurrent episodes of either partial or full obstruction of the upper airways, or apnea, among other sleep disorders. This study aims to analyze, through a literature review, whether orthodontic treatment can be a good treatment strategy for this type of disorder. We performed a database search on Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed with the keywords OSA(S) and orthodontics to select the papers under evaluation. The criteria for inclusion were articles related to OSA(S) children undergoing an orthodontic treatment and clinical studies or case series, excluding systematic reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses, adult studies, animal models, and in vitro studies. The screening phase ended with the selection of 16 publications for this work. RME, or rapid maxillary expansion, turned out to be the preferred orthodontic treatment in cases of pediatric OSAS. The goal of this orthodontic procedure is to increase the hard palate’s transverse diameter by reopening the mid-palatal suture. Children with maxillary contraction and dental malocclusion typically undergo such a procedure and have excellent results. However, OSAS is a multifactorial disorder; it does not seem related to the morphology of the oral cavity, and therefore, it is not always possible to cope with this problem exclusively through orthodontic treatment.

The external apical root resorption that occurs during orthodontic treatment was the focus of this study, using either fixed appliances (FA) or clear aligners (CA). Using the Boolean keywords “APICAL ROOT RESORPTION” and “CLEAR ALIGNERS”, the study searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with a restriction to English-language publications. A total of 50 publications were found by the computerized search, but after eliminating duplicates, completing reviews, and determining eligibility, only 9 papers could be used in the study. In conclusion, apical root resorption (ARR) is a frequent consequence of orthodontic tooth movement that mainly affects the lower incisors, which may compromise the success of the procedure and the health of the patient’s teeth. Several variables, including the type of tooth, have an impact on the severity of ARR.

Abstract Background In dental laboratories, exposure to crystalline silica can occur during procedures that generate suspended mineral dusts, e.g. dispersion of mixing powders, removal of castings from molds grinding, polishing of castings and porcelain, and use of silica sand for blasting. There is also a large list of toxic agents (acrylic resins, polymeric materials, etc.) used to produce removable and fixed prostheses, but also impression materials and more. Using personal protective equipment and other aids reduces the exposure to these potentially harmful agents. Case presentation We report the case of a 42-year-old male dental technician who began to suffer from a dry cough and exertional dyspnea after approximately 15 years of work. The operations he conducted for his job resulted in the generation of crystalline silica, aluminum, chromium and titanium dust. The worker did not regularly wear personal protective equipment and some of the above operations were not carried out in closed circuit systems. The Chest X-ray showed diffused micronodules in the pulmonary interstitium of the upper-middle lobes, bilaterally, and a modest left basal pleural effusion. Simple spirometry showed small airway obstruction in its initial stage. High Resolution Computerized Tomography of the chest showed bilateral micronodulation of a miliariform type, with greater profusion to the upper lobes, also present in the visceral pleura, bilaterally. Histological examination showed aggregates of pigment-laden macrophages forming perivascular macules or arranged in a radial pattern around a core of sclerohyalinosis. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry revealed several mineral particles, typically characterized by the presence of crystalline silica and metal aggregates. The environmental concentrations of total dust and its respirable fraction were all lower than the relative TLV-TWA—ACGIH, yet not negligible. Conclusions The above findings and a multidisciplinary assessment led to the diagnosis of mixed dust pneumoconiosis s/q with 2/2 profusion of occupational origin. This diagnosis in a dental technician was supported for the first time in literature by environmental exposure analysis.

The current review aims to evaluate the scientific evidence relating to the effectiveness of treatment with clear aligners (CAs) in controlling distalization orthodontic tooth movement. “Orthodontics, aligners” and “distalization” were the search terms used on the Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed databases with the Boolean operator “AND”. The results of the last ten years of research were 146 studies; of these, 19 publications were included for this review. The distalization movement is possible with invisible masks alone, but the risk of losing anchorage in the anterior sectors is very probable. The stability of the results and the reduction of unwanted effects can be guaranteed by the use of skeletal anchoring devices and interproximal enamel reduction (IPR), with which compensations are obtained to reduce the initial overjet. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) can be used to manage posterior anchorage after distalization of maxillary molars with aligners. This hybrid approach has demonstrated the greatest orthodontic success. TADs are useful aids to provide direct and indirect skeletal anchorage. The opposite effect must be considered when planning dental distalization, especially of the molars, in patients with large overjet, and corrective measures or the use of auxiliaries may be necessary to prevent midcourse corrections. This systematic review provides a critical evidence-based assessment of the predictability of dental distalization with CAs, an ever-evolving orthodontic technique.

This review aims to analyze different strategies that make use of artificial intelligence to enhance diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring in orthodontics. Orthodontics has seen significant technological advancements with the introduction of digital equipment, including cone beam computed tomography, intraoral scanners, and software coupled to these devices. The use of deep learning in software has sped up image processing processes. Deep learning is an artificial intelligence technology that trains computers to analyze data like the human brain does. Deep learning models are capable of recognizing complex patterns in photos, text, audio, and other data to generate accurate information and predictions. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to discover publications from 1 January 2013 to 18 October 2023 that matched our topic. A comparison of various artificial intelligence applications in orthodontics was generated. Results: A final number of 33 studies were included in the review for qualitative analysis. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of AI in enhancing orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment. A lot of articles emphasize the integration of artificial intelligence into orthodontics and its potential to revolutionize treatment monitoring, evaluation, and patient outcomes.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission are generally known to be produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity (O.C.) of infected subjects, as stated by the World Health Organization. Saliva also retains the viral particles and aids in the spread of COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are two of the numerous factors that promote SARS-CoV-2 infection, expressed by O.C. structures, various mucosa types, and the epithelia of salivary glands. A systemic SARS-CoV-2 infection might result from viral replication in O.C. cells. On the other hand, cellular damage of different subtypes in the O.C. might be associated with various clinical signs and symptoms. Factors interfering with SARS-CoV-2 infection potential might represent fertile ground for possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the O.C., finally representing a way to reduce COVID-19 incidence and severity.

This review discusses both preventive measures and clinically implemented therapy procedures that have been developed recently for the prevention and treatment of tooth erosion. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used for a thorough search. Studies on the prevention and treatment of dental erosion that were conducted in English and used in vitro were among the inclusion criteria. Results: The search turned up 391 papers in total, with 34 of those publications matching the requirements for inclusion. Varnishes, toothpastes, and solutions containing fluoride and other substances were used as preventive measures. Conclusions: Dental erosion is a significant issue, and taking preventative steps is crucial to lessening the disease’s spread and its effects. Interventions based on fluoride seem to be successful at halting erosion and encouraging remineralization. To effectively address severe tooth erosion, therapeutic methods, including composite restorations, prosthetic crowns, and veneers, are available. Dental erosion causes aesthetic and functional issues that are best addressed with less invasive treatments like direct composite restorations. To improve and broaden the range of available treatments for this common dental issue, additional research and development are required.

Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to explore the pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and genetic basis of Primary Failure of Eruption (PFE) in the field of pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for this review. The databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 1 July 2013 to 1 July 2023, using keywords “primary failure of tooth eruption” OR “primary failure of eruption” OR “tooth eruption failure” OR “PFE” AND “orthodontics”. The study selection process involved screening articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total of 1151 results were obtained from the database search, with 14 papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The review covers various aspects of PFE, including its clinical features, diagnosis, treatment options, and genetic associations with mutations in the PTH1R gene. Differentiation between PFE and Mechanical Failure of Eruption (MFE) is crucial for accurate treatment planning. Orthodontic and surgical interventions, along with multidisciplinary approaches, have been employed to manage PFE cases. Genetic testing for PTH1R mutations plays a significant role in confirming the diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions, although some cases may not be linked to this mutation. Conclusions: This systematic review provides valuable insights into the diagnosis, treatment, and genetic basis of PFE. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment planning are crucial for successful management. Genetic testing for PTH1R mutations aids in accurate diagnosis and may influence treatment decisions. However, further research is needed to explore the complex genetic basis of PFE fully and improve treatment outcomes for affected individuals.

Retention constitutes a fundamental phase of orthodontic treatment, of which the patient must be made aware from the outset. Retention, which can be fixed or movable, has the task of maintaining over time and stabilising the results obtained during treatment. This study assessed the efficacy of using removable restraints versus fixed solutions for maintaining long-term outcomes. A comprehensive search across major databases—Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus—used ‘relapse’ and ‘orthodontic’ as keywords to gather articles on relapse discussions. The primary focus was relapsed cases in post-fixed orthodontic therapy. Both fixed and removable retainer systems prove effective in preserving orthodontic achievements. While fixed devices require regular wire integrity checks, mobile devices require patient compliance, proper usage, and a recommended wear time. Studies indicate that fixed retainers are generally successful, with relapse rates varying based on the retainer type. Full-time use of removable devices surpasses night-only wear. Vacuum-formed and Hawley retainers offer similar effectiveness. Fixed retainers excel in long-term alignment stability, whereas removable ones have higher failure rates yet remain beneficial.

Photobiomodulation, or Low-Level Laser Therapy, is a therapeutic technique that can be applied in tissue regenerative surgery. By stimulating the cellular compartment, photobiomodulation promotes cell proliferation, enabling tissue restoration after dental extractions, periodontal surgical treatments, or the management of traumatic oral injuries. On the other hand, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) or Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) therapy is particularly effective in providing a source of growth factors that enhance tissue healing. Authors carried out a Systematic Review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines by searching PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases, using the combination of the following keywords: (“low laser therapy”) AND (“growth factors”) AND (dent* OR oral) and (“photobiomodulation”) AND (“growth factors”) AND (dent* OR oral). A total of 10 publications were deemed eligible for qualitative analysis. The evidence analyzed confirms that the use of photobiomodulation and PRP/PRF (alone or in combination) can stimulate tissue regeneration, allowing for a reduction in postoperative inflammation, wound healing, and new tissue formation. Moreover, these effects are strictly dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the individual patient, the needs, and the clinical assessment of the practitioner who will appropriately direct the treatment. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate with evidence-based methodologies (Evidence-based Medicine, EBM) which types of patients and/or lesions are more susceptible to treatment with these tools, as well as to understand the best ways of using (alone or in combination) these important and cutting-edge therapeutic options.

This current review aims to provide an overview of the most recent research from the last 10 years on the potential of low-level light therapy (LLLT) in the orthodontic field, particularly focusing on studies about tooth movement, root resorption, pain perception during treatment, and the stability of orthodontic miniscrews. “Low-level laser,” “orthodontic,” and “LLLT” were the search terms utilized on the databases Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, and the Boolean operator “AND” was utilized. Of the 974 studies found, 41 publications related to our topic were included in this review. Many authors agree that LLLT could trigger an enhanced biological reaction next to the tooth in the periodontium, promoting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, while it could also have a positive impact on bone regeneration and on increasing the rate of tooth movement, enhancing the stability of miniscrews and minimizing the occurrence of root resorption. Regarding pain management during treatment studies, the results have been controversial. Conclusions: even though further studies are still needed, the use of LLLT can improve both clinical results and patient comfort during treatment by reducing treatment duration, improving clinical aspects, such as miniscrew stability, and minimizing root resorption. Further investigations are needed to assess whether LLLT offers any real benefits regarding pain relief.

Background: This review aimed to analyze the relapse in orthognathic surgery. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used to find papers that matched our topic dating from 1 January 2012 up to November 2022. Inclusion criteria were (1) human studies, (2) open access studies, (3) studies concerning the correlation between orthognathic surgery and relapse. Exclusion criteria were: (1) in vitro or animal studies, (2) off-topic studies, (3) reviews, (4) other languages than English. Results: A total of 482 results were obtained resulting in 323 publications after duplicate removal (158). After screening and eligibility phases 247 records were excluded: 47 reviews, 5 in animals, 35 in vitro, 180 off-topic. The authors successfully retrieved the remaining 78 papers and evaluated their eligibility. A total of 14 studies from these were ultimately included in the review. Conclusion: Using cephalometric examinations and digital study models, these studies reveal that the relapse after orthognathic surgery is an event that occurs in most of the cases. The limitation of our research is that most of the studies are retrospective and use small sample sizes. A future research goal should be to conduct long-term clinical trials with larger numbers of samples.

Aim: Probiotic microorganisms, commonly used to bolster gut health, might also have benefits for dental health, according to certain studies. Probiotics (PBs) are associated with reducing cariogenic pathogens and protecting against periodontal diseases, although the exact way they function in the mouth is not fully clear. Our study aimed to explore the use of PBs to improve oral health, focusing on issues such as cavities, gum disease, bad breath, mucositis, and periimplantitis. Materials and Methods: We utilized the Boolean keywords “Probiotics” AND “Oral health” to search the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was restricted to English-language papers published from 1 January 2019 to 13 April 2023. Results: A total of 3460 articles were found through our computerized search. After removing duplicates, reviewing the papers, and determining their relevance, 12 were selected for inclusion. Conclusions: Assessing how bacteria in food or dietary supplements might alter the stable oral microbiota is a complex task. Although probiotic microorganisms have been found to have proven therapeutic benefits, their application in dental health is not yet solidly backed by evidence. Further research is necessary to thoroughly understand the long-term effects of probiotic bacteria on the oral environment, including their ability to colonize and form biofilms.

For a world that is constantly trying to speed up every procedure while obtaining the maximum result, traditional orthodontics have the biological limitation of using light and constant forces that allow tooth movement in a time frame that is only sometimes short. The treatment time could be lengthened if surgical procedures are programmed in the plan. Methods to accelerate tooth movement and reduce the duration of treatment while minimising complications are investigated and reported in the dental literature (e.g., low-level laser therapy, corticotomy, and micro-osteoperforations). This systematic review aims to analyse and summarise the strategies for quickening orthodontic movement during extraction orthodontic treatment, including any potential drawbacks or adverse consequences. The review will evaluate each approach’s effectiveness, safety, and evidence quality, compare their benefits and disadvantages, and analyse the implications for clinical practice and future research. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using the keywords “acceleration” AND “dental movement” AND “orthodontic” between 1 April 2003 and 1 April 2023. After carefully scanning the study findings, forty-four publications were chosen for the systematic review. Most therapies discussed and provided in the literature seem promising and successful in enhancing orthodontic treatments. The success of operations like corticotomies, piezo-incisions, micro-osteoperforations, osteogenic distraction, low-level laser therapy, the administration of pharmacological treatments, and infiltrations with PRF and PRP were statistically significant and appear to be promising and effective in optimising orthodontic treatments. These strategies expedite treatment and enhance the patient experience, potentially broadening orthodontic appeal and minimising issues like cavities and enamel demineralisation. Further studies, with larger samples and standardised treatment protocols, are needed to investigate the efficacy of these tooth movement acceleration modalities.

Class III Malocclusion presents a complex orthodontic challenge with various treatment options, including orthodontic camouflage and orthognathic surgery. Among these, mandibular molar distalization stands as an orthodontic approach for treating Class III Malocclusion in adults. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current evidence regarding mandibular molar distalization techniques in the treatment of Class III. The search across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases yielded 582 articles, from which eight met the inclusion criteria. These inclusion criteria were as follows: English language, full text, studies randomized clinical trials, and retrospective studies that evaluated various methods of mandibular distalization for Class III Malocclusion in adult patients, from 2013 to May 2023. Lower molar distalization has gained attention as a non-surgical alternative with effective and efficient outcomes. However, various treatment modalities have limitations, including reliance upon malocclusion severity, diagnosis, patient cooperation, and operator experience. From the studies analyzed, it was found that techniques using skeletal anchorage with TADs, mini-plates, or ramal plates, offer stable anchorage and controlled tooth movement, they allow unilateral action in cases of asymmetry, and they are the most effective methods for achieving distal body displacement of the tooth. Despite the promising results, the relatively small number of studies calls for more high-quality research to explore the efficacy and outcomes of different mandibular molar distalization approaches. The lack of standardized protocols and guidelines for mandibular molar distalization in Class III Malocclusion is also attributed to the limited available literature.

This study intends to investigate the relationship between otologic symptoms, in particular, tinnitus, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The literature studies during the previous 20 years had focused on the treatment and alleviation of the otologic symptoms and were limited to randomized clinical trials, case reports, and prospective studies. The following Boolean keywords, (tinnitus) AND (temporomandibular disorders OR temporomandibular therapy), were used in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between 2003 and 9 May 2023 with an English language restriction. Results: The computerized search turned up 693 articles in total, and after eliminating duplicates, reviewing them, and determining their eligibility, 20 papers were included. Conclusion: The connections between temporomandibular TMD and tinnitus are numerous and intricate. It is unclear whether TMD could be the source of tinnitus or only its symptoms. Tinnitus may not always occur in persons with TMD, indicating that additional causes may potentially be involved in its occurrence. The precise mechanisms behind the link between TMD and tinnitus need to be clarified by additional study.

Background: Hemp seed oil and terpenes are emerging as a dietary supplement and complementary therapy for patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, the mechanisms and effects induced by these molecules on inflammatory cytokines are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the cytokine IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels from two oral hemp seed oil-based dietary supplements, of which only one included the addition of terpenes, in a population of KOA patients. Methods: Sera from venous blood samples were collected from thirty-eight patients who were divided into two subgroups. The control group underwent a 45-day treatment with a dietary supplement containing only hemp seed oil, while the treatment group assumed a hemp seed oil and terpene-based dietary supplement for the same number of days. A Bio-Plex Human Cytokine assay was performed by a customized human cytokine five-plex panel for IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Patients were evaluated before the beginning of the treatment (T0) and soon after it (T1). Results: No measurable levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were found in any of the subjects. Low levels of IL-1β were found, which were significantly decreased in the treatment group. No change in IL-1α levels was observed, while treated patients had a significant increase in IL-6 levels. Conclusions: Hemp seed oil and terpene treatment modified the IL-1β and IL-6 levels, counteracting KOA inflammation in this way. In this study, IL-6 revealed its new and alternative action, since it is traditionally known as a pro-inflammatory factor, but it recently has been found to have anti-inflammatory activity in the muscle-derived form, which is the one it assumes as a myokine when activated by terpenes.

Aims: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a drug-related adverse reaction characterized by bone destruction and necrosis in the jaw. This case series aims to evaluate the treatment approaches and outcomes in MRONJ patients. Materials and methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Dental Unit of the University of Bari, Italy. Patients with MRONJ were treated and followed up for 60 months. The treatment approach involved piezosurgery and concentrated growth factor (CGF). Six clinical cases from this group are described in detail. Results: None of the patients showed recurrence of necrotic MRONJ lesions during the follow-up period. The surgical interventions, including bone resections and the application of CGF, resulted in successful mucosal healing and the prevention of disease progression. Conclusions: This study highlights the complexity of managing MRONJ and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Conservative treatment options and minimally invasive surgery have shown efficacy in controlling symptoms and improving patients’ quality of life. However, the optimal treatment approach remains a challenge, and further studies are needed to evaluate alternative therapies and resective surgery. A comprehensive preoperative evaluation and collaboration among dental, endocrinology, and oncology specialists are crucial for personalized and multidisciplinary management. Ongoing research efforts are necessary to explore new therapeutic modalities and improve our understanding of MRONJ management, providing better support to patients dealing with this complex condition.

Maxillary bone contraction is caused by genetics or ambiental factors and is often accompanied by dental crowding, with the possibility of canine inclusion, crossbite, class II and III malocclusion, temporomandibular joint disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS). Transverse maxillary deficits, in which the maxillary growth is unusually modest, are frequently treated with maxillary expansion. The purpose of this study is to compare the dental and skeletal effects of different types of expanders, particularly the Leaf Expander, rapid and slow dental-anchored or skeletal-anchored maxillary expanders. Methods: We chose studies that compared effects determined by palatal expansion using a rapid palatal expander, expander on palatal screws, and leaf expander. Results: Reports assessed for eligibility are 26 and the reports excluded were 11. A final number of 15 studies were included in the review for qualitative analysis. Conclusions: Clinically and radiographically, the outcomes are similar to those obtained with RME and SME appliances; Therefore, it might be a useful treatment choice as an alternative to RME/SME equipment in cases of poor patient compliance or specific situations. Finally, all of the devices studied produce meaningful skeletal growth of the palate. The use of skeletally anchored devices does, without a doubt, promote larger and more successful growth in adolescent patients.

Background: The current review aims to provide an overview of the most recent research on the potentials of concentrated growth factors used in the maxillary sinus lift technique. Materials and methods: “PRP”, “PRF”, “L-PRF”, “CGF”, “oral surgery”, “sticky bone”, “sinus lift” were the search terms utilized in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed, with the Boolean operator “AND” and “OR”. Results: Of these 1534 studies, 22 publications were included for this review. Discussion: The autologous growth factors released from platelet concentrates can help to promote bone remodeling and cell proliferation, and the application of platelet concentrates appears to reduce the amount of autologous bone required during regenerative surgery. Many authors agree that growth factors considerably enhance early vascularization in bone grafts and have a significantly positive pro-angiogenic influence in vivo when combined with alloplastic and xenogeneic materials, reducing inflammation and postoperative pain and stimulating the regeneration of injured tissues and accelerating their healing. Conclusions: Even if further studies are still needed, the use of autologous platelet concentrates can improve clinical results where a large elevation of the sinus is needed by improving bone height, thickness and vascularization of surgical sites, and post-operative healing.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental illnesses characterized by difficulty in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. These clinical diagnostic criteria can be seen in children as early as one year old and are commonly associated with long-term difficulties. ASD is connected with a higher frequency of various medical diseases such as gastrointestinal complaints, seizures, anxiety, interrupted sleep, and immunological dysfunction, in addition to the range of developmental abnormalities listed. Methods: From 1 January 2013 to 28 February 2023, we searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for English-language papers that matched our topic. The following Boolean keywords were utilized in the search approach: “autism” AND “microbiota”. After deleting duplicates, a total of 2370 publications were found from the databases, yielding 1222 articles. (1148). Nine hundred and eighty-eight items were excluded after their titles and abstracts were scrutinized. The method resulted in the removal of 174 items for being off-topic. The final 18 articles for qualitative analysis are included in the evaluation. Conclusion: The findings of this extensive study revealed that probiotics, prebiotics, their combination as synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbiota transfer therapy may benefit ASD patients suffering from both gastrointestinal and central nervous system symptoms.

Laser therapy has become one of the gold standards of treatment in routine dentistry. In the 1970s, CO2 lasers were the first lasers to be used in oral surgery on soft tissues. Subsequently, other lasers (Diode, Nd YAG, Er: YAG, Argon and Erbium) have also been used in periodontics, implantology, orthodontics and restorative dentistry, as well as for hard tissues, such as bone, enamel and dentin. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze both the therapeutic properties and adverse effects of laser use in dentistry, related to a non-targeted choice of medical device based on clinical need as well as an inadequate learning curve. A systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines using Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. The use of lasers requires a specific learning curve modifying the standard surgical approach. The use of lasers provides multiple therapeutic benefits but can lead to some failures in dental treatments. In restorative dentistry, it has been found that lasers can cause cracks that can lead to fractures and/or affect the composite restoration. In periodontal treatments, the use of lasers can produce thermal damage to pulp tissue. In surgical treatments, the use of a laser caused bleeding, post-operative pain and a burning sensation. The failure of tissue cooling during laser beam emission could produce the necrosis of hard and soft tissues.

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the correlation between oxidation–reduction mechanisms and human health. The free radicals produced via physiological cellular biochemical processes are major contributors to oxidation phenomena. Their instability is the major cause of cellular damage. Free radical reactive oxygen species containing oxygen are the best-known ones. The body neutralises the harmful effects of free radicals via the production of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and melatonin). The field of study of nutraucetics has found antioxidant capacity in substances such as vitamins A, B, C, E, coenzyme Q-10, selenium, flavonoids, lipoic acid, carotenoids, and lycopene contained in some foods. There are several areas of investigation that aim to research the interaction between reactive oxygen species, exogenous antioxidants, and the microbiota to promote increased protection via the peroxidation of macromolecules (proteins, and lipids) by maintaining a dynamic balance among the species that make up the microbiota. In this scoping review, we aim to map the scientific literature on oxidative stress related to the oral microbiota, and the use of natural antioxidants to counteract it, to assess the volume, nature, characteristics, and type of studies available to date, and to suggest the possible gaps that will emerge from the analysis.

Background: Dental aesthetic procedures aim to rectify flaws in dental elements’ shape, alignment, or overly dark color. One of the most common dental aesthetic procedures is tooth whitening. This study attempts to introduce key aspects of bleaching and describe the different techniques and the mechanism of action of bleaching agents, focusing on the clinical implications in orthodontic and on composite restorations. Methods: The research was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases for articles on our topic published between 2017 and 2023, and we found a total of 1512 studies. In total, 57 papers were considered for the qualitative analysis in the review. Results: This study found that both carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide were clinically effective, although patients’ level of tooth sensitivity seemed to be lessened by the latter. However, the latter appears to be more effective at reducing patient-experienced tooth sensitivity. Conclusion: Carbamide and hydrogen peroxide based whitening techniques were shown to be equally successful at treating tooth discoloration after bracket composite removal, with no discernible differences between them. To increase the effectiveness of whitening on composites, more research is needed. To achieve the desired results and avoid the negative effects of whitening gels on teeth and soft tissue, a patient-specific approach is advised.

This scoping review aims to evaluate methods of conservative reconstruction of dental enamel lesions resulting from abrasions and evaluate the effect of diode laser in reducing the symptoms of tooth sensitivity. The cementoenamel junction is more prone to substance loss because the enamel thickness is substantially decreased, resulting in a much weaker enamel–dentin bond. Methods: Dental abrasion was examined in the mechanical cause alone. Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to discover publications that matched our topic from 1 January 2018 to 20 March 2023. A comparison of various non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL) restoration treatments was generated mostly by mechanical considerations. Results: A final number of 11 clinical trials and randomized controlled trials were included in the review for qualitative analysis. Composite resins performed well in clinical trials for the restoration of NCCLs. Conclusions: Composite, in its different forms of filling and consistency, preceded by the use of adhesives, is an efficient and effective material for the treatment of NCCLs. Diode laser use prior to NCCL restoration of teeth does not diminish restoration retention rate, may lessen hypersensitivity, and may affect restoration success.

Background: The use of the human dentin matrix could serve as an alternative to autologous, allogenic, and xenogeneic bone grafts. Since 1967, when the osteoinductive characteristics of autogenous demineralized dentin matrix were revealed, autologous tooth grafts have been advocated. The tooth is very similar to the bone and contains many growth factors. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the similarities and differences between the three samples (dentin, demineralized dentin, and alveolar cortical bone) with the aim of demonstrating that the demineralized dentin can be considered in regenerative surgery as an alternative to the autologous bone. Methods: This in vitro study analyzed the biochemical characterizations of 11 dentin granules (Group A), 11 demineralized using the Tooth Transformer (Group B), and dentin granules and 11 cortical bone granules (Group C) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate mineral content. Atomic percentages of C (carbon), O (oxygen), Ca (calcium), and P (phosphorus) were individually analyzed and compared by the statistical t-test. Results: The significant p-value (p < 0.05) between group A and group C indicated that these two groups were not significantly similar, while the non-significant result (p > 0.05) obtained between group B and group C indicated that these two groups are similar. Conclusions: The findings support that the hypothesis that the demineralization process can lead to the dentin being remarkably similar to the natural bone in terms of their surface chemical composition. The demineralized dentin can therefore be considered an alternative to the autologous bone in regenerative surgery.

Replacement of missing teeth is possible using biocompatible devices such as endosseous implants. This study aims to analyze and recognize the best characteristics of different implant surfaces that ensure good peri-implant tissue healing and thus clinical success over time. The present review was performed on the recent literature concerning endosseous implants made of titanium, a material most frequently used because of its mechanical, physical, and chemical characteristics. Thanks to its low bioactivity, titanium exhibits slow osseointegration. Implant surfaces are treated so that cells do not reject the surface as a foreign material and accept it as fully biocompatible. Analysis of different types of implant surface coatings was performed in order to identify ideal surfaces that improve osseointegration, epithelial attachment to the implant site, and overall peri-implant health. This study shows that the implant surface, with different adhesion, proliferation, and spreading capabilities of osteoblastic and epithelial cells, influences the cells involved in anchorage. Implant surfaces must have antibacterial capabilities to prevent peri-implant disease. Research still needs to improve implant material to minimize clinical failure.

The demineralization process conditions the structure of the enamel and begins with a superficial decalcification procedure that makes the enamel surface porous and gives it a chalky appearance. White spot lesions (WSLs) are the first clinical sign that can be appreciated before caries evolves into cavitated lesions. The years of research have led to the testing of several remineralization techniques. This study’s objective is to investigate and assess the various methods for remineralizing enamel. The dental enamel remineralization techniques have been evaluated. A literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed. After screening, identification, and eligibility processes 17 papers were selected for the qualitative analysis. This systematic review identified several materials that, whether used singly or in combination, can be effective in the process of remineralizing enamel. All methods have a potential for remineralization when they come into contact with tooth enamel surfaces that have early-stage caries (white spot lesions). From the studies conducted in the test, all of the substances used to which fluoride has been added contribute to remineralization. It is believed that by developing and researching new remineralization techniques, this process might develop even more successfully.

Odontogenic infections represent a frequent condition that in some cases, if not treated promptly, can spread quickly to the rest of the body and turn into life-threatening infections. In this work, the case is reported of a 59-year-old woman, diabetic and overweight, who presented to the Odontostomatology and Otolaryngology Section of the Policlinic of Bari with mandibular tooth infection that had developed into a deep neck space infection leading to the involvement of cavernous sinuses and near mediastinum. The diagnosis, the surgical drainage of the phlegmon and removal of infection foci, appropriate control of the airways, and a correct antibiotic therapy made it possible to avoid a potentially fatal condition. Prompt management and early diagnosis of deep space neck infections, such as phlegmon and/or necrotizing fasciitis, with the auxilium of CT scans and tools such as LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis), NLR (Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio), and LRINECxNLR scores (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio), are advised to evade delays and complications that could potentially worsen the patient’s outcome.

MRONJ is a serious drug-related side effect that is most common in people using antiresorptive and/or angiogenic medications. Therapy options for this condition include conservative treatments, surgical procedures with varied degrees of invasiveness, and adjuvant therapies. The aim of the present study is to identify the most successful and promising therapy alternatives available to clinicians. PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for works on our topic published between 8 January 2006 and 8 January 2023. The search was restricted to randomized clinical trials, retrospective studies, clinical studies, and case series involving human subjects with at least five cases and no age restriction on participants. A total of 2657 was found. After the selection process, the review included 32 publications for qualitative analysis. Although conservative treatments (pharmacological, laser, and minimally invasive surgery) are effective in the early stages of MRONJs or as a supplement to traditional surgical resection therapy, most studies emphasize the importance of surgical treatment for the resolution or downstaging of advanced lesions. Fluorescence-guided surgery, PRP, PRF, CGF, piezosurgery, VEGF, hyaluronic acid, and ozone therapy all show significant potential for improving treatment outcomes.

Background: Dentists administer hundreds of thousands of injections every day without particular concern, but the administration of local anesthetics can cause problems. One event, fortunately uncommon, that is discussed accurately but can cause significant concern is needle breakage. The purpose of this article is to review what has been reported in the literature on this topic to learn about patient symptomatology, management and possible complications. In addition, the case of a 34-year-old patient with needle persistence in the pterygoid space due to accidental rupture during inferior alveolar nerve block (IAN) was reported, for whom non-removal and monitoring over time was chosen. Materials and Methods: A literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases was conducted analyzing anesthetic needle rupture during dental surgery. Results: At the end of the selection process, 17 articles resulted. Asymptomatic subjects were found, as well as those who had several symptoms. No issues were recorded by any of the authors, whether they withdrew the needle or simply monitored the patient. Conclusions: The literature on needle rupture during dental local anesthesia is scarce, and studies report conflicting results on treatment options. Most authors reported removing the fragment; however, others preferred conservative management limited to patient monitoring. No complications were reported in any study.

Background: Infraocclusion of deciduous molars is a clinical disturbance that occurs during primary and mixed dentition and has some orthodontic implications. Infraoccluded teeth are believed to be potential sites of malocclusion, with a risk of tipping neighbouring teeth and losing space. This systematic review aims to analyse the management of primary molars infraocclusion and to provide updated guidelines. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 1 January 2017 to 28 November 2022. The inclusion criteria were: studies only on human subjects, open access studies, case reports, randomised trials, retrospective, observational studies, and English language. Results: A total of 372 publications were identified from the databases and a final number of nine studies were included in the review for qualitative analysis. Conclusion: Management of patients suffering from infraocclusion depends on the severity, age at diagnosis, and presence of succeeded premolars. Early diagnosis of infraoccluded primary elements is fundamental and cannot be postponed. Preservation of the primary molars may be a valid option with long-term stability if there is no or moderate primary molar infraocclusion, root resorption of less than half of the root, and no decay or restoration.

Different biomaterials, from synthetic products to autologous or heterologous grafts, have been suggested for the preservation and regeneration of bone. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous tooth as a grafting material and examine the properties of this material and its interactions with bone metabolism. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched to find articles addressing our topic published from 1 January 2012 up to 22 November 2022, and a total of 1516 studies were identified. Eighteen papers in all were considered in this review for qualitative analysis. Demineralized dentin can be used as a graft material, since it shows high cell compatibility and promotes rapid bone regeneration by striking an ideal balance between bone resorption and production; it also has several benefits, such as quick recovery times, high-quality newly formed bone, low costs, no risk of disease transmission, the ability to be performed as an outpatient procedure, and no donor-related postoperative complications. Demineralization is a crucial step in the tooth treatment process, which includes cleaning, grinding, and demineralization. Since the presence of hydroxyapatite crystals prevents the release of growth factors, demineralization is essential for effective regenerative surgery. Even though the relationship between the bone system and dysbiosis has not yet been fully explored, this study highlights an association between bone and gut microbes. The creation of additional scientific studies to build upon and enhance the findings of this study should be a future objective of scientific research.